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Example 8.2
Use Table 3 in Appendix B to find the following probabilities, where Z is the standard normal random
variable:
a) P(Z 1.25)
b) P(.82 Z 1.36)
c) P(.47 Z 2.12)
97
Solution
a) We begin by sketching a graph of the normal curve and shading the area under the curve to the
right of Z = 1.25, which corresponds to the required probability. Recall that the areas tabulated in
Table 3 in Appendix B are of the form P(0 Z z
0
) for selected values of z
0
, so required areas
must be expressed in terms of areas of this form before Table 3 can be used. Since the total area
under the curve to the right of z = 0 is .5,
P(Z 1.25) = .5 P(0 Z 1.25)
= .5 .3944 = .1056
b) P(.82 Z 1.36) = P(.82 Z 0) + P(0 Z 1.36)
Because the normal distribution is symmetrical, the area between .82 and 0 is equal to the area
between 0 and .82. Hence, P(.82 Z 0) is equal to the area between 0 and .82. Therefore,
P(.82 Z 1.36) = P(0 Z .82) + P(0 Z 1.36)
= .2939 + .4131 = .7070
c) Expressing the required area in terms of the types of areas that are tabulated in Table 3, we
obtain
P(.47 Z 2.12) = P(0 Z 2.12) P(0 Z .47)
= .4830 .1808
= .3022
98
Example 8.3
If Z is the standard normal variable, find the value z
0
for which:
a) P(z
0
Z z
0
) = .95
b) P(Z z
0
) = .0025
Solution
a) Since the normal distribution is symmetrical, we know that
P(z
0
Z 0) = P(0 Z z
0
) = .95/2 = .4750
Locating .4750 in the body of Table 3, we find that the corresponding z-value is z
0
= 1.96.
b) Since the area to the right of z
0
is .0025, which is less than .5, z
0
must lie to the right of 0. The
area between 0 and z
0
is (.5 .0025) = .4975, so
P(0 Z z
0
) = .4975
Locating .4975 in the body of Table 3, we find that z
0
= 2.81.
99
Example 8.4
A muffler company advertises that you will receive a rebate if it takes longer than 30 minutes to re-
place your muffler. Experience has shown that the time taken to replace a muffler is approximately normally
distributed with a mean of 25 minutes and a standard deviation of 2.5 minutes.
a) What proportion of customers receive a rebate?
b) What proportion of mufflers take between 22 and 26 minutes to replace?
c) What should the rebate-determining time of 30 minutes be changed to if the company wishes to
provide only 1% of customers with a rebate?
Solution
a) Let X be the number of minutes taken to replace a muffler. The proportion of customers who re-
ceive a rebate is the area under the normal curve to the right of x = 30. Using the transformation Z
= (X )/, we see that this is the same as the area under the standard normal curve to the right
of Z = (30 25)/2.5 = 2.0. Hence, the required proportion is
P(X 30) = P(Z 2.0)
= .5 P(0 Z 2.0)
= .5 .4772 = .0228
100
b) The proportion of mufflers that take between 22 and 26 minutes to replace is:
P(22 X 26) = P
,
_
5 . 2
25 26
5 . 2
25 22
Z
= P(1.2 Z .4)
= P(1.2 Z 0) + P(0 Z .4)
= P(0 Z 1.2) + P(0 Z .4)
= .3849 + .1554
= .5403
c) We must find the value, x
0
, of X for which P(X x
0
) = .01. If z
0
is the value of Z corresponding to
x
0
,
z
0
x
0
x
0
25
2. 5
Moreover, P(Z z
0
) = .01, so P(0 Z z
0
) = .5 .01 = .49. Locating .49 in the body of Table 3, we
find that z
0
2.33. Hence,
2.33 =
x
0
25
2 .5
, or
x
0
= 25 + (2.33)(2.5) = 30.83
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EXERCISES
8.3 Use Table 3 in Appendix B to find the following probabilities, where Z is the standard normal
random variable:
a) P(Z 1.85)
b) P(Z 1.85)
c) P(1.24 Z .95)
d) P(1.24 Z 2.48)
8.4 If Z is the standard normal variable, find the value z
0
for which:
a) P(z
0
Z z
0
) = .90
b) P(Z z
0
) = .01
102
8.5 Records show that the playing time of major league baseball games is approximately normally
distributed with a mean of 156 minutes and a standard deviation of 34 minutes. If one game is
selected at random, find the probability that it will last:
a) more than 3 hours.
b) between 2 and 3 hours.
c) less than 1.5 hours.
8.6 The amount of rainfall during August at a popular resort is approximately normally distributed
with a mean of 40 mm and a standard deviation of 12 mm.
a) What is the probability that the resort will have less than 5 mm of rain next August?
b) What is the probability that the resort will have more than 25 mm of rain next August?
103
c) What amount of rainfall is exceeded only 10% of the time in August?
8.4 Exponential Distribution
The exponential distribution is a useful continuous distribution that is closely related to the Poisson
distribution. You should be able to do the following:
1. Recognize situations in which an exponential distribution is applicable.
2. Define the exponential random variable that is appropriate in a given situation.
3. Compute exponential probabilities using the formulas.
4. Understand the relationship between the exponential and Poisson distributions.
An exponential random variable can be used to measure the time that elapses before the first occur-
rence of an event (or the time between occurrences of an event), where occurrences of the event (such as
incoming telephone calls) follow a Poisson distribution. The exponential distribution may also be used to
model the length of life of various electronic components.
A random variable X is exponentially distributed if its probability density function is given by
f(x) = e
x
, x 0
where e = 2.71828 . . . and is a parameter of the distribution ( > 0). It can be shown that E(X) =
= 1/.
Given two numbers a and b, probabilities involving X may be found as follows:
P(X a) =
a
e
1
P(a X b) =
b a
e e
The following example illustrates the relationship between the exponential and Poisson distributions.
104
Example 8.5
Records show that there is an average of three accidents each day in a certain city between 2 and
3 P.M., with the accidents occurring according to a Poisson distribution.
a) Use the exponential distribution to find the probability that no accident will occur between 2 and
2:30 P.M. today.
b) Use the Poisson distribution to find the probability required in part a).
Solution
a) Let X denote the time in minutes that will elapse after 2 P.M. before an accident occurs. It is
important that X and be defined in terms of the same units. Thus, is the average number of
accidents per minute: = 3/60 = .05. According to the formula for exponential probabilities, the
probability that at least 30 minutes will elapse after 2 P.M. before an accident occurs is
P(X 30) =
) 30 ( 05 .
e
=
5 . 1
e = .223
b) Let Y denote the number of accidents that will occur between 2 and 2:30 P.M. today. Then Y is a
Poisson random variable, with = 1.5 accidents per half hour. We want to find the probability
that no accidents will occur within a 30-minute period. Using the formula for a Poisson prob-
ability,
P (Y 0 | 1 . 5)
(e
1. 5
)( 1 .5
0
)
0
1
e
1. 5
.223
EXERCISES
8.7 A manager receives an average of 24 telephone calls between 1:00 and 3:00 P.M., with the calls
arriving according to a Poisson distribution.
a) Find the probability that 10 minutes will elapse without any calls being received by the
manager.
105
b) Find the probability that the manager will receive at most one call during a 10-minute period.
8.8 The length of life of a certain brand of light bulb is exponentially distributed with a mean of 5,000
hours.
a) Find the probability that a bulb will burn out within the first 1,000 hours.
b) Find the probability that a bulb will last more than 7,000 hours.
c) Find the probability that the lifetime of a bulb will be between 2,000 and 8,000 hours.