General Knowledge TNPSC

11/22/12 general knowledge TNPSC
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1
SOLARSYSTEM-STATISTICS
ThesolarsystemconsistsoftheSunand9planets
revolvingarounditindifferentorbits.Thestatisticsof
thesunandtheplanetsaregivenbelow:
SUN
Age : About 5 Billion years
Distance : 149.8 Million Kms
Diameter : 1,38,400 Kms.
Photospheretemperature : 5,770K
Coretemperature : 150,000,000K
Absolutevisualmagnitude : 4.75
Rotation(asseenfromthe
earthattheequator) : 25.38days
Rotation(nearthepoles) : 33days
Thesunconsistsof71%ofHydrogen,26.5%Heliumand
2.5%ofotherelements.
The rays of the Sun take about 8 minutes to reach the
earth.
PLANETS

GENERALKNOWLEDGE
(4) MARS
Diameter : 6,755.2 Kms.
DistancefromtheSun : 225.6MillionKms.
Periodofrevolution : 687days
Periodofrotation : 24hrs37mts.22.663sec.
(5) JUPITER : Thisisthelargestplanet
inthesolarsystem.
Diameter : 141,968 Kms.
DistancefromtheSun : 772.8MillionKms.
Periodofrevolution : 11.9years
Periodofrotation : 9hrs50mts.30sec.
(6) SATURN : It was discovered by
Galileo.
DistancefromtheSun : 1,417.6MillionKms.
Periodofrevolution : 29.5years
Periodofrotation : 10hrs14mts.
(7) URANUS
THE UNIVERSE
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THERAMANSBOOKS
PLANETS
(1) MERCURY : Itistheplanetnearestto
theearth.
Average distance
totheSun : 57.6MillionKms.
Diameter : 4,849.6 Kms.
Periodofrotation : 58days15hrs30mts.34
sec.
(2) VENUS : It is also known as the
Morning Star or the
Evening Star. It is the
brightest of all the
planets.
Periodofrotation : 243days14mts.
(3) EARTH
Equatorialdiameter : 12,756Kms.
Polardiameter : 12,714Kms.
DistancefromtheSun : 149,597,900Kms.
Periodofrevolution : 365days5hrs,48mts,
45.51sec.
Periodofrotation : 23hrs56mts.4.09sec.
(7) URANUS
Periodofrevolution : 84years
(8) NEPTUNE
DistancefromtheSun : 4,497MillionKms.
(9) PLUTO : Thisis thecoldest and
smallestofallplanets.It
is also the most distant
one.
Periodofrotation : 6days9hrsand18mts.
MOON : Moonisearth'ssatellite.
Itsperiodofrotationand
PeriodofRevolutionare
thesame.i.e.29
1
2
days.

2
THEEARTHDATA
SurfaceArea : 510,100,500Sq.Kms.
LandSurface : 148,950,800 Sq. Kms.
(29.08%)
Water Surface : 361,149,700 Sq. Kms.
(70.92%)
Equatorialcircumference : 40,075Kms.
Polarcircumference : 40,008Kms
Equatorialradius : 6,377Kms.
EquatorialDiameter : 1,22,756Kms.
Polar radius : 6,357 Kms.
PolarDiameter : 12,714Kms.
Meandistancefromthe
Sun : 14,95,97,900 Kms.
Periodofrevolution : 365 days 5 hours 48 mts.
45.51Sec.
Periodofrotation : 23hrs.56mts.4.091Sec.
EscapeVelocityfrom
theearth : 11Kmper Sec. (minimum)
THE WORLD
The seasons are due to the change of the Earths
position in the course of its revolution about the Sun,
and to the inclination of its axis. The Equator is an
imaginarylinedrawnroundtheEarthmidwaybetween
thePoles.Therearetwootherlines,namely,Tropicof
Cancer(23
O
N)andtheTropicofCapricon(23
O
S).
Thewordtropicmeans,turningplace.Theinclination
oftheEarthsaxistogetherwithitsrevolutionroundthe
Sunisthecauseofthevaryinglengthofdayandnightin
differentpartsoftheworld. OnMarch21(VernalEquinox)
andSeptember23(AutumnalEquinox)theSunisover-
headattheEquator.Onthesedates,exceptatthePoles,
" * , " ` , " ( % * . + , &
TheEarthisamemberoftheSolarSystem.Itisone
ofninemajorplanetsrevolvingroundtheSun.Ofthese,
MercuryandVenusarenearer,andMars,Jupiter,Saturn,
Uranus, Neptune and Pluto are farther away from the
SunthantheEarth.
