S T R U C T U R A L ,

S t r u c t u r a l E n g i n e e r
r e v i e w i n g t h e f i r s t e d i t i o n
T h i s m a r k e t l e a d i n g s t u d e n t t e x t c o v e r s t h e d e s i g n o f
s t r u c t u r a l s t e e l w o r k t o 5 5 5 9 5 0 P a r t 1 .
t h e s u b j e c t I n t w o p a r t s , t h e f i r s t d e a l s w i t h d e s i g n a t
a n e l e m e n t a r y l e v e l f a m l i l a r i s l n g t h e r e a d e r w i t h
B S 5 9 5 0 . P a r t t w o t h e n p r o c e e d s t o c o v e r a l l a s p e c t s
o f t h o d e s i g n o f w h o l e b u i l d i n g s , h i g h l i g h t i n g t h e
i n t e g r a t i o n o f ' e l e m e n t s ' t o p r o d u c e e c o n o m i c , s a f e
s t r u c t u r e s .
T h o s e c o n d e d i t i o n h a s b e e n t h o r o u g h l y a n d
u p d a t e d t o t a k e a c c o u n t o f r e c e n t r e s e a r c h a n d d e s i g n
d e v e l o p m e n t s a n d a n e w c h a p t e r o n p l a t e g i r d e r s h a s
b e e n a d d e d . T h e r e v i s e d t e x t r e t a i n s a l l t h e p o p u l a r
f e a t u r e s o f t h e o r i g i n a l w o r k . I n p a r t i c u l a r , r e a d e r s v . i l l
f i n d t h a t t h e o u t h o r s :
e x p l a i n c o n c e p t s c l e a r l y
u s e a n e x t r e m e l y p r a c t i c a l a p p r o a c h
. i n c i u d o n u S i e r o S v o v k S e x a m p l e s a n d r e a l
s c e n a r i o s
. c o v e r w h o l e s t r u c t u r e d e s i g n -
t a k e t h e r e a d e r s t e p - b y . s t e p t h r o u g h t h e B r i t k h
S t a n d a r d
S t r u c t u r a l S t c e l w a r k D e s i m r t o B S 5 9 5 0 I s a c a r e t e x t
f o r c I v i l / s t r u c t u r a l e n g i n e e r i n g d e g r e e a n d B T E C H I W / D
c o u r s e s . I t w i l l a l s o p r o v e u s e f u l t o p r o f e s s I o n a l
e n g i n e e r s n e e d i n g t o f a m i l l a r i s e t h e m s e l v e s w i t h
5 5 5 9 5 0 P a r t l a n d t h e d e s i g n o f c o m p l e t e b u I l d i n g s ,
p a r t i c u l a r l y p o r t a l f r a m e s .
L i M o r r i s v : a s f o r m e r l y R e a d e r i i i S t r u c h i r a l E n p i n e c r i n g
a t t h e U n l v e r : ; i t y r z i f l r . n c h e s t o r .
D R P l u m i s L e c t u r e r i n S t r u c t u r a l 3 1 t h t :
U n i t t r r . i t y o f
1 1
9 0 0 0 0 )
9 7 8 0 5 8 2 2 3 0 8 8 0
I S B N
c a w t e s , o f S u t t o N M D C I
. 5

. .
- -
- .
- - '
S T R U C T U R A L
S T E E L W OR K
D E S I G N
t o
1 3 5 5 9 5 0
2 n d E D I T I ON


D E S I G N
t o
B S
E D I T I ON
L J M o r r i s
0
D R P I u m
o t P e a r s o n
E n g l a n d L o n d o n - N e w Y o r k P n d i n g k i n s i a c
- S . n Fr a n c i s c o T o r o n s a - D o s s M I l l s . On l a s l a - h y d s s c y
T o k y o
S i n g a p o r e - H o n g K o n g - S e o u l
T a i p e i - C a p o b o w s M a d r i d - I l e a l c o C l Y r
A n o s l n s d a s o s - M a n l c s s - Fa s i o - M i l a n
P r e f a c e







. c o m
A d d i s o n
























































f r o m

a n d p r o p e r t i e s
o n l y ) f o l l o w i n g t w o p u b l i c a t i o n s :
A











5 9 5 0 : I ( d e s i g n
c o n s t r u c t i o n ) , e x c e p t


b e a m s ) a n d

A c k n o w l e d g e m e n t s



w h o m











P A R T I

S T E E L

9







1 1 m b t r a s T r a t
6 b / 2 t
d / s i i ( T - s e c d o n











v i i i C O N T E N T S
C O N T E N T S i x










P U R L I N S S I D E R A I L S 4 2
4 . 1









C O L U M N B A S E S & B R A C K E T S 9 4
8 . 1









5 C R A N E G I R D E R S 5 2
5 . 1






T R U S S E S 6 5
6 . !








S i M P L E A N D C O M P O U N D C O L U M N S 8 0
7 . 1





9 C O M P O S I T E B E A M S & S L A B S
9 .








B R A C I N G
1 1 3
1 0 . 1
S t v a y s t a b i l i t y







1 2 1



























































X C O N T E N T S
C O N T E N T S X I

t hi ck

t hi n


ex cl u di ng




u t i l i zi ng


I I T H E D E S I G N O F S T R U C T U R A L
S T E E L FR A M E W O R K S
1 2 D E S I G N O F S I N G L E -S T O R E Y
B U I L D I N G - L A T T I C E G I R D E R A N D
C O L U M N C O N S T R U C T I O N


















1 4 5





















O F A N O FFI C E B L O C K
2 8 1

1 4 . 1
L a y ou t










I S
D E T A I L I N G P R A C T I C E A N D O T H E R
3 0 5
R E Q U I R E M E N T S
1 5 . 1 Fa b nca t i on proces s es
1 5 . 2








I ndex
1 3 D E S I G N O F S I N G L E -S T O R E Y
B U I L D I N G - P O R T A L FR A M E
C O N S T R U C T I O N
2 2 6
3 1 9
'3 . 3
1 3 . 4
1 3 . 5
1 3 . 6
1 3 . 7
1 3 . 8







l a t era l

2 2 6
2 2 7
2 2 7
2 2 8
2 2 8

2 4 2
2 4 3
2 5 6
2 6 5
2 7 3
2 7 5
2 7 7
2 7 9
1 5 5
1 5 9
1 6 1


1 2 . 5
1 2 . 6
1 2 . 7
1 2 . 8
1 2 . 9
1 2 ,1 0
1 2 . 1 1
2 8 4
2 8 6
2 9 1
2 9 6
3 0 0
3 0 1
3 0 3
3 0 4


3 1 2
3 1 2
3 1 3
3 ']

1 9 6 9 , t he U nt i s h S t a nda rds I ns t i t u t i on C ommi t t ee 1 1 / 2 0 res pons i b l e for
4 4 9 , a permi s s i b l e s t res s s n-u ct u ra t s t eet work des i g n code, i ns t i g a t ed t he
prepa ra t i on of a new dra ft code b a s ed on l i mi t s l a t e pnnci pl es a nd
i ncorpora t t ng t he l a t es t res ea rch 1 0 1 0 t he b eha v i ou r of s t ru ct u ra l component s
a nd compl et e s t ru ct u res . T he dra ft wa s i s s u ed for pu b l i c comment i n 1 9 7 7
a nd a t t ra ct ed cons i dera b l e a dv ers e comment from a n i ndu s t ry l ong
a cq u a i nt ed wi t h t he s i mpl er des i g n met hods i n 1 1 5 4 4 9 .
I t wa s rea l i zed b y t he newl y cons t i t u t ed E S ! C ommi t t ee, C S B / 2 7 , t ha t a
redra ft of t he 1 1 / 2 0 docu ment wou l d b e neces s a ry b efore i t wou l d b e
a ccept a b l e t o t he cons t ru ct i on i ndu s t ry . T he work of redra fl i ng
u ndert a k en b y C ons t ra do, pa rt l y fb nded b y I b e E u ropea n C oa l a nd S t eel
C ommu ni t y , a nd t he t a s k wa s g u i ded b y a s ma l l s t eenng g rou p repres ent i ng
t he i nt eres t s of cons u l t i ng eng i neers , s t eet work fa b nca l ors a nd t he
D epa rt ment of t he E nv i ronment .
P oor t o t he compl et I on of t he redra ft , ca l i b ra t i on wa s ca rri ed ou t b y t he
B u i l di ng R es ea rch E s t a b l i s hment t o denv e s u i t a b l e v a l u es for l oa d a nd
ma t ena l fa ct ors , a nd des i g n ex erci s es t o compa re t hc des i g n of whol e
s t ru ct u res t o t he dra ft code wi t h des i g ns t o U S 4 4 9 were di rect ed b y
C ons t ra do. T he ob j ect of t hes e s t u di es wa s t o a s s es s whet her t he
recommenda t i ons t o b e cont a i ned wi t hi n t he new code wou l d produ ce
s t ru ct u ra l des i g ns whi ch wou l d b e no l es s s a fe t ha q des i g ns t o B S 4 4 9 b u t
wool d g i v e a n i mprov ement I n ov era l l economy .
T he res u l t i ng code of pra ct i ce, 1 1 5 5 9 5 0 : P a rt I , pu b l i s hed i n 1 9 8 5 .
cov enng t he des i g n i n s i mpl e a nd cont i nu ou s cons t ru ct i on of hot rol l ed s t eel
s ect i ons , a nd P a rt 2 , dea l i ng wi t h t he s peci hca t t ot t of ma t eri a l s , fa b nea t i on
a nd erect i on, a chi ev ed t he g rea t er s i mpl i ci t y s ou g ht b y i ndu s t ry whi l e
a l l owi ng t he des i g n of b u i l di ng s t ru ct u res l ob e b a s ed on t he more ra t i ona i
a pproa ch of l i mi t s t a t e t heory t ha n t he permi s s i b l e s t res s met hod of U S 4 -4 9 ,
P a rt 3 , whi ch i s i n t he cou rs e ol prepa ra t i on, wi l l g i v e rccot nmenda t t ons for
des i g n i n compos i t e cons t ru ct I on.
W hi l e U S 5 9 5 0 : P a rt i s ex pl i ci t i n i t s des i g n recommenda t i ons , t he code
i s i nt ended t o b e u s ed b y a ppropna t el y q u a l i fi ed pers ons who ha v e ex peri ence
t o s t ru ct u ra l s t eel work des i g n a nd cons t ru ct t on. T here i s a need, t herefore, for
x i v FO R E W O R D


t o t y pi ca l b u i l di ng s t ru ct u res

u ndert a k en i n t he des i g n offi ce.
b ook
t hrou g h ex pl a na t ory t ex t , fu l l ca l cu l a t i ons a nd reference t o t he B S 5 9 5 0 :
P a rt










T H E D E S I G N


E L E M E N T S
A













s t eel work ca n b e ei t her a s i ng l e memb er or a n a s s emb l y of a
nu mb er of s t eel s ect i ons connect ed t og et her i n s u ch a wa y t ha t t hey perform a
s peci fi ed fu nct i on. T he fu nct i on req u i red b y a cl i ent or owner wi l l v a n
enormou s l y hu t ma y i ncl u de:

b u i l di ng fra mes b y whi ch l oa ds mu s t b e s u pport ed s a fel y a nd

wi t hou t u ndu e mov ement , a nd t o whi ch a wea t herproof env el ope
mu s t b e a t t a ched;

chemi ca l pl a nt s u pport s b y whi ch l oa ds mu s t b e s u pport ed hu t

whi ch commonl y rent nre no ex t erna l env el ope;
cont a i ners whi ch wi l l ret a i n l i q u i ds , g ra nu l a r ma t eri a l s or g a s es ,
a nd whi ch ma y a l s o b e el ev a t ed a s a fu rt her s t ra ct u ra l fu nct i on;
ma s t s whi ch mu s t s a fel y s u pport mecha ni ca l or el ect nca i
eq u i pment a t s peci fi ed hei g ht s a nd i n whi ch t he defl ect t ons ,
v i b ra t t ons a nd fa t i g u e mu s t b e cont rol l ed;

chi mney s whi ch wi l l s u pport fl u es ca rry t og wa s t e g a s es t o s a fe

het g ht s ;
b ri dg es whi ch mu s t s u pport t ra ffi c a nd ot her l oa ds ov er g rea t l y
v a ry i ng s pa ns a nd for whi ch deg rees of mov ement ma y b e
permi t t ed;

t empora ry s u pport s u s ed du ri ng t he cons t ru ct i on of s ome pa i l of a

s t ru ct u re, whi ch ma y b e of s t eel work . concret e, b ri ck work , et c. , i t
whi ch s a fet y for s hort penods a nd s peed of a s s emb l y a re i mport a nt .
i t wi l l b e not i ced t ha t b ot h s a fet y a nd mov ement of t he s t ru ct u res des cri b ed
a re i mport a nt for proper fu nct t on a nd, t og et her wi t h economy , t hes e wi l l b e
t he ma i n cons i dera t i ons when di s cu s s t ng t he des t g n met hod l a t er, I t s hou l d b e
not ed t ha t t he des i g n of onl y s ome of t he a b ov e s t ru ct u res i s cov ered b y
B S 5 9 5 0 a nd hence di s cu s s ed i n t he l a t er cha pt ers .
S t eel s ect i ons a re rol l ed or formed i nt o a v a ri et y of cros s -s ect i ons ,
a
s el ect i on of whi ch t s s hown t n Fi g . 1 . 1 , t og et her wi t h t hei r common
des cri pt i ons . T he ma j ori t y of t hes e cros s -s ect i ons a re ob t a t ned b y t he hot
rol l i ng of s t eel b i l l et s i n a rol l i ng mi l l , whi l e a mi nori t y , s omet i mes i nv ol v t ng
compl ex s ha pes , a re col d formed from s t eel s heet . H ol l ow s ect i ons a re
ob t a i ned b y ex t ru s i on or b y b endi ng pl a t es t o t he req u i red cros s -s ect i on, a nd
4 S T R U C T U R A L
D E S I G N T O E S E B S O
I N T R O D U C T I O N T O D E S I G N I N S T E E I W O R I (
S

referred







C ros s -s ect i on
Fl a ng e

Fl a ng e

6 ,1
a
R ect a ng u l a r
8 . 0




















R E Q U I R E M E N T S
T he

























































U S E O F I N
B U I L D I N G S
8 5




E n s i ni pl e a nd ca ,i t znu a i t s co,: s u 'i i ct zon: l i a r rol l ed
s ect i ons ( 1 9 8 5 )

hot
rol l ed s ect i ons ( 1 9 8 5 )
E n compos i t e cons t ru cnon
P a rt 4 :
D es i g n oj 'J l oors wi t h profi l ed s t eel s heet i ng ( 1 9 8 2 )
of col d fa nned s ect i ons
P a rt
D es i g n i n l i g ht g a u g e s heet i ng , deck i ng mi d cl a ddi ng







3 0 5 1 2 7




6 S T R U C T U R A L S T E E L W O R K D E S I G N T O E S 5 9 5 0
I N T R O D U C T I O N T O D E S I G N I N S T E E L W O R K 7
















S T A T E D E S I G N
I n










s t ru ct u ra l







P A R T I A L S A FE T Y
S a fet y

1 . 0














1 . 5 L O A D I N G














8 S T R U C T U M A I . S T E E L W O M K D E S I G N i t E S 5 8 5 0
'f I N T R O D U C T I O N T O D E S I G N I N S T E E L W O R I (
9
s el f wei g ht , a nd t hi s comb i ned l oa d produ ces a
rea ct i on from a t y pi ca l pu rhn.
T hi s
t oa d I t ' on t he pu rl i n, produ ci ng rea ct i ons P
t he ra ft er.
S i mi l a r pu rl i n rea ct i ons
t he ra ft er s el f wei g ht

ra fl er l oa d, produ ci ng rea ct i ons R from t he roof t ru s s ( a t ea ch
node) . L oa di ng
t he roof t ru s s produ ces v ert i ca l rea ct i on T
from
t he col u mn, a nd a l s o a
hons ont a l rea ct i on S i f t he l oa di ng i s non-v ert i ca l . T hes e
i n t u rn, a ct i ng on
t he col u mn produ ce fou nda t i on rea ct i ons H , V a nd A '! .
1 . 6
I N T E R N A L FO R C E S A N D M O M E N T S
L oa ds wi t h t hei r rea ct i ons ma y b e u s ed t o fi nd i nt erna l forces
a nd moment s
wi t hi n a ny s t ru ct u ra l el ement . T he u s u a l met hod i s
t o dra w s hea r force a nd
b endi ng moment di a g ra ms i 2 ] ) T hes e di a g ra ms
a rc g ra phs s howi ng hon t he
i nt erna l forces v a ry a l ong a s t ru ct u ra l el ement
a s a res u l t of a s et of s t a t i ona ry
( s t a t i c) l oa ds : i nfl u ence l i nes a nd moment / force env el opes
ma y b e needed i n
ca s es of mov i ng ( dy na mi c) l oa ds ( s ee C ha pt er 2 ) . I t i s a l s o neces s a ry
t o fi nd
t he a x i a l force pres ent m a s t ru ct u ra l el ement , pa rt i cu l a rl y
v ert i ca l memb ers ,
a nd i n s ome ca s es t he t ors i on a s wel l . D i a g ra ms
ma y b e u s ed t o a dv a nt a g e for
t hes e forces a l s o.
I n ma ny ca s es des i g n concent ra t es on s peci fi c v a l u es of
ma x i mu m b endi ng
moment or s hea r force a t a k nown pos i t i on, e. g . mi d-s pa n. I n t hes e
ca s es
formu l a e or coeffi ci ent s ma y b e u s efu l a nd ca n b e ob t a i ned from
s t a nda rd
t a b l es or cha rl s t 8 t
1 . 7 S T R E S S E S A N D D E FO R M A T I O N S
I n t he des i g n of s t eel i v ork t o 5 5 5 9 5 0 : P a rt
I s t res s es a re u s ed t o ob t a i n t he
ca pa ci t i es of s t ru ct u ra l s ect i ons i n b endi ng , s hea r. a x i a t force,
et c. , a nd a ny
comb i na t i ons of t hes e forces . S t res s es u s ed a re g enera l l y b a s ed
on t he y i el d
s t res s es a ppropna t e t o t he s t eel q u a l i t y a nd ma x i mu m t hi ck nes s req u i red b y
t he des i g ner, a nd det a i l ed i n t a b l e 6 ,8 5 5 9 5 0 : P a rt 1 , whi ch
i s b a s ed on
v a l u es s t i pu l a t ed i n 5 5
T he des i g n s t reng t h p. i s u s ed, for ex a mpl e.
t o ca l cu l a t e t he moment ca pa ci t y of a s t eel s ect i on.
M oment ca pa ci t y
=
where 5 , i s t he ma j or a x i s pl a s t i c modu l u s of t he s ect i on.
S t reng t h i s u s ed t o defi ne a n u l t i ma t e s t res s for a pa ni cu l a r
s i t u a t i on
( b endi ng , s hea r, et c. ) , a nd wi l l i ncl u de a n a dj u s t nt eni for pa rt i a l s a fet y
fa ct or
( ma t eri a l ) a nd b u ck l i ng ( l oca l or ov era l l ) .
C a pa ci t y refers t o a l oca l moment of res i s t a nce t a r s hea r
or a x i a l force) a t
a s ect i on b a s ed on t he g i v en s t reng t h b u t di s reg a rdi ng ov era l l ( memb er)
b u ck l i ng . R es i s t a nce refers t o ma x i mu m moment wi t h du e reg a rd
t o ov era l l
t memb er) b u ck l i ng .
I n s ome pa rt s of t he des i g n i t ma y b e neces s a ry t o
a s s es s s t res s es when i he
s t eel i s i n t he l i nea r el a s t i c condi t i on. I n t hi s ca s e t he l i nea r el a s t i c b endi ng
Fi g 1 . 2 L oa d t nns cer
t heory ma y b e u s ed1 6 '7 5 i n whi ch
I nea ct i on
? u ri i n
na i l er
na s a rea ct i ons
rou nda t i on
1 0 S T R U C T U R A L S T E E L W O R K D E S I G N T O E S 5 9 5 0 I N T R O D U C T I O N T O D E S I G N I N S T E E L W D R K 1 1
a / j ' E / J ?









S ome















1 6
4 0
6 3


































1 . 8 L A Y O U T O F C A L C U L A T I O N S














1 . 8 . 1 S u b di v i s i on




-: - -
1 . 8 . 2 S k et ches




1 2 S T R U C T U R A L S T E E L W O M I ( D E S I G N T O U S a u o
I
I N T R O D U C T I O N T O D E S I G N ft J
E E L W O R K fl
l . 8 . 3 R eferences

. l oa di ng
ma nu fa ct u rer's










t ,8 . 4 R es u l t s



















































































S T U D Y R E FE R E N C E S
T opi c







&



1 . 9 S T R U C T U R A L T H E O R Y
I t

1 4 S T R U C T U R A L S T E E L W O R t < D C S I G N T O S S 5 9 5 0
3 . C a u L k M G . S hea r
forces

1 0 2 6 5 3 .

I
S t eel s

6 .
I
a na l y s t s ,

I N I D L 0 P 1 ,D
v ol .

