tfilisis hamqari

Tb i lis i s s a q a l a q o
TviTmmarTve l obi s i s tor i i d a n

tfilisis hamqari

Tbi li s z e m z r u n v e l T a g a e r T ia n e b a

Tbilisis saqalaqo
TviTmmarTvelobis istoriidan
ni n o sa t k o e v a

2012
3

Tbilisis saqalaqo TviTmarTvelobis istoriidan

publikaciaze muSaobdnen:
nano zazanaSvili
magda cocxalaSvili
ana WabaSvili

publikacia momzadebulia proeqt Cemi qalaqi, Seni qalaqi, Cveni qalaqis

farglebSi fond Ria sazogadoeba - saqarTvelos finasuri mxardaWeriT.

gamoyenebuli saarqivo fotomasalis originalebi daculia saqarTvelos

erovnuli muzeumis Tbilisis istoriis muzeumis, i. griSaSvilis biblioTekamuzeumis da tfilisis hamqris arqivebSi, kerZo koleqciebsa da eleqtronul
saresurso bazebSi.

tfilisis hamqari, 2012

i. griSaSvilis q. 10, Tbilisi 0105, saqarTvelo
tbshamkari@gmail.com
www.facebook.com/TiflisHamkari

Tbilisis saqalaqo TviTmmarTvelobis istoriidan

saxelmwifo marTvis sistemaSi TviTmmarTvelobis idea gamorCeulia Tavisi

progresulobiTa da demokratiulobiT. Aam mxriv Tbiliss aqvs garkveuli
tradiciebi, rac qveyanaSi demokratiuli wyobilebis arsebobis adreul niSnebze miuTiTebs.
Tbilisis saqalaqo mmarTveloba,
evropis sxvadasxva qalaqTa msgav
sad, sakmaod adreul safexurze (XI s.)
Seicavda TviTmmarTvelobis elementebs, ramac XI s-is 40-iani wlebidan
ukve SedarebiT gamokveTili forma
miiRo, 80-iani wlebidan 1222 wlamde ki
`qalaq-komunad~, `qalaq-respublikad~
Camoyalibda. Qqalaqis gamgebloba am
dros 12 kacisgan Semdgari `qalaqis
berebis~, `uxucesTa saqalaqo krebulis~, anu, rogorc amas ucxouri wya
roebi ganmartaven, gada
vida `Tbilisis KkeTilSobilTa jgufis~, `Tbilisis
xalxis~ xelSi, romlebic rigrigobiT,
TiTo Tves (`qalaqis mTavari~) marTavdnen qalaqs da sruliad damoukidebelni
iyvnen. maT ebaraT `qalaqis kliteni~
da maTve emorCilebodnen `cixeni qalaqisani~. isini wyvet
dnen omis gamoc
xadebis Tu zavis dadebis saqmes, awarmoebdnen samarTals moqalaqeTa Soris,
awesrigebdnen sagadasaxado sistemas,
Wridnen monetas da sxva. erTi sityviT,

iyvnen uzenaesi xelisufalni Tbilisis.

TviTmmarTvelobis ideam saqar
Tve
loSi ver pova Semdgomi ganviTareba.
`qalaq-respublikas~ bolo mouRo daviT aRmaSeneblis mier Tbilisis aRebam da gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos
dedaqalaqad misma gamocxadebam. qalaqSi damyarda qarTveli mefis xelisuf
leba, romelsac mefis mier daniSnuli moxele `amirT-amira~, `taruRa~,
`mouravi~ edga saTaveSi. yvelasaTvis
cnobilia cxinvalis, dvaleTisa da Tbilisis mouravis giorgi saakaZis saxeli.
Tbilisis ukanaskneli mouravebi
iyvnen mama-Svili, Tavadi daviT da evstate ciciSvilebi.
1801 wlidan rusuli mmarTvelobis
damyarebis Semdeg TbilisSi Seiqmna
saqalaqo policiis gamgeoba policmeisteriT saTaveSi, rac 1840 wels samoqalaqo mmarTvelobam ( - saqalaqo
saTaTbiro) Secvala qalaqisTavisa da
eqvsi xmosnis SemadgenlobiT. pirveli
qalaqisTavi iyo ivan izmirovi.
1866 wels SemuSavda Tbilisis sazogadoebrivi mmarTvelobis debuleba, romlis safuZvelzec arCevnebSi monawileobis ufleba hqondaT oTxi socialuri
kategoriis (4 Tanrigis) 21 wels mitane
bul, garkveuli qonebrivi cenzis mqone
da qalaqis sasargeblod gadasaxadis
7

gadamxdel moqalaqeebs. isini irCevdnen 100 kacisagan Semdgar saqalaqo

sakrebulos (sakanonmdeblo organo),
romlis wiaRidanac airCeoda 8-kaciani
(TiToeuli fenidan or-ori) saqalaqo
ganmkargulebeli organo (aRmasrulebeli organo) da qalaqisTavi. amas
emateboda meTvalyuris rwmunebiT aRWurvili, xelisuflebis mier daniSnuli erTi piri.
1870 wlis 16 ivniss xeli moewera
axal `saqalaqo debulebas~ (`saqalaqo
wesdebulebas~), romelic ruseTis imperiis mTel rig qalaqebSi (maT Soris
imperiis erT-erT gamorCeul qalaq
TbilisSi) TviTmmarTvelobas awesebda
da, rogorc imdroindeli presa werda,
`es gaxda axali eris dasawyisi qalaqe
bis istoriaSi~.
miuxedavad imisa, rom evropis arc
erT
qveyanaSi
TviTmmarTvelobis
idea ise ar iyo damaxinjebuli, rogorc ruseTSi, am movlenas mainc progresuli mniSvneloba hqonda, vinai
dan igi warmoadgenda adgilobrivi
mmarTvelobis iseT organos, romelic
arCeviT principebs emyareboda, warmomadgenlobiTi iyo da sadac mosaxleobis sxvadasxva fenebi iRebdnen
monawileobas; iqmneboda progresuli
sazogadoebrivi Zalebis samoqmedo asparezi.
debulebis
Tanaxmad,
arCevnebSi
yuradReba mieqca amomrCevelTa ara
8

Ggiorgi saakaZe

socialur warmoSobas, aramed ekonomikur mdgomareobas. sul Camoyalibda

sami Tanrigi sami saarCevno kreba. Eese
ni iyvnen: msxvili, saSualo da wvrili
gadamxdelebi.
imdenad, ramdenadac dawesebuli iyo
qonebrivi cenzi, TbilisSi xmis ufleba
miiRo 4 494 kacma (mosaxleobis 4-5-ma
procentma). Tbilisis mosaxleoba maSin Seadgenda daaxloebiT 104 000 kacs.
Qqalaqis Raribi mosaxleoba moklebuli
iyo xmis uflebas.
amomrCevlebi irCevdnen sakanonmdeblo funqciiT aRWurvil 72-kacian saqalaqo saTaTbiros (`rCevas~),
romelic Semdeg irCevda 3-kacian aR-

- gamgeobas,

da Jurnalistebs. amomrCeveli iRebda

romelic qalaqisTavis (`qalaqis mo-

kenWebs. Mmas ar hqonda ufleba, Tavisi

Tave~) xelmZRvanelobiT moqmedebda.

TavisaTvis mieca xma. Sedegebi maSinve

Yyvela organo da qalaqisTavi irCeoda

cxaddeboda.

masrulebel organos

axlad

4 wlis vadiT.

arCeuli

saTaTbiros

Se-

arCevnebi saarCevno ^Tanrigebis mi

madgenloba debda fics. sayuradReboa

xedviT sam sxvadasxva dRes da sam sxva

erTi faqti, rom xmosnebi fics debd-

dasxva adgilas tardeboda. mogviane-

nen ara qalaqis, aramed imperatoris

biT gaCnda saarCevno ubnebi. arCevnebi

erTgulebaze. Fficis teqstSi saerTod

warmoebda farulad, e.w. `sa

ar
Cevno

ar iyo naxsenebi qalaqi Tbilisi.

kenWebis~

meSveobiT.

Sesabamisad

amomrCevlebic

`mekenWeebad~

moixsenie-

fici ideboda saxarebasa da jvarze,

rac Semdeg dasturdeboda werilo-

bodnen. mogvianebiT SemoiRes sabara-

biTac

To sistema. amomrCevels eZleoda dar-

axal SemadgenlobAAas akurTxebdnen sa-

bazSi (zalaSi) Sesasvleli bileTi da

suliero

dabeWdili blanki, romelzedac unda

kaTolike, grigorianeli moZRvrebi),

daewera Tavisi kandidatebis sia, dar-

romlebic aseve awerdnen xels ficis

bazSi uSvebdnen mxolod amomrCevels,

teqsts.

komisiis wevrebs (`saarCevno kamisia~)

daviT ciciSvili

(xelmowerebiT);
pirebi

saTaTbiros

(marTlmadidebeli,

saqalaqo reformis gatarebis Sem-

evstate ciciSvili

deg qalaqisTavad airCies Zveli qala-

yifians aqvs yvela Tviseba, rac am sapa-

qisTavi,

saimperatoro karis kamer-

tio da mZime TanamdebobisaTvis saWi-

heri, generali, Tavadi iason Tumanovi,

roa~. aqedan moyolebuli, 1917 wlamde,

romelic avadmyofobis gamo ramdenime

Tbilisis qalaqisTavebi iyvnen:

TveSi gadadga.
1875 wlis 14 dekembridan igi Secva-

aleqsandre matinovi (1879-1891 ww.)

nikoloz arRuTinski-dolgorukovi

la didma qarTvelma sazogado moR-

(wyvetebiT 1891-1904 ww.)

vawem dimitri yifianma. ai, ras werda

pavle izmailovi (1893-1895 ww.)

amis Sesaxeb gazeTi `droeba~: `bednie-

giorgi evangulovi (1897-1901 ww.)

ri hazri mosvlia, vinc es kandidati

qristefore vermiSevi (1904-1905 ww.)

daasaxela pirvelad. dimitri ivanes Ze

vasil CerqeziSvili (1907-1910 ww.)

aleqsandre xatisovi (1910-1917 ww.)
rac Seexeba saTaTbiros Semadgenlo
bas, maRali qonebrivi cenzis pirobebSi (debulebis Tanaxmad, upi
ra
tesoba
hqondaT uZravi qonebis mepatroneebs,
vaWar-mrewvelebs, bankirebs), aq Zlieri iyo msxvil vaWar-mrewvelTa warmomadgenloba, ris gamoc mas `sololakeli krezebis~ Tu `finansuri tuzebis~
sakrebulos uwodebdnen. es is periodia,

rodesac

erovnuli

burJuazia

jer kidev ar figurirebs politikur

asparezze. saTaTbiros Semadgenlobac
somxuri iyo.
mesame Tanrigis mqoneTagan aq xSi
rad

irCevdnen

gresuli

sazogadoebis

pro-

nawilis warmomadgenlebs,

qveyanaSi cnobil pirebs.