Theplanetsradiatenolightoftheirown,butshine
withthatreflectedfromtheSun.TheSunhasadiameter
of864,000miles(1,390,000Kms)anditis93,000,000miles
(150,000,000Kms)fromtheEarth.TheSunisastar.The
stars,unliketheplanets,areself-luminousbodies.The
other stars appear small because they are so far away;
THERAMANSBOOKS
(a)daysandnightsareequalalloverthe world;and(b)
theSunrisesexactlydueeastandsetexactlyduewestat
all places on the Earths surface. At the Equator itself
daysandnightsareequalthroughouttheyear.Between
March21andSeptember23,whentheNorthPoleistilted
towards the Sun, the days are longer than the nights
throughout the Northern Hemisphere and there is
continuousdaylightattheNorthPole.Similarconditions
are experienced in the Southern Hemisphere and the
SouthPolebetweenSeptember25andMarch21.
, #, - ` ( ` ! #, -
Latitudeisdistance,measuredindegrees,northor
southoftheEquator.Longitudeisdistance,measuredin
degrees,eastorwestofanyfixedmeridian.Themeridian
passingthroughGreenwichisnumbered0
O
.Onaglobe
themeridiansarenumberedfrom0
O
to180
O
E(East)orW
(West). At the equator the degrees are 69 to 70 miles
apart(25000360).Sinceearthcompletesonerotationon
itsaxisin24hours,360meridianspassundertheSunin
thattime.Therefore,1degreepassesundertheSunevery
4minutes.
` , * ` , #( ` % , #`
IfwetravelledwestwardtoaplaceXonlongitude
180
o
W, the time there would be 12 hours behind
Greenwichtime(180x4minutes=720minutes=12hours).
IfwejourneyedeastwardtoaplaceYonlongitude180
o
E,thetimetherewouldbe12hoursaheadofGreenwich
time.ThusXandYbothon180
o
havethesametimebut
other stars appear small because they are so far away;
theneareststar,ProximaCentauri,is200,000timesmore
distantfromusthantheSun.
TheMoonisadeadplanet.Itisabout240,000miles
(386,000Kms)fromtheEarth.TheMoonrevolvesround
theEarthtakingapproximately29daystocompleteone
round. The phases of the Moon are the result of its
positioninrelationtotheEarthandtheSun.
The Moons orbit is ecliptical and inclined at an
angleof5
o
totheplaneoftheEarthsorbit.Thisexplains
whywedonothaveatotaleclipseoftheSuneverytime
thereisanewmoon.
" * , "
TheEarthisaspherebutitisnotaperfectsphere.
It is slightly flattened at the poles and bulges at the
equator.Thecircumferenceoftheearthisapproximately
25,000miles(40,000Kms).
Itrotatesonitsaxisonceinevery24hours,spinning
from west to east. Besides spinning on its axis, it also
movesroundtheSun,calledthe revolution.
Its orbit round the Sun is oval or ecliptical. The
timetakentocompleteonerevolutionisapproximately
365 days or oneyear. Forconvenience, one year is
taken as 365 days and the shortfall of day each
year is made good inthe LeapYear whichconsists of
366 days. The Earths axis inclined to the plane of its
orbitatanangleof66
O
.

3
differindatebyaday(12hours+12hours=24hours).
Toovercometheconfusionthatwouldotherwisearise,
theInternationalDateLinehasbeenestablished.Itruns
along 180
o
E or W. Westward-bound vessels crossing
theDateLinedropadayfromthecalendar,whilethose
goingeastwardaddadaybygivingthesamedatetotwo
consecutivedays.Insteadofchangingthetimeexactly
accordingtochangeindegreesattherateof4minutes
perdegree,certaintimezoneshavebeenestablished.All
places in the samearea ortime zoneor timebelt, use
what is called Standard Time. Thus we have the
Greenwich MeanTime(G.M.T)andtheIndianStandard
Time(I.S.T).Therearefivetime-beltsinCanadaandfour
inUnitedStates.
" #, " ( + ) " *
ThemassoftheEarthisgenerallydividedintothree
layers, namely,Crust,MantleandCore.The Lithosphere
isthenamegiventotheouterCrustwhichisnotmore
than10milesthick.Itismadeupofagreatvarietyof
rocks,soils,etc.
( $ +
1. SedimentaryRocks:Theserocksaremadeupof
depositslaiddownonthefloorofriverbeds,lakes
and seas.
Examples:Sand and sandstone, clay, lime stone,
by prolonged denudation are known as Residual
Mountains,e.g.HighlandsofScotlandandScandinavia.