8 ,


- -
M echa ni cs



































1 6 S T R U C T U R A L t I E E L W O R I c D E S I G N T O I S 6 9 6 0
L O A D I N G A N D L O A D C O M B I N A T I O N S
1 7
2 . 2 . I M P O S E D L O A D S
T hes e


















E X A M P L E I . L O A D I N G O F A


( a ) D i mens i ons
S i mpl y


L oa ds s pecs fi ed
























M oment s a nd forces ( du e t o u . d. l . )
2 . 3 W I N D L O A D S
T he





a nd roof s ha pe, openi ng s




( C pe C p,) q



L O A D C O M B I N A T I O N S
L oa ds



1 . 4
I VdL / 8 1 2 . 6
R 8 I

a nd forces ( du e t o v ert i ca l wheel l oa d)
'W heel


W d
A
I l l 1 1 1 1
1 1 L
B

I d)
we
2 . 1

g c
W e
B

B






c3 . 6 m

2 . 4 m

U l t i ma t e

4 4 0

B
-: 1

3 . 6 / 6 . 0 ) 6 ( 6 k -N

6
M oment s a nd forces ( du e t o hori zont a l wheel l oa d)
I n




4 1 . 6 / 4 l 0 ,4 k N

= 1 5 . 6

c/ L )
1 0 . 4 ( 2 3 . 6 / 6 . 0 )







D i mens i ons






1 . 6 )
i . 4 W e
2 8 3




















L oa d








L O A D I N G A N D L O A D C O M B I N A T I O N S 1 9
= l . 0 x 8 . 0
( 9 4


A






+

t om
c

= 5 2 1
= 6 7 6 k N

2 0 S T R U C T U R A L S T E E L W O R K D E S I G N T O O S 5 9 5 0
L O A D I N G A N D L O A D C O M B I N A T I O N S
2 1
D

I
0 . 0 9 4

0 . 6 5 2 0 . 4 3 3

0 . 0 4 9
4
ft 0 0 3 0 . 0 0 5
0 . 0 8 0
0 . 0 2 7

0 . 0 0 5

a
4 E



( 0 . 0 9 4 + D . 0 0 6 5 7 1 0 . 0 0 3 2 8 3 ) 8 . 0

( e) L oa d pa t t ern for rea ct i on R b
a s I n ( Fi g .
( I ) L oa d pa t t ern for s hea r force 8 a b
M a x i mu m a s i n ( Fi g .
1 2 C
A rra ng ement s of moment s a nd
( g )
M oment s a nd forces
3

i f's
I F',



force
5 7 !
5 7 !














2 . 7
E X A M P L E 3 . L O A D I N G O F A P O R T A L FR A M E
( a ) Fra me
S ee Fi g .
pi t ched port a l wi t h pi nned feet ; s pa n 3 8 rn, s pa ced a t 6
m
cent res .
3 . 4 m
5 . 6 m Fra mes a t 6 . 0 m ea ni ra s
3 0 . 0
fra me
M oment s a nd forces ma y b e fou nd a na l y t i ca l met hod, b u t for eq u a l
s pa n ca s es coeffi ci ent s a re
where, for ex a mpl e
= ( a i 1
a nd M 1 , 5 a b a re g i v en b y s i mi l a r ex pres s i ons .
T he coeffi ci ent s e ma y b e s u mma nzed:
( b ) L oa di ng
S el f wei g ht of fra me
C l a ddi ng ( roof a nd wa l l s )
S now a nd s erv i ces
W i nd pres s u re q ( wa l l s )
W i nd pres s u re q ( roof)

0 . 0 9 k N / m'
0 . 7 5 k N / m'
1 . 2 0
1 . 2 0
W i nd pres s u res a re b a s ed on a b a s i c wi nd s peed of 5 D m/ s for
a l oca t i on i n
S cot l a nd.
Fa ct org '1 5 , a nd
a re b ot h t a k en a s 1 . 0 a nd fa ct ors 3 a s 0 . 8 8 for a hei g ht of
1 D m.
T he des i g n wi nd s peed i s hence 4 4 m/ s . g i v i ng a dy na mi c
pres s u re of
1 . 2 0
2 2 S T R U C T U R A L S T E E L W O A K D E S I G N T O 0 5 5 9 5 0
I L O A D I N G A N D L O A D C O M B I N A T I O N S 2 3
I t l ower wi nd pres s u re b u t
ma k es t he a na l y s i s more compl ex for v ery l i t t l e redu ct i on i n fra me moment s .
( c) P res s u re coeffi ci ent s
E x t erna l pres s u re coeffi ci ent s ( C ,,,) b e fou nd a nd a re s u mma nzed i n t he
fol l owi ng t a b l e. T hes e v a l u es a re ob t a i ned from reference 1 2 ) .
C ,,,for fra me memb er
A D B C C D D E
W i nd on s i de 0 . 7 1 . 2 0 . 4 0 2 5
W i nd on end 0 . 5 0 . 6 0 . 6 0 . 5
D ea d l oa d on roof i s ca l cu l a t ed on t he proj ect ed a rea ( Fi g . 2 . 1 0 ) :
S el f wei g ht = 0 . 9 x 1 9 . 3 = 1 7 . 5 k N
C l a ddi ng = 0 0 9 x 1 9 . 3 x 6 . 0 = l 0 . 5 k N
T ot a l W d. 2 8 . O k N
D ea d l oa d on wa l l s ( Fi g . 2 . 1 1 ) :
S el f wei g ht = 0 . 9 x 5 . 5 = 5 . 0 k N
C
B
5 . 5
Fi g .
on s i de+ i nt erna l pres s u rc:
W i nd l oa d on 'v a i l 2 . 1 3 ) = 0 . 5 x 1 . 2 0 x 6 . 0 x 5 . 5 = l 5 k N
W i nd pres s u re on roof i s di v i ded i nt o v ert i ca l a nd hori zont a l component s
( Fi g . 2 . 1 4 ) ,
-
-
C a s e
( C ,,. C ,,,) for t ra me memb er
A B B C C D D E
I . W i nd on s i de+ i nI ema t 0 . 5 1 . 4 0 . 6 0 . 4 5
pres s u re
2 . W i nd on s i de + ni ema l 1 . 0 0 . 9 0 . 1 0 ,0 5
s u ct i on
3 . W i nd on end + i nt erna l 0 . 7 0 . 8 0 . 8 0 . 7
pres s u re
4 . W i nd on end + i nt ema l 0 . 2 0 . 3 0 . 3 0 . 2
s u ct i on
Vert i ca l component 1 . 4 x 1 . 2 0 x 6 . 0 't 1 9 . 0 l 9 2 k N
l -l onzont a l component = 1 . 4 x 1 . 2 0 x 6 . 0 x 3 ,4 '= 3 4 k N
S
I
Fi g . 2 . 1 3 Fi g . 2 . 1 4
( I t I
I
C
1 0 D m

I t ma y b e not ed t ha t ca s e 4 i s s i mi l a r t o ca s e 3 , b u t ha s l ower v a l u es a nd ma y
b e di s ca rded.
M emb er l oa ds
I nt erna l pres s u re coeffi ci ent s ( C ,,,) s hou l d b e ob t a i nedt fl , a nd a re t a k en i n
t hi s ex a mpl e a s + 0 . 2 ( ma x i mu m) a nd 0 . 3 ( mi ni mu m) whi ch a re
comb i ned a l g eb ra i ca l l y wi t h t he v a l u es of a b ov e.
Fi g u re 2 . 8 s hows t he i ndi v i du a l pres s u re coeffi ci ent s , a nd Fi g . 2 . 9 s hows
t he v a nou s comb i na t i on ca s es .
a ) W i nd on s i de u I W i nd on end
Fi g . 2 . 8
C l a ddi ng = 0 . 0 9 x 5 . 5 x 6 . 0
T ot a l
= 3 . O l cH
= 8 . O k N
I c) I nt erna l pres s u re I d) l nt t rns l s u ct i on
Fi g . 2 . 9
C a s e I I n + b I C a s e 2 I n + dl C a s e 3 ) b '+ cI C a s e 4 l b + dl
W I
I I I H ( l ) i ) l l I I l
I mpos ed l oa d on roof g i v en on pl a n a rea ( a nd s erv i ces ) ( Fi g . 2 . 1 2 ) :
S now l oa d l Fk = 0 . 7 5 x 1 9 . 0 x 6 . 0 = 8 6 k M






.

I V,













L O A D I N G A N D L O A D C O M B I N A T i O N S
2 5
E a ch





















4 1 d










































1 . 4 1 5 3

2 4 S T R U C T U R A L S T E E L W O R I < D E S I G N T O B S 5 9 5 0










( e) Forces a nd moment s
" C

2 6 S T R U C T U R A L S T E E L W O R I < D E S I G N T O B S 5 9 5 0
L O A D I N G A N D L O A D C O M B I N A T I O N S 2 7
Fi g . 2 . 1 6 B endi ng
moment s
for comb i na t i on
G rou p i

+ 1 . 6 1 1 1 1 5 3 1 5 3 1 7 7 1 7 7 a 4 3 3 1 5 R 4 3
2 . 1 . 4 W ,,
+ I . 4 1 1 ',t 1 3 4 1 1 7 1 9 0 1 1 6 7 1 3 2 3 9 7 1 3
3 . t . 2 1 1 1 ,
+ 1 . 2 0 1
+ I . 2 1 1 '. ,a 2 1 4 8 2 3 8 6 2 5 0 9 5 2 5 6
4 . t . D 0 ',,
1 5 4 ' 1 2 7 2 0 ! 1 2 7 7 6 4 ' 2 5 9 7 6 4

8 2 8 2 1 2 5 1 2 5 5 5 7 1 6 7 5 5 7
W hi l e t hes e ra t t l es a re ma x i ma t oppos i i e ni g s ) l a me g rou p 4 coni b i nomoni t ns 5 9 3 0 ) s i t ma rov er 'pu a a nd
ov ena nt u ng onl y . i i i s u neces s a oy , I rnwev er for a l l t he effect s of a l oa d cornb t na m'nn t o b e eomnnl deeed ( nor a l s o
C ha pi er l 2 )
M a x i mu m a nd mi ni mu m v a l u es ma y b e s el ect ed from t he t a b l e. B endi ng
moment di a g ra ms ma y b e dra wn a s s hown i n Fi g s . 2 . 1 6 a nd 2 . 1 7 .
2 . W i nd L oa di ng
B ri t i s h S t a nda rd I ns t i t u t e C l ') , C ha nt er V. P a rt 2
3 . M ov i ng l oa ds effect s
M a rs ha l l W . T . & N ot i on n. M . ( 1 9 9 0 ) M ov I ng l oa ds
a nd i nfl u ence l i nes , S rns cn,res ,

7 9 i 0 6 . L ong ma n
4 . l i nes
det ermi na t e


















2 5 2
Fi na l l y

1 7 7 1 9 0
2 0 9 2 0 1


ca n ea ch
i t s

S T U D Y R E FE R E N C E S
T opi c






1 3 1
B E A M S I N B U I L D I N G S




e. g . s u pport i ng

g ri d t hes e

f
C M
'H
E '
3 . 1
B E A M S W I T H FU L L L A T E R A L R E S T R A I N T
M a ny

b y

B E A M S W I T H O U T FU L L
R E S T R A I N T
A n

of

whi ch

t I t I
E

I I I





l L I j
B ea m


A

r
3 0 S T R U C T U R A L S T E E L W O R K D E S I G N T O S S 5 9 5 0 1 fl eA . . ,,. . . . . . . a a a . .


= ni ,a A


S I M P L I FI E D P R O C E D U R E S
T he





1 ,0 ( for
cons erv a t i v e 5 9 5 0 a nd




M O M E N T

T he







A i r = py S
I




1
of
i s



fl C U i L t J I I 'i t J 0 O i
L oca l

( a nd
I

B U C K L I N G R E S I S T A N C E ( M E M B E R B U C K L I N G C H E C K )
M emb ers mu s t
a s







I























3 . 7 E X A M P L E 4 . B E A M S U P P O R T I N G C O N C R E T E FL O O R S L A B
( R E S T R A I N E D B E A M )
( a )





r-i
B

7 . 4 i n


.







2
= 0 . 9 0


( c) B M a nd S F




I D

1 0 ) 2 2 3 7
0 . 6









3 2 S T R U C T U R A L S T E E L W O R K D E S I G N T O B S 5 9 5 0







8 . 4
1 8 . 0 m2
5 7

1 2 3





4 2

9 0

a nd

2 5 0

= 1 0
1 4 7
3 1 6

7 4 7 4

3 . O m




S hea r ca pa ci t y
U s i ng




4 . 2 . 3








3 4 S T R U C T U R A L S T E E L W O R I ( D E S I G N T O 8 5 5 9 5 0 1
B E A M S I N B U I L D I N G S 3 5
force i s
k N m









0 . 8 8







= I V,L 3 / 6 0 E 1 ,






























2 9 7 . 0
8 0 . 7


3 9 7 ( 4 . 4
+

=












cl a u s e 4 . 2 . 5

3 9 . 7
S
9 ,
Forces

D i rect i on

res u l t a nt

0
0



3 0 S T R U O 1 U R A L S T E E L W O R K D E S I G N T O S I $ 0 5 0
P
a
fl u




3 . 8 E X A M P L E 5 . B E A M S U P P O R T I N G P L A N T L O A D S
( U N R E S T R A I N E D B E A M )
( a ) D i mens i ons
M u m



B E A M S I N B U I L D I N G S 3 7
( c) B M a nd S F



5 . 4
4 0 . 5
1 . 4 ( 4 . 0



1 . 4 ( 4 . 0 3 9 8

1 9 / 2

F2 1 9 / 2 4 2 2 5 0 4

3 3 5 1 0 0 5




for

2 6 5






5 0 4 / 1 1 5 3 0 . 4 4

0 . 6







C d) S hea r ca pa dt y





0 . 6



1 . 4 1 8 . 8

7 . 2
4 . 5 5 4 . 0
5 0 4
( e) M oment ca pa ci t y



2 6 5 1 2 1 0

= l 0 0 5 / 1 2 1 0 = 0 . 8 3


3 8 S T R U C T U R A L S T E E L W O R K D E S I G N T O I S 5 9 5 0
B E A M S I N B U I L D I N G S 3 0



= 0 . 9 4 ( for fl a ng es )
I
0 . 8 8 6
= nu v A
. 0








j ( A f( x ) / E 1 ) dx




9 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 4 5
1 0 0





5 0 4 / 1 0
0 . 3 7 5 1 3 4
2 2 1 2 1
3 3 8










5 . 0



2 . 7
C
I n
P 3
2 !

L s on
4 . 5 m

.
1 0 4 5
B M di a g ra m


= 2 0 7





0 . 7 6
= oi M A

= 7 6 4 / 9 4 6 0 . 8 1



1 6 1
6 6 8

a s a n








2 5 . 3

l 0 O . 8



1 ( 1 0 0 . 8 2 + 5 0 6 2 )

2 3 0 3
1 1 . 9 i . 0 3 5
1 1 . 9 0 . 4 6 0 1 2 0

R eferences
B owl i ng P . 3 . , K nowl es P . & O wens G . W . ( 3 9 8 8 ) f
S t ru ct u ra l

4 2 0 5 2 .

I ns t a b i l i t y
Va n N os t ra nd R ei nhol d


v ol . L ong a na n
4 0 S T R U C T U R A L S T E E L W O R K D E S I G N T O 9 5 5 9 5 0






6 . 3 . 3 . 3
B ea ri ng ca pa ci t y / b ol t
ca pa ci t y of web pl a t e
x

5 0 . 6
B E A M S I N nU I L D I N G S 4 1











1 1 3 t N
res u l l a nt
4 . 2 . 3

hol es )
= 0 . 9 ( 5 0 0 2 8 2 0 8
S hea r 8 2 0 8 1 3 5 0


R E FE R E N C E S








C onnect i ons









H I


P U R L I N S A N D S i O E R A I L S 4 3












































( b ) L oa di ng
T 9











4 . 2 E X A M P L E 6 . P U R L I N

hi I t J L U i i



L 8 0

6 . 0 x 0 . 1 8 = L O B







norma l











fa ct ors
a nd S F
M a x .
8 . 3



( d) S hea r ca pa ci t y
D es i g n s t reng t hp,. i s g i v en i n T a b l e 1 . 2 a nd for t he s el ect ed pu rl i n s ect i on i s

9 7 5







1 3 0 x









B u ck l i ng
4 4 S T R U C T U R A L S T E E L W O R I ( D E S I G N T O E S 5 9 5 0
Fi g . 4 . 4

P U R L I N S A N D S I D E R A i L S
4 5
C e) M oment ca pa ci t y
T he

b endi ng


7

4 . 2 . 5
A
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 !











Fi N
t . 1 '
1 ,











4 6 S T R U C T U R A L S T E E L W O R K D E S I G N T O E S 5 9 5 0
P U R L I N S A N D S I D E R A I L S 4 7
( g ) s u ct i on
( h) D efl ect i on
T he
for

a

=
3 M 4 . 0 1
4 . 0 1 = 3 . 0 1
i s
0 . 9 9 k N

0 . 7 5


3 0 mm





3 . 0 6 . 0


L n'r, 6 0 0 0 / 2 2 . 4 2 6 8 l es s




a nd
nu v A

1 4 . 5

2 6 8 / 1 4 . 5 3 8

0 . 4 9
0 . 9 0 2

0 . 9 4 l I t






eq u a l
3 0 8 i 4 . O k N m




4 . 3 7 .







not e






A
I A


4 5 S T R U C T U R A L S T E E L W O R K D E S I G N T O E S 5 5 5 0
P I J R U N S A N D S I D E R A I L S 4 9
M a x i mu m

for


l oa d
A s s u me t he s i de

s ect i on

C l a ddi ng
I



= 2 . 5 5 k N



t oa d








Fi g .

p'

4
dps i g n = 2 7 5


i . 4



( I ) D efl ect i on
( c) C a l cu l a t i on

u nfa ct ored




= 5 x 8 . O x





4 . 4
O F M U L T I -S P A N P L J R L I N
S hea r ca pa ci t y
-
t : . i r-,,



. ,; -; -
order

4 . 2 . 3


















or

-.
N A
P U R L I N S A N D S I D E fl A I L S 5 1
5 0 S T R U C T U R A L S T E E L W O R I < D E S I G N T O O S 5 9 5 0
a nd fl ex i b i l i t y du nng s i t e erect i on. For t he pu rl i n des i g ned i n S ect i on 4 . 2 a ( I ) B u ck l i ng res i s t a nce
l eng t h of not more t ha n t wo s pa ns ( 1 2 m) wou l d b e a ccept a b l e ( t hey ca n b e
del i v ered b u ndl ed t og et her t o redu ce fl ex i b i l i t y ) . C onu nrnt y ca n a l s o b e A = 6 0 0 0 / 2 2 . 4 =
a rra ng ed b y U s e of s i t e connect i ons ca pa b l e of t ra ns mi t t i ng b endi ng moment s .
T he fa ct or a i s ob t a i ned from E S t a b l e 1 6 for / 3 = 0 a nd y = . j 0
S u ch connect i ons a re cos t l y t o fa b nca t e a nd t o a s s emb l e a nd a re ra rel y u s ed
a s t he end moment A l a nd s i mpl y s u pport ed moment A l 0 a re eq u a l ( b u t
i n s ma l l s t ru ct u ra l el ement s s u ch a s pu rl i ns a nd s i de ra i l s . U s i ng t he s a me
oppos i t e s i g n) , hence
ex a mpl e a s i n S ect i on 4 . 2 , t he des i g n i s repea t ed for a pu rl i n cont i nu ou s ov er
t wo s pa ns of 6 . 0 m. a 0 . 6 6
i t t = 1 . 0
i t =
D i mens i ons A / x = 2 6 8 / 1 4 . 5 = 1 8 . 5
- where x i s t he t ors i ona l i ndex .
A s S ect i on 4 . 2 ( a ) .
E S t a b l e 0 . 4 9
= 0 . 6 6 x 0 . 9 0 2 '< 0 . 4 9 x 2 6 8 = 7 8
( b ) L oa di ng
E S
A s S ect i on 4 . 2 : a s s u me pu rl i n t ob e 1 5 2 x 7 6 cha nnel , 4 3 s t eel : = 1 7 0 x 1 3 0 x = 2 2 . 1 k N m
= 2 . 8 8 k N

= 2 . 7 1
1 2 . 4 / 2 2 . 1 + 4 . 5 / ( 2 7 5 x 4 1 . 3 x = 0 . 9 6
1 1 'dy = 0 . 9 9 k N
U l t i ma t e l oa d ri ', =
U l t i ma t e l oa d I V,,=
( g ) D efl ect i on
From E x a mpl e 6 . t he i mpos ed l oa d a t s erv i cea b i l i t y l i mi t s t a t e i s
( c) D I I a nd S F

W i t h reference t o Fi g . 4 . 1 2 :
& = x 6 0 0 & / ( l 8 5 x 2 0 5 x 8 5 2 x =
M ,k N m
M a x i mu m u l t i ma t e moment ( a t cent ra l s u ppod)
= 2 . 8 9 k W
\ : > /
5 ' =
= 1 6 . 5 x 6 . 0 / 8 = 1 2 . 4 k N m
D efl ect i on l i mi t G 0 0 0 / 2 0 0 = 3 O mm
1 0 4

F, = 0 . 6 5 x 1 6 . 5 = 1 0 . 4 k W

FI g . 3 . 8 k W
( d) S hea r ca pa ci t y
S hea r force i s l es s t ha n 0 . 6 s hea r ca pa ci t y , a s S ect i on 4 . 1 ( d) .
( e) M oment ca pa ci t y
E S T he 1 5 2 x 7 6 cha nnel i s a compa ct s ect i on ( b / T = hence
5 1 3 0 x 1 0 3 = 3 5 . 8 k N m / v ! '7
= 9 . O k N m

+ 4 . 5 / 9 . 0 = 0 . 8 5
1 s t
c.
C R A N E

i ndu s t ri a l b u i l di ng s hou s e
hea v y i t ems mov ed a s s emb l y ,
fa b nea t i on











C R A N E W H E E L L O A D S
P a rt s T he

a nd

hea v y
a nd



s u rg e
C R A N E G I R D E R S 5 3

wheel
ca rri a g e













of








5 . 2 O v erhea d

0
-c
s o
V
a

a -c

1 1 1 2 cI L )
W L / 4
c/ 4 ) 2 / L




1 v 1 2 o'L )
cfr'
( t w
L / 2




( c) W heel l oa ds

0 . 7 ) / ( 1 5 . 0
0 . 7 ) / ( 1 5 . 0 2 8 . 6
6 7 . S k N
1 9 1 . 4






2 6 / 4 6 . 5
1 . 4 9 . 1


1 5 . 3







3 4 S T R U C T U R A L S T E E L W O R K D E S I G N T O S S 5 9 5 0 .
C R A N E G I R D E R S 3 5
5 . 2 M A X I M U M L O A D E FFE C T S