sxvadasxva wlebSi saTaTbiros xmosnebi

iyvnen:

nikoloz

zubalaSvili

- mrewveli; grigol arwruni - publisaTaTbiros wevrTa ficis teqsti

10

cisti da mrewveli; konstantine ma-

kis warmoebis fuZemdebeli; aleqsandre meliq-azarianci - mrewveli; anton

furcelaZe - mwerali da Jurnalebis
gamomcemeli;

stefane

WrelaSvili

- qalaqis gamgeobis mdivani; karlo

CxeiZe - saqarTvelos I respublikis
erovnuli sabWos (Semdeg damfuZnebeli krebis) Tavmjdomare; noe rami
Svili -

saqarTvelos I respublikis

mTavrobis Tavmjdomare; kalistrate

cincaZe - samRvdeloebidan.
1870 wlis debulebiT qalaqi Tbilisi gaxda iuridiuli mesakuTre im
uZrav-moZravi qonebisa, rac hqonda mas
gadacemuli

saxelmwifosagan

sarge-

blobis uflebiT. mas, rogorc iuri

Tbilisis qalaqisTavi iason Tumanovi

macaSvili - generali da sazogado

moRvawe;

ivane

bagration-muxrans-

ki - generali da msxvili memamule;

niko nikolaZe - publicisti da kritikosi; sergei mesxi - gazeT `droebis~ redaqtori; ilia winamZRvriSvili
- Tbilisis notariusi; ivane poltaracki - Tbilisis notariusi; gabriel
sundukianci - mwerali da dramaturgi;
giorgi qarTveliSvili - I gildiis vaWari da didi mecenati. Mman daafinansa
`vefxistyaosnis~

cnobili

gamocema

mixai ziCis ilustraciebiT. ivane maCabeli - mwerali da sazogado moRvawe;

daviT sarajiSvili - qarTuli konia-

Tbilisis qalaqisTavi dimitri yifiani

11

gabriel sundukianci

daviT sarajiSvili

diul pirs, SeeZlo SeeZina da gae

am mxriv mas pirveli adgili ekava

sxvisebina, ewarmoebina molaparakebebi,

mTel imperiaSi. qalaqis mmarTveloba

aeRo valdebulebebi, waredgina samo-

Tbiliselebs axdevinebda am uZravi

qalaqo sarCeli da yofiliyo mopasuxe

qonebisTvis Seweril e.w. `SefasebiT

sasamarTloze. municipaluri sakuTre-

gadasaxads~ da ara saSemosavlos. biu-

bis gverdiT Tbilisis teritoriaze ar-

jetidan yvelaze did Tanxebs qalaqi

sebobda agreTve saxelmwifo, saekle-

xarjavda saxelmwifo saWiroebebisaT-

sio da kerZo sakuTreba.

vis. es iyo jaris, policiis, saxanZro

1874 wels Catarda Tbilisis uZravi

razmis Senaxva.

qonebis aRwera. 8 855 obieqtidan qala-

TviTmmarTvelobis mTavari funqcia

qi flobda mxolod 37-s. es maCvenebe-

iyo zrunva qalaqis komunalur meur-

li wlebis manZilze izrdeboda. qalaqi

neobaze. eseni iyo: wyalmomarageba,

Tbilisi iTvleboda mcirebiujetian

quCebisa da moednebis mokirwyvla da

qalaqad. mas merve mecxre adgili eka-

ganaTeba,

va imperiaSi. igi arc miwebis siuxviT

yofa, sanitariuli dasufTaveba; aseve

gamoirCeoda.

janmrTelobis dacvis, ganaTlebisa da

Tbilisis miwebis Rirebuleba saer-

12

aleqsandre meliq-azarianci

kulturis

transportiT

problemebis

uzrunvel

gadawyveta.

To imperiulTan SedarebiT dabali

Tbilisis TviTmmarTvelobam qalaqis

iyo. qalaqi yvelaze did Semosavals

teritoriaze gaxsna araerTi munici-

iRebda UuZravi qonebidan (saxlebidan).

paluri obieqti da sawarmo.

Tavdapirvelad saTaTbiros sxdomebi imarTeboda policmeisterisaTvis

arqiteqtor jovani skudieris mier
1849-51 ww-Si aSenebul e.w. `saqalaqo
saxlSi~, romelsac xSirad `skudieris
saxlsac~ eZaxdnen. Aarqiteqtorma is
Tavisi saxsrebiT aago, oRond im pirobiT, rom 35 wlis manZilze mTavroba
misgan ijariT aiRebda am Senobas.
sxdomebi imarTeboda kviraSi erT
xel, orSabaTobiT, rvis naxevridan
TerTmet saaTamde. zafxulSi xmosnebi
isvenebdnen. sxdomebi sajaro iyo. darbazSi sazogadoebisaTvis gamoyofili
iyo gansakuTrebuli adgili, rome
lic yovelTvis ivseboda. AarcTu ise
noe ramiSvili

iSviaTad sxdomebs qalebic eswrebodnen. sxdomebi rusulad mimdinareobda.

`saqalaqo debulebis~ arc erTi punqti
ar miuTiTebda imaze, Tu romel enaze
unda warmoebuliyo sxdo
mebi. gazeT
obzors mohyavs erT-erTi xmosnis
sityvebi: `mometebuli nawili Cvengani
imitom ar daviarebiT krebebzedao, rom
rusuli laparaki ar viciT, Cvens samSoblo enaze laparakis neba ara gvaqvso; amis gamo mogvbezrda xmaamouReblad jdoma krebebze, mivatoveT da
aRar davdivarTo~. sergei mesxma am
xmosans `droebis~ erT-erT nomerSi
upasuxa: `namdvili mizezi sxdomebze
kalistrate cincaZe

dauswreblobisa aris sizarmace da gu13

lavardniT saqmis mokideba, qalaqis

rom kenti nomris mqone saxlebi quCis

saqmeebisadmi daudevroba~.

marjvena mxares moeqca, xolo luwebi

gvinda, gamovyoT ori mniSvnelova-

ki marcxena mxares.
gamosakiTx punqtebs daemata grafa

ni sakiTxi, romlebic Tbilisis TviTmmarTvelobis mier an misi nawilo-

erovnebis Sesaxeb.

brivi monawileobiT gadawyda pirvel

aRwerisaTvis gamoiyo im droisTvis

wlebSi. pirveli, esaa saxelmwifosTan

Zalian didi Tanxa - 12 500 maneTi. Ees

erTad 1876 wlis 25 martis Tbili-

orjer aRemateboda TviT moskovis aR-

sis mosaxleobis erTdRiani aRwera,

werisaTvis gamoyofil Tanxas, rome

romelic sxva aRwerebTan SedarebiT

lic mosaxleobis ricxovnobiT eqvs-

gansakuTrebiT

da

jer meti iyo Tbilisisaze. aRniSnuli

ufro srulyofilad Catarda. Eevro-

Tanxidan 2000 maneTi Qqalaqis saxsre-

pis qveynebis msgavsad, aRiricxa da

bidan iyo gamoyofili. Tbilisis mosax-

pirvelad dainomra yvela saxli ise,

leobam 104 000 kaci Seadgina, rac saer-

organizebulad

To-imperiuli masStabiT mosaxleobis

raodenobis TvalsazrisiT mecxre ad
gils niSnavda.
1878 wlis 5 ivliss damtkicda Tbilisis

gerbi.

Ees

iyo

qristianuli

jvriT oTxad gayofil sagerbe farze

gamosaxuli RvTis sityvis, anu lo
gosis gamomxatveli oTxi enagamoyofili lomis figura. gerbi cnobilma
evropelma heraldmeisterma, ba
ron
ma

kionem

SeimuSava.

gerbi

samefo

gvir
gviniT sruldeboda. Tu gerbze
gamosaxuli iyo qarTuli samefo gvirgvini, maSin es iyo qalaq Tbilisis gerbi, xolo Tuki saimperatoro gvirgvini
iyo gamosaxuli, maSin - Tbilisis guberniisa. 1857 wels pirvelad daibeWda
Tbilisis saqalaqo safosto markac.
qalaq Tbilisis gerbi

14

saqalaqo saxlis sxdomaTa darbazi

1878 wlis dekemberi

wlis 18 noemberi

1882

es saarCevno periodi imiT gamoirCeoda, rom swored maSin SeamCnies saTaTbiroSi somexi xmosnebis simravle. es faqti maSinve aRiniSna presis
furclebze. Tbilisis saTaTbiros
SigniT sxvadasxva etapze gamoikveTa
urTie rTdapirispirebuli
Zalebi
Mm ag., 1875-78 ww-Si aseTebad iTvleboda e.w. `aziuri~ da `progresuli~ anu
`evropuli~ mimdinareobebi. `aziurs~

mxars uWerdnen Zveli yaidis vaWrebi, xolo `progresuls~ - axalgazrda

moxeleebi, mrewvelebi, eqimebi, inJinrebi da sxv.
qalaqisTavad airCies progresuli
frTis

warmomadgeneli

aleqsandre

matinovi. imdroindeli presis furclebze misi mmarTveloba dadebiTadaa Sefasebuli: TviT yvelaze ufro
didi misi mowinaaRmdegeebic ki ar
uaryofdnen, rom misi qalaqisTavobis
periodSi qalaqi gardaiqmna da dadga
15

sxvebma) uSualod miiRes monawileoba

Senobis agebaSi. aq uswavliaT mixeil
Wiaurels, mose ToiZes da bevr sxva
cnobil xelovans.
xatvas aswavlida oto Smerlingi.
gamosaSveb gamocdebs sxvebTan erTad
eswrebodnen ustabaSebic. Aaq swavla
ramdenime (qarTul, rusul, somxur,
azerbaijanul) enaze warmoebda.
1878 wels gadawyda saqalaqo gamgesaxelosno saswavlebeli

Zireuli siaxlis gzaze. amitomac igi

oTxjer airCies am Tanamdebobaze.
am saarCevno periodSi gafarTovda TviTmmarTvelobis praqtikuli
saqmianobis sfero.
1880 wlis 28 seqtembers gaixsna mefisnacval mixeilis saxelobis saxelosno saswavlebeli.
aseTi tipis saswavleblis gaxsnis
aucilebloba iman gamoiwvia, rom Tbilisuri kustaruli xelosnuri nawarmi konkurencias ver uwevda ruseTidan da evropidan Semotanil ufro
maRali xarisxis xelosnur nawarms.
dauwyiaT axalgazrdebis gagzavna evropaSi saswavleblad, saidanac isini aRar brundebodnen. am sakiTxTan
dakavSirebiT TbilisSi Sekrebilan
amqarTa Tavebi, romelTac gadauwyvetiaT am saqmisaTvis 6000 maneTis Segroveba. amqris wevrma xelosnebma (qvis
mTlelebma, mlesavebma, durglebma da
16

obisa da saTaTbiros axali samsarTuliani saxlis aSeneba. 1879 wels

gamocxadda konkursi. Tanxebis uqonlobis gamo gadawyda, rom arsebuli
Senoba gadaekeTebinaT da gaefarToebinaT. rekonstruqcia iTvaliswinebda
arsebuli Senobis Sua nawilSi mesame
sarTulis daSenebas da axali frTebis
miSenebas veliaminovis da hanis quCe
bis

gayolebiT,

agreTve

orsarTu-

liani qalaqis saTaTbiros sxdomaTa

darbazisa da

ezoSi qalaqis birJis

Senobis agebas, romelic dakavSirebuli unda yofiliyo ZiriTad SenobasTan. rekonstruqciis gegmis Sedgena

daevala

arqiteqtor

ozerovs,

xolo fasadis gadawyveta (mavritaniuli stiliT) arqiteqtor Sterns.

qalaqis sakuTrebas warmoadgenda
e.w. `muxranis borani~, romelic avlabrisa da riyis mosaxleobas akavSirebda
savaWro

qalaqis erT-erT mTavar

adgilTan,

e.w.