` - , # ( `
Theprocessknownasdenudationorthewearing
awayofthelandiscontinuallygoingon.Thechiefcauses
ofsucherosionare(a)changesintemperature;(b)frost;
(c)winds;(d)water,includingrivers;(e)ice;and(f)the
actionofthesea.Stepstocombatsoilerosioninclude(i)
terracing;(ii)contourploughing;(iii)stripcropping(iv)
plantingshelterbeltsoftrees;and(v)pluggingthegullies
bybuildingsmalldamsetc.
" , & ( + ) " *
Theairiscomposedmainlyofnitrogen(78%)and
oxygen(21%)withsmallproportionsofcarbondioxide,
water vapour and rarer gases like argon and neon.
Atmosphereis200milesthick,butnine-tenthsoftheair
composingitisfoundwithin12miles,andhalfwithin3
miles of the earths surface. We are concerned mainly
withthelowerlayeroftroposphere.Theupperlayersin
theascendingorderare Stratosphere,Mesosphere and
Ionosphere.Troposphere extendstoadistanceofabout
tenkilometres. Stratosphere isaregionextendingfrom
analtitudeofabout11Kmto50Kmabovetheearth.The
upper part of stratosphere has plenty of ozone which
protects us from the fatal effects of Suns ultraviolet
THERAMANSBOOKS
Examples:Sand and sandstone, clay, lime stone,
chalkandcarbonaceousrocks,suchaslignite,coal
and anthracite.
2. IgneousRocks:Theseareprimaryrockswhichare
formedbycoolingandsolidificationofmoltenlava.
When such rocks are poured out on the surface
theyareknownas Volcanicrocks,e.g.basalt.When
themoltenmaterialsolidifiesatconsiderabledepth,
plutonicrocks areformed,e.g.granite.
3. MetamorphicRocks:Theserocksareformedasa
resultofalterationbyextremeheatandorpressure
of igneous or sedimentary rocks. Example, slate,
gneiss, schist etc.
( # %
Theupperlayersofrocksweathertoformthesoil.
There are three distinct layers of soil. The uppermost
layerformsthetopsoil.Thesecondlayeriscalledthe
subsoil.Thethirdlayerismadeupofdecomposingand
much-brokenrock,knownasmantle-rock.Thetypeof
soil depends on a number of factors, namely, climatic
conditions,thenatureoftheparentrock,relief,vegetation
andtheperiodoverwhichithasbeenworkedbyman.
Soilsmaybybroadlyclassifiedas(a)Forest,(b)Grassland
and(c)Deserttypes.
( - ` , # ` +
InpastgeologicalagesdisturbancesintheEarths
interiorhavecausedcrumplingandcrackingofthecrust.
This has resulted in great upholds forming Fold-
Mountains whicharemainlymadeupoffoldedstrataof
sedimentaryrocks,e.g.theAlps,theRockies,theAndes,
andtheHimalayas.Themountainstructuresworndown
protects us from the fatal effects of Suns ultraviolet
radiation. Mesosphereisthenextlayerextendingfrom50
to 80 Kms above the earth. It is a very cold region.
Ionosphere extends from about 60 Kms upwards. It
includes Thermosphere andExosphere whichmarksthe
outerlimitsoftheearthsatmosphere.
#` #+ #* #` & ( , #( `
Thechiefcauseofwindisdifferenceinatmosphere
pressure. One of the main reasons for differences in
pressure is unequal heating of the air. From the high
pressure belts the air flows outwards to the regions of
lowpressure.Owingtotherotationoftheearth,thewinds
do not blow due north and south, but are deflected. In
thisdeflectiontheyobey FerrelsLawwhichstates,Any
movingbodyontheearthsurfaceincludingacurrentof
air,tendstobedeflected,thedeflectionbeingtotheright
in the northern hemisphere and to the left in southern
hemisphere. Landandseabreezedarelocalwindscaused
bytheunequalheatingoflandandwater.Duringtheday
thelandbecomesverymuchhotterthanthesea,withthe
result that there is marked low pressure over the land.
Thustheairovertheseaflowsrapidlylosesheat,butthe
searemainswarmforalongertime.Thusatnight,heavy
coolairblowsfromthelandtotaketheplaceofwarmair
risingoverthesea.The monsoon orseasonalwindsmay
beregardedaslandandseabreezesonalargescale,in
which the time-frame is a year instead of a day. This
phenomenon is to be found in south-east Asia, but is
especiallymarkedinthesubcontinentofIndia.Acyclone
isaportionoftheatmosphereinwhichthepressureis
lowest in the centre. The winds blow inwards in anti-
clockwisedirectionintheNorthernHemisphere.Inthe
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