5 . 3

( a ) D i mens i ons













C
W t 2 c/ L I
-




i k f
B endi ng
5 6 S T R U C T U R A L S T E E L W O R K D E S I G N T O a s S S S O
C R A N E G I R D E R S
5 7
D ea d l oa d du e t o s el f wei g ht
S hea r ca pa ci t y
k N / m)
4 . 2 . 3 D es i g n

mm

N / mm2
6 . 5 = 2 I . 8 k N
i : )
. 1
- S hea r

x pl a t e ( 3 5 k g / nI
:
1 7 9 k g / rn U B
-
( 0
M oment ca pa ci t y
Fi g .
3 . 5 . 5 T he chos en s ect i on ( Fi g .
a pl a s t i c s echon wi t h
b i f B M a nd S F
b i f
= 7 5 . 5 / 1 0 . 4 = 6 . 5
M oment


or c/ 4 ) 2 / L
3 . 5 / 4 ) 2 / 6 . 5
I
= 5 8 1

,
M oment t o dea d l oa d = 2 l . 5 x 6 . 5 / 8 = I B l cN m
M a x .
' j _ _
I
= 5 9 9

4 r.
- - P l a s t i c

FI g .



b e



3 . 5 / 4 ) 2 / 6 . 5

i f

3 . 5 / 6 . 5 )

= 6 7 5 0
3 . 5 / 6 . 5 ) = 1 3 . 3 k N
( for






-
4 = 5 6 0 0 ( 6 1 7 . 5 + 2 0 ) / ( 2 8 4

=

0 0 0 cm4




5 8 S T R U C T U R A L S T E E L W O R I ( D E S I G N T O B S 5 9 5 0 '1 C R A N E G I R D E R S 5 9

i cf= S G 9 O + 2 O


x 9 3 5 0 / ( 3 0 7

cm'


2 3 . 6 / 2 4 3 . 6 / 2 = 6 0 4 mm
t ot a l





-
= 2 6 5 x 6 7 5 0 x
where

I 9 7 O k N m
5 ,,







0 . 4 0
A ct i ng



res i s t a nce



= 1 . 0
t a b l e



l . 2 ( L




1 4


t a b l e











= 6 8 3 / 6 8 9 0 . 9 9

W eb b u ck l i ng
A t







FI g . 5 . 7




1 3 1






n,


3 0 9 = 1 0 mm

FI g . 5 . 9

( i ) W eb b ea ri ng
A t t he web of t he g i rder b e check ed for l oca l
( s ee Fi g . 5 . 1 0 ) . I f neces s a ry , b ea nng s t i ffeners mu s t b e i nt rodu ced t o
prev ent
l oca l cru s hi ng of t he web .
cl a u s e 4 . 1 1 . 5
2 ( 7 5 + 4 3 . 6 +

ca pa ci t y
= 2 7 0 x 1 4 . 1 x 0 . 2 6 5 = I O a 9 k N
M a x i mu m wheel l oa d = 3 8 3 k N
,'\ / 4 5 '
1 5
fl a ng e
\ 4 -pl a t e .
. -x 1 6 . 5
U nder wheel
R oot ol
fi l l et
l i i
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
1 6 . 5
i n 2 . 5
1
A t s u pport

M i ni mu m s t i ff

n2 = ( 2 3 . 6 + l 6 . S ) 2 . S = l O O mm
F1 = 5 7 1
b 1 0 0 = 5 3 mm
b ea nng a t t he s u pport

of 5 3 mm; check
t ha t t he s u pport s t hi s t o prev ent web b ea nng
ca pa ci t y g i rder from b ei ng ex ceeded ( s ee Fi g 5 . 1 0 ) .
D efl ect i on
l oa d ex cl u di ng i mpa ct
1 9 1 . 4 k I N
M a x . defl ect i on for pos i t i on
= a 3 / L 3 ) / 6 E J
a = ( L c) / 2 = l . 5 m
D efl ect i on l i mj t = 6 5 0 0 / 6 0 0 = l O . 8 mm
C R A N E G I R D E R S
forces a re t ra ns mi t t ed t he s u pport i ng b ra ck et b y di rect b ea nng
( Fi g . 5 . 1 1 ) . H ori zont a l -rea ct i ons a re pres ent from
s u rg e l oa d ( 1 3 . 3 k I N ) a nd
hori zont a l b ra k i ng ( 1 5 . 3 k N ) . T he s u rg e l oa d i s t ra ns mi t t ed t o t he col u mn
b y
t he di a phra g m ( Fi g . 5 . 7 ) . T he b ra k i ng force wi l l b c t ra ns mi t t ed b y
nomi na l
b ol t s ; prov i de, s a y t wo M 2 0 b ol t s ( g ra de 4 . 6 ) .
5 . 4
E X A M P L E J O . C R A N E G I R D E R W I T H L A T E R A L R E S T R A I N T
T he des i g n i n S ect i on 5 . 3 ma y b e repea t ed b u t i ncl u di ng
a l a t t i ce res t ra i nt t o
t he compres s i on fl a ng e. I n pra ct i ce s u ch a l a t t i ce g i rder
ma y ha v e b een
prov i ded s peci fi ca l l y for t hi s pu rpos e, or t o s u pport a cces s pl a t forms
or
wa l k wa y s ( Fi g . 5 . 1 2 ) . I n modem U K pra ct i ce i t i s ra rel y economi c t o i ncl u de
s u ch a res t ra i nt i n order t o redu ce t he b ea m s i ze, ex cept
i n hea v y mdu s t na l
b u i l di ng s .
( a ) D i mens i ons
A s S ect i on 5 . 3 .
( b ) L oa di ng
A s S ect i on 5 . 3 ( ma k i ng no correct i on for t he cha ng ed s el f wei g ht ) .
( c) W heel t oa ds
A s S ect i oo 5 . 3 .
C d) B M a nd S F
A s S ect i on 5 . 3 , i . e.
M a x . I t '! , = 5 9 9 k N m ( 6 8 3 k N m when a ct i ng a l one)
M a x . I t '! . , = 1 5 . 8 k N m
( e) S hea r ca pa ci t y
A s ma l l er U B chos en a s res t ra i nt i s A s s u me a
5 3 3 wi t h no pl a t e N ot e i n t he des i g n i n S ect i on
5 . 3 web b ea nng a nd b u ck l i ng were cnt i ca t , hence a rev i s ed s ect i on ha v i ng
a
s i mi l a r web t hi ck nes s i s chos en.
0 0 S T R U C T U R A l . S T E E L W O R K D E B t O N T O E S I B I D
( I t ) C onnect i on

I
- - --
-C
4
6 2
S T R U C T U R A L S T E E L W O R K D E S I G N T O 5 5 5 9 5 0
C R A N E G I R D E R S 6 3
( I ) M oment ca pa ci t y
= O . 6 x 0 . 2 6 5 x 5 4 4 . 6 x 1 2 . 8 = 1 0 8 k N
F'/ P , = 5 7 1 / 1 1 0 8 = 0 . 5 2
T he chos en U S i s a pl a s t i c s ect i on ( b I T = 5 . 0 )
M oment ca pa ci t y A l a =
B u t
S ect i on i s s a t i s fa ct ory .
( h) D efl ect i on
W heel l oa d= 1 9 1 . 4 k N
C a l cu l a t i on a s i n S ect i on 5 . 3 ( j ) g i v es b = 9 . O mm
L i mi t = 6 5 0 0 / 6 0 0 = 1 0 . 5 mm
A s S ect i on 5 . 3 b u t t he l a t t i ce t ra ns mi t s hori zont a l forces t o t he s u pport : hence
t he di a phra g m i s not needed.
T he l a t t i ce g i rder whi ch prov i des res t ra i nt t o t he cra ne g i rder t op fl a ng e i s
l oa ded b y
( i ) t he res t ra i nt force of 1 1 . 4 5 1 1 4 ( 1 3 . 0 6 k N when a ct i ng a l one) whi ch i s
cons i dered t o b e di s t ri b u t ed b et ween t he nodes of t he l a t t i ce;
( i i ) i he s u rg e l oa d of 9 . 1 k N per wheel ( 1 0 . 4 t i N when a ct i ng a l one) .
2 8 . 6 k N i ot a i
I I I I I
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
T he t ru s s i s a na l y s ed b y g ra phi cs , ca l cu l a t i on, or compu t er, g i v i ng memb er
forces a s t a b u l a t ed ( t i N ) :
P a nel i op chord B ot t om chord D i a g ona l P os t
I 0 2 1 . 2 3 0 . 0 0
2 2 1 . 2 3 8 . 3 2 4 . 2 1 7 . 1
3 3 8 . 3 5 1 . 3 1 8 . 4 1 3 ,0
4 5 1 . 3 5 1 . 0 0 . 3 0 . 3
5 4 6 . 6 5 1 . 0 6 . 1 0
6 3 8 1 4 6 ,6 1 1 . 9 4 . 3
7 2 5 . 7 3 8 . 2 1 1 . 7 8 ,4
8 0 2 5 . 7 3 6 . 3 1 2 . 5
9
0
T he a ppl i ed forces ma y a ct m ei t her di rect i on a nd hence t he memb er forces
ma y b e ei t her t ens i on or compres s i on. D es i g ni ng t he chord memb ers for a
compres s i on of 5 1 . 3 t i N ; u s e a 3 5 x 4 5 x 6 eq u a l a ng l e
A L 5 I r,,. t . 0 x 8 1 3 / 8 . 6 7 9 4
p
t he di a g ona l s for a compres s i on of 3 6 . 2 t i N u s i ng t he s a me s i ng l e
a ng l e:
E ffect i v e

A = 1 1 5 0 / 8 . 6 7 = 1 3 3
= 8 3 N / mm2

cl a u s e 1 . 2 . 3
S hea r ca pa ci t y p5 =
( I ) C onnect i on
( j ) L a t t I ce
6 2 3 mm
= 0 . 2 6 5 x 3 2 0 0 = 8 4 9 k N m
= I . 2 p,4
= 1 . 2 x 0 . 2 6 5 x 2 7 9 9 = 8 9 0 k N m
= 6 8 3 / 8 4 9 = 0 . 8 0
cl a u s e 4 ,3 . 2 T he effect of t he l a t era l moment M ,. i s cons i dered l a t er i n pa rt U ) i n
comb i na t i on wi t h a res t ra i nt force eq u a l 1 0 2 . 5 % of t he fl a ng e force. N ot e t ha t
t he v a l u e of 1 % t n t he i ni t i a l v ers i on b f cl a u s e 4 . 3 . 2 wa s cons i dered l ob e t oo
s ma l l .
Fl a ng e force ma y b e es t i ma t ed a s : 5 9 9 / 0 . 5 2 3 = 1 1 4 5 t i N ( 1 3 0 6 t i N when
a ct i ng a l one) ; s ee Fi g . 5 . 1 3 .
R es t ra i nt force = 2 8 . 6 t i N ( 3 2 . 6 t i N when a ct i ng a l one)
Fi g
( g ) W eb b u ck l i ng / b ea ri ng
M i ni mu m s t i ff b ea nng l eng t h a i s u pport t o res i s t rea ct i on of 5 7 1 t i N .
ft
5 4 4 . / 2 2 7 2 mm
A = 2 . 5 x 4 7 7 / l 2 . 8 9 3
E S t a b / e 2 7 c
P r = 1 3 4 N / mm2
M m. b ea nng l eng t h b , = 5 7 1 / ( 1 2 . 8 x O . 1 3 4 )
2 7 2 = 6 1 mm
n,= ( 2 l . 3 +

T herefore, a s t i ff b ea nng l eng t h of a t l ea s t 8 4 ru i n i s needcd a t t he s u pport s t o
g i v e a deq u a t c b ea ri ng s t reng t h for t he g i rder.

9 . 1 1 N 9 . 1 I N
4 5 .
8 b a y s a t 8 1 3 . 5 mm
E S t a b l e 2 7 c C ompres s i on res i s t a nce = A g P r
= 5 . 0 9 x l 3 5 x
E S t a b l e 2 7 c
6 4
S T R U C T U R A L S T E E L W O R I < D E S I G N T O B S 5 9 5 0
T he b a s i c l a t t i ce memb er i s t herefore a 4 5 x 4 5 x 6 eq u a l a ng l e a nd mi g ht
b e
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
fa b nca t ed a s a wel ded t ru s s . For a more det a i l ed cons i dera t i on of
t ru s s des i g n
reference s hou l d b e ma de t o C ha pt ers 6 a nd 1 2 .

C
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
S T U D Y R E FE R E N C E S
T opi c


-
I . l oa di ng
5 5 6 3 9 9 D es i g n
I : D ea d
2 . C ra ne t y pes U S P a rt R u l es

" '4 '
des i g n

- -
T ru s s es a nd l a t t i ce g i rders a re fa b ri ca t ed from t he
v a ri ou s s t eel s ect i ons
3 . I nfl u ence l i nes
M a rs ha l l W . T . & N el s on E L M . ( 1 9 9 0 ) M ov i ng l oa ds
'

j oi ned t og et her b y wel di ng orb y b ol t i ng u s u a l l y
v i a g u s s et
a nd i nfl u ence l i nes , S nct u res , 7 9 1 0 6 .
( connect i ng ) pl a t es . G enera l l y t he t ru s s es a ct i n
one pl a ne a nd a re u s u a l l y 4 . I nfl u ence l i nes
C oa t es R ,C . , C ou t i e M . G . & K ong F. K . ( 1 9 8 8 )
,
des i g ned a s pi n-J oi nt ed fra mes , a l t hou g hs ome
ma mmemb ers ma y b e des i g ned M u el l er-B res l a u s pnnci pl e. M odel a na l y s i s , S t ru ct u ra :
a s cont i nu ou s . W here memb ers l i e i n t hree di mens i ons t he t ru s s
i s i ca own a s a
A na l y s t s ,
1 2 7 3 1 . Va n N os u nnd
s pa ce
T ru s s es a nd l a t t i ce g i rders a re pa rt i cu l a rl y s u i t ert
t o l ong s pa ns , a s 5 . I nfl u ence l i nes W a ng C . K .
t hey ca n b e ma de t o a ny ov era l l dept h, a nd
a re commonl y u s ed i n b ri dg e det en-ni na t e b ea ms , J nt ennedi a t e
cons t ru ct i on, I n b u i l di ng s t hey ha v e pa rt i cu l a r a ppl i ca t i on for roof
s t ru ct u res ,
pp. M cG ra w-H i l l
a nd for memb ers s u pport i ng hea v y l oa ds
from fl oors a b ov e) a nd for 6 . P l a s t i c modu l u s
M a rs ha l l W . T . & N el s on H . M . ( 1 9 9 0 ) P l a i hc b endi ng ,
memb ers ha v i ng l ong er s pa ns ,
S t ru ct u res ,
L ong ma n
T he u s e of a g rea t er ov era l l dept h l ea ds t o
a l a rg e s a v i ng i n wei g ht of s t eel
7 . P l a s t i c modu l u s
H ome M A t . , & M orri s L . a . ( 1 9 8 l ) P l a s t i c
compa red wi t h a u ni v ers a l b ea m. T hi s s a v i ng of ma t ena l
cos t ca n offs et t he L ow-R i s e
ex t ra fa b nca t i on cos t s i n cert a i n ca s es ,
8 . W eb b u ck l i ng a nd
D owl i ng P A . . K nowl es P . & O wens G . W . ( 1 9 8 8 )
b ea ri ng S t ru ct u ra l C ons t ru ct i on I ns t i t u t e
9 . D efl ect i on formu l a e
( 1 9 9 2 ) D es i g n t heory , S t eel M a nu a l
pp. 1 0 2 6 5 0 . B l a ck -wel l
6 . 1
T Y P E S O F T R U S S A N D T H E I R U S E
A s el ect i on
of roof t ru s s es i s s hown i n Fi g . 6 . I , where rhe roof s l opes
a nd
s pa ns di ct a t e t he s ha pe of t he t ru s s a nd t he l a y ou t of t he memb ers . H i pped
t ru s s es a re u s ed for s ma l l s pa ns , economi ca l l y
u p t o G m, t he l a t t i ce g i rders
for medi u m s pa ns , a nd t he ma ns a rd for l a rg e
s pa ns . S u ch t ru s s es a re l i g ht l y
l oa ded b y s now a nd wi nd l oa d, t og et her wi t h
a s ma l l a l l owa nce for s erv i ces .
I t i s u nu s u a l for l i fl i ng fa ci l i t i es t o b e s u pport ed from
t he roof t ru s s es . T he
.
res u l t i ng memb er a nd connect i on s i zes
a re t herefore rel a t i v el y s ma l l .
H ea v y t ru s s es ma y b e u s ed i n mu l t i -s t orey b u i l di ng s
where col u mn l oa ds
from di e fl oors a b ov e need t o b e ea rned. E x a mpt es of t hes e
a re s hown i n Fi g .
6 . 2 . T ru s s es of t hi s
v ery hea v y l oa ds , a nd a re s i mi l a r i n l a y ou t a nd
memb er s i ze t o b ri dg e s t ru ct u res .
A common met hod of prov i di ng s t a b i l i t y t o
a b u i l di ng , whet her s i ng l e or
mu l t i -s t orey , i s t o u s e a n a rra ng ement of b ra ci ng
memb ers . T hes e a re
es s ent i a l l y formed i nt o a t ru s s a nd ca ny t he hori zont a l l oa ds ,
s u ds a s wi nd, t o
-x
t he fou nda t i ons b y a ct i ng a s honzont a l a nd v ert i ca l
fra mewori cs . E x a mpl es
a re s hown i n Fi g . 6 . 3 . B ra ci ng i s cons i dered i n more dei a i l i n C ha pt er
t O , a nd
g ra phi ca l l y i l l u s t ra t ed i n C ha pt ers 1 2 a nd 1 3
i n t erms of t he ov era l l s t a b i l i t y
\ of s i ng l e s t orey b u i l di ng s
9 ,'

6 6 S T R U C T U R A L S T E E L W O R I ( D E S I G N T O 0 5 5 9 5 0 T R U S S E S 6 7
















or






node

= s 2 / r,,
for

p
l i pped
a
l a t i mee
p
M a ns a rd

" 4


A N D A N A L Y S I S



t

1 : ; ?
6 8 S T R U C T U R A L S T E E L W O R I ( D E S I G N T O 8 5 5 9 5 0
N oda l cent res
I . ci

B ot t om chord b ra ci ng cent res
T R U S S E S 6 9
VI
D ou b l e
a ng l e
R H S
A ma x i mu m
s ,/ m1 ,.
a t
0 . 7
VI
U
S i ng l e
eng t e
: 4 1
1 1
l i i i









s hou l d



not ex ceed 1 8 0












C O M P R E S S I oN R E S I S T A N C E
T he
























T E N S I O N C A P A C I T Y
T he



















D ou b i e
'
- a ng l e

A = ma x i mu m a t
or


U
S i ng l e
a ng l e


7 0 S T R U C T U R A l . S T E E L W O R K D E S I G N T O 5 5 5 9 5 0
1
T R U S S E S 7 1

a rc req u i red t o j oi n one memb er t o a not her ( i nt erna l j oi nt s ) , a nd
t o t ru s s t o t he res t of t he b u i l di ng ( ex t erna l j oi nt s ) .
of connect i on a re u s ed:
b ol t i ng t o a g u s s et pl a t e
o wel di ng t o a g u s s et pl a t e
wel di ng memb er t o memb er
E x a mpl es of t hes e a re s hown a n Fi g . 6 . 6 . T he choi ce of connect i on t y pe i s
oft en ma de b y t he fa b nca t or, a nd wi l l depend on t he a v a i l a b l e eq u i pment ,
wi t h wel di ng b ecomi ng more economi ca l t he l a rg er t he nu mb er of t ru s s a nd
memb er repet i t i ons .
I dea l l y , memb ers s hou l d b e connect ed s o t ha t cent roi da t a x es ( or b ol t
cent re l i nes i n t he ca s e of a ng l es or t ees ) meet a t a poi nt ( Fi g . 6 . 6 ) . i f t hi s
ca nnot b e a chi ev ed, t hen b ot h memb ers a nd connect i on mu s t b e des i g ned
from t he eccent ri ci t y . i n ma ny ea s es t he g u s s et pl a t e 'v i i i not l i e i n t he pl a ne
of t he memb er cent roi da l a x es , b u t s t res s es du e t o t hi s eccent ri ci t y a re
i g nored i n cons t ru ct i on u s i ng a ng l es , cha nnel s a nd t ees ( cl a u s e 4 . 7 . 6 c) .
D es i g n of t he b ol t s or wel ds fol l ows conv ent i ona l met hods t 3 4 ) . B ol t s
( g i -a de 4 . 6 or 8 . 8 ) mu s t b e des i g ned for b ot h s hea r s t res s a nd b ea nng s t res s
( s ee S ect t on 3 . 7 g ) . Fri ct i on g ri p fa s t eners ma y b e u s edt S ) , b u t a re not u s u a l l y
economi c u nl es s b ol t s l i p i s u na ccept a b l e. D es i g n s t res s es m t he g u s s et ma y
b e check ed a s a s hort b ea m wi t h a comb i ned a x i a l l oa d. S u ch des i g n i s not
rea l i s t i c howev er, a nd i t i s s u ffi ci ent t o check t he di rect s t res s ot i l y a t t he end
of t he memb er ( Fi g . 6 . 7 ) , on a n a rea b x r a s s hown.
M i ni mu m b ol t s i ze i s u s u a l l y 1 6 mm, a nd mi ni mu m g u s s et pl a t e t hi ck nes s
i s 6 mm ( i nt erna l ) or 8 nu n ( ex pos ed) .
0 . 7 0 . 7
Fi g . 6 . 9 U s ng i nt erna l a nd ex t erna l pres s u re coeffi ci ent s g i v en i n reference ( 6 ) , t he
wors t ca s e for wi nd l oa di ng on t he roof s l ope i s t he ca s e 'wi nd on end pl u s
i nt erna l pres s u re ( Fi g . 6 . 9 ) . T hi s g i v es a n ou t wa rd pres s u re of
( 0 . 7 0 . 2 ) 0 . 6 8 = 0 . 6 i k N / m2
N ot e mu s t b e t a k en of t he effect s of t he s l ope on t he v a l u es nf ea ch l oa d a s
a ppropna t e s cc S ect i on 2 . 7 ( d) a nd Fi g . 6 . 1 0 ) .
S t res s =
H i
_ _ _ _ _ -t
/
G u s s et pl a t e
a t
6 . 7 E X A M P L E I I . R O O F T R U S S W I T H S L O P I N G R A FT E R
( a ) D i mens i ons
( S ee Fi g . 6 . 8 . )
B ol t ed t o g u s s ei pl a t e W et ded memb er t o memb er
Fi g . 6 . 6 C onnect i on det a i l s
ca p j oi nt t b ot t edl
S pa n of t ru s s
R i s e of t ru s s
R oof s l ope
T ru s s s pa ci ng
R a ft er l eng t h
FI g . 6 . 7 G u s s et pl a t e s t res s
Fi g . 6 . 8 R oof t ru s s
1 6 . 0 m
3 . 2 m
2 1 . 8
4 . 0 m
8 . 6 2 m
1 6 . 0 m
( b ) L oa di ng
C l a ddi ng / i ns u l a t i on
R oof t ru s s s el f wei g ht ( es t i ma t ed)
S now/ s erv i ces
W i nd pres s u res ( q )
0 . 1 2 k N / m2
8 . 0 k N
0 . 7 5 k N / s n2
0 . 6 8 k N / m2