`saldaTis

bazarTan~.

Aam

adgilebidan

ezide-

bodnen agreTve avlabris am nawilis

mcxovrebni wyals. Aamitomac aq moqme-

1882 wlis 18 noemberi - 1886

wlis dekemberi
am

periodSi

Tbilisis

TviTm-

di saborne gadasasvleli Zalian da

marTveloba ZiriTadad adre aRebul

Zabulad muSaobda da karg Semosavals

kurss agrZelebda. brZola saTaTbiros

aZlevda qalaqs. gazeTi `droeba~ 1885

SigniT gamZafrda. qarTvelebi, rogorc

wels werda, rom aq erT saaTSi gada

Cans, ufro progresul, liberalur

dioda ufro meti xalxi, vidre mTeli

frTas miekuTvnebodnen. gazeTi `droe-

dRe-Ramis ganmavlobaSi veris xidze.

ba~ werda: `oRond kargi moqalaqe iyos,

erTi kacis gadasvla 2 kapiki Rir-

SemZlebeli, qalaqs uerTgulos da ri-

da. Ggarkveul safasurad SeiZleboda

gianad emsaxuros da Cveni sasurveli

cxenebis, xarebis, Zroxebis da sxva

amisTana kacebi arian. Cven kacs kacuris

saqonlis gadayvanac.

RirsebiT da uvargisobiT viwonebT da

1882 wlis 31 dekembers qalaqma gaxsna erTi saobligacio sesxiT e.w. mnacakanovis xidi. Ees xidi adrec arse-

viwunebT da ara miT, rom somexia, rusia, Tu qarTvelia~.

TviTmmarTvelobam

1883

wels

ga-

bobda da kerZo mflobelobaSi iyo,

mosca

magram 1852 wels Tbiliselma vaWarma

krebuli

ivane mnacakanovma gamoisyida igi da

vis~. dadgenilebiT binis mflobelebi

qalaqs gadasca. xidis ZiriTadi fun-

valdebuli iyvnen, ezrunaT mimdebare

qcia iyo qalaqis sazRvarze saqonlis,

teritoriis sisufTaveze, gansakuTre-

umTavresad cxvris farebis gatareba.

biT es Seexeboda mtkvris sanapiros,

qalaqi xids ijariT aZlevda kerZo pi-

saidanac mosaxleobas amohqonda wyali

rebs, romlebic saxide sabaJo gadasa

sxvada
sxva

xads axdevinebdnen saqonlis patrons

liswinebelia, rom qalaqisaTvis mTavar

da

Semosa
vals

koleqtors swored mtkvari warmoad-

aZlevdnen, Tumca imdens ara, ramden-

genda.
wylis amoReba mtkvridan SesaZlebeli iyo mxolod gamgeobis mier miTiTebul adgilas da isic dRis saaTebSi.
Gam adgilebSi ikrZaleboda ekipaJebis
recxva, pirutyvis miyvana, sarecxis
recxva. binis mflobelebi zrunavdnen

qalaqs

garkveul

sac Tavidan elodnen.

am saarCevno periodSi daiwyo veris
daRmarTis mSenebloba da veris xidisaTvis masalebis SeZena, konkis liandagis swrafi tempiT gayvana; Sedga
qalaqis wyalsadenis proeqti.

`savaldebulo
Tbilisis

dadgenilebaTa
moqalaqeebisaT-

saWiroebisaTvis.

gasaTva

17

18

agreTve sibinZuris gatanaze. maT eva

lebodaT, ezoebSi gaekeTebinaT ormo
dabinZurebuli wylisaTvis. misi sidide
damokidebuli iyo saxlis sididesa
da mobinadreTa ricxvze. ormos fske
ri da kedlebi gaumtari masalisagan
mzaddeboda, Tavi ki rkinis gisosiT
da saxuraviT iketeboda. binZuri wyali
iRvreboda qalaqis gamgeobis mier spe-

biT, manekenebiT, maRali donis sakeravi manqanebiT, modebis JurnalebiT da

sxva.
1883 wlis 11 ivniss TviTmmarTvelobis SenobaSi gaCnda xanZari da mTeli
arqivi daiwva.
1883 wlis martSi gaixsna `cxenis
rkinigza~, igive `konka~. Tavdapirvelad is kerZo koncesionerTa xelSi iyo,

cialurad amisaTvis SerCeul adgilas

RamiT. aseTive wesebi vrceldeboda
fexsadgilebze. ramdenime kacis SeSveba saerTo abanoSi ikrZaleboda, Tuki
wyali ar iqneboda gamdinare da wylis
auzi - sufTa.
nebarTvas
kvebis
produqtebiT
(puri, xorci da a.S.) vaWrobis Sesaxeb
iZleoda gamgeoba. gansakuTrebuli
sisufTavis dacva evalebodaT xorcis
gamyidvelebs. saqonlis dakvla qalaqis teritoriaze ikrZaleboda. Ees unda
momxdariyo qalaqgareT, sasaklaoze,
romelic qalaqis xelisuflebam aaSena.
1883 wels gaixsna qalTa profesiuli
saqalaqo saswavlebeli. male am saswavlebelze zrunva daiwyo da SemdgomSi misi direqtoric gaxda cnobili
xmosnis meuRle, lidia TamamSeva. saswavleblis pedagogebi saswavleblad
evropaSi igzavnebodnen. TamamSevam
TviTon Seiswavla kerva e.w. Seferis
sistemiT, romelic maSin miRebuli iyo
parizis profesiul skolebSi. saxelosno aRWurvili iyo papiemaSes koleqcie-

magram 1885 wlis 10 ivlisidan belgiur

kompanias gadasces. qalaqis sasargeb
lod igi wliurad 3000 maneTs ixdida.
dadebuli xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad,
qalaqs `konkis~ gamosyidva SeeZlo 1895
wlis aprilidan.
1884 wels dasrulda `saqalaqo saxlis~ ZiriTadi Senobis rekonstruqcia. amave wels Senobis koSkze daayenes
saaTi. 1886 wels ki dasrulda qalaqis
saTaTbiros sxdomaTa darbazis mSe
nebloba.
jer kidev XIX saukunis 60-ian wlebSi

qalTa profesiuli saqalaqo saswavlebelis

mowafeTa nawarmi

mtkvris marcxena sanapiros mcxovreb

lebma - germanelTa axalSenis mosaxleobam - TxovniT mimarTes qalaqis
gamgeobas veris xidis agebis Taobaze.
1880 wels gamgeobam nasesxebi Tan
xidan xidisaTvis gamoyo 180 000 maneTi.
Mmisi mSenebloba daiwyo 1883 wels da
1885 wlis 10 Tebervals sazeimod gaixsna. presa werda, rom amgvari mdidruli

al. puSkinis saxeli ewoda.

aRniSnul
saarCevno
periodSi
qalaqis mmarTvelobaSi kidev mraval
sxva sakiTxze msjelobdnen da iRebdnen gad aw yvetilebebs. mag., 1885 wels
inJinrebma konrodma da ozerovma
daaproeqtes
qalaqis
wyalsadeni.
xmosanma niko nikolaZem 1884 wlis
noemberSi wamoayena winadadeba, rom

nagebobiT qalaqis damSveneba, rodesac

qalaqi ar aris mokirwyluli, ganaTebuli, ar gaaCnia wyalsadeni, skverebi
da a.S., arapraqtikuliao. xidisagan
miRebuli Semosavali ver anazRaurebda
xarjebs. Tbilisis mosaxleobis azriT,
muxranis xidis aRdgena ufro sa
Suri
saqme iqneboda qalaqisaTvis, vidre
veris xidis ageba.
1885 wels qalaqis uwyebaSi gadavida
1867 wels gaxsnili imperator aleqsandres saxelobis centraluri saqalaqo
samkurnalo. samkurnalo gaxsna saxel
mwifom 1866 wlis 4 aprilis movleneb
Tan dakavSirebiT, SemowirulobebiT. is
Tavdapirvelad mdebareobda hanis quCaze, Semdeg ki saldaTis bazarTan. aq
iyo centraluri samkurnalo, romelsac qalaqis sxvadasxva ubanebSi hqonda oTxi ganyofileba. samkurnalo iyo
ambulatoriuli tipisa, ufaso momsa
xurebiT, wamlebiT da sakuTari afTi
aqebiT.
1885 wels gaixsna e.w. `saojaxo~
(`semeini~) skveri, romelsac Semdgom

qalaqis mmarTvelobas aeTvisebina

Tbilisis bunebrivi simdidreebi. misi
azriT, saWiro iyo gogirdis abanoe
bis gamosyid
v a kerZo mflobelebisagan da maTi erTi mesakuTris (sa
xelmwifo, qalaqi, kerZo piri) xelSi
Tavmoyra. am samidan xmosani mxars uWerda maT gadacemas qalaqisaTvis da
aq balneologiuri sadguris gaxsnas.
1887 wlis ianvari - 1890 weli
Tbilisis saqalaqo TviTmmarTveloba
sul ufro did rols asrulebda Tbilisisa da TbiliselTa cxovrebaSi. mM sxvili da saSualo burJuazia mTeli ZaliT
cdilobda gabatonebuli mdgomareobis SenarCunebas TviTmmarTvelobaSi.
brZolaSi aqtiurad ebmeboda Tbilisis
progresuli inteligencia, romelic
mosaxleobis demokratiuli fenebis interesebs gamoxatavda. presaSi xSirad
gamoTqvamdnen ukmayofilebas arsebuli
saarCevno qonebrivi cenzis winaaRmdeg.
Tbilisis xelisuflebis gadawyve
tilebiT gadawyda Tbilisis saqalaqo
19

avWalis saqalaqo wyalsadeni

wyalsadenis gayvana. Qqalaqelebi odiTganve sasmel wyals mtkvridan iRebdnen. wyali qalaqSi dahqondaT xaris
tyavisagan sagangebod Sekerili rumbebiT - TuluxebiT. meTuluxeebi ZiriTadad iyvnen sparseTis azerbaijanidan
mosuli qristiani aisorebi, romlebic
garkveuli drois (5-6 wlis) Semdeg ukan
brundebodnen.
1861 wels generalma yorRanovma
orTqlis manqaniT momuSave pirveli
wyalsaqaCi dadga mtkvarze veris xidis
midamoebSi, `satios~ Soriaxlo. magram
igi ver akmayofilebda wyalze qalaqis
mosaxleobis mzard moTxovnebs.
20

