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Summer training report

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Centrifugal Pumps

A rotating vane disk attached to a drive shaft moves fluid without pulsation as it spins. The outlet can be restricted without damaging the pump. A Centrifugal pump is often thought of as the simplest and most widely used of all the various pump types. A centrifugal pump has a rotating impeller, within a casing, which imparts radial velocity to the liquid, which then exits the pump by way of the discharge nozzle. The flow is smooth and will change according to the system backpressure

Positive displacement pump:-

A positive displacement pump causes a fluid to move by trapping a fixed amount of it and then forcing (displacing) that trapped volume into the discharge pipe. Some positive displacement pumps work using an expanding cavity on the suction side and a decreasing cavity on the discharge side. Liquid flows into the pump as the cavity on the suction side expands and the liquid flows out of the discharge as the cavity collapses. The volume is constant throughout each cycle of operation.

Reciprocating positive displacement pumps

Reciprocating pumps are those which cause the fluid to move using one or more oscillating pistons, plungers or membranes (diaphragms), and restrict motion of the fluid to the one desired direction by valves. Pumps in this category range from "simplex", with one cylinder, to in some cases "quad" (four) cylinders or more. Many reciprocatingtype pumps are "duplex" (two) or "triplex" (three) cylinder. They can be either "singleacting" with suction during one direction of piston motion and discharge on the other, or "doubleacting" with suction and discharge in both directions. The pumps can be powered manually, by air or steam, or by a belt driven by an engine. This type of pump was used extensively in the early days of steam propulsion (19th century) as boiler feed water pumps. Reciprocating pumps are now typically used for pumping highly viscous fluids including concrete and heavy oils, and special applications demanding low flow rates against high resistance. Reciprocating hand pumps were widely used for pumping water from wells; the common bicycle pump and foot pumps for inflation use reciprocating action. These positive displacement pumps have an expanding cavity on the suction side and a decreasing cavity on the discharge side. Liquid flows into the pumps as the cavity on the suction side expands and the liquid flows out of the discharge as the cavity collapses. The volume is constant given each cycle of operation.

Typical reciprocating pumps are

Plunger pumps - a reciprocating plunger pushes the fluid through one or two open valves, closed by suction on the way back. Diaphragm pumps - similar to plunger pumps, where the plunger pressurizes hydraulic oil which is used to flex a diaphragm in the pumping cylinder. Diaphragm valves are used to pump hazardous and toxic fluids. Piston displacement pumps - usually simple devices for pumping small amounts of liquid or gel manually. An example is the common hand soap pump.
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CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS SEALS

Mechanical Seals
When leakage of the pumped liquid is not acceptable, packing seals are not suitable and one of the many different types of mechanical seals is used instead A mechanical seal is a sealing device, which forms a running seal between rotating and stationary . .parts :Advantages of mechanical seals over conventional packing are as follows Zero or limited leakage of product (meet emission regulations. Reduced friction and power loss Elimination of shaft or sleeve wear Reduced maintenance costs Ability to seal higher pressures and more corrosive environments The wide variety of designs allows use of mechanical seals in almost all pump applications.

Mechanical Seal Types

1-PUSHER:
Incorporate secondary seals that move axially along a shaft or sleeve to maintain contact at the seal faces. This feature compensates for seal face wear .and wobble due to misalignment Advantage It's inexpensive Commercially available in a wide range of sizes and configurations.

2-UNBALANCED
Advantage It's inexpensive. Leak less. More stable when subjected to vibration, misalignment, and cavitation. Disadvantage Its relative low pressure limit.

3- PUSHER
Incorporate secondary seals that move axially along a shaft or sleeve to maintain contact at the seal faces. This feature compensates for seal face wear and wobble due to misalignment.

Disadvantage It's prone to secondary seal hang-up and fretting of the shaft or sleeve.

Telescopic Cranes
Telescopic Handlers are like forklift trucks that have a telescoping extendable boom like a crane. Early telescopic handlers only lifted in one direction and did not rotate however, several of the manufacturers have designed telescopic handlers that rotate 360 degrees through a turntable and these machines look almost identical to the Rough Terrain Crane. These new 360 degree telescopic handler/crane models have outriggers or stabiliser legs that must be lowered before lifting, however their design has been simplified so that they can be more quickly deployed. These machines are often used to handle pallets of bricks and install frame trusses on many new building sites and they have eroded much of the work for small telescopic truck cranes. Many of the worlds Armed forces have purchased telescopic handlers and some of these are the much more expensive fully rotating types. Their off road capability and their on site versatility to unload pallets using forks, or lift like a crane makes them a valuable piece of machinery

All terrain crane

A mobile crane with the necessary equipment to travel at speed on public roads, and on rough terrain at the job site using all-wheel and crab steering. ATs combine the roadability of Truck-mounted Cranes and the manoeuvrability of Rough Terrain Cranes. ATs have 2-9 axles and are designed for lifting loads up to 1,200 tonnes (1,323 short tons; 1,181 long tons).

Crawler crane
A crawler is a crane mounted on an undercarriage with a set of tr acks (also called crawlers) that provide stability and mobility. Crawler cranes range in lifting capacity from about 40 to 3,500 short tons (35.7 to 3,125.0 long tons; 36.3 to 3,175.1 t). Crawler cranes have both advantages and disadvantages depending on their use. Their main advantage is that they can move around on site and perform each lift with little set-up, since the crane is stable on its tracks with no outriggers. In addition, a crawler crane is capable of traveling with a load. The main disadvantage is that they are very heavy, and cannot easily be moved from one job site to another without significant expense. Typically a large crawler must be disassembled and moved by trucks, rail cars or ships to its next location
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Hot Tapping and Line Plugging

Hydratight's hot and cold tapping service provides the solution to plant and pipeline modifications without the need to decommission, thus reducing plant downtime.

Hot tapping of pipelines under operating pressure

Hydratights Hot Tapping and Cold Tapping service allows you to meet deadlines safely and with minimum disruption to production. This precise process requires our experienced engineers to drill a hole in a piping system under pressure, without draining or spilling the products inside. Safe, fast tie-ins, repairs, modifications and bypass of faulty or damaged systems all under full operating conditions provides exceptional value and efficiency. Benefits:

On-line integration of tie-ins or bypass lines without production loss Installation of thermowells with minimum disruption Avoid expensive emergency shutdowns Sustain manufacturing efficiency

Installation of thermowells under operating pressure

Hydratights technique of On-Line Thermowell installation is approved by the TUV, offering assurance of safe and efficient performance. The connection of resistance thermometers or thermocouples to existing pipelines under pressure requires qualified engineers and special tapping equipment. Thermowell installation offers precise, robust and permanent temperature measurement of process media where the media may be corrosive, abrasive or at high pressures. Benefits:

Installation of Thermowell at operating pressure Minimum disruption to process/production Ideal for temperature measurement of media where the abrasive or corrosive nature of the media can limit sensor life