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Testing tools

Tests of logic gates-single and network pulse short circuit, open circuit, adjacent short circuit, floating mode, attach mode level 1 and 0, pulse parameter. Testing of coder, decoder, flip flop, latch, phase shifter, multivibrator, frequency divider, tristate buffer, schematic circuits.

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Oscilloscope

Multimeter

Logic Probe

Logic Pulser

Logic Analyzer

Current Tracer

An oscilloscope is one of the most common test equipment used in the work of repairing and testing electronic equipment. Oscilloscope screen basically consists of two axes of reference, namely: Horizontal axis X, representing the time (T) The vertical axis represents potential difference Y (V) circuits are tested. Use the oscilloscope to measure:

The voltage amplitude of AC / DC

Duration Frequency Phase difference Current The acceleration pressure

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It is a basic tool that helps in the detection of damage to computer systems. Its use to:
measure measure

the dc voltage / ac, the current value of AT / AU measure the resistance Continuity of test circuit (short circuit, open circuit and cracks in the PCB). Accurate voltage measurements it is important in the computer system. If the value is not correct which may affect the circuit functionality. For high voltage (<40 kV) high voltage probe use (high Voltage Probe) is necessary to prevent damage and accidents at multimeter and technicians. This is because the range of multimeter limited to 1000 V dc / ac.

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Logic probe to show the logic levels 0 and 1 (high and low). It is useful for detecting the level of digital logic circuits such as computer systems. In contrast to the multimeter as it capable of detecting signals at freqeuency rating is higher. Compared with just a multimeter measure the voltage or current signals with a slow rate of change.

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Logic pulser is used to inject a controlled pulse to the logic circuit.

It uses a pulse or series of pulses with a polarity that is needed by the circuit.

The value of the pulse amplitude depends on the power of the test circuit (TTL / CMOS), but the pulse width and frequency are fixed.

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Logic is used to detect the IC legs. Its used to seeing a change in the IC input and output simultaneously.

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Current tracer is a test tool for maintaining the current activity can be detected in a wire or printed circuit board without affecting circuit operation. It has a magnetic coil is sensitive to changes in the magnetic field caused by current changes. Tracer flow will not work on static current and only works on the current changes only. By adjusting the sensitivity of the tracer according to the strength of current flow in the circuit, the current trace can be made by observing the brightness of the LED on the tracer .

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Logic analyzers are test repairing equipment which had a lot of entries 16, 32, 48 and 64 channels. Compared with the oscilloscope with a 2 or 4 channels and have similar functions which produce the waveform. Data was taken and put into the memory in the logic analyzer probe with a line through the input and the result is displayed on the screen in the form of timing diagrams state diagram. It is used to view the digital signal waveform only and should not be used to view analog signals as radio signals, TV, amplifier, etc.

Waveform is shown as a high level (high) and low (low) only and can be saved.

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Input signal Logic 1

Levels

LEDs

BEEPER

TTL: > 2.3 V 0.2 VD CMOS: >70 % Vcc 10%

HI (Red) HI (Red)

ON Fixed Tone ON

Logic 0

TTL: < 0.8 V 0.2 VDC CMOS: <30 % Vcc 10%

LO (Green) LO (Green)

ON Fixed Tone ON

Bad Logic

Open circuit

none

No Tone

Content clock signal is inverted after flow through to NOR gate as shown. Even this gate is using for trigger input to another gates so input A (push button switch) must be active.

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Output will be high (logic 1) when all the input is low (logic 0) Output will be low, when both of the input is high. Output will be high, when both of the input is low.

The debugging procedure for the network test records these values 5 unfunction perhaps will be happen when is a mode stuck to low. +5V open circuit to G1. Direct short to the earth Input G2 short to the earth terminal Short with the another node is low (short besides) Internal get output short to the earth

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Comment :Check power connection to +5V pin 14 on G1 with logic probe. Inject pulse to failure node and observe with pulse logic probe is not capable being a current source at short direct to earth Supply pulse at failure node and observe G2 output with logic probe. When output G1 is pulsed, so node G2 in good condition. Move logic probe around the pin and inject pulse for detect short circuit between node. If dont have a problem /failures long testing so L1 should be change.

Type of this failure it happened inside the circuit or that IC. It can not be repair beside that renew the component.

From figure is shown, pin A physically not connected to internal gate part cause circuit in open condition. It causing of input source (pin A) floating or not connected to any input circuit.

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The standard test on the Probe Tester includes the diode test and element test (R, L, C, D) and the short-circuit or SHORT test.

R-behavior (resistance), the L/C behavior (capacitance / inductance) and the D behavior (diode/transistor) is tested

The SHORT test between any two lines the following faults are detected: IC-Opens; when an IC-Pin/ Net or an internal resistance exists in the IC and internal impedance (for example a resistor) in the IC (decisive for increasing the fault coverage in comparison with the standard solution) and all elements (R, L, CD) connected to GND or VCC whose percentage is 50 to 90%.

1.Detect floating mode.

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For a TTL any pin that are currently not connected either to vcc or ground will give a value of high or logic 1, this condition also known as a floating mode. For CMOS this condition is not entirely encourage as the disconnected pin which is most probably will give a logic 1 also can be the cause of noise to the specific circuit. CMOS also can damage if not connected properly into high or low input.

The best way to overcome this problem is to either connect the leftover pin to vcc 5v or to the ground.

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A pulse measuring instrument for measuring various pulse signal parameters such as the pulse width, the signal period of an input signal, and the time interval between input signals is capable of measuring the signal parameters with a high degree of accuracy and simplicity by automatically calibrating the propagation time difference between the input signal paths in the circuit configuration in the measuring instrument. The pulse signal measuring instrument is first provided with a calibration signal at the input terminal to obtain calibration data. The calibration data includes various time difference data regarding signal propagation time difference between the different signal paths in the measuring instrument.

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A Premultivibrator is an electronic circuit used to implement a variety of simple two-state systems such as oscillators, timers and flip-flops. It is characterized by two amplifying devices (transistors, electron tubes or other devices) cross-coupled by resistors and capacitors to define the time periods of the unstable states. There are three types of premultivibrator circuit: ASTABLE, in which the circuit is not stable in either state it continuously oscillates from one state to the other. Due to this, it does not require a input (Clock pulse or other). MONOSTABLE, in which one of the states is stable, but the other is notthe circuit will flip into the unstable state for a determined period, but will eventually return to the stable state. Such a circuit is useful for creating a timing period of fixed duration in response to some external event. This circuit is also known as a one shot. A common application is in eliminating switch bounce. BISTABLE, in which the circuit will remain in either state indefinitely. The circuit can be flipped from one state to the other by an external event or trigger. Such a circuit is important as the fundamental building block of a register or memory device. This circuit is also known as a latch or a flip-flop.

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Mother board PC components CPU Math Coprocessor SRAM cache DRAM Video RAM BIOS ROM PCI Bridge

Peripherals

Northbridge

Southbridge

Monitor Keyboard Mouse EISA Hard Drive Floppy Disk CD ROM Printer Scanner USB drive

Connects CPU with DRAM

Connects peripherals to the Northbridge chip

S-RAM cache video RAM and Southbridge

The function of testing tools Tests of logic gates-single and network pulse short circuit, open circuit, adjacent short circuit, floating mode, attach mode level 1 and 0, pulse parameter. Testing of coder, decoder, flip flop, latch, phase shifter, multivibrator, frequency divider, tristate buffer, schematic circuits.

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