XIX saukunis 80-ian wlebSi qalaqis

TviTmmarTvelobam gadawyvita, moevlo am problemisaTvis. komisias xelm
ZRvanelobda k. mamacaSvili. mSenebloba daiwyo 1883 da damTavrda 1887 wlis
seqtemberSi.
Tavdapirvelad wyalsadenis mSeneb
lobisaTvis didube SearCies, Semdeg ki
Seiswavles avWalis wyaroebis debiti,
Semadgenloba da SesaZleblad miiCnies
am wyaroebisaTvis mtkvris wylis mimatebac.
wyali kaptaJidan Sedioda auzSi,
saidanac manqaniT gadaedineboda ma
gistralSi, romelic avWalas qalaqTan

akavSirebda. qalaqSi sami rezervuari

iyo: 1) funikulioris qveda sadgurTan,
2) guTnis quCaze avlabarSi, 3) xarfuxSi, berZnul eklesiasTan. rezervuarebidan wyali TviTdinebiT nawildeboda
saqalaqo wyalgayvanilobis qselSi.
radgan avWalis wyaroebSi zamTarSi
wyali iyineboda, zafxulSi ki Sreboda,
qalaqi xSirad (ramdenime dRec) rCe-

1859 wels mTavarmarTebel aleqsandr

bariatinskis brZanebiT e.w. `aleqsandres baRi~ gaSenda `yabaxis~ adgilas.A aq
darges ukve mozrdili xeebi, romlebic
urmebiT moitanes. TviTmmarTvelobam
jer kidev 1883-86 ww-Si wamoWra sakiTxi
qalaqisaTvis sami baRis (aleqsandres,
botanikurisa da muStaidis) gadacemis Sesaxeb. mxolod 1890 wels gadaeca

boda uwylod, rac autaneli iyo. avWalis wyaroebi ar iyo sakmarisi qalaqis
wyliT momaragebisaTvis. Qqalaqis wyalsadens higienuri TvalsazrisiT erTerTi pirveli adgili eWira ruseTis imperiaSi. TbilisSi ar yofila qolerisa
da tifis epidemia, romelic pirdapir
kavSirSi iqneboda wyalTan.

qalaqs sakuTrebaSi `aleqsandres baRis~ Sua da qvemo nawilebi, 1896 wels

ki 10-wliani ijariT - zemo nawilic. es
baRi gankuTvnili iyo qalaqis Raribi
mosaxleobisaTvis.A gamosces brZaneba,
ris safuZvelzec ikrZaleboda baRSi
cudad Cacmuli adamianebis SeSveba.

1887 wlis pirvel marts TbilisSi

gaixsna msesxsalaro, romelic mogvianebiT lombardad gardaiqmna. Tavdapirvelad kapitali 166 000 maneTs Seadgenda, saidanac ZiriTadi kapitali iyo
80 000 maneTi, qalaqisagan gacemuli,
danarCeni ki iyo saxelmwifos sesxi
qalaqisadmi.
Tavdapirvelad (9 wlis manZilze)
msesxsalaros moqmedebis wre Semoifargleboda Tanxis gacemiT giraod
datovebuli oqros, vercxlis da Zvirfasi qvebis sanacvlod. is Tavidanve
`saqalaqo saxlSi~ iyo ganTavsebuli
(lombardad

gardaqmnis

Semdegac).

1914 wels gadavida ufro did SenobaSi

(meliq-azariancis saxlSi).

1890 welis dekemberi - 1893

wlis 30 maisi
arCeuli saTaTbiro mravalpartiu
li iyo. aq warmodgenili iyvnen e.w.
`gam
geobis~
(meTaurobda
gamgeobis
Tavmjdomare, qalaqisTavi matinovi),
`dvorcovi nomrebis~ da opoziciuri
- `qarTvelTa~ partiebi. es ukanaskneli pirvel ors upirispirdeboda.Q qalaqisTavi matinovi gadadga da arCevnebSi
gaimarjva n. arRuTinski-dolgorukovma. nN iko nikolaZe werda, rom am saTaTbirom or weliwadSi gaakeTa aTjer meti
imaze, rac winandelma oTx weliwadSi.
am periodSi gansakuTrebiT didi
yuradReba mieqca qalaqis sanitariuli
mdgomareobis gaumjobesebas da janmr
21

sadezinfeqcio kamera

Telobis dacvas. 1891 wels gaixsna qimiuri laboratoria, sadac ikvlevdnen

sakveb da sasmel produqtebs. misi proeqti Seadgina profesorma petre meliqiSvilma.
1892 wels TbilisSi gavrcelda
qoleris epidemia. qalaqis TviTmmarTvelobam
Seadgina
qolerasTan
brZolis programa. gansakuTrebuli
yuradReba mieqca mdinare mtkvarsa
da mis sisufTaves. erT-erT sxdomaze
dadga mdinare mtkvridan wyliT sargeblobis akrZalvis sakiTxi, vinaidan
mtkvarSi Caedineboda yovelgvari uw22

mindureba mixeilis saavadmyofodan,

sadac iyvnen moTavsebuli qoleriT
daavadebulni. sanacvlod unda daeye
nebinaT qalaqis sxvadasxva adgilas onkanebi Raribi mosaxleobisaTvis wylis
ufasod misaRebad.
xmosan ilia winamZRvriSvilis iniciativiTa da nebayoflobiTi SemowirulobebiT 1892 wels gaixsna saCaie. qalaqis Rarib mosaxleobas ufaso sadiliT
da CaiT umaspinZldebodnen. Semdeg is
mTlianad gadaeca qalaqs. 1893 wels igi
gadakeTda avWalis auditoriad.
1892 wlis 25 maiss erevanskis (dRevan-

deli Tavisuflebis) moedanze gaixsna

aleqsandre puSkinis Zegli.
XIX s-is 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi ubi-

mospo. saqalaqo mmarTvelobis dadgenilebani

da

gankargulebani

Sedioda

mxolod

ZalaSi

gubernatorisagan

nao muSebma qalaqis TviTmmarTvelo-

damtkicebis Semdeg. TviTmmarTvelo-

bis nebarTvis gareSe daiwyes rkinigzis

bis Tanamdebobebze arCeul pirebs amt-

zeda mxares, qalaqis kuTvnil miweb

kicebda Sinagan saqmeTa ministri.

ze dasaxleba. manamde qalaqis Raribi

mosaxleobis

reforma

gatarda

1893

iTvleboda

wels, romlis mixedviTac arCevnebSi

vera, xarfuxi, avlabari. muSebi Tavian-

monawileobis ufleba eZleoda yovel

Ti ojaxis wevrebTan erTad muSaobdnen:

moqalaqes, Tu igi iyo ruseTis qveSevr-

angrevdnen kldeebs, amzadebdnen agurs

domi da qalaqis teritoriaze flobda

da swrafi tempiT agebdnen qoxmaxebs.

1 500 maneTis Rirebulebis uZrav qone-

Mmokle xanSi sakmaod didi teritoria

bas, ris gamoc iq TiTqmis ganuyoflad

daifara fardulebiT da patara saxle-

gabatonda msxvili da saSualo burJua-

biT. imis gamo, rom muSebi unebarTvod

zia. Aam droisaTvis evropis adgilobriv

saxldebodnen,

miiRo

arCevnebSi monawileobdnen isini, vinc

saxelwodeba `naxalovka~ (naZaladevi).

qalaqis sasargeblod ixdida Zalian

Aam faqtiT SeSfoTebulma qalaqis mes-

patara

veurebma dacva gaaZlieres da akrZales

saarCevno

mitacebul miwebze saxlebis mSeneblo-

ebraels ganurCevlad cenzisa. Semcir-

ba. 1894 wlis TviTmmarTvelobisa da

da TviTmmarTvelobis mosamsaxureTa

muSebis konfliqtSi mTavroba Caeria.

ricxvi.

sasamarTlom

raionebad

TbilisSi

axalma

ubanma

gamoitana

gadasaxads.
uflebas

axali

debuleba

arTmevda

yvela

dadgenileba

1893 w. gaixsna sadezinfeqcio kame

naZaladevelTa ayris Sesaxeb. marTlac,

ra droebiT sadgomSi, xolo 1897 wli-

mravali miwuri daingra. XX s-is dasaw-

dan gadavida aleqsandres quCaze. misi

yisSi naZaladevsa da lotkinis goraze

mizani da daniSnuleba iyo gadamdeb

ukve 1000-ze meti saxli iyo.

sneulebaTa winaaRmdeg brZola. igi ak-

1890 wels arCeulma xmosnebma ver

mayofilebda imdroindel moTxovnebs.

daasrules saarCevno periodi. gamo

saxlebis Ddezinficireba formaliniT

vida 1892 wlis 11 ivnisis saqalaqo

xdeboda. dawesebulebas hqonda spe-

debuleba, romelsac Sedegad mohyva

cialuri ekipaJebi dabinZurebuli sa-

qalaqis TviTmmarTvelobaze adminis-

gnebis gadasatanad kameridan daniS-

traciis mkacri kontrolis damyareba,

nulebis adgilamde da ukan. agreTve

kareta avadmyofebisaTvis saavadmyo-

ramac

TviTmmarTveloba

arsebiTad

23

foSi gadasayvanad. Mmomsaxureba ufaso

iyo. kamera TviT qalaqisTavma gaxsna
1897 wels.

afTiaqidan `saqalaqo saxls~ gadaedo.

