18.02.

2010

HYDRAULICS
Environmental En Dep.-Hydraulics ng.

A.SUNA ERSES
Assist.Prof.Dr.
erses@sakarya.edu.tr (Tel: 0 264 295 5465) Sakarya niversitesi, Mhendislik Fakltesi, evre Mhendislii Blm, Esentepe Kamps, 54187 SAKARYA

To learn principles of fluid flow

Environmental En Dep.-Hydraulics ng.

AIM

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FluidDynamicsorHydrodynamics
Thestudyofthebehaviorofwaterinmotion
Environmental En Dep.-Hydraulics ng. Environmental En Dep.-Hydraulics ng.

Fluiddynamicsaresubjecttocertainfundemantal laws/principlesofphysics
1. ConservationofMass 2. ConservationofEnergy 2 Conservation of Energy 3. ConservationofMomentum

Conservation ofMass (Continuity)

At any given location (assuming incompresible fluid) :

Flow In= Flow Out Qin=Qout

Since Q = (Velocity) (Cross-Section Area of Flow) = VA Where V = average (mean) velocity across the profile. (V*A)in=(V*A)out

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Continuity
Environmental En Dep.-Hydraulics ng.

EXAMPLE1:356m3/hourwaterflowthrough apipeatavelocityof1.4m/s.Findthe diameterofpipe

Continuity
EXAMPLE2: AGardenhose
Environmental En Dep.-Hydraulics ng.

attached withnozzleisusedtofill a37.854L(liter)bucket.Theinner diameterofthehoseis2cmandit reduces0.8cmatthenozzleexit. Ifittakes50s(second)tofillthe bucketwithwater,determine(a) thevolumeflowrateofwater h l fl f throughthehose,and(b)average velocityofwateratthenozzle exist.

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Continuity
Environmental En Dep.-Hydraulics ng.

EXAMPLE3: When 1800liters per minute flow throuhg a 0 3m pipe which later reduces a0.3mpipe to 0.15mpipe,calculate the average velocities inthe two pipes.

ConservationofEnergy
Environmental En Dep.-Hydraulics ng.

Bernoulli's equation states that the total head h along a streamline (parameterized by x) remains constant. This means that velocity head can be converted into gravity head and/or pressure head (or vice-versa), such that the total head h stays constant. No energy is lost in such a flow.

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GraphicalRepresentationofBernoullisEquation EnergyLine(EL)andHydraulicGradeLine(HGL)
Environmental En Dep.-Hydraulics ng.
(EL) Velocityhead (HGL) 3 2 1 Elevationhead

Pressurehead

Piezometrichead=
(HGL)

Bernoulli's Equation
Environmental En Dep.-Hydraulics ng.

Consider an inviscid, incompressible flow moving from Point 1 to Point 2 along a pipe are d f l described b d by Bernoulli's equation,
V1 P V P 1 z1 2 2 z2 2g 2g
Pressure energy Kinetic energy (velocity head) Potential energy (elevation)
2 2

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Bernoulli's Equation with Head Loss

Environmental En Dep.-Hydraulics ng.
hf

z1 z2

Bernoulli's Equation with Head Loss Term

Environmental En Dep.-Hydraulics ng.

V1 P V P 1 z1 2 2 z 2 h f 2g 2g
p is the pressure, V is the average fluid velocity, z is the pipe elevation above some datum, g is the gravity acceleration constant.
Head loss term

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A Siphon
Environmental En Dep.-Hydraulics ng.

A siphon is a bent or curved tube that carries fluid from a container at a high elevation to another container at a lower elevation.

BernoulliEquation
EXAMPLE1: Alarge tank p p open to the atmosphere is filled with water to aheight of5mfrom the outlet tapas indicated infigure.Atap near the bottom ofthe tank isnow opened,and is now opened and water flows out from the smooth and rounded outlet. Determine the maximum water velocity atthe outlet.
Environmental En Dep.-Hydraulics ng.

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BernoulliEquation
EXAMPLE2: The drinking water
Environmental En Dep.-Hydraulics ng.

needs ofanoffice are metby large water bottles One end of a 6 mm bottles.One ofa6mm diameter plastic hose isinserted into the bottle placed onahigh stand while the other end with anon/off valve ismaintained 0.6mbelow the bottom ofthe bottle.If the water level inthe bottle is0.45mwhen it i l l i th b ttl i 0 45 h itis full,determine how long itwill take at the minumum to fill on240mLglass when the bottle isfirst opened. Neglect frictional lossses.

0.5 m

0.45 m

0.6 m

BernoulliEquation
Environmental En Dep.-Hydraulics ng.

EXAMPLE3: A1000mlong pipe is30mhigher at the entrance point and 10 m higher at the exist 10mhigher atthe point than the reference level.The pipe diameter isconstant.The velocity inthe pipe is8m/s.The water elevation atthe entrance is12mabove the pipe.The pressure atthe exit point isthe atmospheric pressure.Calculate the energy loss due to the flow inthe pipe.

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BernoulliEquation
Environmental En Dep.-Hydraulics ng.

EXAMPLE4: A50mmdiameter siphon asshown infigure isdischarging in figure is discharging water from a reservoir areservoir losses from point 1to 2is1.5mand from point 2 to 3is2.40m.Find flow and presure atpoint 2.

ConservationofMomentum
Environmental En Dep.-Hydraulics ng.

This isavector relationship,i.e.,the force equation may act inmore than one direction (xcomponent,ycomponent, p p ) and possible zcomponent). The Law ofConservation ofMomentum: The timerateofchange inmomentum(defined asthe mass rateofflow AVmultiplied by the velocity V)along the path offlow will result inaforce called the impulse force. Netforce onafluid caused by the change inmomentum: F=M(V2 V1)=Q(V2 V1) Where F=netforce M=mass flow rate=Q V=velocity Q=flow rate = density

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MomentumConservation
Environmental En Dep.-Hydraulics ng.

EXAMPLE1: A90elbow ina200mmpipeline carries 56 5 l/s of water Compute the magnitude 56.5l/sofwater.Compute offorce acting onthe elbow that results from change ofmomentumofthe flow. Pressure ofinlet:34.7kg/m3 and elbow is opened to atmosphere atthe end.

SUMMARY
Environmental En Dep.-Hydraulics ng.

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SUMMARY
Environmental En Dep.-Hydraulics ng.

Conservation of Mass: (V*A)in=(V*A)out ConservationofMass:(V A) =(V A)

2 2 ConservationofEnergy: V1 P1 z1 V2 P2 z2

2g

2g

ConservationofMomentum: F=M(V2 V1)=Q(V2 V1)

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