D ea d t oa d on

l oa d on ra ft er










7 2 S T R U C T U R A L S T E E L W O R I ( D E S I G N T O E S 5 9 5 0






T R U S S E S 7 3
( c) T ru s s forces ( dea d)
N oda l forces

t he
ra ft er proport i ona l t o t he noda l ( Fi g . 6 . 1 1 ) .
A na l y s i s


= 9 . 4 8 / 4 2 . 3 7 I N
= 2 4 . 0 1 4 = 6 . O O l cN
N oda l l orces
Fi g . 6 . 1 1
( d) T ru s s forces ( i mpos ed)
T he a s
forces a re
T ru s s forces ( wi nd)
W i nd t he t ru s s a s s hown 6 . 1 2 )
res u l t s t he t a b l e:
2 7 ,0 / 4 = 5 2 5
6 . 1 2
- C ompres s i on




S M I n ra ft er
A s s u mi ng




( g ) R a ft er
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
M a x . F

U s e

s pa ci ng







a nd cl a u s e 4 . 1 0

i ',,

( for





3 . 5 . 3

= 8 0 / 8










4 . 2 . 5 M oment



M emb er M emb er forces du e t o:
D ea d
l oa d
I mpos ed
l oa d
W i nd
l oa d




I
2
3

2 0 . 6













5 2 . t













4 6 . 7













1 1 2 . 2



























7 4 S T R U C T U R A L S T E E L W O R i < D E S I G N T O E S 5 9 5 0
T R U S S E S 7 5
( h) B ot t om chord des i g n
M a x = 1 I 3 . 0 k N
M a x 3 9 . 2

a rea + a ,)
a i = ( L t 1 2 ) t D t
= 1 7 5 3 ) 6 2 2 x
one ca l cu l a t i ng
= 1 5 0 3 ) 6 = 2 8 2 mm'



2



r,, 2 1 ,4 mm
A ,,, = 4 6 4 0 / 2 1 . 4 = 2 1 7
A r






1 4 . 4 x 3 4

( memb er 1 0 )

C ompres s i v e 1 2 5

= 6 . 9 1
S ect i on i s
C onnect i on
=

1 0 8
=





s a t i s fa ct ory .


= 2 8 2
4 ,3 ,8 B u ck l i ng
4
= 0 . 8

4 . 8 . 3 . 3 F/ A c

+ mM J A I ,, 3 . 0

4 . 6 . 3 . 2









'9

t a b l e 2 7 c





1 0 S T R U C T U R A L S T E E L W O ffi ( D E S I G N T O E S 5 0 3 0
-i * S M
T R U S S E S 7 7
x
N / mm2 )








fa b nca t i on s a y , or






( a ) D i mens i ons


( c)
( d)
T ru s s forces




Force

M emb er Force

Force
I
3
4
1 8 8
3 2 2
4 0 2
4 2 9
5
6
7
8


3 7 5
4 2 9

1 5

1 5 2
-1 4 4



3 8
3 8

B M i n t op chord






1 . 6 0


1 . 4 W ,,

3 4 . l mm






x x





? S
4 2 9 / ( 2 0 . 9 x x







6 . 8
E X A M P L E 1 2 . L A T T I C E G I R D E R





( b ) L oa di ng
T i mb er fl oor


( e)

T op chord
0 . 5 k N / m2


= 1 3 . 4 x



cl a u s e 4 . 8 . 3 . 2

= P J ,s
= 2 7 5
7 8 S T R U C T U R A L S T E E L W O R I ( D E S I G N T O E S 5 9 5 0
T R U S S E S 7 9
( I ) chord 2 . a na l y s i s C oa t es ft C . , C ou t i e M . G . & K ong ( 1 9 8 8 )
A na l y s i s of pl a ne t ru s s es , S t ru ct u ra l A ,i a / v s i s pp. 4 I s I
Va n N os t ra nd R ei nhol d
t v l a x . t ens i on F= 4 2 9 k N
3 . B ol t des i g n 1 1 9 9 1 ) S t eel s rork D es i g n v ol . 4 , pp. 1 0 1 1 1 0 / I D S t eel
U s e 9 0 x 9 0 x S R I I S C ons t ru ct i on I ns t i t u t e
T ens i on ca pa ci t y P A , p,
1 6 . 9 x 2 7 5 x 1 0 ' = 4 6 5
4 . W el di ng
1 1 9 9 1 ) S i eel i s 'ork D es i g n v ol . 4 , pp. 1 1 / 1 1 1 1 1 5 S t eel
C ons t ru ct i on i ns t i t u t e
5 . Fri ct i on g a p b ol t s ( 1 9 9 1 ) S t eel work D es i g o v ol . 4 . pp. l O l l I D / t O S t eel
S ect i on i s s a t i s fa ct ory .
C ons t ru ct i on I ns t i s u i c
6 . W i nd pres s u re O S 6 3 9 9 D es i g n L oa di ng for B u i l di ng s
( g ) D i a g ona l
coeffi ci ent s P a n 2 : W i nd l oa ds ( 1 9 9 5 )
C hord
I
T ru s s defl ect i on M a rs ha l l W . T . & N el s on H . M . ( 1 9 9 0 ) D efl ect i on of
S l ru et u res , S t n: c: u res , pp. 2 7 3 9 8 . L ong ni a n
( S ee Fi g . 6 . 1 7 . )
I
S T ru s s defl ect i on W a ng C . K . ( 1 9 8 3 ) T he met hod, J nt ennedi a t e
N \
M a x . compres s i on F = 1 5 2 k N , S ; ni cni ra l A na l y s i s , pp 9 3 9 9 . P erg a ns on
M a x . t ens t on = l I 4 k N I
Vi rt u a l work l % l a rs l t a l l W . T . & N el s on 1 1 . M . ( 1 9 9 0 ) Vi rt u a l work
/ U s eS O x 5 O x 3 . 2 R H S
a nd energ y t s nnct pl es , S t ru ct u res , pp S O t ) t . L ong ns a i s
Fi g . 6 . 1 7
= 1 9 . 1 t ru s s
t O . Vi rt u a l work
C oa t es ft C . , C oi s t i e M C . & K ong F. K . ( 1 9 8 8 )
S l endernes s A = 0 . 7 L 4 '5 = 0 . 7 x 5 0 0 / 1 9 . 1 eos 4 S ' = 2 6
A ppl i ca t i ons of t he pnnet pl e of v i nu a l work , S t ni ci u ra i
B S t a b l e 2 7 a C ompres s i v e s t reng t h p. = 2 6 9 N / mm2
A na l y s i s , pp. 1 3 4 I S Va n N os t ra nd R ei nhol d
C ompres s i on res i s t a nce
= A g P r
I I . C onnect i on of P 1 4 5 C I D E C T ( 1 9 8 5 ) W el ded j oi nt s . C ons rnzcri on u 'i t h
= 5 . 9 4 x 2 6 9 x I 0 " = 1 6 0
H ol l ow S t eel S ect i ons , pp. I 2 9 -4 2 , B ri t i s h S l eet
T ens i on res i s t a nce P , = 5 . 9 4 x 2 7 5 x I D _ i = 1 6 3 l eN
C or i ornt t on T u b es D i v i s i on
S ect i on i s s a t i s fa ct ory .
( h) C onnect i ons
A l l wel ded j oi nt s wi t h eont mu ou s 4 mm wel ds .
W el d l eng t h = 2 ( S 0 + 5 0 / eos 4 S ) = 2 4 1 mm
cl a u s e 6 . 6 . 5 . 1 D es i g n s t reng t h P w = 2 1 5 N / nu n2
W el d res i s t a nce = 0 ,7 x 4 x 2 4 1 x 2 1 5 = 1 4 5 k N
T he ma x i mu m forces whi ch ma y b e t ra ns mi t t ed b et ween hol l ow s t eel
s ect i ons a re more compl ex a nd det a i l ed references ma y b e cons u l t ed i f
req u s redt i U
A s i n S ect i on 6 . 7 , t he nu mb er of s ect i on s i zes wou l d b e l i mi t ed i n pra ct i ce,
wi t h t he a l l owa b l e v a na t i on i n memb er s i zes dependi ng on t he deg ree of
repet i t i on ex pect ed.
S T U D Y R E FE R E N C E S
T opi c
M a rs ha l l W . T . & N el s on H . M . of
det ermi na t e s t ru ct u res , S t ru ct u res , pp. 1 0 1 9 .
L ong ma n.
rrh
1 7 1
S I M P L E

C ol u mns ,

s i ng l e








des i g n

a dopt ed

-'i
. e
T Y P E S
T y pi ca l



ha v i ng

connect i ons
C ol u mns

t he
moment s

where

S t . &
S I M P L E A N D C O M P O U N D C O L U M N S
8 1
I L i C
U C

L a ced






















1
ns A






8 2 S T R u C T U R A L S T E E L W O A K D E S I G N T O O S 5 9 5 0
J S I M P L E A N D C O M P O U N D C O L U M N S 8 3

l eng t h
7 . 3 S L E N D E R N E S S
S l endernes s i s i v en b y :
A = L s / r
where L . g = effect i v e l eng t h
r = ra di u s of g y ra t i on
T he effect i v e l eng t h of a col u mn i s dependent on t he res t ra i nt condi t i ons a t
ea ch end. I f perfect pi n connect i ons ex i s t t hen eq u a l s t he a ct u a l l eng t h. I n
pra ct i ce, b ea m t y pe memb ers connect ed t o t he end of a col u mn, a s wel l a s
g i v i ng pos i t i ona l res t ra i nt , prov i de v a ry i ng deg rees of end res t ra i nt from
v i rt u a l l y fu l l fi x i t y t o nea rl y pi nned.
1 3 5 t a b l e 2 4 i ndi ca t es i n b roa d t erms t he nomi na l effect i v e l eng t h of a
col u mn memb er, prov i ded t he des i g ner ca n defi ne t he a mou nt of pos i t i ona l
a nd rot a t i ona l res i ra i nt a ct i ng on t he col u mn i n q u es t i on- T he v a nou s cl a s s es
of end fi x i t y a l l u ded t o i n 8 5 t a b l e 2 4 repres ent a cru de cl a s s i fi ca t i on, a s
i ndi ca t ed i n Fi g . 7 . 4 . T he nomi na l effect i v e l eng t hs t end t o b e l ong er t ha n
t hos e ob t a i ned u s i ng t he E u l er v a l u es a s t hey t a k e cog ni za nce of pra ct i ca l
condi t i ons : t ha t i s , t here i s no s u ch condi t i on a s pi nned' ( u nl es s a pi n i s
del i b era t el y ma nu fa ct u red, whi ch wou l d b e cos t l y ) or 'fi x ed'. T herefore,
t a k i ng t he ca s e ha v i ng b ot h ends 'fi x ed', i n rea l i t y t he ends wou l d ha v e s ome
fl ex i b i l i t y ; hence a v a l u e of 0 . 7 , ra t her t ha n t he i dea l i zed E u l er v a l u e of 0 . 5 , i s
u s ed. A l t hou g h t hes e v a l u es i n 1 3 5 t a b l e 2 4 a re a deq u a t e for col u mn memb ers
i nmu l t i -s t orey b u i l di ng s des i g ned b y t he s i mpl e des i g n' met hod, a more
a ccu ra t e a s s es s ment i s prov i ded b y s ect i on 5 . 7 a nd a ppendi x E of 1 3 5 5 9 5 0 :
P a rt I for col u mns i n ng i d' fra mes ( cont i nu ou s cons t ru ct i on) .
T he res t ra i nt prov i ded ma y b e di fferent a b ou t t he t wo col u mn a x es , a nd i n
pra ct i ce i n s t eel work fra mes t hi s wi l l g enera l l y b et he ca s e. T he effect i v e
l eng t hs i n t he t wo pl a nes wi l l t herefore g enera l l y b e di fferent , a nd s o wi l l b e
t he s l endernes s a nd A ,. ) . For a x i a l l y l oa ded col u mns t he compres s i v e
s t reng t h P . i s s el ect ed from 1 3 5 t a b l es 2 7 a t o 2 7 d for b ot h v a l u es of
s l endernes s , a nd t he l ower s t reng t h i s u s ed i n t he des i g n, i rres pect i v e of a x i s .
T he effect i v e l eng t h of a col u mn i n a s i ng l e-s i orey fra me i s di ffi cu l t t o
a s s es s from cons i dera t i ons of fi x i t y a s i n Fi g . 7 . 4 a nd hence 1 3 5 5 9 5 0 : P a rt I
g i v es t hes e s peci a l cons i dera t i on. C l a u s e 4 . 7 . 2 c a nd a ppendi x D l s hou l d b e
u s ed for t hes e ca s es .
I t i s es s ent i a l t o ha v e a rea l i s t i c a s s es s ment of effect i v e l eng t h, b u t i t
s hou l d b e rea l i zed t ha t t hi s a s s es s ment i s not preci s e a nd i s open t o deb a t e,
a nd cons eq u ent l y i t i s not rea s ona b l e t o ex pect hi g hl y a ccu ra t e s t reng t h
predi ct i ons i n col u mn des i g n. I nt erpol a t i on b et ween t he v a l u es i n 8 5 t a b l e
2 4 mi g ht produ ce more a ccu ra t e es t i ma t es , b u t s u ch i nt erpol a t i on nms t refl ect
t he a ct u a l res t ra i nt condi t i ons .
7 . 4 B E N D I N G A N D E C C E N T R I C I T Y
I n a ddi t i on t o a x i a l compres s i on, col u mns wi l l u s u a l l y b e s u b j ect ed t o moment s
du e t o honzont a l l oa di ng a nd ecceni nci t y of connect i ot i s ca rry i ng v ert i ca l
l oa ds . T he t y pes of l oa d t ha t ca n occu r a re s u ni ma nzed i n Fi g . 7 . 5 i n whi ch:
i s t he v ert i ca l l oa d from a roof t ru s s , t a k en a s a ppl i ed
concent nca l l y ( cl a u s e 4 . 7 . 6 a f2 ) )
( V5 a re honzoni a l l oa ds du e t o wi nd, a ppl i ed b y s i de ra i l s
a nd a re t he cra ne g a nt ry t oa ds , a ppl i ed t hrou g h a
b ra ck et a t a k nown eccent ri ci t y
i s t he s el f wei g ht of t he col u mn/ s heei t ng
W E i s t he res u l t a nt force ea rned t hrou g h t he t ms s b ot t om chord
I n s i ng i e-s t orey col u mn a nd t ru s s s t ru ct u res l oa d occu rs whenev er t he
col u mns ca rry u neq u a l honzont a l l oa t h or u neq u a l moment s . Va l u es of t he
res u l t a nt force for di fferent a rra ng ement s of honzont a t l oa di ng a rc s hown i n
Fi g . 7 . 6 .
I n ca s es s u ch a s mos t b ea m/ col u mn connect i ons where. eccent nct i y i s not
k nown preci s el y , cl a u s e 4 . 7 . 6 s t a t es t ha t a v a l u e of 1 0 0 mm from t he col u mn
fa ce ( fl a ng e or web a s a ppropna t e) s hou l d b e u s ed.
For t he des i g n of a col u mn u nder a t oa d s y s t em s u ch a s t ha t s hown i n
Fi g . 7 . 5 , l oa d fa ct ors y j mu s t he i ncl u ded i n t he. ca l cu l a t i ons , E a ch l oa d ma y
compns e one or more l oa d t y pes , e. g . l oa d W 5 wi l t b e wi nd l oa d onl y , whi l e
W 4 ma y cons i s t of dea d l oa d, i mpos ed a nd wt nd l oa d. \ Vhen t oa ds a re a ppl i ed
i n comb i na t i on, di fferent l oa d fa ct ors ma y b e req u i red for ea ch l oa d g rou p
( s ee C ha pt er 2 ) . U nl i k e s i mpl e l oa d ca s es , i t wi l l no l ong er b e cl ea r whi ch
comb i na t i on produ ces t he hi g hes t a x i a l forces a nd mb ment s . C ompl ex l oa d
ca s es , a s s hown t a Fi g . 7 . 5 , ma y req u t re a l l pos s i b l e comb i na t i ons t o b e
ex a mi ned, a l t hou g h wi t h ex penence t hree or fou r wors t a rra ng ement s ma y b e
s el ect ed. T he b es t wa y of ex a mi ni ng t he effect s of a l l or s ome comb i na t i ons
i s t he u s e of ma i nces . M a t nx ma ni pu l a t i on s hou l d b e a rra ng ed i n t he
fol l owi ng ma nner
U nfa ct ored l oa d ma t ri x = [ I F]
L oa d fa ct or/ comb i na t i on ma t ri x
[ y j ]
Fa ct ored l oa d ma t nx [ W ,] = [ I P ] x [ y 4
A x i a l force a nd moment coeffi ci ent ma t nx e]
A x i a l force a nd moment ma t nx [ F4 u 1 = [ 1 V7 ] T
I a ]
T hi s ma t nx met hod i s demons t ra t ed i n S ect i on 7 . 7 .
4 !
'i i
W A
'4 '
W c
t
'T V
7 . 5 C ol u mn t oa ds
P i nned Fi x ed
P a rt i a l
res t ra i nt i n
di rect i on
0 1
Free I n
pos i t i on

S 'T E E L W O R K D E S I G N T O E S 6 5 3 0
S I M P L E
C O M P O U N D C O L U M N S 8 5
L oa di ng W ;
7 . 6 O VE R A L L B U C K L I N G
( W I + W 2 )
T he


w2
ov era l l















1 1



i s



M ,l






L O C A L C A P A C I T Y
7 . 7 E X A M P L E
FO R I N D U S T R I A L B U I L D I N G
A t












































8 6 S T R U C T U R A L S T E E L W O R I < D E S I G N T O 8 5 5 9 5 0 C O M P O U N D C O L U M N S 8 7





D ea d




T he

1 0 . 2


1 . 2







, i v ,,, i v _
t V4
; s '3

1 . 4







I V,, 1 . 2
i . 6

1 . 4

Fa ct ored l oa di ng

x








W 4
. <
W c

; W v c


c

a

T L
( d)
- ( c) L oa d fa ct ors a nd comb i na t i ons
cl a u s e




3 7 6

j 1 2


a . 4

1 9
4 6 1
2 6 . 0
1 2
6 6
E l 9 .
8 8 S T R U C T U R A L S T E E L W O R K D E S I G N T O 0 5 5 9 6 0
( e) C oeffi ci ent s
B endi ng b y









4 1
S I M P L E A N D C O M P O U N D C O L U M I I S
8 9



0 . 0 0 . 0





J Y 0 c

1 2 5
0
8 7 . .
( g ) L oca l ca pa ci t y
1






( 7 . 5 / 2 ) = 2 . 8 1 W 4





B M a nd a x i a l force
A s




1 7 . 9 )








0 . 3 2






b u ck l i ng
For compres s i v e s t reng t h, t he s l endernes s A i s b a s ed






1 0 9

9 0 S T R U C T U R A L S T E E L W O R I c D E S I G N T O S S 5 9 5 0
U s e of
x
E S t a b l es 1 6 , 1 7

1 1
a x i s
,t ,. L s / r,, =

= 7 . 7

1 4 v =

( I )




1 3 n= 1 ,0 ,


E S ra b l e i S
P = 4 9 / 1 2 5 = 0 . 3 9
i n = 0 . 7 2
A L T
i i i t VA

1 1

1 8

FI A C P C o& A I X I M b


=
$ = 4 0 / 1 4 2 =


b u ck l i ng 4 4 6



1 3 ,n= t O , < 1 . 0 ,



E X A M P L E 4 . L A C E D C O L U M N FO R I N D U S T R I A L B U I L D I N G
( a ) D i mens i ons
P nnci pa l

( b ) L oa di ng
A s
C omb i ned force a nd S M







( d) L oca l ca pa ci t y



1 4 . 2 ) 2 7 5
S i M P L E A N D C O M P O U N D C O L U M N S 9 1
$ = 8 6 / 3 8 1 = 0 . 2 3


= 0 . 7 1




0 . 4



9 2 S T R U C T U R A L S T E E L W O R I C D E S I G N T O O S 5 9 5 0
S I M P L E A N D C O M P O U N D C O L U M N S 9 3
M oment of
( 1 )
= 2 ( 3 3 7 4 7 5 x 4 0 2 ) c= 1 5 2 6 7 0 cm4
Z = 1 5 2 6 7 0 / 5 5 = 2 7 7 6 cm
M a x force i n di a g ona l = ( 6 6 0 + 7 2 2 6 0 ) / cos 5 1 3 0
cl a u s e 4 2 5
p, Z = 2 7 5 x 2 7 7 6 x
7 6 3 k N m
7 5 5 k N ( compres s i on)
L oca l ca pa ci t y
t he s hou l d force L q u a l

a x i a l col u mn force, i . e. 0 . 0 2 5 x 3 6 5 = 9 . ! k N . N ot e t ha t ( he ong i na l v a l u e of

