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Traversing
A traverse is a series of consecutive lines whose lengths and directions have been measured.
Why?
The purpose of establishing a traverse is to extend the horizontal control. A survey usually begins with one given vertical control and two ( or one and direction) given in horizontal You need more than two points to control the project, have enough known points to map any point, and set-out any object any where in a large project.
Definition:
Traversing
A traverse is a series of consecutive lines whose lengths and directions have been measured.
Why?
The purpose of establishing a traverse is to extend the horizontal control. A survey usually begins with one given vertical control and two ( or one and direction) given in horizontal You need more than two points to control the project, have enough known points to map any point, and set-out any object any where in a large project.
Procedure
Assume that you wanted to map calculate coordinates of the building, trees, and the fence in the drawing, you are given points A and B only, cannot measure angle and distance to corner F or the trees!!
A E
F
Grass
You need to construct new control points points of known precise coordinates such as C, D, and E to measure from. You do that with a traverse
Procedure
1. Walk around and decide which are the best locations to have A new control points 2. Construct the points, nails on asphalt, concrete and bolts, etc. 3. Measure all the angles and all B the lengths of the traverse 4. Check if the angles and lengths are accepted 5. If rejected, re-do the work 6. If accepted, adjust the errors and compute coordinates.
E
D
Grass
Coordinate Computations
Assume that we were given a site to map, and the coordinates of one point (A), and the azimuth of the line (AB), we need more known (control stations) We marked three more points around the site, the four points make rectangle (or a square). We then measured all the internal angles and the length of all the sides (lines). Using the given azimuth of AB and all angles, we computed the azimuth of all the sides, we get the following table:
Coordinate Computations
Point
A AB B BC C CD D DA A 99.70 27000'00 - 99.70 0.00 200.30 350.10 100.00 18000'00" 0.00 -100.00 300.00 350.10 100.00 90 00' 00" 100.00 0.00 300.00 450.10 100.10 0 00' 00'' 0.00 100.10 200.00 450.10
Line
Length
Azimuth (a)
DE = d sin( a)
DN = d cos( a)
E
200.00
N
350.00
Sum
399.80
0.30
0.10
Questions
Note that the coordinates of A when computed at the bottom of the table, are not the same as given coordinates. Also note the relationship between that error and the sum of Northings and Eastings. How do you explain that? Assume that the traverse was a perfect square of 100 m side length and oriented towards the north, what you notice in our measurements, and how can you relate that to the error in A?
N=0.1 A E=0.3
Link Polygon
Open TRAVERSE
True Location A L1 YObserved L2
X=XB-XA
L3 L4
L5 MX B
XObserved
MY
Traverse Notations
We will only cover the closed Traverse with interior angles measured.
Traverse Stations
Successive stations should be inter visible. Stations are chosen in safe, easy to access places. Lines should be as long as possible To reduce the number of lines Short lines will produce less accurate angles, the traverse gets distorted as shown below.
T1
T3 B T4 T2
Traverse Stations
Angles should be as equal as possible and better be 30 to 150, why???? Lines should be and as equal as possible, Why? Stations must be referenced to retrieve them if lost. We produce a descriptive card for each point
Usually the standards give an equation of the form: Max allowed angle misclosure c = k * n where (n) is the number of points and K is a constant defined according to which standards used If angles are accepted, correct by dividing the error equally among the angles For example: The Federal Geodetic Control Subcommittee: 1.7, 3, 4.5, 10, and 12 for first-order, second-order class I, second-order class II, third-order class I, third-order class II
Assume that the traverse in reallity was a perfect square. Assume that there was an error in measuring the length AB only, all other lengths and angles were correct
EDA
ECD
- ve
D
- ve
A B
E EAB + ve EBC + ve
E = 0
N = 0
and
EDA
ECD
- ve
D N
- ve
C E
A A B E EAB + ve EBC + ve
and N = Nc
If he closing error is (W) then Ew = E and Nw = N, W = length of closing error = Ew2 + Nw2 Fractional Closing error = traverse precision = W / L Direction of the error = Azimuth =
tan-1 (Ew / Nw) = tan-1 (E / N)
(
Correction in latitude for AB = -
E L
) (L )
AB
N L
) (L )
AB
Computations of Coordinates
Add the corrections to the departure or the latitude of each line to get the adjusted departure or latitude (maintain signs) Compute the adjusted point coordinates using the corrected departure or latitude: Ei = E i-1 + E Ni = N i-1 + N Check that the misclosure is zero.
Example of Standards
Horizontal Control Accuracy Standards For Traverse (By The Federal Geodetic Control Subcommittee (FGCS)) 1st Order Class Angular Closure Linear Closure (after angul. adj.) 1.7n I 3.0n II 4.5n 0.20L or, 1/20,000 I 10.0n 0.40L or, 1/10,000 II 12.0n 0.80L or, 1/5,000 2 nd 3 rd
point
Length L
Azimuth AZ
B
610.45 C 720.48 D 203.00 E 747.02 A Sum P=2466.05 WE =+0.54 WN =-0.72 306 54.1 -517.40 388.5 358 18.5 -5.99 202.91 195 30.1 -192.56 -694.27 104 35.2 590.77 -153.74
Pnt.
Length
Azimuth
Correction
Balanced E N
Departure (WE/ L)* L L A 285.1 B 610.45 104 35 590.77 153.740.1326 10 125.72 255.88 0.06AZ
Dep.
Lat.
10000.00
10000.00
=(0.54/2466.06)x285.1 =(0.72/2466.06)x285.1
10125.66 0.18 590.64 153.5610255.96
0.08
125.66
255.96
10716.29
10102.40
10523.58
9408.34
10517.54
9611.31
check 0.00
10000.00
10000.00
Other Methods
There are several methods that are used to adjust or balance traverses; 1. 2. 3. Arbitrary method Transit rule Least-Squares method
Traverse Area
D C B
A Traverse area = 1 { Ei (Ni+1 - Ni-1)} 2 Multiply the X coordinate of each point by the difference in Y between the following and the preceding points, half the sum is the area The formula will work for traverses lettered in a clockwise direction, but it will give a correct area with a negative sign. The formula should work if you switch the N and the E.
Example
Calculate the area of a traverse whose corners are (100,100), (300,100 ), (300,300), (100,300).