1893 wlis 23 seqtembers daarsda

dagiravebuli nivTebi, 1 milion maneTa-

`avWalis auditoria~. e
E s iyo pirveli

1893 wlis 1 ivliss gaCnda xanZari. igi

qalaqis fulis gamsesxebeli salaro da
mde Rirebulebisa, dawvas gadaarCines.

saxalxo Teatri, romelic gaTvlili

iyo qalaqis Raribi mayureblisTvis.

1893 wlis 30 maisi - 1897 weli

am adgilas, rogorc ukve iTqva, qole

1892 wlis debulebis safuZvelze

ris epidemiis dros mowyobili iyo

saCaie. rodesac qolera minelda, saCaie
daiketa da Senobac dacarielda, aq
leqciebis gamarTva dauwyia e.w. `sifxizlis sazogadoebas~, romelsac xelmZRvanelobda cnobili eqimi da sazogado
moRvawe niko xudadovi. niko xudadovisaTvis TviTmmarTvelobis winaSe Suamdgomloba

uTxovia

`scenismoyvare

xelosanTa

amxanagobas~,

romelic

`mixeilis saxelobis saxelosno saswavleblis~ moswavleebisa da maswavleblebisagan Sedgeboda. eseni iyvnen:

ioseb imedaSvili, mose ToiZe, niko
gociriZe, anton furcelaZe, zaqaria
WiWinaZe, g. CitaZe da sxvebi. marTlac,
SemuSavda wesdeba da saerTo garjiT
aSenda darbazi, romelic 200 kacs
itevda. Aaq gamodioda lado aRniaSvili
Tavisi gundiT da am gundis suli da
guli - ia kargareTeli. am Teatrs SemdgomSi niko gociriZis saxeli ewoda.
Senoba mouxerxebel adgilas idga da
TviTmmarTveloba

iZulebuli

gaxda,

daengria, dasi ki zubalaSvilis saxal

xo saxls SeuerTda.
24

SeimuSaves Tbilisis xmosanTa arCevis

axali wesebi, Seadgines amomrCevelTa
axali siebi. gauqmda amomrCevelTa Tanrigebad dayofa - Tbilisis cenziani
moqalaqeebi gaerTiandnen erT saarCevno krebad. winasaarCevno kampaniis
dros asparezze gamovida `axalgazrda
somexTa partia~.
maisis arCevnebi mwvave viTarebaSi
Catarda. 16 maiss daniSnul arCevnebSi deputadad gasula ilia WavWavaZe,
magram Sedegebi gauuqmebia sagubernio sakrebulos. SemdegSi daniSnul
arCevnebSi kerWisyraze uari Tqva yvela qarTvelma, maT Soris iliamac. axal
qalaqisTavad airCies pavel izmailovi,
romelic 1895 wlis 5 marts moulodnelad gardaicvala. qalaqisTavis mova
leobis Sesruleba daekisra gamgeobis
wevrs - ivanenkos.
qalaqis TviTmmarTveloba zrunavda
Tbilisis gamwvanebaze. Tbilisis klimatisa da topografiuli Taviseburebebis gamo qalaqis gamwvanebas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba hqonda. istoriulad
qalaqi garSemortymuli iyo baRebiTa

erge, sadac aSenebdnen im nergebs, rom-

itariuli mdgomareoba normebs mainc

ver akmayofilebda.
1894 wels Catarda mixeilis xidis rekonstruqcia. Ees iyo pirveli qvis xidi
TbilisSi. xidi Tavdapirvelad 1852
wels aigo.
1895 wels ingliselma inJinerma
lindleim Seadgina Tbilisis kanalizaciis proeqti. XIX s-is manZilze TbilisSi calkeul koleqtorebs winaswar
Sedgenili proeqtis gareSe aSenebdnen,
umTavresad qalaqis centralur nawilSi, gansakuTrebiT mdidari mosaxleobis moTxovnilebaTa dasakmayofileblad. Qqalaqis Raribi da saSualo fena
moklebuli iyo am fufunebas. lindleis proeqti iyo kanalizaciis pirveli
proeqti saqarTveloSi.

lebic Semdeg qalaqSi unda daergoT.

1896 wlis 1 ianvars qalaqis msesx-

gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWebo-

salaro gardaiqmna lombardad. gafar-

da wiwvovan da maradmwvane mcenareebs,

Tovda operaciebis wre; aq iRebdnen

romlebic SeiZleba gamxdariyo kargi

liTonis nakeTobebs, sakerav manqanebs,

dekoratiuli

qalaqisaTvis.

velosipedebs, iaraRs, WurWels, samov

trotuarebis siviwrovis da elementa-

rebs da sxva. aman Seamcira lombardis

ruli pirobebis uqonlobis gamo dar-

Tanxebi. Aamitom qalaqma daiwyo obli-

guli mcenareebi iRupeboda.

gaciebis gamoSveba; Tu aqamde saerTo

da tyeebiT. Mmteri maT anadgurebda.

ruseTis mier saqarTvelos dapyrobis
Semdeg am sakiTxs yuradReba aRar eqceoda, ramac gamoiwvia mTebis kalTebidan niadagis Camorecxva, anu erozia;
mcenareuli safari ganadgurda da mTebi gaSiSvlda. es qalaqSi xSirad iwvevda
Rvarcofebs, niaRvrebs, qarebs, zafxulobiT autanel sicxeebs, haeris dabinZurebas da quCebis danagvianebas.
pirvelad 1848 wels daiwyo golovinis prospeqtze xeebis dargva, mxolod
calmxrivad; Semdeg, 1859 wels gaCnda
aleqsandres baRi, muStaidi; leRvTaxevSi ki adreve arsebobda saxazino (amJamad botanikuri) baRi.
1891 wels orTaWalaSi Seiqmna san-

safari

1893 wels xmosanma niko xudadovma

brunva 3 milions Seadgenda, axla is

wamoWra sakiTxi Tbilisis SemogarenSi,

12 milioni gaxda. Yyvela sxva saqalaqo

mis CrdiloeT sazRvrebTan tyis gaS-

lombardisagan gansxvavebiT, Tbilisis

enebis Sesaxeb, rac TandaTan ganxor-

Llombardi yvelaze ufro iafad (mxo

cielda.

lod 11 %-ad) emsaxureboda gaWirvebu-

1893 wels Tbilisis sazogadoebriv

lebs. veliaminovis quCidan 1914 wels

mmarTvelobasTan dafuZnda sanitari-

Llombardi meliq-azariancis SenobaSi

ul-saeqimo sabWo, Tumca Tbilisis san-

gadavida. Uufro did SenobaSi gadasv25

lis Semdeg operaciebma kolosalur

cifrs miaRwia.
1896 wels daarsda naZaladevis auditoria (saxalxo saxli). naZaladevSi
es adgili warmoadgenda trial moedans, sadac yovel saRamos imarTeboda ubnis lxini da kviras, uqme dRes,
lelos TamaSi. muSebma im adgilas pa
tara TeatrisA ageba ganizraxes. xmosnebis, beso dvalis, botesa da nacvliSvilis daxmarebiT muSebma miiRes
aRniSnuli miwac da iq mdebare patara
qoxic. Zvel saZirkvelze maT daiwyes
patara auditoriis kedlebis amoyvana.
1920 wels mas plexanovis saxeli ewoda. am klubma qarTul Teatrs mravali
cnobili msaxiobi aRuzarda. Aaq daiwyo
muSaoba vaso goZiaSvilma, Tavdapirvelad - sufliorad.
TbilisSi, rogorc qveynis admi
nistraciul da savaWro centrSi,
simdidris dagrovebasTan, vaWroba-

Ramis TavSesafari didubis quCaze

26

mrewvelobis ganviTarebasTan erTad

mravldeboda RatakTa da maTxovar
Ta ricxvi. Mmag., 1812 wels generali
rtiSCevi Tbilisis gubernators swerda, rom mas Seedgina sia aseTi Ratakebisa, vinaidan hqondaT eWvi, rom isini, SesaZloa, sajaSuSod yofiliyvnen
Semogzavnili kaxeTis ajanyebis Semdeg.
1859 wels grigol orbeliani swerda
dimitri jorjaZes, gaixsna TavSesafari, magram glaxakebi, iq misvlas, rogorc sapyrobiles, ise eridebiano.
1897 wels Tbilisis TviTmmar
Tve
lobam didubis quCaze daaarsa Ramis
100-adgiliani TavSesafari.
1897 wels Catarda pirveli sayovelTao aRwera. TbilisSi mcxovrebTa
ricxvma Seadgina 160 000.
1897 wlis 18 maisi (1 ivnisi) 1902 wlis seqtemberi
1897 wels winasaarCevno kampania
mwva
ved mimdnareobda. ilia WavWavaZe
am dRes `gankiTxvis dRes~ uwodebs.
igi werda: `RmerTma ara daiSura-ra
Cvenis dedaqalaqisaTvis... Tu ram cudia aq, da bevri ramac aris cudi, sul
imisi bralia, rom dedaqalaqs Svilobas
ar vuwevT, gul dadebiT ar veqceviT,
siyvaruliT ar vpatronobT~. partiebis
brZolam mwvave xasiaTi miiRo. saqalaqo
debuleba da qonebrivi cenzi saSualebas aZlevda somxur burJuazias, daeCagra qarTveli cenzianebi. saWiro

gaxda ori turi 80-kaciani saTaTbiros

asarCevad. qalaqisTavad airCies `dvorcovi nomrebis~ tipuri warmomadgeneli
giorgi evangulovi.
1899 wels amierkavkasiis qalaqebisaTvis gansakuTrebuli wesebi Semo
iRes. mTavarmarTebels ufleba eZleoda, saqalaqo saTaTbirodan Tavisi
Sexedulebisamebr gamoeyvana arasaimedo xmosani, xolo saWiroebis SemTxve
vaSi gaeuqmebina qalaqisTavis arCeviToba da TviT daeniSna saimedo piri.
sxvadasxva epidemiebis dros qalaqis

xelisufleba

boda,

gaexsna

iZulebuli

qalaqSi

xde-

droebiTi

saavadmyofoebi (barakis tipisa). maT

naucbadevad aSenebdnen. amitomac isini moTxovnebs ver akmayofilebdnen.
pirveli 20-sawoliani baraki infeqciuri

avadmyofe
bisaTvis

TbilisSi

gaixsna 1898 wels dRevandeli `aramiancis~ saavadmyofos teritoriaze

(amiT safuZveli Caeyara am kompleqss).
ori wlis Semdeg aSenda meore 20-sawoliani baraki da a.S. aman saSualeba
misca eqimebs, gaemijnaT infeqciuri
avadmyo
febi. ase rom, 1902 wels `infeqciuri

saavadmyofo~

Sedgeboda

4 barakisagan 6 ganyofilebiTa da 80
sawoliT.
1909 wels, rodesac aSenda Tbilisis
pirveli saqalaqo saavadmyofos pirveli korpusi Terapiuli da qirurgiuli
ganyofilebebiT, `infeqciuri saavad-

cnobis furclis suraTebiani damateba, oskar Smerlingis karikatura

myofo~ am saavadmyofos erT-erT ganyofilebad gadaiqca.

