Clothing Comfort and its Determinants

[1]
26/11/12

Dr. Muhammad Mushtaq Mangat www.mushtaqmangat.org

Clothing Comfort Determining Factors

Objective: To have an understanding about the factors

Lecture 2

which have the ability to alter clothing comfort

Determining Factors
Human body

Comfort

clothing

Environment

Interaction
Continuous interaction among human body,

environment and clothing

Dynamic situation No stable situation Many more external factors

Factors affecting clothing comfort

Factors related to the wearer (metabolism of person, age, experiences, level of health, mental and economic position, types of activities) Clothing structure and chemical nature of fibers (fibre and yarn types, fabric structure, mechanical and thermal properties of fabric, clothing design, fitting) External Conditions (moisture, ambient and radiant temperature, wind speed)

Human body
A complex system Needs intake to produce heat Heat is used as energy to keep running the

whole system energy

Food energy is converted into thermal Activities increases energy by using stored

fat energy

Human body: a fuel cell

Consumption of food is similar to combustion but not exactly Combustion produces heat as by product of combustion Human body needs a constant temperature for smooth running Higher temperature increases the reaction rate and causes discomfort Shivering increases the heat production process by utilizing stored energy (fats) Not heat, no required temperature result is death

Conti
Source of heat is burning of glucose Human body breaks the glucose and gets

energy

Produced energy is always higher than

required

Excess energy needs to be removed

Conti
Chemical reaction in human body are

exothermic due to breaking of bonds

Human body also receives energy from

environment, through radiation, conduction and convection share is small human body is around 37 C

Most suitable temperature for working of

Heat Production Due To Exercises

Dog has fewer sweat glands, keep mouth open to release extra heat

Human Body Physiology

Human Body and Thermal Transfer

Humans are bipedal while animals are quadruped. Human has 40% less expose to radiation as compared to animals Human head is at height and experiences cool and wind blowing more than other parts of body. Human skin has four layers and the inner parts are bones, muscle, fat and finally skin. More than 80% heat is produced in muscle Occurrence of heat production and its consumption is concurrence process Always difference in heat production and consumption Heat production and consumption is regulated by the brain. Skin quality, thermal receptors, radiation, evaporation, sweat glands, shivering process, metabolism rate, and experience affect this regulation.

Amount of Heat
Human body produces heat depends upon

the intake at rest position

Average human takes 2400 Kilocalories, It is equal to 2791.2 Watt or 116.3 Watts per

Hr

Commonly 100 Watts is taken in general Human body area is between 1.6-1.8 m2 116/1.6= 72 W/hr or 116/1.8= 64 W/hr

Heat Generation and Activities

Human metabolic rate is measured in Met, a

seated person Met is equal to 1 1Met = 58 W/m2 (356 Btu/hr)

Human body area= 1.6-1.8 m2 Total heat produced= 1.6*58= 92 W/hr-

1.8*58=104 W/hr
Commonly 100 W/hr for whole body or 70 W/hr

per meter area of human is used in literature

[11]

Environment and Human Body [2]

Human body

exchange heat with environment through conduction, radiation, convection and evaporation is also a method to dissipate heat

Sweat generation

http://hyperphysics.phyastr.gsu.edu/hbase/thermo/ imgheat/bodycool4.gif

Human Body Temperature Control

Neural feedback mechanisms controls the temperature of human body through the hypothalmus It is based on sensors attached with hypothalmus

Sweating and shivering are two main action which body takes after sensing the variation of temperature Vasoconstriction to decrease the flow of blood in case of winter Vasodilation to increase the blood flow in case of high temperature Sweating to decrease the skin temperature and shivering to increase the skin temperature Erection of hairs on skin increase the thermal resistance under cold conditions [3]

Human body temperature controller [4]

[5]

Human Body Heat Exchange [2]

Cooling of Body [2]

Heat Transfer and Human body [6]

Shade for Cooling

Human temperature Variation [7]

Chart showing diurnal variation in body temperature, ranging from about 37.5 C from 10 a.m. to 6 p.m., and falling to about 36.3 C from 2 a.m. to 6 a.m.

Clothing and Comfort

Clothing is our second skin Clothing helps controlling the heat

exchange between human body and environment thermal comfort

People adjust clothing to have a better Every clothing has a distinct nature to control

heat flow from one side to other side

H&M transfer and Clothing [8]

Moisture Flow through Clothing [9]

Schematic diagram of liquid water and moisture transfer of clothing system [10]

Primary Function of Clothing

Thermal insulation Support to transfer moisture from skin to

environment

Protection from radiation Social satisfaction Safety of human body from injuries Facilitate for better functioning

Clothing and Thermal Insulation

Clothing provides thermal resistance Thermal resistance is measured in clo

Clo= 0.155 m2K/W ordinary suit

It is zero for a naked person and 1 for an It depends upon the moisture, structure and

fiber contents of clothing

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[12]

Environment
Environment is third factor in clothing

comfort

Three main elements of environment:

Temperature (ambient, globe) Humidity Wind speed

Environment Temperature
Heat flow due to temperature difference

through conduction. Human body remains in touch with adjacent things directly or through clothing Air wind affects the heat transfer through convection process through radiation

There is a net difference of heat transfer

Humidity Ratio
Humidity affects the moisture transfer from skin to environment Higher humidity will reduce the difference in humidity level between skin and air Skin becomes unable to transfer heat through evaporation and human body temperature increases Clothing also reduces the moisture flow Clothing having ability to transport moisture from skin to environment are much liked

Summary
Thermal comfort is highly dependent upon the

heat produced and heat dissipate from human body comfort

A balance is required for a better thermal Balance is achieved by increasing heat

production (activities and food, increasing ambient temperature, heavy clothing to provide insulation), or heat loss (decreasing ambient temperature, high wind to take moisture, minimum clothing)

Activities
Calculate total clo of your clothing and

compare with others

Measured clo values of your clothing under

different temperature two

Is there any linear relationship between these

References
[1]Robert E. Peary in the clothes he wore when he explored the North Pole, Source: http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=clothing+of+north+pole +&view=detail&id=1E6D08E67DD13306D836128EE217E4094FCC9E75&first=61&FORM=IDFRIR [2] http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/thermo/imgheat/bodycool4.gif [3] http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/thermo/heatreg.html [4] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Illu_diencephalon_.jpg [5] Gersak, J., & Marcic, M., Development of a mathematical model for the heat transfer of the system man clothing environment. International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology, 2007. 19: p. 234-241. [6] Bartiz, M., et al., Human Body Tempertaure to Analyze the Comfort during Manufacturing Process, in International Conference 6th Workshop on European Scientific and Industrial Collaboration on promoting Advanced Technologies in Manufacturing WESIC082008: Romania. [7] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoregulation [8] http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=heat+and+mass+transfer+through +clothing&view=detail&id=C36BC550AAF5B04C53030467CB0F6E90063CF386&first=31&FORM=IDFRIR [9]Gersak, J., & Marcic, M., Development of a mathematical model for the heat transfer of the system man clothing environment. International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology, 2007. 19: p. 234-241. [10] Satsumoto, Y., Murayama, C., and Takeuchi, M. , Effect of Moisture Sorption of Underwear Material on Clothing Microclimate in a Hot Environment. Heat Transfer-Asian Research, 2009. 38(1). [11]Source: http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/clo-clothing-thermal-insulation-d_732.html [12] Source: INNOVA Air Tech