F/ A
1 % i n cl a u s e 4 ,7 . S i wa s cons i dered
1 3 . 3 k N
T ot a l 1 3 3 = 8 8 8 k N
( e) O v era l l b u ck l i ng
I e 4 4 4 on ea ch s i de of col u mn
For t he
s l endernes s A i s b a s ed on a n
U s e 6 0 x 6 0 x eq u a l a ng l e
l eng t h
cl a u s e 4 7 8 / i
E ffect i v e l eng t h of l a cu i g
V 1 0 0 0 2 ] = i 2 8 m
1 1 5 a ppendi x D ( fi g . 2 0 ,1
. = 1 . 5 x 1 0 . 0 = 1 5 . O m, or
: 9 ! -
1 2 8 0 / 1 1 . 7
= 0 . 8 5 x I O . O = 8 . S m
2 : = 1 0 9
= V( J J A )


s t reng t h P c = I l l N / mnr
= 4 1 5 2 6 7 0 1 ( 2 x 4 7 . 5 ) ] = 4 0 . t cm
C ompres s i on res i s t a nce P . = 4 g P c
L g J ra
= 6 . 9 ! x I l l x
= 1 5 0 0 / 4 0 . 1 = 3 7
= 7 6 . 7 k N
. 4

= 8 5 0 / 1 2 . 3 = 6 9 S ect i on s a t i s fa ct ory .
L oca l
1 0 0 0 / 2 6 . 7 = 3 3
S T U D Y R E FE R E N C E S cl a u s e 4 . 7 . S g
L i mi t i ng v a l u e for 4 = 5 0
O v era l l s ( endernes s A b
T opi c
3 8
I . E u l er l oa d
M a rs ha l l W . T . & N el s on FL M . ( 1 9 9 0 ) E l a s t i c
5 3
a na l y s i s , S t nzct u res , pp. 4 2 0 5 2 . L ong ma n
E S t a b l e 2 7 a
C ompres s i v e s t reng t h p. b a s ed on t he hi g hes t v a l u e of A , i . e. 6 9 :
2 . E u l er l oa d
C oni es I L C . , C ooN s M . G . & I C ong FJ C . ( 1 9 8 8 )
P c = 2 2 5 N / mm2
of s E mi s a nd fra mework s , S t ni ct u ra l A ,i ohs i s .
-
pp. 5 8 7 1 . Va n N os t ra nd R ei nhol d a b ou t t he A A ( Fi g . ca n b e a s s u med t o produ ce a x i a l
forces i n
3 . b eha v i ou r B owl i ng P . J . , G . W . ( 1 9 8 8 )
5 ,ru cn,ro/ S t eel D es i g n. S t eel C ons t ru ct i on l ns i i i u i c
k t i a l
= momeni i cent roi da l di s t a nce b et ween
C ol u mn b cl i a v i ou r
I C i rb y P A . & N et hercot B . A . ( 1 9 7 9 ) i n-pl a ne
= 3 2 6 / 0 . 8 = 4 0 8 k N ( t ens i on a nd compres s i on)
i ns t a b i l i t y of col u mns , D es i g n for S oi s cei e,'a l S rob i l i o'.
M a x i mu m compres s i on i n U B
C ol l i ns
= 4 0 8 3 6 5 / 2 = 5 9 1
5 . R edu ced pl a s t i c
( 1 9 8 7 ) 5 1 cc/ work D es i g n, v ol . t , S cci i on propert i es
C ompres s i on res i s t a nce P . = A g


memb er ca pa ci i i es . S l ed C ons t ru ct i on I ns t i t u t e
= 4 7 . 5 x 2 2 5 x
S ect i on
C O L U M N B A S E S & B R A C K E T S 9 5
( 8 1
C O L U M N





























fl .
FL
8 . 2






















G u a s et ed
A l
F G
1 . .


M L
1 >













3 .





( cl a u s e














8 . 4 D E S I G N O F B R A C K E T S










9 6 S T R U C T U R A L S T E E L W O R K D E S I G N T O 5 5 5 5 6 0
C O L U M N B A S E S & 0 7

= b ea ri ng
t ens i l e
modu l a r
i ot a i b ol t cros s

= G md,A 3 I B
pi s
+ 4 ,0 = 0
= 6 d,Fl l B pl a d_ p1 1
m4 t d/ y 1 )

C F
1 r


P ermi s s i b l e












8 . 3 B R A C K E T S
B ra ck et s


( V/ / I k N

k N fmm
9 8 S T R U C T U R A L S T E E L W O R K D E S t O N T O S S 5 9 5 0 C O L U M N B A S E S & B R A C K E T S 9 9
where N t he nu mb er of b ol t s
L ,. t he t ot a l wel d l eng t h ( mm)
For a wel d des i g n s t reng t h of 2 1 5 N / mm2 ( 8 5 t a b l e 3 6 ) , wel d ca pa ci t i es
( k N / mm) ma y b e ca l cu l a t ed for ea ch wel d s i ze. N ot e t ha t t he wel d s i ze i s i n
fa ct defi ned b y t he l eg l eng t h a nd t he des t g n di mens i on i s t he t hroa t di s t a nce,
i . e. t hroa t s i ze = l eg Va l u es of wel d ca pa ci t y a re g i v en i n
reference ( 4 ) .
W here t he moment produ ces b ol t s hea r onl y ( Fi g . 8 5 ) t hen t he s hea r on
ea ch b ol t i s g i v en a pprox i ma t el y b y :
B ol t s hea r= I Ved) . ,,J E d2
where di s t he b ol l di s t a nce from t he b ol t g rou p cent roi d.
For a wel d g rou p t he a pprox i ma t i on i s :
W el d s hea r=
where t he 1 , t he wel d g rou p ( Fi g . 8 . 1 1 ) .
I n s ome ca s es ( l i e moment produ ces b ol t t ens i on a nd i n t hes e ca s es b ol t
force i s cons i dered proport i ona l t o di s t a nce from a neu t ra l a x i s . T he neu t ra l
a x i s ma y b e t a k en a s dr! 7 dept l i t ? t . a nd a s a res u l t :
B ol t l ens i on= J fedm= / E d2
where d t he b ol t di s t a nce from t he neu t ra l a x i s .
For a wel d g rou p:
W el d s hea r=
where t he eq u i v a l ent s econd moment of a rea of t he wel d a b ou t t he wel d
g rou p cent roi d.
T he effect s of v ert i ca l l oa d a nd moment du e t o eccent ri ci t y mu s t b e a dded
ei t her for i ndi v i du a l b ol t s , or for poi nt s i n a wel d ru n. C l ea rl y , t hos e poi nt s of
ma x i mu m force or s t res s need t o b e check ed, whi ch occu r a t pos i t i ons
fu rt hes t from t he g rou p cent roi d or neu t ra l a x i s .
W here t he moment produ ces s hea r i n a b ol t , v ect ona l a ddi t i on ma y b e
u s ed. I n ca s es where t he moment produ ces t ens i on a comb i ned check ma y b e
u s ed ( cl a u s e 6 . 3 . 6 . 3 ) :
for ordi na ry b ol t s
where F4 t he a ppl i ed s hea r
P . s hea r ca pa ci t y
F, a ppl i ed t ens i on
. 1 ',
t s i ens i on ca pa ci t y
For a wel d g rou p a l l comb i na t i ons of v ert i ca l l oa d a nd moment produ ce
s hea r i n t he wel d, a nd v ect ona l a ddi t i on i s u s ed a s neces s a ry .
8 . 5 E X A M P L E I S . D E S I G N O F S L A B B A S E
( a ) D i mens i ons
3 0 5 x 3 0 5 x 1 3 7 U C col u mn
( b ) L oa di ng
A l l l oa ds i ncl u de a ppropna t e v a l u es of v i
C a s e ( i ) M a x i mu m v ert i ca l l oa d 1 4 0 0 k N
C a s e ( i i ) L a rg es t moment u nder ma x i mu m l oa d condi t i ons :
moment 6 0 k N m a nd 8 5 0 k N
C a s e ( i i i ) L a rg es t moment u nder nu ni mu m l oa d condi t i ons :
moment 8 5 k N m a nt i 4 5 0 k N
( c) B ea ri ng pres s u re
( S ee Fi g . 8 . 6 . ) A s s u me b a s e 5 2 0 x 5 2 0 pl a t e a nd fou r b ol t s ( g ra de 4 . 6 )
2 0 mm di a met er.
T ens i on b ol t a rea A , = 2 x 2 4 5 = 4 9 0 mm2
d
A s s u mi ng a concret e cu b e = 3 0 N / mm2
dou s e 4 . 1 3 . 1 prcs s u re= 0 . 4 x 3 0 = 1 2 . 0 N / mm2
P res s u re = 1 4 0 0 x I x 5 2 0 ) = 5 . 7 N / t nmt
A f/ F=
0 6 = 5 2 0 / 6 = 8 7 mm
M / F
L / 6
a rea A = 5 2 0 x 5 2 0 mm2 = 2 7 0 0 cm2
B a s e modu l u s Z = 5 2 0 x 5 2 0 2 / 6 mm3 = 2 3 4 0 0 cm
P res s u re = F/ A + M / Z = N / mm2
E A S E ( i i i ) L O A D I N G
A l / F
d1 x mm
A = 6 x 3 9 9 x 1 5 x 4 9 0 / 5 2 0 = 3 3 . 8 x l O 3 mm2
T he di s t a nce y ( Fi g . 8 . 7 ) i s t he s ol u t i on of:

x y 3 3 . 8 x l & x 4 7 0 = 0
hence t '= 2 8 8 mm
x 3 3 9 x 4 5 0 x x 2 8 8 0 x 4 7 0 2 8 8 ) ]
= 6 . 4 1 N / mm2
B ea nng pres s u re s a t i s fa ct ory ( C 1 2 N / mm2 )
C A S E ( i ) L O A D I N G
Fi g . 8 . 6
Fi g .

6 2 0
1
FI g . 8 . 7
C A S E ( i i ) L O A D I N G
1 0 0 S T R U C T U R A L S T E E L W O R K D E S I G N T O
5 5 5 9 5 0
C O L U M N
1 0 1
C d) B ol t ca pa ci t y
8 . 6 E X A M P L E 1 6 . D E S I G N O F cR A N E G I R D E R B R A C K E T ( FA C E )
B ol t s t res s j '
= mf,( dl y
( a ) D i mens i ons
= I S
( 4 7 0 / 2 8 8 t ) = 6 I

= 6 ! x 2 4 5 x

cl a u s e 6 . 3 . 6 . 1
B ol t ca pa ci t y F,
A ,
C ol u mn 6 1 0 x 2 2 9 x 1 4 0 U B
= 2 4 5 x


a re s a t i s fa ct ory .
P l a t e t hi ck nes s
( b ) L oa di ng
( S ee Fi g .
M a x i mu m ra i l rea ct i on k N
( i ncl u di ng a ppropna i e of
s u rg e l oa d ca med b y di a phra g m res t ra i nt
I
8 . 8
6 . 4 1 N mm2
B ra ck et
U s e


M a x i mu m

M ,= 4 6 2 x













S 1

1 . 2
FI g .
B ra ck et














t a b l e

cl a u s e


1 9 0
effect


2 1 6 0 0 mm

W el d

y 'fO . 2 8 9 1 + O . 4 5 8 2 ]
0 . 5 4 2
= 0 9 0 3 N / mm

+ l I l / 1 3 6 = 0 . 5 1 + 0 . 8 2 = I . 3 3
( b ) L oa di ng





A ! , = 4 6 2 x 0 . 5 5 0 = 2 5 4 k N m
cl a u s e 4 . 2 . 3 ( c,J 1 2 mm2

x 2 6 5 x 1 2 0 2 0 x i r'= l 9 I O k N


x x
b ol t hol es :
2 6 x 5 0 1
4 x x

= 5 2 2 0 cm4
N et I 2 4 5 8 0 cm4
Z = 2 4 5 8 0 / 2 2 . 5 = 1 0 9 0





( d) C ol u mn b ol t s
S hea r force = 4 6 2 k N

U s e


x x 1 6 8 / 8 ( 9 0 2 1 6 8 2 )
= l 4 7 k N
Vect or



dcm,
2 0 0 . 4 5 0 = 2 4 3 k N



S T U D Y R E FE R E N C E S








1 0 2 S T R U C T U nA L S T E E L W O R I < D E S I G N J O B S 5 9 5 0
C O L U M N B A S E S & B nA C K E T S 1 0 3
A



b ol t s
S hea r 4 6 2



6 . 3 . 2 S hea r
p,

6 . 3 . 3 B ea ri ng ca pa ci t y
= l 9 8 k N
6 . 3 . 6 force 8 . 1 2 )
4 5 7 / 7 6 5


x 3 0 3 = l 3 6 k N
C omb i ned

I i B no.

2 9 di e,






8 . 1 3 . )
C ol u mn
eccent nci t y mm

k 6 3 . 4 0
0 +
ol o_








D es i g n v ol .
propert i es ,
p. S t eel
C ons t ru ct i on





















of


1 0 4 S T R U C T U R A L S T E E L W O R I ( D E S I G N T O B S 5 9 5 0


D o,i n

l ot
C O M P O S I T E




- -
-H -T . .
---
1 0 6 S T R U C T U R A L S T E E L W O R I < D E S I G N T O O S 5 9 5 0
9 . ! C O M P O S I T E B E A M S
T he a dv a nt a g es of compos i t e b ea ms compa red wi t h norma l s t eel work
a re t he i ncrea s ed moment ca pa ci t y a nd s t i ffnes s , or a l t erna t i v el y t he
redu ced s t eel s t zes for t he s a me moment ca pa ci t y . A pa rt from. a s a v i ng i n
ma t ena l , t he redu ced cons t ru ct i on dept h ca n b e wort hwhi l e i n mu l t i -s t orey
fra mes .
ma i n di s a dv a nt a g e of compos i t e cons t ru ci t on i s t he need t o
prov i de s hea r connect ors t o ens u re i nt era ct i on of t he pa rt s .
A s
a l l b ea m des i g n, s hea r ca pa ci t y a nd moment ca pa ci t y of a
compos i t e s ect i on mu s t s hown t o b e a deq u a t e. B u t i n a ddi t i on, t he
s t reng t h of s hea r connect i on mu s t b e s hown t o b e s a t i s fa ct ory ,
reg a rd t o b ot h connect or fa i l u re a l s o l oca l s hea r fa i l u re of t he
s u rrou ndi ng concret e ( s ee S ect i on 9 . 4 ) . For fu l l i nt era ct i on of t he s t eel a nd
concret e, s u ffi ci ent s hea r connect i on mu s t b e prov i ded t o ens u re t ha t t he
u l t i ma t e moment ca pa ci t y of t he s ect i on ca n b e rea ched. L ower l ev el s of
connect i on wi l l res u l t i n pa rt i a l i nt era ct i on whi ch i s not cov ered i n t hi s
C ompos i t e b ea ms a re es s ent i a l l y T b ea ms wi t h wi de concret e fl a ng es .
T he non-u ni form di s t ri b u t i on of l ong i t u di na l b endi ng s t res s mu s t b e
a l l owed for a nd t hi s i s u s u a l l y a chi ev ed b y u s e of a n effect i v e b rea dt h for
t he concret e fl a ng e. For b u i l di ng s t he effect i v e b rea dt h
ma y b e t a k en a s
one-q u a rt er of t he s pa n ( s i mpl y s u pport ed) . C ont i nu ou s b ea ms a nd
ca nt i l ev ers a re t rea t ed di fferent l y ( s ee E S 5 9 5 0 : P a rt 3 . 1 ) .
Fi g . 9 . 2 M oment ca pa ci t y
( N A i n s l a b )
Fi g . 9 . 3 M oment ca pa ci t y
( N A i n s t eel
b ea m)
C O M P O S I T E B E A M S & S L A B S 1 0 7
,
B ,


a ,
S t oa t
I A -
A w: A / 2 _ o. 2 2 5
9 . 3 S H E A R C O N N E C T O R S
9 . 2 S H E A R A N D M O M E N T C A P A C I T Y O F C O M P O S I T E B E A M S
T he
ca pa ci t y of a compos i t e b ea m i s b a s ed on t hc res i s t a nce of t he
web of t he s t eel s ect i on a l one. C a l cu l a t i on of t he s hea r ca pa ci t y P .
g i v en t n S ect i on 3 . 7 ( d) :
P ,= O . fl py
M oment ca pa ci t y i s b a s ed on a s s t i med u l t i ma t e s t res s condi t i ons s hown
t n 9 . 2 9 ,3 . W hen t he neu t ra l a x i s l i es i n concret e s l a b ( Fi g .
v a l u c of ma y fou nd b y eq u i l i b ri u m of t he t ens i on a nd
compres s i on forces . T he moment ca pa ci t y
i s g i v en b y :
= A p, x ,, / 2 )
V/ b en t he neu t ra l a x i s l i es i n t he s t eel s ect i on ( Fi g . t he v a l u e
b e fou nd b y eq u i l i b nu m. T he cent roi d of t he compres s i on s t eel
mu s t b e l oca t ed, a nd moment ca pa ci t y a \ i . i s g i v en b y :
= 4 / 4 ( D / 2 + D ) 2 ) 2 4 ,,
A l t erna t i v el y , formu l a e g i v en t o O S 5 9 5 0 : P a rt 3 . 1 ma y b e u s ed.
M a ny forms of s hea r connect or ha v e b een u s ed, of whi ch t wo a re s hown
i n Fi g . 9 . 4 , b u t t he preferred t y pe i s t he hea ded s t u d. T I ns comb i nes ea s e
of fi x i ng wi t h economy . S hea r connect ors mu s t perform t he pnma t y
fu nct i on of t ra ns fernog s hea r a t t he s t eel / concret e i nt erfa ce ( eq t u v a l ent t o
b ond) a nd hence cont rol s l i p b et ween t he t wo pa rt s . l n'a ddi t i on, t hey ha v e
t he s econda ry fl . i nct i on of ca rry i ng t ens i on b et ween t he pa rt s a nd
cont rol l i ng s epa ra t i on.
T he rel a t t ons l u p b et ween s hea r force a nd s l i p for a g i v en connect or i s
i mport a nt i n des i g n where pa rt i a l i nt era ct i on i s ex pect ed. For t he des i g n i n
t hi s s ect i on. where fu l l i nt era ct i on i s a s s u med, a k nowl edg e of onl y t he
ma x i mu m s hea r force whi ch t he connect or ca n s u s t a i n i s req u i red. T he
s t reng t hs of s t a nda rd hea ded s t u ds emb edded i n di fferent norma l wei g ht
concret es a re g i v en i n T a b l e 9 . 1 .
T he s t reng t h of a l t erna t i v e s hea r connect ors ca n b e fou nd b y u s e of a
s t a nda rd pu s h-ou t t es t ( E S 5 4 0 0 : P a rt 5 ) . T he performa nce of a l l s hea r
connect ors i s a ffect ed b y l a t ent res t ra i nt of t he s u rrou ndi ng concret e, t he
T a b l e 9 ,1 S hea r s t reng t h of hea ded s t u ds
D i a met er
( mm)
H ei g ht
( mm)
S hea r s t reng t h Q 0 ( k N )
for concret eJ ,, ( N / mm1 )
2 5 3 0 3 5 4 0
2 2
1 9
1 1 9 1 2 6 1 3 2 1 3 9
1 6
1 0 0
7 5
9 5 1 0 0
7 0 7 4
1 0 4
7 8
t 0 9
8 2
t y pe










i s







I T I I I T I T T 1 1 1 1 1 1 i i
i n
r

0 p1 =
pz =
9 . 4 L O C A L S H E A R I N C O N C R E T E
T he









1 0 6 S T R U C T U R A L S T E E L W O R K D E S I G N T O O S 5 9 5 0
C O M P O S I T E B E A M S & S L A B S 1 0 9
4 !

conneci ors








4 ,5
1 / fl I
S hea r fa i l u re
pl a nes A I i
re,nt orcement a rea s / u n,i
9 . 5 D E FL E C T I O N S
A s










a nd







X e + cr1 0 1 2 + 1 a d
I , + A I D 0 ,1 2 / 4 ( 1 a d + 8 ,0 ! 1 1 2 a
1 1 0 S T R U C T U R A L S T E E L W O R K D E S I G N T O 0 5 5 9 5 0
B E A M S & S L A B S 1 1 1
9 6 C O M P O S I T E S L A B S
C c) B M a nd S F
C ompos i t e

U l t i ma t e








A ,.






For

-
i he
i nt era ct i on, 5 9 0 0 2 7 5 1 ( 0 . 4 5






= 5 9 0 0









U )
S hea r
Force






= 1 0 0


0 . 8 ) = 2 1 s t u ds

L ,=
T hes e
di a . s t u d t o di e.
1 7 5 mm
a t cr5 .

a t


A s S ect i on
mm'I mm
1 ,, N / mm2
D ea d
1 3 5






4 . C ompos i t e s l a b s
S
U
I
I or
( J Vd+
1 1 2 S T R U C T U R A L


/ ( 1 / 2 )










9 3
S ect i on 9 . 7 =


4 = 7 9
I VL 3 I 6 O E J g










R E FE R E N C E S
T opi c


t he a nd
pp. 8 5 1 5 5 . Va n N os t ra nd


S t ru ct u res of S t eel a nd
C oncret e, pp.

R ei nforced a nd Fres rres s ed C oncret e, pp.

of C ompos i t e S l a b s a nd
B ea ns wi t / i S t eel D eck i ng . S t eel

hot
B R A C I N G
L O A D I N G R E S I S T E D B Y B R A C I N G
B ra ci ng

T he

S W A Y S T A B I L I T Y
I t




1 . 6 W , v ert i ca l l y .