1898 wlis 15 noembers sololakSi,
kojris quCaze, gaixsna `suliT avad
myofTa TavSesafari~.
1898 wels vanqis quCaze gaixsna 100
kacze gaTvlili Ramis TavSesafari.
1898 wels Catarda Tbilisis kuTvnili qonebis gadafaseba. saqarTvelos
ruseTTan SeerTebamde Tbilisi samefo
qalaqi iyo. Aaq mesakuTre pirvel rigSi
mefe, dedofali, ufliswulebi, eklesia da kerZo pirebi iyvnen. SeerTebis
Semdeg maTi sakuTreba saxelmwifos
(xazinas) gadaeca. 1866 wels qalaqis sakuTrebad CaiTvala qalaqis samosaxlos
farTobi, rac Zalze mwiri iyo. 1869
wels qalaqs xazinisagan gamoeyo e.w.
`sargebliani~ miwebi. es iyo ZiriTadad
dausaxlebeli miwebi kukiaze, avlabarsa da navTluRSi, romlebic qalaqs gadaeca ara sakuTrebaSi, aramed misgan
sargeblis misaRebad. 1870 wlis 16 ivnisis debulebiT maTi mesakuTre qalaqi
27

gaxda. Qqalaqis sakuTrebas TbilisSi

Seadgenda uZravi qoneba da sxvada
sxva warmoeba-dawesebulebebi. qalaqi
iRebda saxelmwifos mxridan Semweobas,
romelic biujetis 10 % iyo.
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, biujetidan
yvelaze did Tanxebs qalaqi xarjavda
ara qalaqis, aramed saxelmwifos saWiroebebisaTvis (jari, policia, saxanZro razmi), xolo biujetis darCenil
nawils axmarda kulturul da higienur
moTxovnilebebs, skolebs, janmrTelobis dacvas, saStato ganakveTebs. Uunda
aRiniSnos, rom Tbilisis municipalur
muSakebs (mefarneebs, meezoveebs da
sxvebs) hqondaT ufro meti xelfasi,
vidre sxvebs imperiis masStabiT. maT

eZleodaT bina, cxeli wyali, abano,

gazeTi, weliwadSi 4 kompleqti tansacmeli, Semweoba avadmyofobis SemTxvevaSi, pensia, 8-saaTiani samuSao dRe da
sxva.
qalaqi drodadro valebs iRebda,
magram es misi siRaribis maCvenebeli
ar iyo. valis aReba SeeZlo im qalaqs,
romelsac Seswevda unari misi gadaxdisa. Tbilisi ekuTvnoda Zalian mcire
valebian qalaqTa ricxvs. mag., parizs
1909 wels hqonda 861 mln. vali, maSin rodesac Tbiliss - 2 mln. maneTi.
ruseTis qalaqebis biujeti mcire iyo,
vinaidan maT ar SeeZloT valis aReba da Semdeg dafarva. qalaqebs sesxs
ar aZlevda arc saxelmwifo da arc

barakebi infeqciuri avadmyofebisTvis `aramiancis~ saavadmyofos teritoriaze

28

ucxoeli investori, vinaidan mogeba

dabali (5-6 %) iyo. evropis qalaqebSi
vali 10-jer meti iyo Semosavalze da
es karg procentad iTvleboda. peterburgis vali 1 sul mosaxleze Seadgenda 41 maneTs, Tbilisisa - 11 maneTs. imperiis masStabiT gamorCeuli adgili
eWira foTs - 371 maneTi valiT. evropis
qveynebSi komunaluri kreditebisaTvis gamoicemoda komunaluri obligaciebi. 1881 wels mTavrobis nebarTviT
Tbilisma gamouSva pirveli saobligacio sesxi, meore ki - 1886 wels.
1895 wels ruseTis imperiis qalaqe
bis TviTmmarTvelobebis 25 wlis iubile izeimes. amasTan dakavSirebiT
calkeul qalaqTa (maT Soris Tbilisis) TviTmmarTvelobis mesveurTa TaosnobiT Segrovda garkveuli Tanxa,
romliTac daamzadebines 1870 wlis 16
ivnisis saqalaqo debulebis Zvirfasi
gamocema, moaTavses Zvirfasi qvebiT
Semkul Zvirfas liTonis yuTSi da
saCuqrad gadasces moskovis qalaqis
saTaTbiros.
XIX s-is meore naxevramde TbilisSi
ar arsebobda specialurad dadgmuli
quCis ganaTebis saSualebebi. quCaSi mosiarule TviTon inaTebda gzas WraqiT,
CiraRdniT, kvariT, farniT. aleqsandre diuma werda, qveiTi mogzauri, Tu
is farniT ar aris aRWurvili, usaTuod
`droSkis~ qveS moxvdebao. xelis sakeci
farnebi mosamsaxures (biWs an gogos)

eWira da win miuZRoda Tavis batons.

quCis farnebi Tavdapirvelad qonis
sanTlebiT, Semdeg gaziT, mogvianebiT
ki navTiT naTdeboda. mTavarmarTeblis
sasaxlis win dadgmuli pirveli farnis
ganaTebas bevri Tbiliseli daeswro,
romlebic gaocebiT Sesqerodnen mas.
Ees farnebi Zalian gavrcelebuli iyo
amerikaSi, TbilisSi ki cota iyo da isini ZiriTadad tramvais xazis gayolebaze dadges.
quCebis ganaTeba xdeboda sanardo
wesiT. cnobili menarde (podriadCiki)
iyo azerbaijanidan Camosuli doCari.
1898 wels sanardo sistema gauqmda da
quCebis ganaTebis saqme gadaeca TviTmmarTvelobis sameurneo samsaxurs.
mzis CasvlisTanave qalaqis quCebSi
gamoCndebodnen xolme zurgze kibegadadgmuli meezoveebi, romlebic
anTebdnen navTis, spirtis an gazis
lampas. xSiri iyo farnebis moparvis
SemTxvevebi, vinaidan boZebi dabali
iyo da navTi ki Zviri.
mTlianobaSi aseTi tipis ganaTeba
ver wyvetda sakiTxs. 80-ian wlebSi
qalaqis eleqtroganaTebis Sesaxeb
winadadeba pirvelad wamoayenes niko
nikolaZem da ilia WavWavaZem. niko
nikolaZe werda, pariJs, berlins da
bevr sxvas Zviri ujdeba eleqtroniT
ganaTeba, magram CvenTan is Zviri ar
dajdeba, vinaidan aq orTqlis Zalis
magivrobas mdinare mtkvari gagvi
29

wevso. erT-erT sxdomaze man wamoWra

sakiTxi mtkvarze elsadguris agebis
Taobaze da Tqva, es unda gaakeTos Tavad TviTmmarTvelobam da ar misces
koncesia kerZo pirebso.
1897 wlidan iwyeba qalaqis eleqt
rificireba, risTvisac gamoiyenebo
da kerZo pirTa mcire simZlavris
eleqtrosadgurebi. isini masobrivad
gamoCnda qalaqSi 1902 wlidan. Eele
qtrogayvanilobis qselis mowyobisaTvis nebarTvis misaRebad qalaqis
gamgeobis moTxovniT kerZo mflobeli
kisrulobda valdebulebas, ufasod
daedga quCebSi garkveuli raodenobis lampionebi. Aamis Semdeg qalaqis
gamgeobaSi warmoiSva azri, SeemcirebinaT navTiT ganaTeba da daedoT
xelSekrulebebi
kerZo
eleqtrosadgurebis mflobelebTan qalaqis
quCebis garkveul fasad ganaTebis Sesa
xeb. Aam wamowyebas sasurveli
nayo
fi mohyva. Eelsadgurebis mflobelTa Soris konkurenciac ki gaCaRda, riTac kargad isargebla qalaqma
- quCebSi gamoCnda eleqtrolampionebi, xolo Zveli navTis farnebi gadaitanes periferiebze.

vasil CerqeziSvili (Cerqezovi).

1902 wlis 10 maiss TbilisSi gaixsna
`saadreso stoli~, romlis mizani iyo
qalaqis mosaxleobis aRricxva da Sesabamisi cnobebis gacema maT Sesaxeb.
1902 wlis 15 ianvridan dawesda TbilisSi meezoveTa samsaxuri. instruq
ciis Tanaxmad, meezovis movaleobebi
scildeboda

Cvens

warmodgenebs

am

profesiis Sesaxeb da wesrigis damcvelis funqcias iTavsebda. XX s-is dasaw

yisSi iwyeba didi mRelvarebebi. Mmefis
oxrankam gaaZliera Tavisi agentura,
Jandarmebma qalaqs Seusies ruseTidan mowveuli jaSuSebi. Eeseni iyvnen
samsaxuridan gadamdgari rusi saldaTebi. swored isini mogvevlinnen meezoveebad. meezove atarebda zonarze
Camokidebul nomrian liTonis firfitas (`bliaxas~) warweriT `~.
1879 wels TbilisSi quCebi daiyo oTx
kategoriad. Ppirveli kategoriis quCebi mudamdRe unda gawmendiliyo, meore
- sam dReSi, mesame - kviraSi erTxel da
meoTxe - or kviraSi erTxel. amisaTvis
daqiravebuli iyo 199 muSa da 55 oTxTvala forani, e.w. `povozka~.
Tbilisis TviTmmarTvelobas qalaqSi
hqonda Tavisi sasworebi, romlebiTac

1902 wlis seqtemberi - 1907 weli

wonidnen sabiTumo saqonels. 1902 wels

1903 wlamde qalaqs marTavda qala-

aseTi saswori veris ubanSi mdgara. 1910

qisTavis

30

movaleobis

Semsrulebeli,

wels maTi ricxvi 7 gaxda.

