Source of semi synthetic drug:

Natural Sources: Natural Sources Vegetable source Animal source Mineral source Microbiological source Vegetable or Plant Source: Vegetable or Plant Source Oldest of all Various parts of plants like-leaves, flowers, seeds, roots, stems & bark etc. are used e.g. Belladonna leaves, Belladonna roots, Cinchona bark, Digitalis leaves, Nux vomica seeds, seed head of unripe opium poppy etc. Active principles of plant source: Active principles of plant source Alkaloids Glycosides Fixed oils Volatile oils Saponins Gums Mucilages Carbohydrates Resins. Alkaloids: Alkaloids Alkaloid = alkali + oid ( alkali like substances ) Very active, basic, cyclical nitrogenous compounds found in plants White, crystalline in nature Intensely bitter in taste Insoluble in water but soluble in ether, alcohol etc. Produce salt with acid Their salts are soluble in water Their names end with ine e.g.- Atropine, Morphine, Quinine, Nicotine, Strychnine, Reserpine, Pilocarpine etc. More than one alkaloid may be present in same source. Oils: Oils Two types:- Fixed oils and Volatile oils Fixed oils are mixtures of glycerol esters of high mol. wt. aliphatic acids (fatty acids) like- oleic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid Bland, non irritating, Fixed oils: Fixed oils Leaves greasy mark on paper Insoluble in water, lighter than water but soluble in ether, alcohol etc. Cant be dissipated by heat Cant be distilled without being decomposed Forms soaps with alkali e.g. Olive oil, Castor oil, Chaulmoogra oil Volatile oils: Volatile oils Odorous principles hence called essential oils Obtained by distillation of various parts of plants Evaporated when exposed to air in room temp. Colorless when fresh but turns dark on standing due to oxidation and resinification So they must be stored in amber colored glass bottle in a cool and dry place Volatile oils: Slightly soluble in water giving their taste and odor to water Examples:- Liquid hydrocarbons (momotrepens):- Peppermint oil, Spearmint oil, Wintergreen oil, Lemon oil, Clove oil Crystalline Stearoptenes:- Menthol, Thymol, Eugenol, Camphor etc. They are used as local analgesics, soothing agents, antiseptics, diuretics and counter irritants etc. Volatile oils

SAPONINS - Senega GUMS - Gum acacia, Agar, Psyllium seeds MUCILAGES Tragacanth CARBOHYDRATES - Dextrose, Sucrose, Fructose, Alcohols RESINS Colophony Animal sources: Animal sources Past days: Dried toad skin - for treatment of tooth ache, gum bleeding (China) Cod fish - Cod liver oil source of Vit. A & D Present days: Insulin from pork (porcine), Cow & buffalo (bovine) IgG is prepared by injecting specific antigens to different animals which is later used as vaccines (antiserum) hMG (human menopausal gonadotropin) from post menopausal women urine contain mixture of FSH & LH hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) produced by placenta, obtained from pregnant womans urine Mineral Source: Mineral Source Metalloids, Metals and Non metals and their compounds are used. e.g. Iron, Iodine, Calcium, Gold - in deficiency states Magnesium trisillicate, Aluminium hydroxide as antacids Barium in radiology as diagnostic tool Mercury as diuretic also used for syphilis in the past. Microbiological Source: Microbiological Source Many antibiotics are isolated from different fungi etc. ExamplePenicillin from Penicillum notatum Erythromycin from Streptomyces erythreus Streptomycin from Streptomyces griseus Cephalosporins from Cephalosporium acremonium Tetracycline from Streptomyces aureofaciens.