1 1 4 S T R U C T U R A L S T E E L W O R K D E S I G N T O O S 5 9 5 0
1 1 5

i n




a rra ng i ng





















S I N G L E -S T O R E Y B R A C I N G
T he



















req u i res






b ra ci ng









C ompres s i on memb er
. 1
1 3 A dv i s a b l e t o
ha v e res t ra i nt
a t t hi s J oi nt
9 3
P res s u re l a nd s u ct i on) E N
9 3
1 1 2 )
1 2 4 0 )
( 1 1 2 )
M emb er
Fa ct ored memb er force ( k N )
P res s u re
S u ct i on
1 8 4

2 7 0

O b a y s a t s . O m
i I







a nd a nd

B R A C I N G
1 1 7
1 0 . 5
B E A M T R U S S A N D C O L U M N
B R A C I N G
B ot h



res t ra i nt





B ea ms

C ha pt er



C ha pt erS

di mens i ons


C ha pt er

C ha pt er
I n


ma y



res i s t i ng






S ect i on
I n






T he











( pl a s t i c

t oa dmg
; 1
I c)

E X A M P L E ( 9 , G A B L E W I N D
G I R D E R A N D S I D E B R A C I N G
4
2 ) 5
1 7 2
5


( a )
r '. '
6

1 0 6

8
4 6
3 7
9
4 8
3 8 f:
t O









des i g n)













2 3 9
C ompres s i on

or

( s ee

2 7 b



M a x i mu m compres s i on


2 7 b


3 . 3 . 3








2 7 b


1 . 0

1 0 . 7 M U L T I -S T O R E Y W I N D B R A C I N G
( a ) D i mens i ons
( S ee Fi g . 1 0 . 8 . )
7 s t orey s a t 3 . 5 m hi g h


1 1 6 S T R U C T U R A L S T E E L W O R K D E S I G N T O 8 3 5 9 5 0



2
I 3 D t N
1
( e) I nt erna l chord

cl a u s e 4 . 6 . 3 . 1
( g ) S i de b ra ci ng
R ea ct i on
C ra ne
9 3 1 3 0 k M or










1 8 8








= 8 6 0




3 2 . 3 1 4 9






2 7 b
1 2 0
S T R U C T U R A L S T E E L W O R K D E S I G N T O O S
5 9 5 0
( b ) L oa di ng
L
W i nd
t o



M emb er


P

E l
3

9 1
5 5 + i n
4

-
6

4 1 9

whi ch














g i rders .





1 . 4




cou necu oa

t o a b ou t

T he

1 1 6
memb er



I









a ppropna t e


S T U D Y R E FE R E N C E S
T opi c









L U Fl
i nt ermedi a t e s t i ffeners
rea di l y l i e) a nd I I . 1 ( d) . T he





















































1 2 2 S T R U C T u R A L S T E E L W D R K D E S I G N T D 8 5 5 9 5 0

fl _ s . ,,,.
' .


,,

i U B S S Y






b endi ng ca pa ci t y .

ni et l i od ca nnot b e a ppl i ed
t o g a nt ry g i rder des i g n.
T he




























i . e.
C 6 3 s







6 3 s






moment






moment


















E X A M P L E 2 1 . D E S I G N O F U N S T I FFE N E D P L A T E
G I R D E R
T H I C K W E B S
A
i s

















j
i t i H i H i t

1 6 5 0 0



Fl g .

cl a u s e 4 . 4 . 4 . 1
cl a u s e 4 . 4 . 4 . 2



k N

col u mn oa d dea d
1 . 4 x 2 4 0
i mpos ed L 6 x 4 5 0
u . d. l . dea d ( i ncl u di ng S W )
i mpos ed
1 . 4 x 2 0
1 . 6 x 2 5
( b ) M oment a nd s hea r force
= 7 2 0 k N
2 8 k N l m
T he di s t ri b u t i ons of b endi ng moment a nd s hea r force m t he s i mpl y s u pport ed
pl a t e g i rder ca n rea di l y b e det ermi ned b y conv ent i ona l el a s t i c met hods a nd
a re s hown t n Fi g . 1 1 . 4 .
( c) S hea r ca pa ci t y
T here a re t wo des i g n req u i rement s reg a rdi ng t he mi ni mu m web t hi ck nes s for
t he condi t i on of no i nt ermedi a t e s t i ffeners , i . e.
where p,1 i s t he des i g n s t reng t h of t he compres s i on fl a ng e. A s t he web i s t o
b e t i el i b era t el y ma de t hi ck , i . e. i l k C 6 3 g , t hes e req u i rement s a re
a u t oma t i ca l l y compl i ed wi t h. A q u i ck es t i ma t e of t he mi ni mu m web
t hi ck nes s ca n b e denv ed u s i ng t he ov era l l dept h of t he s ect i on ( D ) , i . e.
From t he rel ev a nt t a b l e for pl a t es T a b l e 1 l . l b , t he nea res t a ppropri a t e pl a t e
t hi ck nes s for t he web i s 2 5 mm.
W hen t he web i s t hi ck t hen t he moment ca pa ci t y for a pl a t e g i rder i s
ca l cu l a t ed a ccordi ng t o cl a u s e 4 . 2 . 5 or 4 . 2 . 6 dependi ng on t he ma g ni t u de ofi
t he s hea r l oa d coex i s t ent wi t h ma x i mu m moment . i . e. 1 1 6 6 k N . T he s hea r
ca pa ci t y of a web of a b u i l t -u p s ect i on i s defi ned a s :
where A ,. = t d. A g ood es t i ma t e of t he s hea r ca pa ci t y of t he web ca n b e
ob t a i ned b y s u b s t i t u t i ng t he ov era l l dept h of t he g i rder ( D ) ford, whi ch i s
u nk nown a t t hi s s t a g e:
P ? = 0 . 6 x x t 5 0 0 = 5 9 6 2 k } J
a nd a s
( d) M oment ca pa ci t y
I n order t o ma x i mi ze i t s moment ca pa ci t y , t he cros s -s ect i on of t he pl a t e
g i rder s hou l d b e proport i oned s o a s t he req u i rement s for a compa ct
s ect i on. T he moment ca pa ci t y for a compa ct pl a t e g i rder wi t h a t hi ck web i s
g i v en b y :
cl a u s e 4 . 2 . 5 M c. = p,. S , b u t 1 . 2 p7 4 or y p,. 4 i f
5 > 1 . 2 4
8 5 t a b l e 7 T he b I T ra t i o for t he ou t s t a nd of t he compres s t nn fl a ng e for a compa ct
b u i l t u p s ect i on s hou l d not ex ceed 8 . 5 e, a nd a s s u mi ng t ha t t he des i g n s t reng t h
i s 2 6 5 N / mm2 , t hen B ( 1 7 . 3 T 1 ) . T he pl a s t i c moment ca pa ci t y of a pl a t e
g i rder i s :

_ 2 nzv 4
hence
7 4 4 2 C 0 . 2 6 5 [ ( t 7 . 3 T + 2 5 ) 1 5 0 0 2 ( l 7 . 3 T ) ( 1 5 0 0 2 fl 2 ] / ( 4
S ol v i ng t hi s eq u a t i on g i v es T a nd hence B mm. N ot e t ha t
t he a s s u mpt i on reg a rdi ng p,, i s correct . S el ect 4 5 0 mm x 2 5 mm from t he
ra ng e of wi de fl a t s g i v en i n T a b l e 1 1 . 1 ( a ) for t he fl a ng es , from whi ch i t
fol l ows t ha t t he web s i ze mu s t b e 1 4 5 0 mm x 2 5 mm. T he a ct u a l pl a s t i c
moment ca pa ci t y of t he pl a t e g i rder i s
M = 0 . 2 6 5 [ ( 4 5 0 ) I 5 0 0 ' _ ( 4 2 5 ) l 4 5 0 2 ) / ( 4 I
= 0 . 2 6 5 x 2 9 7 3 6
= 7 8 8 0 k N m> 7 4 4 2 k N m
a nd t . 2 p, Z = 1 . 2 x O . 2 6 5 [ ( 4 5 0 ) 1 5 0 0 3 ( 4 2 5 ) t 4 5 0 3 ] / ( 1 2 x 7 5 0 x
* = t . 2 x 0 . 2 6 5 f 1 8 . 5 9 x
1 0 6 1 / 7 5 0
= 7 8 8 2 k N m> 7 8 8 0 k N m
T herefore, t he moment ca pa ci t y of t he des i g n pl a t e g i rder ( 7 8 8 0 k N m) i s
a deq u a t e.
A T
U s e t wo 4 5 O mmx 2 S mm fl a t s
1 4 5 0
N ex t , t he wel d s i ze req u i red for t he connect i on b et ween t he fl a ng es a nd web
i s det ermi ned from t he ma g ni t u de of t he honzoni a l s hea r/ mm a t t he web /
fl a ng e i nt erfa ce, a s s u mi ng a fi l l et wefd on ea ch s i de of t he web ,
= 1 5 4 0 ( 4 5 0 x 2 5 ) 7 3 7 . 5 / ( 2 x 1 8 . 5 9 x = 0 . 3 5 k N / mm
U s e 6
A n ex a mi na t i on of T a b l e 1 1 . 1 rev ea l s t ha t b ot h pl a t es wou l d need i o b e
s pl i ced, a s t he a ppropna t e ma x i mu m l eng t hs a v a i l a b l e from t he rol l i ng mi l l s
( fl a ng es . I S m web 1 9 m) a re l es s t ha n t he ov era l l l eng t h of t he pl a t e
1 2 6 S T R U C T U R A L S T E E L W O R I < D E S I G N T O O s 5 9 5 0
( a ) Fa ct ored l oa di ng
P L A T E G I R D E R S 1 2 7
cl a u s e 4 ,4 . 2 . 2 for s erv i cea b i l i t y :
cl a u s e 4 . 4 . 2 ,3 t o a v oi d fl a ng e b u ck l i ng :
u t cC 2 5 0
& t C 2 5 0
t l S O O / 6 3 = 2 3 . 8 mni
cl a u s e 4 . 2 . 3
P ? = O . 6 p,
F? < 0 . 6 J '? , i . e. 1 t 6 6 1 d4 < 3 5 7 7 k N
cl a u s e 4 . 2 . 5
T hen t he memb er ha s a 'l ow s hea r l oa d'. N ot e t ha t t he u s e of D i ns t ea d of
ddoes not a ffect t he ou t come of t hi s des i g n check .
w 0 r ri L i t , I L I H M L S I u hL W U I R I < D E S I G N T O 8 5 5 9 5 0
g i rder. I f t i l e g i rder ca n b e t ra ns port ed
a s one u ni t , t hen ma k e a wel ded s hop
s pl i ce a b ou t I S m from ng ht -ha nd end, t he
wel ds
fu l l s t reng t h b u t t s . O n
t he ot her ha nd, l i t he g i rder ha s l ob e
del i v ered i n t wo pa rt s owi ng t o
t ra ns port
cons i dera t i ons ,

s i t e s pl i ce nea r t he cent re of t he g i rder
T he u s e of

cont rol l ed
ma chi nes i n t he modem fa b nca u on
s hops

u t i l i zi ng pl a t e t o prov i de
s t i ffeners a nd ot her pl a t e
component s for t hi s g i rder a nd ot her
proj ect s .
L a t era l t ors i ona l b u ck l i ng
t o t he des i g n b neL t he compres s i on fl a ng e
of t he g i rder i s
res t ra i ned l a t era l l y a nd t herefore t here
i s no need for a l a t era l t ors i ona l
b u ck l i ng check t o b e u ndert a k en.
I f t he fl a ng e ha d not b een res t ra i ned,
t hen
t he recommenda t i ons of s ect i on 4 ,3 ,
1 3 3 S P S O mu s t b e s a t i s fi ed.
( I )
C heck b ea ri ng ca pa ci t y a nd b u ck l i ng
res i s t a nce of web
A t poi nt s of concent ra t ed a ppl i ed l oa d
a nd s u pport rea ct i ons t he web of
a
pl a t e g i rder mu s t b e check ed for l oca l
web b ea ri ng a nd web b u ck l i ng , I f
neces s a ry , l oa d ca rry i ng s t i ffeners mu s t b e i nt rodu ced
t o prev ent t hes e forms
of l oca l fa i l u re. T he des i g n check s
a re s i mi l a r t o t hos e a ppl i ed t o u mv ers a l
b ea ms , a s ou t l i ned i n S ect i on 5 . 3 ,
E x a mpl e 9 .

b u ck l i ng res i s t a nce ( F,,)
dependent on
s l endernes s of
t he
web a nd a
s t reng t h oi 2 G S N l mm';
1 W
A T T H E S U P P O R T S

1 2 9
T he web a t t he
ng ht -ha nd s u pport , a t whi ch t he
g rea t er rea ct i on occu rs ,
'c,

a l s o needs t o b e check ed for b ea rmg a nd b u ck l i ng .
I t i s a s s u med
t ha t a mi ni mu m s t i ff b ea ri ng prov i ded
b y s u pport i s 2 5 4 / 2 mm:

( a s a b ov e)
F,, + 0 . 0 7 1 = 1 5 5 5 k N
T he web i s a deq u a t e a t b ot h s u pport s a nd
t herefore req u i res no l oa d b ea nng
s t i ffeners . I n t hi s ex a mpl e, t he
u s e of a t hi ck web ha s el i mi na t ed t he u s e of
l oa d b ea rmg s t i ffeners , t hereb y mi ni mi zi ng
fa b ri ca t i on.
S ee Fi g s . 1 1 . 2 1 a nd 1 1 . 2 5 for t he cons t ru ct i on
det a i l s of t hi s g i rder.
1 1 . 4
E X A M P L E 2 2 . D E S I G N O P U N S T I FFE N E D
P L A T E G I R D E R . -
T H I N W E B S
I n t he prev i ou s ex a mpl e, t he b endi ng
moment wa s res i s t ed b y t he whol e
s ect i on, whi l e t he s hea r ca pa ci t y of t he t hi ck web
i s cl ea rl y u nu t i l i zed; t hi s i s
s i mi l a r t o t he des i g n of u mv ers a l b ea ms . T he
di fference b er'. v een t he
u ni v ers a l s ect i ons a nd pl a t e g i rders
i s t ha t t he des i g ner ca n s el ect t he web
t hi ck nes s .
T he pl a t e g i rder i n E x a mpl e 2 1
i s redes i g ned u s i ng a t hi n web pl a t e, i n
order t o ma k e t he web work
more effi ci ent l y . T hi s i s a chi ev ed b y compa ri ng
t he des i g n s hea r l oa d wi t h t he web s hea r
res i s t a nce, b a s cu on t he cri t i ca l
s hea r s t reng t h ( q er) a nd not on t he des i g n
s t reng t h ( p7 ) a s i s t he ca s e for t hi ck
web s . T he norma l des i g n pra ct i ce for pl a t e
g i rders wi t h t hi n web s wi l l b e
empl oy ed, b y whi ch t he b endi ng
moment a nd a x i a l l oa d a re a s s u med i o b e
res i s t ed whol l y b y t he fl a ng es a nd t he s hea r l oa d
b y t he web .
( a )
M oment ca pa ci t y of fl a ng es
cl a u s e 4 . 4 . 4 . 2 a
T he des i g n a s s u mpt i on t ha t t he
moment i s ea rned onl y b y t he fl a ng es
mea ns t ha t a g ood es t i ma t e of fl a ng e a rea ca n b e det enni ned.
A nt i ci pa t i ng t ha t t he fl a ng e t hi ck nes s l i es wi t hi n
t he ra ng e 1 6 4 0 mm. t hen
p,. = 2 6 5 N / mm2 a nd hence:
4 1 = 7 4 4 2 x
x 1 5 0 0 ) = 1 3 7 2 0 mm'
6
T he l i mi t i ng b I T ra t i o of 8 . 5 e ( compa ct
s ect i ons ) i s s t i l l a ppl i ca b l e, hence
t u e a pprox i ma t e fl a ng e t hi ck nes s
i s g i v en b y :
T = . J [ t 8 7 2 0 / l 7 . 3 ] 3 2 . 9 mm,
s a y 3 5 mm
B = 1 8 7 2 0 / 3 5 '= 5 3 5 nu n. s oy S S 0
mm
cl a u s e 4 . 5 . 3
cl a u s e 4 . 5 . 2 . ]
E L
( i )
A T P O S I T I O N O F A P P L I E D C O L U M N
L O A D
F1 = l O 5 G k N
a ct i ng i n t he pl a ne of t he web of t he pl a t e
g t rder, i . e. no moment g enera t ed i n
s t i ffeners . A s s u mmg t ha t t he col u mn b a s e
( s u pport ed b y t he compres s i on
fl a ng e) prov i des a mi ni mu m s t i ff b ea nng
of 2 0 3 mm, t hea t he b ea ri ng
ca pa ci t y of t he u ns t i ffened web
a t t he j u nct i on of t he web / fl a ng e i s :
cl a u s e 4 . 5 . 3
=
fl 2 ) t P ) w
= [ 2 0 3 2 . 5 ( 2 x 2 5 ) ] x 2 5 x O . 2 G 5 2 1 7 0 I cN
cl a u s e 4 . 5 . 2 . j
. 4 = 2 . 5 & t = 2 . 5 x 1 4 5 0 / 2 5
= 1 4 5


= [ ( 2 0 3 2 x 7 5 0 ) x 2 s ] 0 . 0 7 1
= 3 0 2 0 k N
T he web i s a deq u a t e a nd t herefore
req u i res no l oa d ca rry i ng s t i fT eners u nder
t he concent ra t ed l oa d.
hence
S I G N T O 6 5 5 9 5 0
P L A T E

= 0 . 2 6 5

7 4 7 3
of web
; i g n




t herefore
col u mn





















( c) L a t era l t ors i ona l b u ck l i ng




( d) D es i g n of l oa d ca rry i ng s t i ffeners














O F A P P L I E D L O A D
T he






- s erv i cea b i l i t y :


= 3 2 5



I









des i g n

/ 1 2 ( 2






















( H )
W E L D FO R L O A D C A R R Y I N G S T I FFE N E R S













































1 5 ( 3 9 0 )
1 0 3 5 0

1 2 x










1 1 . 8












U s e

1 3 2
S T R U C T U R A L S T E E L W O R K O E S I G N T O 6 5 5 9 5 0


4 . 5 . 1 . 3
P L A T E G I R D E R s
1 3 3
C l a u s e
A T T H E S U P P O R T S
C l a u s e






/



4 . 5 . 8

a nd


1 2 7 mm
2 3 8 :
3 0 . 4





= q 1 + q 2 = 0 . l 0 + 0 . 4 l = 0 . 5 1









ra t i os



4 . 4 . 6 . 4 I nt ermedi a t e

a i d< 1 . 4 ! , 1 . 5
a i d 1 . 4 1 ,
u s i ng t he
t ens i on fi e/ d a ct i on, s ee
i s





cl a u s e 4 . 4 . 6 ,6

Fq = I ' E q


des i g ned
i s
ca rry i ng 5 1 I t ers whi ch a / s o a ct a s
i nt ermedi a t e s t i j frners , a re

F, A ! , -
- S

' ,
A l ,,
i s



moment

1 3 4 S T nU C T I J R A L S T E E L W O R I < D E S I G N os 5 9 5 0
4 ? 0 . 3 4 a ,D
3






1 2 0 5 0 cm4














I
l i b S T R U C T U R A L
S T E E L W O R K D E S I G N T O a s 5 9 5 0
5 2 2
I I 6
'
1 1 l oa ds





a l ong















rot a t i ona l l y

not

0


2 3 D E S I G N O F S T I FFE N E D P L A T E G I R D E R

E X C L U D I N G T E N S I O N FI E L D A C T I O N
E x a mpl e i s t o

web t hi ck nes s






R eference E x a mpi e
i s
P L A T E G I R D E R S
1 3 7
s t i ffener
m

for





t he


t he

= 1 1 5







7 5

u n
X 1 2 5 = l 6 8 0 k N >



& d= 3 0 0 0 / 1 4 3 0 2 I






ca n





i s
From ca l cu l a t i ons
i t s een

l eng t h g i rder t hen



s pl i ce

M oment ca pa ci t y of fl a ng es
A g a i n





ng ht
E x a mpl e t hen s t i ffened web
t o


ma t ena l




ha nd


nnni mu m


( b )
E x a mpl e 2 2

res I s t a nce of web
T he
reg a rdi ng

a re from ex a mpl es



x 1 0 )

N / mm
U s i ng

t he

ob t a i ned t a b l e 1 ( b )
I






i a di r
t o
2 5 0


m




t o

a ccept a b l e

l oca t i on t he

s t i ffener

t he

'j
1 8 0 0 / 1 4 3 0 = 1
I I deci s i ons





3 -
1 3 C S T R U C T U R A L S T E E L W O R K D E S I G N T O 0 5 5 9 5 0 P L A T E G I R D E R S
1 3 9
end:
a / d= 2 3 0 0 / l 4 3 0 = l . 6 1
9 cr


