Pharmacognosy Laboratory Practical # 3 Carbohydrates 1.

. Sugar and Sugar Containing Drugs Official English Name Sucrose Scientific Name Saccharum officinarum Family Poaceae Part Used Stem Synonym Sugar maple Sugar beet Saccharum Sugarcane Tubo Occurrence Constituent Sucrose Uses Demulcent For making syrups and lozenges Masks undesirable taste Molasses residual darkcolored syrup used in manufacturing of EtOH Nutrient Diagnostic aid Fermentative Agent Laxative in pediatrics Osmotic diuretic Source of flour, alcoholic beverages, beer, industrial alcohol Flavorant Laxative Nutrient Refrigerant Demulcent Laxative Nutrient Demulcent Flavorant Laxative Nutrient

Manna

Fraxinus ornus

Oleaceae

Dried saccharin exudates

Manna ash

Triticum

Triticum sativum

Poaceae

Grain

Bread wheat Common wheat Wheat -

Hexahydric alcohol obtained by reduction of mannose or isolation from manna Iraxin Mannitol Phosphoric acid Starch Malic acid Sugar Glucose Sugar

Cherry

Prunus malus

Rosaceae

Fig Cassia fistula

Ficus carica Cassia fistula

Moraceae Fabaceae

Liquid expressed from the fresh ripe fruit Partially dried fruit Dried fruit

Fig Golden shower Kanapistola

Tamarind

Tamarindus indica

Fabaceae

Apple

Pyrus malus

Rosaceae

Partially dried ripe fruit deprived of brittle outer pericarp preserved in syrup Freshly expressed juice of the ground, ripe, and sour cultivated species of fruit Part Used Granules separated from the mature grain of corn Grains Tubers Grains

Sampalok

Citric acid Malic acid Sugar Tartaric acid

Laxative Purgative

Mansanas

Malic acid Pectin Sugar

Antidiarrheal Demulcent Flavorant Laxative Refrigerant

2. Polysaccharides Starches Official English Name Corn Starch Scientific Name Zea mays Family Poaceae Synonym Mais Occurrence Polygonal rounded spheroidal Constituent Fat Fixed oil Salt Starch Sugar Water Phosphoric acid Starch Starch Vitamin C Calcium Iron Protein Starch Albumin Fat Fiber Gum Starch Sugar Starch Uses Absorbent Antidote Base for suppositories and dermatological Demulcent Dusting Emollient Nutrient Powder and tablet filler Preparation of dextrose, dextrin and glucose Protective Tablet binder Tablet disintegrant

Wheat Starch Potato Starch Rice Starch

Triticum sativum Solanum tuberosum Oryza sativum

Poaceae Solanaceae Poaceae

Patatas -

Lenticular granules Irregularly ovoid or spherical granules

Arrowroot Starch

Maranta arundinaceae

Marantaceae

Rhizomes

Maranta starch

Cassava Starch Banana Starch Gabi Starch Ginger Starch

Manihot esculenta Musa acuminata Colocasia esculenta Zingiber officinale

Euphorbiaceae Musaceae Araceae Zingiberaceae

Root

Green Peas Starch Lima Beans Starch Sago Starch

Pisum sativum Phaseolus lunatus Metroxylon sagu

Fabaceae Fabaceae Arecaceae Convolvulaceae Powdery starch from the trunks of sago palms

Sweet Potato Ipomoea batatas Starch 3. Polysaccharides Cellulose Official English Name Cotton Scientific Name Gossypium hirsutum

Family Malvaceae

Part Used Hair of the seed

Synonym Bulak

Occurrence

Constituent Cellulose Cellulose derivatives

Uses Carding or combing remove gross impurities or linters Ginning machine process of removing seeds Surgical dressing Mechanical protection to absorb blood, mucus, or pus To prevent bacteria from infecting wounds Textile Source of pure cellulose in manufacture of explosives Uses Adhesive Binder in tablet granulation Demulcent Emollient Emulsifier (low viscosity and good

4. Carbohydrate Derivatives Gums and Mucilages Official English Name Acacia Scientific Name Acacia senegal Family Fabaceae Part Used Dried gummy exudates from the stem and branches Synonym Gum arabic Occurrence Constituent Arabin 12% 25% Contains peroxidase, oxidase, pectinases Major component

 arabin Water Yields arabinose, galactose, glucoronic acid, rhamnose Agar Gelidium cartilagineum Gelidiaceae Dried from seaweed extract Japanese isinglas Agar-agar Agaropectin viscosity of solution Agarose strength Cigarose the gel

stability) Suspending agent

Gelatin

Mallow Leaf Chondrus crispus Tragacanth

Malva rotundifolia Gigartina mamillosa Astralagus gummifer

Malvaceae Gigartinaceae Fabaceae

Dried leaf Dried thallus Dried gummy exudates from the stem and branches

Collagen hydrolysate Denatured collagen Gelatina Gelatine Hydrolyzed collagen protein Hydrolyzed gelatin Marine collagen hydrolysate Common mallow Malvas Carrageen Irish moss Gum tragacanth Goats thorn

A colorless or slightly yellow, transparent, brittle protein formed by boiling the specially prepared skin, bones, and connective tissue of animals

Collagen

Bacteriologic culture Disintegrant Emulsifier Excipient Gel in bacteriologic culture media Gelating agent Laxative Surgical lubricants Suspending agent Gelling agent in foods, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and photography

Mucilage ash Galactose with sulfate ester Major component basorin Water solution component tragacanthin

Ribbon or flake gum Sorts yellowish brown irregular tears Vermiform worm-like

Demulcent Excipient Emulsifying and suspending agent Cloth Confectionary Demulcent Emollient Emulsifier Preparation of cosmetics Printing Resistant to acid hydrolysis

Althea Root Elm Bark

Althea officinalis Ulmus fulva

Malvaceae Ulmaceae

Dried root Dried inner bark

Marshmallow root Slippery elm

Mucilage Pectin Galactose Galacturonic acid Xylose

Suspending agent Demulcent Excipient in pill making Demulcent and emollient in poultice to reduce inflammation