Sestakovi. 1904 wlis 22 marts 1907 wlis

1897 wels qalaqis gamgeobam Seadgina

29 oqtombramde qalaqisTavad airCies

Tbilisis quCa-moednebis mokirwyvlis

didi programa. Qqalaqis moTxovnilebis

maneTis xorci uyidia RaribebisTvis

zrdam xeli Seuwyo kavkasiaSi qvis da-

dasarigeblad.

muSavebis ganviTarebas. Tbilisis sa-

1903 wlis 3 marts aleqsandres saxe

TaTbirosTan dadebuli xelSekrulebis

lobis baRis Sua adgilas gaixsna rusi

Tanaxmad TbilisSi Tlil qvas gela-

mwerlis n. gogolis (moqandake xodoro

viCi) Zegli, romelsac saTaTbiros da
gamgeobis mTeli Semadgenloba daeswro.
sityva warmoTqva qalaqisTavma.
1903 wels Tbilisis mdidarma moqalaqem, navTobis mrewvelma da qve
l
moqmedma

m.

o.

aramiancma

qalaqs

Seswira 100 000 maneTi Dda gamoTqva survili, am TanxiT aegoT misi saxelobis
saavadmyofo (igi mogvianebiT - 1909
wels aSenda). Aam dros aqve, avlabarSi,
ukve mimdinareobda samuSaoebi bavSvTa
80-sawoliani saavadmyofos mosawyobad,
meezovis niSani

romelsac
Zmebma

Tis karieridan gzavnida iase muxuzla,

cnobilma

kapitalistebma,

zubalaSilebma

materialuri

baza Seuqmnes 100 000 maneTis SewirviT.

masve daevala karieris mowyoba bambak-

1904 wels daiwyo ruseT-iaponiis omi.

Si. qalaqi Tbilisi Seuferxeblad mara

Tbilisis TviTmmarTvelobam aqtiuri

gdeboda teSenitis filebiT gelaTisa

monawileoba miiRo saxelmwifos dasax-

da bambakis karierebidan. Eam masalas

mareblad omis saWiroebebisaTvis. Mman

iyenebdnen centraluri quCebis dage-

Seadgina omSi gasawvevi axalgazrdebis

ba-mokirwyvlisaTvis. ganapira ubnebis

siebi da amiT erTgvari komisariatis

quCebze riyis qvas agebdnen. mokirwyv-

roli Seasrula. TviTmmarTvelobam ga-

las xSirad sparselebi awarmoebdnen.

daixada paraklisi; gamoyo 15 000 maneTi

1902 wlis 15 maiss TbilisSi gaixsna

Oomis dros daRupul meomarTa oja

da akurTxes xorcis saqalaqo duqani,

xebisaTvis Semweobis aRmosaCenad; 1000

sadac fasebi ufro iafi unda yofi

maneTi Ggamoiyo Soreul aRmosavleTSi

liyo, vidre yasbebTan, magram es ase ar

jaris mgzavrobisaTvis. Qqalaqis merma,

moxda. duqnis gaxsnas daswrebia mTa-

gamgeobis wevrebma da mdivanma xelfasis 2 % gaiRes daRupulTa ojaxebisaT-

varmarTebeli golicini, romelsac 100

31

vis, TanaSromlebma ki 1 %.
1904 wlis 15 dekembers vagzlis quCidan voroncovis Zeglamde moZraoba
daiwyo pirvelma viwroliandagianma
eleqtrotramvaim. ruseTis imperiaSi
tramvais gayvana-marTvis saqme xelSi
hqondaT Cagdebuli belgiel aqcione
rebs. erTi gazeTi aRniSnavda, rom `arc
erT sxva qveyanaSi belgieli tramvais
anonimebi ar iReben imden mogebas, rogorc CvenSi, ruseTSio~.
tramvais muSaobis mimarT ukmayofilebas
gamoTqvamdnen
Tbilisis
mcxovrebni. xSirad moZraoba ferxdeboda tramvais xazisa da vagonebis defeqturobis gamo. iyo ubeduri SemTxvevebic.
1900 wels ivlisSi qalaqis TviTmmarTvelobam xeli moawera xel
Sek
rulebas
TbilisSi
funikulioris
gayvanis Sesaxeb da daamtkica belgieli inJinris alfons robis proeqti.
xelSekruleba iTvaliswinebda Semdegs: mSeneblobis damTavrebis Semdeg
funikulioris gzis TviTmmarTvelobi
saTvis gadacemas, 5 wlamde bavSvebis,
fostis damtareblebisa da policiaJandarmeriis ufaso mgzavrobas, belgiis anonimuri sazogadoeba funikuli
ors eqsploatacias gauwevda 45 wlis
ganmavlobaSi, Semdeg ki igi usasyidlod gadaecemoda qalaqs. xelSekrulebaSi navaraudevi iyo agreTve mTawmindasa da kojors Soris eleqtronuli
32

rkinigzis gayvana.
funikulioris mSenebloba 1903 wlis
seqtemberSi daiwyo. MmasSi didi wvlili
Seitana niko nikolaZem, romlis iniciativiTac mokle droSi Sesrulda
rkinabetonis samuSaoebi estakadisaTvis. Ffunikuliori gaixsna 1905 wlis
27 marts. Mmisi pirveli direqtori iyo
qalaqis TviTmmarTvelobis mdivani
st. WrelaSvili.
1905 - 1907 ww-is revoluciis dros
qalaqis saTaTbiros xmosnebma moi
T
xoves demokratiuli reformebis Catareba. 25 agvistodan mitingebi yoveldRe imarTeboda TviTmmarTvelobis
SenobaSi erobisa da saxelmwifo saTaTbiros mowvevis moTxovniT, rasac
xelisuflebis mxridan provokaciebi
da xalxis masobrivi xocva-Jleta mohyva. saTaTbiros darbazis kedlebi da
Senobis derefani tyviebiT daicxrila da sisxliT SeiReba. Senobis gareT
moedanze da quCebSi eyarnen mokluldaWrilni. mitingis Mmravali monawile
daapatimres.
1906 wels gaixsna saqalaqo samSobiaro saxli.
1890 wels TbilisSi gaixsna saavadmyofo sifilisiT daavadebul qalTa
Tvis. Tavdapirvelad is hospitlisTvis
Seuferebel
nagebobaSi
(barakebSi)
iyo ganTavsebuli, xolo 1907 wlidan
dawesebulebam Senoba Seicvala
da ganTavsda didi mTavris quCaze. am

droidan mas uwodes `kanisa da veneriul sneulebaTa saavadmyofo~. amjerad

is mamakacebisTvisac iyo gaTvlili da
gadavida qalaqis TviTmmarTvelobis
uwyebaSi.
XIX s-Si qalaqis teritoria ZiriTadad CrdiloeTiT da Crdilo dasavleTiT izrdeboda. Ees procesi arc XX s-Si
Sewyvetila. Aamitom qalaqis gareubanSi
arsebuli agurisa da kramitis qarxnebi
vakeSi gadahqondaT, rasac Semdeg mohyva aqa-iq sacxovrebeli saxlebis agebac.
mniSvnelovan movlenas warmoadgenda
am ubanSi saTavadaznauro gimnaziis
Senobis (universitetis) da ufro siRrmeSi - sasuliero seminariis Senobis

ageba. vake qalaqs 1907 wels SeuerTda.

axalmSeneblobebi aq mkacrad kontroldeboda saTaTbiros da TviT mefisnacvlis mier.
1907 wlis oqtomberi - 1911
wlis dekemberi
qalaqisTavad kvlav CerqeziSvili
(Cerqezovi) airCies, Tumca misi xSiri
avadmyofobis gamo 1908 wlis 7 ianvridan igi Secvala qalaqisTavis movaleobis Semsrulebelma al. xatisovma.
Cerqezovi 1910 wlis 14 ivliss gardaicvala.
1907 wels arsenalis quCaze gaixsna n. zubalovis (zubalaSvilis) up-

Sromis saqalaqo birJa veris daRmarTze

33

saqalaqo saxli 1910-1912 ww. rekonsruqciis Semdeg

Svilovis

ovarTa saxli.
1909

wlis

maiss

georgievskis

saxlis

mSebloba,

saxelobis
romelic

(dRevandeli ierusalimis quCa) quCaze

1908 wels qalaqs sazeimod gadasces

gaixsna samkiTxvelo, xolo 1910 wlis

Zmebma lev, petre da iakob zubala

21 maiss - puSkinis saxelobis sajaro

Svilebma. mogvianebiT, 1912 wlis 12

saqalaqo biblioTeka. Aaq iyo wignebi

noembris dadgenilebiT maT amisaTvis

bevr evropul enaze.

mieniWaT Tbilisis sapatio moqalaqe

e

1909 wels gaixsna municipaluri bib-

bis wodeba. saxalxo saxlSi moTavsebu-

lioTeka hanis quCaze. Aaq iyo special-

li iyo biblioTeka da ufaso samkiTxve-

uri

lo, agreTve Teatri 630 mayurebelze.

literatura

Mmunicipalitetis

TanamSromlebisaTvis.
1907
34

saxalxo

(zubalaSvilis)

wels

dasrulda

k.

zubala

Aaqve iyo saCaie darbazic.

1909 wlis 15 maiss veris daRmarTze

gaixsna `Sromis birJa~. aq agrovebdnen

statistikur monacemebs umuSevrobisa
da Tavisufali adgilebis Sesaxeb, xsni
dnen saerTo sacxovreblebs qalaqSi
Camosuli samuSaos maZieblebisaTvis,
sasadiloebs da sxv.
1909 wlis 22 dekembers avlabarSi gaixsna m. aramiancis saxelobis
saqalaqo saavadmyofo ori - Terapiuli
da qirurgiuli - ganyofilebiT. 1911
wels am saavadmyofos specialur SenobaSi gaixsna afTiaqi da prozeqtura.
qalaqis valebi sul ufro izrdeboda. TviTmmarTvelobam male miiRo Sinagan saqmeTa saministrosagan grZelvadiani sesxis aRebis nebarTva. 1910 wels
gaformebuli xelSekrulebiT Tbilisis TviTmmarTvelobam saobligacio
sesxis realizacia miando Tbilisis
tramvais mflobel belgiel kapitalis
tebs. sesxi gaicemoda 27 wlis vadiT.
sammilioniani saobligacio sesxis warmatebiT realizaciam Tbilisis TviTmmarTvelobas misca SedarebiT farTo
masStabis samuSaoebis gaSlis saSualeba.
1910 wels qalaqis TviTmmarTvelobis (`saqalaqo saxlis~) mesame sarTuli
Seivso veliaminovis (axlandeli dadianis) quCis mxridan, xolo 1912 wels hanis (axlandeli galaktion tabiZis)
quCis mxridan. es yvelaferi qalaqs 15
aTasi maneTi daujda.
1910 wels odesaSi moiwvies ruseTis
qalaqTa warmomadgenlobis pirveli

yriloba, magram misi muSaobis sfero

mefis mTavrobam SezRuda, kerZod,
aikr
Zala saqalaqo TviTmmarTvelobis
uflebrivi mdgomareobisa da moZvelebuli debulebis gadasinjvis sakiTxis
yrilobaze ganxilva.
1910 wels Tbilisis saqalaqo TviTmmarTvelobis 35 wlisTavTan dakavSirebiT Seiqmna `Tbilisis municipaluri
muzeumi~, romelic iyo pirveli da erTaderTi aseTi tipis muzeumi ruseTis
imperiis masStabiT. Mmuzeums uSualod
xelmZRvanelobda Tavad qalaqisTavi
aleqsandre xatisovi.
aRsaniSnavia, rom muzeumi Seqmnes
Tbilisis TviTmmarTvelobis organoebma muzeumisaTvis gadacemuli im
mdidari istoriuli masalis (foto,
kino, saarqivo, dokumenturi, nivTieri da sxv.) safuZvelze, romelTa didi
nawili dRemde ucnobia damTvaliereblisaTvis.
1910-1925 ww-Si muzeumi ganTavsebuli iyo `upovarTa saxlSi~, 1925-1936 ww.
`wm. feodosis Cernigovelis saxelobis
eklesiaSi~, 1936-1984 ww-Si komkavSiris
xeivnis 11-Si; 1984 wlidan dRemde `qarvaslaSi~, sionis q. 8-Si.
1910 wlis 10 oqtombers saZirkveli
Caeyara qalaqis axal sasaklaos.
1911 wlis 26-29 maiss TbilisSi moiw
vies kavkasiis qalaqTa warmomadgenlebis I yriloba. ZiriTadi sakiTxi iyo
erToblivi brZola Savi Wirisa da qo
35

leris

epidemiebis

winaaRmdeg.