T hi rd end:
a i d = 4 0 0 0 / 1 4 3 0 = 2 . 8

7 3 3 k N
l a s t pa nel , 8 . 4 m l ong , i mmedi a t el y l eft of t he a ppl i ed poi nt l oa d, ha s t o
res i s t a ma x i mu m s hea r of 6 1 8 k N , whi ch g enera t es a s hea r s t res s of 4 3 . 2
N / mm2 . s t res s i s l es s t ha n t he v a l u e ofq c, for a n u ns ri ,fl ned 1 0 mm
web , i . e. 4 9 . 2 N / mm2 ( s ee l a s t col u mn of t a b l e 2 1 ( b ) , E S 5 9 5 0 ) . S t ru ct u ra l l y ,
t here i s no need for a n a ddi t i ona l s t i ffener t o redu ce t he pa nel l eng t h.
H owev er, i t i s prob a b l y a dv i s a b l e t o i nt rodu ce a noi her i nt ermedi a t e s t i ffener,
s o a s t o s u b di v i de t he pa nel i nt o t wo eq u a l pa nel s . T l u s a ddi t i ona l s t i ffener
wi l l hel p t o redu ce a ny fl a ng e a nd web di s t ort i on du nng t ra ns port a t i on a nd
erect i on owi ng t o t he t hi n web .
N ot e t ha t when cons i denng t he s hea r b u ck l i ng res i s t a nce of t hos e web
pa nel s b ou nded on one s i de b y a l oa d ca rry i ng s t i ffener, t he i mpl i ca t i on i s
t ha t t hes e s t i ffeners a l s o a ct a s i nt ermedi a t e s t i ffeners a nd mu s t b e des i g ned
a ccordi ng l y .
Fi na l l y , a s t he u ni forml y di s t ri b u t ed l oa d ( 6 8 k N / m) i s a ppl i ed di rect l y t o
c/ ni / s e 4 . 5 ,2 ,2 t he fl a ng e, t hen a check on t he web b et ween t he s t i ffeners i s neces s a ry . T he
ma x i mu m v a l u e of t he compres s i on s t res s a ct i ng on t he edg e of t he web for
t hi s ex a mpl e i s ob t a i ned b y u s i ng t he t hi nner pl a t e s i ze, i . e.
= 6 8 / 1 0 = 6 . 8 N / mm2
O n ot her ha nd, t he mi ni mu m v a l u e of compres s i on s t reng t h i s ob t a t ned b y
t a k i ng t he l a rg es t s t i ffener s pa ci ng . T a k i ng i nt o a ccou nt t ha t t n t hi s ex a mpl e,
t he fl a ng e i s rot a t i ona l l y res t ra i ned:
2
2 O 5 x l O S
2 . 7 5 +
( 4 2 0 0 / 1 4 3 0 ) 2
( 1 4 3 0 / 1 0 )
= 2 9 . 9 N / mm2

U s e t wo 5 5 0 i nmx 3 5 a i m wi de fl a t s
1 4 3 0 mmx 1 2 . 5 pl a t e a nd
1 4 3 0 mm x 1 0 mm pl a t e
C a l cu l a t i on for t he wel d connect i ng t he fl a ng es t o t he web i s a s per E x a mpl e
2 ! ,

U s e 6 mm FW
A s t n E x a mpl e 2 1 , t here i s no need for a l a t era l t ors i ona l b u ck l i ng check a s
t he des i g n b nef s t a t es t ha t t he compres s i on fl a ng e t s res t ra t ned.
( d) D es i g n o( I nt ermedi a t e s t i ffeners
E x a mi ni ng t he a i d ra t i os for t he di fferent pa nel s s hows t ha t onl y t he l eft -ha nd
end pa nel ha s a v a l u e l es s t ha n 1 . 4 1 ( =
T herefore, b ot h cnt ena for t he
mi ni mu m s t i ffnes s a ppl y . U s i ng t he ca l cu l a t ed web t hi ck nes s es produ ces s a fe
es t i ma t es of t he mi ni mu m s t i ft b es s ( t s hot i l d b e b a s ed on t ens t on fi el d a ct i on a s
det ermi ned i n E x a mpl e 2 4 ) :
T ry 7 5 mm x 1 0 mm fl a t s .
T he ou t s t a nd of t he s t i ffener ( 7 5 mm) i s l es s t I t a n l 3 t ,g ( 1 3 0 mm) .
i ,= 1 0 ( 2 x l O f/ ( 1 2 x em4 > 2 1 0 cm4
cl a u s e 4 . 4 . 6 . 6
C heck t he s t i ffener force ( Fq ) does not ex ceed t he b u ck l i ng res i s t a nce of t he
s t i ffener ( P q ) for t he i nt ermedi a t e s t i ffener l oca t ed i n t he ng l i t ha nd pa rt -
l eng t h N / mm2 ) :
7 5 + 1 2 . 5 ) 1 + ( 2 0 x
r
v
1 2 [ ( t O ( 2 x 7 5 ) + ( 2 0 x 1 2 . 5 1 1 2 . 5 1
= 2 8 . 0 mm
A = 0 . 7 x 1 4 3 0 / 2 8 . 0 = 3 6
P c
= 2 l 8 N / mm2
P q = 4 6 2 5 l O O 8 k N
V = l 3 7 0 k N ( s hea r a t s t i ffener pos i t i on, s ee Fi g . 1 1 . 4 )
V. t choos e l ower 9 cr of t he a dj a cent pa nel s )
= 0 . 0 8 9 x l 4 3 0 x 1 2 . 5 = l S 9 l k N
Fq = V5 = ( l 3 7 0 ' 1 5 9 1 ) ' O P q
I
I
. c_
i l
Fi g . 1 1 . 8 L H end of g i rder
s t i Ffener s pa ci ng )
1 8 0 0 2 3 0 0 4 0 0 0
1 0 1 2 8 9 0 7 3 2 6 1 8
cl a u s e 4 . 4 . 6 . 4 L I I end pa nel
rema i ni ng pa nel s
4 > 1 . 5 ( 1 4 3 0 x 8 0 0 ) 2 = 1 3 5
4 > 0 . 7 5 x 1 4 3 0 x = 2 1 0 cm4
T he edg e of t he web on t he compres s i on s i de i s s a t i s fa ct ory .
. '
FI g . 1 1 . 9 I nt ennedi a t e s t i ffener



t o i t .


4 . 4 ,6 . 7 ca n a t di s t a nce
t hi s

















( i )
W E L D FO R I N T E R M E D I A T E S T I FFE N E R S






= 1 2 . 5 2 1 ( 2 x 5 x 7 5 ) = 0 . 2 1 k N / mm










T he






cl a u s e 4 . 5 . 3



web

4 . 5 . 2 . 1
A = 2 . 5 & t = 2 . 5 i 4 3 0 / 1 2 . 5 = 2 8 6







P L A T E G I R D E R S 1 4 1
cl a u s e 4 . 5 . 1 . 2



s t i ffener

x























4 . 4 . 6 . 6




1 1 6 6

= VV,l 1 6 6 7 0 3 x 4 6 3 k . N





cl a u s e 4 . 5 . 4 . 2 T he













A l s o,







fl Vri )
U s e

cl a u s e 4 . 5 . 2 . 5 1 ,
1 4 2 S T R U C T U R A L S T E E L W O R I ( D E S I G N T O 8 5 5 9 5 0
P L A T E G I R D E R S 1 4 3
( i i ) W E L D FO R L O A D C A R R Y I N G S T I FFE N E R
T he b u ck l i ng res i s t a nce of t he s t i ffener i s s a t i s fa ct ory . M a k e t he l oa d
T he mi nt mu m wel d s i ze for connect I ng t he s t i ffeners t o t he web ,
b ea ri ng s t i ffener for t he l eft -ha nd epd of g i rder t he s a me s i ze. N ow check t he
a s s u mi ng a wel d on ea ch s i de of t he s t i ffener, i s det ermi ned a s fol l ows :
b ea ri ng ca pa ci t y of t he end s t i ffener; not e t ha t a s t he s t i ffener i s wel ded t o
end of g i rder t here i s no copi ng , i . e. t he fu l l s t i ffener a rea ca n b e u s ed.
el a i ne
cl a u s e 1 5 x 0 . 2 7 5 / 0 . 8 = 2 3 2 0 k N > l 5 4 0 k N
I n a ddi t i on, t here i s t he ex t erna l l oa d t o b e t a k en i nt o a ccou nt : U s e 4 5 0 nu n x 1 5 mm wi de fl a t
S hou l d t he ends of t he g i rder b e req u i red t o b e t ors i ona l l y res t ra i ned du ri ng
q 2 1 6 6 7 0 3 ) 4 2 x I S ) ) 0 . l 7 k N / mm
t ra ns port a t i on a nd erect i on, t hen t he end s t i ffeners wou l d need t o b e cha ng ed
q ,, = q i + q ,= 0 . 1 0 + 0 . 1 7 '= 0 . 2 7 k N / mm
t o 4 5 0 mm x 2 0 mm fl a t s , s ee l a s t pa ra g ra ph, S ect i on 1 1 . 4 ( d) for det a i l s .
U s e 6 mm E W
( l v ) W E L D FO R E N D S T I FFE N E R S
( i i i ) A T T H E S U P P O R T S
M i ni mu m wel d i s g i v en b y :
L oa dca rs y i ng s t i ffeners a rereq u i reda t b oi hent hofi l i eg t rder,T hei rdes i g ni s
cl a u s e q t = 1 2 . 5 2 l [ 5 x ( 4 2 5 ' 1 2 . S ) i 2 ] = 0 . l S k N / mm
b a s ed on i he wors e s i t u a t i on, i . e. t he rea ct i on ( l 5 4 0 k N ) a t t he ng ht -ha nd
s u pport . T he res t ra i nt condi t i ons wi t h res pect t o t he fl a ng e a ppl y a l s o t o t hi s
A s s u mi ng a s t i ff b ea nng of 1 2 7 mm I = 2 5 4 / 2 ) a nd wi t h 1 l i en t he
mi ni mu m l oa d ca pa ci t y for a n i i ns t i j fened
T he des i g n of t hes e s t i ffeners a t b ot h s u pport s fol l ows a s i mi l a r
pa t l ern a s t he des i g n ca l cu l a t i ons not ed i n E x a mpl e 2 2 .
N / mm2
0 . 0 2 2 = 2 4 1 k N ,
T ry a 4 S O mmx 1 5 mm wi de fl a t .
T he ot t i s t a nd of t he s t i ffeners i s eq u i v a l ent t o 1 4 ,5 t ,c, whi ch mea ns t he core a rea
I n a ddi t i on, t he s u pport rea ct i on i ndu ces a l oa d i nt o t he s t i ffener, a nd i s t he
of t he s t i ffeners i s redu ced t o 2 x t 9 5 nu n x 1 5 mm. T he l oca l b u ck l i ng
di fference b et ween t he l oa d ea rned b y a n u ns t i ffened web a nd t he rea ct i on,
res i s t a nce of t he s t i ffened web i s b a s ed on t hi s core a rea of t he s t i ffeners ,
t herefore t he a ddi t i ona l s hea r l oa d/ mm i s :
cl a u s e a n effect i v e web a rea of 2 0 mm x 1 2 . 5 mm.
q 2 ( 1 5 4 0 2 4 1 ) / [ 2 x ( 1 4 3 0 2 x 1 5 ) 1 = O . 4 6 k N / mm
A , ( 2 x 1 9 5 x 1 5 ) + ( 2 0 x 1 2 . 5 ) = 6 1 0 0 mm2
= q i + q i = O . l S + O . 4 6 k N / mm
= + + ( 2 0 x
1 2 x 6 1 0 0
S ee Fi g s . 1 1 . 2 3 a nd 1 1 . 2 5 for t he cons t ru ct i on det a i l s of t hi s g i rder.
= 1 1 6 mm
A g a i n, a s t he fl a ng e i s res t ra i ned a g a i ns t l a t era l mov ement a nd rot a t i on, t he
1 1 . 7 D E S I G N O F G I R D E R I N C L U D I N G T E N S I O N FI E L D A C T I O N
effect i v e l eng t h ( L E ) t he l oa d ca rry i ng s t i ffeners i s 0 . 7 L a nd wi t h a des i g n
s t reng t h of 2 5 5 N / mm2 , t he s l endernes s i s :
N ot e ri t E s des i g n g a nt ry g i rders . T he ma i n
a dv a nce i n pl a t e g i rder des i g n ha s b een t he i nt rodu ct i on of t ens i on fi el d
cl a u s e 4 . 5 . 2 . J 1 = 0 ,7 x 1 4 3 0 / 1 1 6 = 8 . 6 a ct i on, whereb y t he b enefi t a ccru ed from t he pos t -b u ck l ed s t reng t h of t he web
ca n b e u t i l i zed. G enera l l y , a ny pl a t e el ement s u b j ect t o a domi na nt s hea nng
hence a ct i on, s u ch a s a web of a pl a t e g i rder, i s deemed t o ha v e 'fa i l ed', when t he
ma g ni t u de of t he s hea r ca u s es i t t o b u ck l e ou t of pl a ne owi ng t o t he
P c = 2 5 5 N / mm2
compres s i on component wi t hi n t he s hea r fi el d. 1 -l owev er, i f t he edg es of t he
P . = 6 1 0 0 x 0 . 2 5 5 = 1 5 5 0 k N
pl a t e el ement a re rei nforced, s a y l i k e a web pa nel i n a s t i ffened pl a t e g i rder,
P = 1 5 4 0 1 6 8 0 0
t hen t ha t port t on of t he pa nel , whi ch i s pa ra l l el t o t he t ens i on component ,
= 0
cont i nu es t o res i s t a ddi t i ona l s hea r l oa d. T he web no l ong er ha s a ny s t reng t h
i n t he di rect i on pa ra l l el t o t he compres s i on di rect i on, a s i t ha s b u ck l ed. I n
T herefore, t he i nt era ct i on formu l a b ecomes :
effect , t he pl a t e g i rder b eha v es l i k e a n N -t y pe l a t t i ce g i rder, wi t h t he fl a ng es
a ct i ng a s t he t op a nd b ot t om chords a nd t he 't ens i on component s ' of t he web
F,J P ,= C I
a ct i ng a s ps eu do di a g ona l memb ers , a s s hown i n Fi g . 1 1 . 1 0 .

P L A T E G i R D E R S 1 4 5
T he


t o


v ,
R i j = H q / 2






.





Fi g .

L










Fi g .






t he




. ' s pa nni ng

moment






FI g .



















U T I L I Z I N G

T he





1 4 4
S T R U C T U R A L S T E E L W O R t c D E S I G N ro a s 5 9 5 0
Fi g . 1 1 . 1 0 T ens i on





















t hen






+ q j -Vk 4 dr







7 ) 8 7 1
0 . 2 5 B T 2 p,f
A i d,,,,













req u t red










g e,.
t he







( a ) M oment ca pa ci t y of fl a ng es
c/ mi s c 4 4 . 4 ,2 a A g a i n, a s s u mi ng t ha t onl y t he fl a ng es res i s t t he moment t hen t he des i g n
of t he fl a ng es i s i dent i ca l t o t ha t for 5 5 0 mm x 3 5 mm.
( b ) S hea r res i s t a nce of web
I $ I t '$ '
L
I I
1
Fi g .
1 9 0 0
1 1 . 1 4 S t i ffener pos i t i ons
a t 0 3 4 end
T he des i g n req u i rement s reg a rdi ng t he mi ni mu m t hi ck nes s for web s u s i ng
i nt ermedi a t e s t i ffeners wi t h res pect t o s erv i cea b i l i t y a nd l oca l fl a ng e b u ck l i ng
a re ou t l i ned i n S ect i on 1 1 . 6 ( b ) , E x a mpl e 2 3 .
Fi rs t cons i der t he web i n t he ng ht -ha nd end pa nel , whi ch ca mes a s hea r of
1 5 4 0 k N a nd a momeni . T he ma g ni t u de of t he moment a ct i ng on t hi s pa nel
ca n b e defi ned onl y a ft er t he s t i ffener s pa ci ng ha s b een deci ded. I n order t o
ma k e prel i mi na ry deci s i ons reg a rdi ng t he s pa ci ng of t he i nt ermedi a t e
s t i ffeners , u s e t he s a me s pa ci ng for t he g i rder des i g ned i n E x a mpt e 2 3 a s a
g u i de. P l a ce t he fi rs t t nt emi edi a t e s t i ffener 1 . 7 m from t he end s u pport ;
t herefore, t he a ppropna t e moment i s 2 5 2 0 k N m. H ea nng i n mt nd t ha t t he web
pl a t e I n t he prev i ou s ex a mpl e ( no t ens t on fi el d a ct i on) i s 1 2 . 5 mm
t hi ck , check t he a deq u a cy of a 1 0 mm pl a t e, whi ch g t v es d/ r = 1 4 3 :
a i d = 1 7 0 0 / 1 4 3 0 = 1 . 1 9
= 1 0 8 N / mm2 ( t a b l e 2 2 b )
q j = 3 2 3 N / mm2 ( t a b l e 2 3 b )
f( 2 5 2 0 x l 0 6 ) / [ ( 1 5 0 0 _ 3 5 ) 5 5 0 x 3 5 ] + 0 = 8 9 N / mm2
M ,,,f = 0 . 2 5 x 5 5 0 x 3 5 2 x 0 . 2 6 5 x 1 0 = 4 4 . 6 k N m
= 0 . 2 5 x l O x 1 4 3 0 2 x 0 . 2 7 5 x I ra 1 4 0 5 k N m
K 1
=
= 0 . 0 0 5 2 7
= ( l O B + 3 2 3 . J 0 . 0 0 5 2 7 ) t 4 3 0 x l ox = l 8 8 0 k N
< 0 . 6 x 0 . 2 7 5 a t 1 4 3 0 a t 1 0 a t = 2 3 6 0 k N
P l a ce a not her i nt ermedi a t e s t i ffener 3 . 6 m from t he s u pport .
C heck s econd pa nel from ng ht -ha nd end:
M = S I O 3 k N m
a / d 1 . 3 3
4 4 . 6
( 1 _ . ! ! r\
= 0 . 0 0 2 5 2
2 6 5 )
M = 7 4 4 2 k N m
a / d= 1 . 3 3

= 0 . 0 0 0 0 3
Fi g . 1 1 . 1 5 E M & S F di a g ra ms Vb ( l 0 2 + 3 0 2 1 0 . 0 0 0 0 3 ) 1 4 3 0 a t l O x t 4 8 2 k N



cont ri b u t i on from t he fl a ng e i n t he t l t i rd pa nel , a s t he fl a ng e i s a l mos t fu l l y
s t res s ed, i . e. 2 6 4 N / mm2 .
N ow cons i deri ng t he l eft -ha nd pa rt -l eng t h, a g a i n a s s u me a cha ng e i n pl a t e
t hi ck nes s t o t he l eft of t he poi nt l oa d a nd ma k e t he web 7 mm t hi ck . T hou g h t he
s t i ffener s pa ci ng of t he prev i ou s ex a mpl e wa s u s ed a s a b a s i s , i t i s propos ed t ha t
t he fi na l i nt ermedi a t e s t i ffener s pa ci ng from t he l eft -ha nd end i s 1 . 9 m, 2 . 2 m,
2 . 8 m a nd t hen t hree eq u a l pa nel s of 3 . 2 m. T he web pa nel s need t o b e check ed
wi t h& x = 2 0 4 , whi ch s t i l l s a t i s fi es t hes ei v i cea b i l i t y a nd fl a ng e b u ck l i ng ent ena
of d/ r
C heek l eft -ha nd end pa nel :


I 0 . 0 0 8

9 8 3
V5 = ( 7 7 . I + 3 5 0 ,J 0 . 0 0 8 6 0 ) 1 4 3 0 x 7 x = l O 7 l k N
C heek s econd pa nel from l eft -ha nd end:
k f= 3 5 7 8 k N m

1 2 7 )


Vb = ( 6 8 . 0 + 3 0 6 1 0 . 0 0 5 9 1 ) 1 4 3 0 a t 7 a t t O " = 9 1 6 k N
C heck t hi rd pa nel from l eft -ha nd end:
A 'I = 5 3 6 4 k N m F,= 7 3 3 k N
a i d= 2 8 0 0 / t 4 3 0 1 . 9 6
4 4 . 6 1 9 0 \
a t 9 8 3
= 0 . 0 0 3 2 1

l g nonng t he fl a ng e cont ri b u t i on t n t he fou rt h pa nel , t hen
5 9 0 k N ) whi ch t s more t ha n a deq u a t e for a s hea r of 5 4 3 k N .
N ot e t ha t when cons i denng t he s hea r b u ck l i ng res i s t a nce of t hos e web
pa nel s b ou nded on one s i de b y a l oa d ca ny i ng s t i ffener, t he i mpl i ca t i on i s
t ha t t hes e s t i ffeners a l s o a ct a s i nt ermedi a t e s t i ffeners a nd mu s t b e des i g ned
a ccordi ng l y .
T he u ni forml y di s t ri b u t ed l oa d ( 6 8 k N I m) i s a ppl i ed di rect l y t o t he fl a ng e,
a nd t herefore a check on t he web b et ween t he s t i ffeners b ecomes neces s a t y .
T he ma x t mu m v a l u e oft he compres s i on s t res s a ct i ng on t he edg e of t he web for
t hi s ex a mpl e i s ob t a i ned b y u s i ng t he t hi nner pl a t e s i ze, i . e.
i s = 6 8 / 7 9 . 7

cl a u s e 4 . 4 . 5 ,4 . 1
2 2 4 0 2 2 0 0
FI g . 1 1 . 1 6 S t i ffener pos i t i ons
a t L H
4 0 0 t i l 1 1 3 5 4 3
Fi g . S F
cl a u s e 4 . 5 . 2 . 2
7 4 4 2
1 " b ( t 0 2 + 3 0 2 ,1 0 . 0 0 2 5 2 ) 1 4 3 0 a t l O x = 1 6 7 5 k N
C heck t hi rd pa nel from ng ht -ha nd end

1 2 0 5 x
( 3 3 0 0 /

= 4 2 . 2
( I )
W E L D A T W E B / FL A N G E J U N C T I O N



( c)
L a t era l t ors i ona l b u ck l i ng





( d)
D es i g n of i nt ermedi a t e s t i fi eners



=
T herefore,






1 . 5 ( 1 4 3 0 x l offu 7 0 0 ) ' = 1 5 2
For


4 6
1 . 4 1

3 7 cm4



x
cm4





2 5 5 N / mm2 ) :

1 0 ( 2 > <
+ ( 2 0 x

l 2 [ ( 1 0 ( 2 x 7 5 ) + ( 2 0 x 1 0 ) I O J

= 0 . 7 x 1 4 3 0 / 3 1 . 4 = 3 2
p.
P 9

1 4 2 4 k ? f





F9 V.



