National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli

8/4/2012

SMART GRID

Distributed Generation
Dr. M.P. Selvan
Assistant Professor/EEE

Smart Grid enables utilities to increase energy productivity and power reliability while empowering customers to better manage their electricity usage and costs through real-time information exchange.

National Institute of Technology Tiruchirappalli

8/4/2012

Dr. M.P. Selvan, AP /EEE/ NITT

Distributed Generation
DISTRIBUTED GENERATION (DG)
RESEARCH ISSUES

Definition
DG can be defined as electric power generation within distribution networks or on the consumer side of the network.

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Dr. M.P. Selvan, AP /EEE/ NITT

8/4/2012

Dr. M.P. Selvan, AP /EEE/ NITT

DISTRIBUTED GENERATION

DISTRIBUTED GENERATION

Technology
Names
Embedded Generation Dispersed Generation : South-American countries : North American countries : Europe and Asia The technology used for DG is mostly renewable energy technology. Geothermal Biomass gasification Fuel cells Wind Turbines Ocean Energy Micro hydro units
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(upto 100MW) (upto 20MW) (upto 5MW) (upto 3MW) (upto 1MW) (upto 1MW)
Dr. M.P.(upto 100kW) NITT Selvan, AP /EEE/ 6

(Distributed)

Decentralized Generation

Dr. M.P. Selvan, Assistant Professor /EEE/ NITT

National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli

8/4/2012

DISTRIBUTED GENERATION

INTRACTION OF DG WITH THE GRID

Why

As a standby power supply. To utilize renewable energy sources. DG avoids usual siting problems by being small, compact and extremely clean. Utility restructuring.

Where is the interaction with the grid

DGs are usually connected in subtransmission or distribution (33 kV or 11 kV) levels where the grid was not originally designed to transfer power from the system extremities back into the grid. Low power carrying capability - weak grid.

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Dr. M.P. Selvan, AP /EEE/ NITT

8/4/2012

Dr. M.P. Selvan, AP /EEE/ NITT

DG IN DISTRIBUTION NETWORK
Typical distribution system
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DG IN DISTRIBUTION NETWORK
Modification in the typical distribution system
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Distribution systems are radial. Fed at only one point. Flow of both real and reactive power was always from the higher to the lower voltage levels. Network is passive.
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With the penetration of embedded generation the power flow may become reversed. Network is no longer passive. Power flow and voltages are determined by the loads as well as generations.

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M.P. Selvan, AP /EEE/ NITT

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Dr. M.P. Selvan, AP /EEE/ NITT

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Types

DISTRIBUTED GENERATION
MICRO TURBINE FUEL CELL SOLAR CELL

BENEFITS OF DG
FROM THE ECONOMICAL POINT OF VIEW
Reduces or avoids the need for building new T&D lines. Reduces T&D networks capacity during planning phase. DGs can be assembled easily anywhere as modules. They can be installed in a very short period at any location. Each module can be operated immediately and individually.

BIOMASS

WTGS

ULTRA CAPACITOR

DGs can reduce the wholesale power price by supplying power to the grid. DGs increase the system equipment and transformers lifetimes and provide fuel savings.

BATTERY STORAGE

FLYWHEEL STORAGE

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Dr. M.P. Selvan, AP /EEE/ NITT

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Dr. M.P. Selvan, AP /EEE/ NITT

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Dr. M.P. Selvan, Assistant Professor /EEE/ NITT

National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli

8/4/2012

BENEFITS OF DG
FROM THE OPERATIONAL POINT OF VIEW
DGs have a positive impact on the distribution system voltage profile. DGs can reduce the distribution network power losses. They provide transmission capacity release. With regard to, environment and society, renewable DGs eliminate or reduce the output process emission.

APPLICATIONS OF DG
Standby For sensitive loads, such as process industries and hospitals, during grid outages. For Areas having geographical obstacles, which make it expensive to be connected to the grid

Stand alone -

Peak load shaving -

To supply some loads at peak periods.

Remote applications -

For regulating the system voltage at remote applications connected to the grid.

Combined heat and power Increased efficiency

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OPERATIONAL CONFLICTS OF DG
FAULT CLEARING

OPERATIONAL CONFLICTS OF DG
FAULT CLEARING

DG

Generator infeed reduces the reach of utility relaying Overcurrent protection in/EEE/ NITT radial distribution Dr. M.P. Selvan, AP

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OPERATIONAL CONFLICTS OF DG
VOLTAGE REGULATION

OPERATIONAL CONFLICTS OF DG
ISLANDING
Islanding occurs when a portion of the utility system that contains both load and distributed resources remains energized while isolated from the remainder of the utility system. Islanding may lead to out of range voltages and frequency conditions.

Voltage sags too low after generators are disconnected 8/4/2012 to clear a fault Dr. M.P. Selvan,

During Normal operation coordination between DG and AP /EEE/voltage regulators are required. NITT 17

DG DG
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Dr. M.P. Selvan, Assistant Professor /EEE/ NITT

National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli

8/4/2012

OPERATIONAL CONFLICTS OF DG
POWER QUALITY
Power Quality issue is defined as "any occurrence manifested in voltage, current or frequency deviation that results in damage, upset, failure or malfunction of end use equipment". The effect of DG on power quality depends on

RESEARCH OPPORTUNITIES
DG PLANNING ISSUES DG OPERATIONAL ISSUES
AUTONOMOUS/ NON AUTONOMOUS SUITABLE LOCATION AND SIZE

Type of DG. Type of interface with the utility system. Size of DG unit, intended mode of operation, expected output fluctuation. Capacity of the DG relative to the system capacity.
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GRID INTERACTION ISSUES POWER QUALITY ISSUES POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION ISSUES
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Dr. M.P. Selvan, AP /EEE/ NITT

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Dr. M.P. Selvan, Assistant Professor /EEE/ NITT