yri-

parkSi mravali cnobili da popularu-

lobam mTavrobis winaSe aRZra Suam-

li restorani iyo, sadac yvelaze sapa-

dgomloba kavkasiaSi erobis SemoRebis,

tio stumrebs Rebulobdnen.

saerTo-saxelmwifo valdebulebebisagan qalaqebis gaTavisuflebisa da sxva

1911 wlis maisSi akurTxes mamadaviTis pirveldawyebiTi saqalaqo skola.

Ta Sesaxeb.
1911

wels

qalaqma

golovinis

prospeqtze gaxsna saqalaqo afTiaqi. is

ijariT gadaecemodaT kerZo pirebs da
qalaqi garkveul Semosavals iRebda.
1911 wels gaixsna veris saqalaqo
parki

mdinare

mtkvris

sanapiroze.

Zveli droidan moyolebuli, lurji

monastridan mdinare veres mtkvarTan
SesarTavamde vrceldeboda veres baRebi, venaxebi da bostnebi. Semdeg baRebis
nawili sasaflaos daeTmo. 1898 wels,
rodesac qalaqurma ganaSenianebam veris
ubnis didi nawili daipyro, egzarqosis
TanxmobiT qalaqis gamgeobam sasaflao
gaauqma da baRis gaSeneba daiwyo. veris

saqalaqo saxli, qalaqisTavis kabineti

36

1911 wlis dekemberi - 1916

wlis marti
qalaqisTavad airCies aleqsandre
xatisovi, romelic qalaqs 1910 wlis 20
seqtembridan 1917 wlis 30 ivlisamde
marTavda.
1911 wels Tbilisi daiyo 7 saarCevno
ubnad. kenWisyra pirvelad tardeboda
ara kenWebiT, aramed BbaraTebiT.
1911 wlis aprilSi gaixsna muxranis
xidi. igi xuT TveSi aages. misi mSeneb
lobisas aafeTqes XVII s-is aragvis xidis jer kidev SemorCenili burjebi.
1913 wlis pirvel maiss mwyobrSi Cadga saqalaqo Tboeleqtrosadguri didi
mTavris quCaze. deni miwisqveSa kabelebiT midioda qalaqis sxvadasxva raionSi
agebul 24 gamanawilebel qvesadgurSi.
1913 wlis 10-20 seqtembers mowveul
iqna qalaqis moRvaweTa yriloba kievSi. yrilobaze sityviT gamovidnen
g. Juruli da g. jabara. orive gamomsvleli aqcents akeTebda ruseTis TviTmmarTvelobebis
CamorCenilobaze
finansebisa da biujetis gankargvis
TvalsazrisiT da aqebda dasavleT evropis (inglisis) municipalitetebs.
ruseTis qalaqTa TviTmmarTvelobe

saqalaqo Tboeleqtrosadguri

bis uflebaTa gafarToeba, maTi demokratizacia da, saerTod, reformis gatareba moiTxova kavkasiis qalaqTa
warmomadgenlobis meore yrilobam
TbilisSi 1913 wlis 16 noembers.
1913 wlis pirvel noembers avlabarSi gaixsna st. zubalaSvilis saxelobis
bavSvTa saavadmyofo.
1913 wlis 25 noembers kavkasiis mefisnacvals, ilarion voroncov-daS
kovs, kavkasiis qalaqis moRvaweTa yrilobebis mowvevis saqmeSi Setanili

didi wvlilisaTvis mieniWa Tbilisis

sapatio moqalaqis wodeba.
1914 wlis 1 aprils gaixsna saqalaqo
samSobiaro TavSesafari.
1914 wlis 15 aprils TbilisSi saeqsploataciod gadaeca navTluRis sasaklao. Mmanamde TbilisSi ramdenime sasaklao arsebobda, magram arc erTi ar
akmayofilebda teqnikur da sanitariul moTxovnebs.
1914 wlis 4 maiss TbilisSi saZirkveli Caeyara politeqnikur instituts,
37

sadac Tbilisis TviTmmarTvelobam

yvelaze aqtiuri monawileoba miiRo.
instituts xeli unda Seewyo mxaris
samTo da sxva simdidreTa aTviseba-ganviTarebisaTvis. is saWiro iyo kavkasieli xalxebis dasaaxlovebladac. mis
dafinansebaSi mTeli kavkasiis qalaqebi
iRebdnen monawileobas.
I msoflio omis dawyebis Semdeg (1914
wlis ivlisi) mTavrobam aqtiurad Caaba
qalaqTa TviTmmarTvelobebi saomari
amocanebis samsaxurSi. Camoyalibda
sruliad ruseTis qalaqTa kavSiri da
misi kavkasiis ganyofileba. 1914-1916
ww-Si Tbilisis TviTmmarTveloba aqtiurad monawileobda TurqeTis frontze
kavkasiis armiis sursaTiT momaragebis,
daWrilTa zurgSi gadmoyvanis, maTi
mkurnalobisa da sxva saqmeebSi. 1914
wlis 19 oqtombers moiwvies Tbilisis
saqalaqo saTaTbiros sagangebo sxdoma
kavkasiaSi TurqeTis winaaRmdeg saomari
moqmedebebis dawyebasTan dakavSirebiT.
Tbilisis TviTmmarTvelobis moRvaweebma didi adgili dauTmes municipalur vaWrobas. 1916 wlis bolosaTvis
TbilisSi moqmedebda 12 municipaluri
maRazia. TviTmmarTvelobas fardulebi hqonda kostavas quCaze, wisqvilis
quCis SesaxvevSi ki puris sacxobi.
1915 wlis 11 dekembers tramvai
qalaqs gadaeca. es gadawyvetileba miiRo saolqo sasamarTlom.
1911 wlis pirvel agvistos gaix38

Cqari samkurnalo daxmarebis aRmomCeni kareta

sna saswrafo daxmarebis momsaxureba,

romelsac `Cqari samkurnalo daxmarebis aRmomCeni kareta~ ewodeboda. 1916
wlis 8 Tebervals is miiRes qalaqis uwyebaSi. saswrafo daxmareba exmareboda
yvela avadmyofs ufasod, dRe da Rame,
Tuki es avadmyofi imyofeboda ara sakuTar binaSi, aramed sazogadoebrivi
TavSeyris adgilas. Kkareta ar midioda gadamdebi sneulebiT daavadebul
avadmyofebTan, mTvralebTan (Tu maT
ar hqondaT sxeulis dazianeba) da sxva
raionebis mcxovreblebTan. sanitrebsa da meetleebs ekrZalebodaT fulis
aReba. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi maT samsaxuridan daiTxovdnen.
1916 wels qalaqs gadaeca agreTve
`cecxlis mqrobelTa razmi~ konsulis
quCaze. presa ityobineboda, qalaqis
policmeisters germaniidan gamouweria erTgvari cecxlis qrobis dros gamosadegi manqanao.
1917 wels qalaqs SemouerTda sabur-

Talo, romelic maSin Cveulebrivi

sofeli ufro iyo, vidre qalaqis ubani. mTeli XIX s-is ganmavlobaSi saburTalo samxedro manevrebis adgils warmoadgenda.

sabWom cno misi saswrafo reorganiza

ciis aucilebloba sayovelTao, pirdapiri, Tanaswori da saidumlo saarCevno
uflebis safuZvelze.
1917 wlis ivnisSi Catarebul arCevnebSi erTmaneTs daupirispirdnen Zveli sa-

1916 wlis marti - 1920 weli

TaTbiros gamocdili xmosnebi da axali

`axali era iwyeba... dae, yvela ganim-

Zalebi. upiratesobas am ukanasknelebma

sWvalos Rrma rwmeniT, rom TbilisSi,

miaRwies. sayovelTao arCevnebis safuZ-

erevanskis moedanze mdebare qalaqis sax-

velze Seqmnil axal saTaTbiroSi qala-

li aris Tavisuflebis citadeli kavka-

qis mmarTvelobaSi movidnen social-

siaSi, - ase miesalma Tebervlis revolu-

demokratebi,

ciis gamarjvebas Tbilisis qalaqisTavi

Tumca isinic droebiT. A

daSnakebi

da

eserebi.

ase dasrulda erTi didi periodi Tbi-

al. xatisovi.
am revoluciis mizeziT ar dausrule-

lisis TviTmmarTvelobis istoriaSi.

bia Tavisi saarCevno periodi 1916 arCeul qalaqis saTaTbiros.

1917 wlis 6 marts Tbilisis muSaTa da jariskacTa deputatebis sabWom

ganixila

sakiTxi

`adgilobrivi

xelisuflebis arCevnebis Sesaxeb~ da

miiRo gadawyvetileba, qalaqis burJuaziul saTaTbirosTan Tanaswori warmomadgenlobis safuZvelze qalaqis sxva
sazogadoebrivi

organizaciebisa

da

partiebis monawileobiT adgilobrivi

xelisufleba Semdgariyo - es iyo aRmasrulebeli komiteti.
1917 wlis 25 aprils droebiTi mTavrobis mier miRebuli axali saarCevno
wesebis safuZvelze 6 maiss Tbilisis
sabWom ganixila sakiTxi Tbilisis TviTmmarTvelobis reorganizaciis Sesaxeb.
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