= 3 6 . 1 mm


P 9
2 4 8 O x 0 . 2 4 0 5 9 5 k N
V 8 8 3 k N


q rr di

= 0 . 0 3 2









I







W E L D FO R






( e)
L oa d ca rry i ng s t l ffeners











S T E E L W O nK O E $ i fl i 4








1 5 0 S T R U C T U R A L S T E E L W O R I < D E S I G N T O O S 5 9 5 0
i i
ca rry i ng s t i ffener a t pos i t i on of a ppl i ed col u mn l oa d
T he a ppl i ed l oa d, 1 0 5 6 k N , a ct s i n t he pl a ne of t he web of t he pl a t e g i rder, i . e.
moment i s g enera t ed i n t he s t i ffeners .
T ry a of l fi D mmx 1 2 mm fl a t s ,
cl a u s e 4 . 5 . i . 2 ou t s t a nd of t he s t i ffeners i s s l i g ht l y g rea t er t ha n I 3 1 ,e t herefore
t he l oca l b u ck l i ng res i s t a nce of a s t i ffened web i s b a s ed on a s t i ffener core a rea
of 1 5 6 x 1 2 mm2 , t og et her wi t h a n effect i v e 'v eb a rea l i mi t ed t o 2 x 2 0 t :

4 h2 (
+ ( 2 x 2 0

1 2 x 4 1 4 4






2 5 5




t he i nt era ct t on ex pres s i on prev i ou s l y not ed. U s i ng t he l es s er cri t i ca l
s hea r res i s t a nce of t he t wo a dj a cent pa nel s a nd a s s u mi ng t ha t t he pa nel ha s a
u ni form 1 0 mm pl a t e, i . e. i g nori ng t he s pl i ce, t hen:




A s t here

1


A p,1
= 2 x
= 3 4 8 0 1 1 9 6


mm fl a t s
P L A T E G i R D E R S 1 5 1
cl a u s e
A l s o, t l t e col u mn b a s e ( compres s i on memb er) not b een l a t eni l l y
res t ra i ned, t hen t he s t i ffeners wou l d need t o b e des i g ned a s pa rt of t he
compres s i on memb er a nd t he i nt erfa ci ng connect i on check ed for a ny effect s
from s t ru t a ct i on.
FO R
T he mi ni mu m wel d s i ze req u i red for connect i ng t he s t i ffeners t o t he web ,
a s s u nu ng a wel d on ea ch s i de of s t i ffener, i s det ermi ned a s fol l ows :

x 5 x 1 6 0 ) = 0 . l O k N / mm
t here i s t he ex t erna l l oa d t o b e t a k en i nt o a ccou nt .

k N / mm
( g ) D es i g n of end. pos t l s t i ffeners a t t he s u pport s
E nd-pos i s / s t i ffeners a re req u i red a t b ot h ends of t he g i rder. i n pl a t e g i rders
where t ens i on fi el d a ct i on i s u t i l i zed, t he 'end s t i ffeners '. pl a y a n i mport a nt
s t ru ct u ra l rol e, i n t ha t t hey ha v e t o res i s t t he a nchor force wi t hou t whi ch
t ens i on fi el d a ct i on wou l d not b e g enera t ed. S ect i on 1 1 . 7 ou t l i nes t hree
met hods of prov i di ng t he neces s a ry res i s t a nce t o t he a nchor force. I n t he
ex a mpl e b ei ng cons i dered, t he des t g n s peci fi ca t i ci n s t a t es t ha t t he ends of t he
g i rder mu s t not proj ect b ey ond t he cent re l i nes of t he s u pport i ng col u mns .
T herefore, t he choi ce i s redu ced t o one of t wo met hods :
( a ) D es t g n t he pa nel i mmedi a t el y a dj a cent t o t he end-pos t l s t i ffener
wi t hou t t ens i on fi el d a ct i on a nd t o res i s t a ddi t i ona l forces du e t o a nchor
force; des i g n end pos t l s t i ffener t o wi t hs t a nd rea ct i on a nd force du e t o
moment .




cl a u s e 4 . 4 . 5 . 4 . 2 ( S ee









cl a u s e 4 . 4 . 5 . 4 . 2
cl a u s e
'1 :
i Q Z
S T R U C T U R A L S T E E L W O R I ( D E S I G N T O O S 5 9 5 0
A ppl y i ng


















wi t hou t










/
t 5 8
K 1 = 4

= 0 . 0 0 3 2 0


1 3 4 4 k N























P L A T E G I R D E R S
1 5 3
M a k i ng







1 0 7 0 1 / 1 1 2





4 . 5 . 1 . 2 T he


1 3 s ,


x
1 2 x 9 2 0 0
= 1 2 8 mm
cl a u s e 4 . 4 . 6 . 6 T he















g i rder,

'4 4 2





u t i l i zi ng






Fi g .



=
" ci

cl a u s e 4 . 4 . 5 . 4 . 2
cl a u s e 4 . 2 . 3
1 5 4 S T R U C T U R A L S T E E L W O R K D E S I G N T O 5 9 5 0
( i i ) W E L D FO R R H E N D P O S T / B E A R I N G S T I FFE N E R S
M i ni mu m

1 0 2 / 1 5











T







7 0 . 2

























P L A T E G i R D E R S 1 5 5
of













= 1 0 mm:
0 . 7 5
0 . 5
= 2 2 4 0

= 2 2 4 3 2 O k N m




























O T H E R C O N S I D E R A T I O N S




















es s ent i a l







cos t s ,





































en t he

economy of t he s t ru ct u re, i ncl u di ng











v a ry i ng
a nd










































W eb
s pl i ce
G I R D E nS
1 5 7
W eb
r
t i ,



4 5 0 x 1 5



4 S O x l s


ex cl u di ng

j
P L A T E G i R D E R S 1 5 9
A s t he rea der b ecomes fa mi l i a r wi t h 8 5 5 9 5 0 : P a rs i
des i g n g u i da nce
ot her fa ct ors mi g ht need t o b e cons i dered i n deny i ng t he fi na l des i g n
s ol u t i on:
where repea t ed l oa di ng i s a des i g n condi t i on, e. g . for
cra ne a nd b ri dg e g i rders , fa t i g u e res i s t a nce mu s t he check ed.
s t eel ma y ha v e t o b e u s ed for t he
t ens i on fl a ng e, s ee O S 5 4 0 0 ( 3 1
s peci a l b ea nng s ma y ha v e t o b e ma de a t
t he s u pport s t o a ccommoda t e t he ex pa ns i on a nd cont ra ct i on.
wi t h t he a pprnpna t e defl ect i on l i mi t wou l d
mea n ei t her i ncrea s i ng g i rder s t i ffnes s or ca mb eri ng t he g i rder.
D efl ect i on l i mi t a t i ons a re more s ev ere for cra ne g i rders .
s i t e s pl i ces a re u s u a l l y req u i red for
s i mpl y s u pport ed s pa ns ov er 2 5 4 0 m. S peci a l ha ndl i ng a nd l i ft i ng
a rra ng emeni s ma y b e neces s a i 'y a s a res u l t of t he l ow t ors i ona l
s t i ffnes s of pl a t e g i rders . W i nd l oa di ng mi g ht b e a prob l em du e t o
t he l a rg e s u rfa ce a rea of a g i rder.
C ompos i t e des i g n of pl a t e g i rders i s not cov ered, b u t des i g n g u i da nce i s g i v en
i n reference [ 3 ] . Fi na l l y , a l wa y s check t ha t t he req u i red pl a t e s i zes a re
cu rrent l y a v a i l a b l e.
B ri t i s h S t eel C orpora t i on
O S 5 9 5 0 S t ru ct u ra l I :
C ode ofpns ct i ce for t he des i g n ofs i ni pl e a nd cont i nu ou s
cons i ni ct i on: hot rol l ed s ect i ons ( 1 9 8 5 )
9 5 5 4 0 0 S t eel , 3 :
C ode of pra ct i ce for t he des i g n of s i eel b ri dg es ( 1 9 8 2 )
( 1 9 9 2 ) P l a t e g i rders , S t eel 4 6 4
4 6 6 , B l a ck wel l
P ort er 9 / 4 . , R ocl cey I C C . & E v a ns 1 1 . R . ( 1 9 7 5 ) l 'he
col l a ps e b eha v i ou r of pl a t e g i rders l oa ded i n s hea r,
S t ru ct u ra l 5 3 ( A u g ) , pp. 3 1 3 2 5
( 1 9 9 2 ) P l a i e g t rders , S t eel 4 4 9
4 5 4 . B l a ck wel l
L a ws on I L M . & L W . ( 1 9 8 9 ) D es i g n
W eb s of
C ons t ru ct i on t ns t i i u i e
O wens G . W . ( 1 9 8 9 ) D es i g n
B u i l di ng s . S l eet C ons t ru ct i on t ns t i t u i e
I S O S T R U C T U R A L S T E E L W O R K D E S i G N T O O s 5 9 5 0
3 0 0 0 1 3 0 0 0
W eb
s pl i ce
0 0 0 0
I W eb W eb 1 4 3 0 < 7 I ' W eb 1 4 3 0 x 7
1 4 3 0 x 1 0
I
I I
L
2 / 2 2 5 x 2 0
0
ci
1 9 0 0 2 2 0 0
J
4 0 0 0
Fl a ng es
9 5 0 c 3 5
4 2 0 0
I
I
a l l s x 1 0
4 2 0 0
x 2 0
x 1 2
2 4 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 1 0 0

4 5 0 x 2 0
4 5 0 x 2 0
D et a i l Z
Fi g . 1 1 ,2 4 D ei a i l s of s i fi 'ent d pl s i e g i rder u t i l i zi ng t ens i on fi el d a ct i on
Fu l l s i reng i h
b u t t wel ds
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
5 5 0 x 3 5
4 5 0 x
x
x 1 0
D et a i l V L oa d b ea ri ng l nt ermedi ei e
s i i ffeners s t i t t eners
FW t o b e 6 mm cont i nu ou s
j
S ect i on A A S ect i on 8 8
Fl a ng e i pt i ce onl y
or 2 5 mm pl a t e
Fu l l s i reng i l i
i
b u t t wel ds
D et a i l X
4 5 0 x
t t reng i h
b u n wel du
D et a i l Z
Fl 0 .
x I o] [ l 7 5 . 1 0
E nd p0 5 1 I nt ermedi a t e
s t i fl eners
S ect i on C C S ect i on D D

S T U D Y R E FE R E N C E S
T opi c
P l a t e i nfoni ,a t i on
2 . P l a t e g i rder des i g n
3 . P l a t e g i rder des i g n
4 . S hea r b ocl di ng
5 . T ens i on fi el d a ct i on
6 . T ens i on fi el d a ct i on
7 . D peni ng s
8 . C ompos i t e pl a t e
P A R f]
I I I





















1 1 2 1
D E S I G N
- L A T T I C E

C O N S T R U C T I O N
I N T R O D U C T I O N
O v er











of















a l t era t i ons t o t he b u i l di ng . For economi c
rea s ons ( s u ch a s ha v i ng a fl ow-l i ne
produ ct i on opera t i on) , mos t i ndu s t na l b u i l di ng s
ha v e a rect a ng u l a r fl oor pl a n,
a nd t herefore a l wa y s a rra ng e, where pos s i b l e,
t o s pa n t he ma i n fra mes a cros s
t he s hort er di s t a nce, t hcreb y
mmi mni ng memb er s i zes ( s ee Fi g . 1 2 . 2 ) .
T hou g h t he cl i ent u s u a l l y g i v es t he des i g ner
a free choi ce of s t ru ct u ra l
a rra ng ement , t he b es t 'l ea s t cos t ' s ol u t i on
i s nev ert hel es s ex pect ed, i n a
pa perW g i v i ng compa ra t i v e
cos t s of fou r di fferent t y pes of s i ng l e-s t orey
a n-a ng ement s ( roof t ru s s , l a t t i ce g i rder, port a l fra me a nd
s pa ce fra me) t he
s i ng l e-s pa n port a l fra me s eerru ng l y di d
not produ ce t he mos t economi c
a ns wer for t he s i ng l e-b a y fra me, when a s s es s ed
on i ni t i a l cos t . T he s t u dy
i ndi ca t ed t ha t t he l a t t i ce g i rder cons t ru ct i on
produ ces t he mos t economi c
s ol u t i on for t he s pa n b ei ng cons i dered i n
t he des i g n ex a mpl e. H owev er, when
one t a k es i nt o a ccou nt t he cos t of ma i nt a i ni ng t he s t a t u t ot y
mi ni mu m
t empera t u re wi t hi n s u ch b u i l di ng s t hen t he l ow roof
cons t ru ct i on of a port a l
fra me cou l d ha v e a fi na nci a l a dv a nt a g e
ov er ot her forms of cons t ru ct i on
du nng t he l i fes pa n of a b u i l di ng ( u s u a l l y 5 0 y ea rs ) .
T hi s i s prob a b l y why ,
t og et her wi t h i t s s i mpl e, cl ea n l i nes , t he
mos t common form of s i ng l e-s t orey
b u i l di ng fou nd on a ny modem u i du s t na l
es t a t e i s t ha t of port a l fra me
cons t ru ct i on, wi t h ov er 9 0 % of a l l s i ng l e-s t orey b u i l di ng s
s o
O E S i G N O F S I N G L E -S T O nE Y B U I L O i N G
L A T ri C E G i R O E n A N O C O L U M N C O N S T R U C T i O N
1 6 5
D es pi t e t he domi na nce of port a l fra me cons t ru ct i on
i n t he pa s t , t here i s a
g rowi ng dema nd from t he hi -t ech i ndu s t ri es for l u g her q u a l i t y a nd fl ex i b i l i t y
m t he u s e of b u i l di ng s . T he s t ru ct u res of s u ch b u i l di ng s
a re freq u ent l y fl a t -
roofed u t i l i zi ng s ol i d/ ca s t el l a t ed b ea ms
or l a t t i ce g i rders . T he a dv a nt a g e of
t he l a t t i ce g i rder or ca s t el l a t ed form of cons t ru ct i on
i s t ha t i t a l l ows s erv i ces
l ob e a ccommoda t ed wi t hi n t he dept h of t he roof
cons t ru ct i on, a t t he ex pens e
of deeper roof cons t ru ct i on when compa red wi t h
port a l fra mes .
I n order t o u nders t a nd t he ov era l l des i g n procedu re for
a b u i l di ng , t he
fol l owi ng des i g n ex erci s e wi l l dea l wi t h t he compl et e
des i g n of a s i ng l e-
s t orey b u i l di ng b a s ed nn l a t t i ce g i rder a nd col u mn
cons t ru ct i on. H owev er, i n
C ha pt er 1 3 a n a l t erna t i v e a pproa ch, u s i ng port a l fra mes
a s t he ma i n
s u pport i ng s t ru ct u re, wi l l b e cons i dered; t ha t i s , t he s i mpl e l a t t i ce
g i rders wi t h
u ni v ers a l s ect i ons a s col u mn memb ers wi l l b e repl a ced b y
a s encs of port a l
fra mes .
1 2 . 2 D E S I G N B R I E F
A cl i ent req u i res a s i ng l e-s t orey b u i l di ng , ha v i ng
a cl ea r fl oor a rea ,
9 0 m x 3 6 . 4 m, wi t h a cl ea r hei g ht t o t he u nders i de of t he
roof of
4 . 8 m, wi t h pos s i b l e ex t ens i on t o t he b u i l di ng
i n t he fu t u re. T he s l ope of t he
roof memb er i s t o b e a t l ea s t
I t ha s b een s peci fi ed t ha t t he b u i l di ng i s t o b e
i ns u l a t ed a nd cl a d wi t h P M F met a l s heet i ng profi l e L ong
R i b l 0 0 0 R
( 0 . 7 0 mm t hi ck , mi ni mu m neces s a ry for roof t o prev ent da ma g e
du nng
ma i nt ena nce a cces s ) . A s u b s t ra t a s u rv ey of t he s i t e, l oca t ed
i n a new
dev el opment a rea on t he ou t s k i rt s of C l u i s b orou g l i , N ort h Y ork s hi re,
ha s
s hown t ha t t he g rou nd condi t i ons a re a b l e t o s u s t a i n
a fou nda t i on b ea ri ng
pres s u re of I S O k N / m2 a t O . S m b el ow ex i s t i ng g rou nd l ev eL
1 2 ,3
P R E L I M I N A R Y D E S I G N D E C I S I O N S
T he t wo common a rra ng emeni s for open web ( l a t t i ce)
g i rders a re i l l u s t ra t ed
b y t he di a g ra ms i n Fi g . 1 2 . 3 , i . e. t he W a rren
or P ra t t t ru s s g i rders . T he
di fference b et ween t he i ,. v o t y pes i s b a s i ca l l y t ha t t heW a rren
t ru s s ha s pa i rs of
di a g ona l memb ers of a pprox i ma t el y t he s a me l eng t h, whi l e
t he P ra t t t ru s s ha s
s hort v ert i ca i s a nd l ong di a g ona l s . U nder norma i
ci rcu ms t a nces of g ra v i t y
l oa di ng when t here i s no l oa d rev ers a l , t he P ra t t t ru s s
i s s t ru ct u ra l l y more
effi ci ent b eca u s e t he s hort v ert i ca l memb ers wou l d b e
i n compres s i on a nd t he
l ong di a g ona l s i n t ens i on. H owev er, when t here
i s l oa d rev ers a l i n t he
a l W a rren
T wo common
forms of l a t t i ce
g i rder
I b I P ra t t
1 6 4
S T R U C T U R A L S T E E L wO nI ( O E S i G N T O P S 5 9 5 0
Fi g . 1 2 . i
T y pi ca l t ru s s a nd
col u mn C ons t ru ct i on
Fi g . 1 2 . 2 P ropos ed ma i n
rmme s pa ci ng
l 's
Fi g 1 2 3
ft
1 6 6 S T R U C T U R A L S T E E L W O R K D E S I G N T O O S 5 9 5 0
D E S I G N O F S I N G L E -S T O R E Y B U I L D I N G L A T t I C E G I R D E R A N D C O L U M N C O N S T R U C T I O N
1 6 7
Fi g . 1 t 4
a rra ng ement of
ma i n fra me
memb ers
di a g ona l s t hen t he W a rren t ru s s ma y prov e t o b e t he more economi c
a rra ng ement . A l s o, t he W a rren t ru s s ma y g i v e l a rg er a cces s s pa ce for ci rcu l a r
a nd s q u a re du ct s a nd's cons i dered i n ha v e a b et t er a ppea ra nce. T herefore, t he
W a rren t ru s s ha s b een s el ect ed for t hi s des i g n ex erci s e.
O ne of t he chea pes t forms of cons t ru ct i on for t he l a t t i ce g i rders wou l d b e
i f t he a ng l e s ect i ons , u s ed for t he di a g ona l s ( web memb ers ) , were wel ded
di rect l y t o t he t op a nd b ot t om chords , fa b nca t ed from T -s ect i ons , a nd t hi s
cons t ru ct i on wi l l b e t he b a s i s of t he ma i n des i g n. A n a l t erna t i v e form of
cons t ru ct i on i s t o u s e t u b u l a r ( hol l ow) s ect i ons , whi ch a re b ei ng mcrea s i ng l y
i ncorpora t ed i nt o hi -t ech s t eel b u i l di ng s . T u b u l a r s ect i ons ha v e i t g ood
a ppea ra nce a nd a re effi ci ent a s compres s i on memb ers b u t a re di ffi cu l t t o
connect s a t i s fa ct ori l y , pa rt i cu l a rl y when s u b j ect t o hi g h l oa ds , when s t i ffener
pl a t es a re req u i red t o cont rol b endi ng of t he s ect i on wa l l s .
T he s l ope of t he t op chord i s chos en t o refl ect t he mi ni mu m s peci fi ed ( 5 ')
or t herea b ou t s . C ons eq u ent l y , b eca u s e t he roof s l ope i s l es s t ha n 1 5 ' t hen t he
s heet i ng wi l l need t o b e l a i d wi t h s peci a l s t np ma s t i c l a p s ca l ers , m order t o
prev ent ca pi l l a ry a ct i on a nd hence ra i n l ea k i ng i nt o t he b u i l di ng . O t her
pra ct i ces for ens u ri ng wea t hert t g ht nes s a re t o i ncrea s e t he s i de a nd end l a ps
a nd fa s t ener freq u ency . S u ch det a i l s s hou l d b e check ed wi t h t he s heet i ng
ma nu fa ct u rer's ca t a l og u e. T he a l t erna t i v e i s t o u s e s t a ndi ng s ea m t y pe
s heet i ng wi t h concea l ed fi x i ng s . A s reg a rds l i mi t i ng defl ect i on, t here a re no
ma nda t ory req u i rement s , b u t commonl y a ccept ed cnt ena for a t y pi ca l
i ns u l a t ed b u i l di ng a re L / 2 0 0 for roofs a nd L i t S D for v ert i ca l wa l l s .
T he req u i red s l ope ca n b e a chi ev ed b y ma k i ng t he dept h of t he l a t t i ce
g i rder a t t he ea v es eq u a l t o 1 / 2 0 of t he s pa n a nd t he dept h a t t he cent re of t he
s pa n I / I D . A s s u mi ng t he col u mn dept h t o b e 0 G m t hen, wi t h reference t o
Fi g . 1 2 . 4 :
1 . 8 6 m
1 . 0 6 m
4 _ t a m
S pa n b et ween col u mn cent res ( L 3 6 . 4 + 0 . 6 ) = 3 7 . 0 m
S pa ci ng of l a t t i ce fra mes = 6 . 0 m
H ei g ht t o u nders i de of g i rder 4 . 8 m
D ept h of g i rder a t ea v es i . 8 5 m
D ept h of g i rder a t ri dg e ( a pex ) 3 . 7 0 m
A ct u a l s l ope of ra ft er ( 1 . 8 5 / 1 8 . 5 ) ] = 5 . 7 1 '
1 2 . 4 L O A D I N G
B efore a ny des i g n ca l cu l a t i ons ca n b e u ndert a k en, t he l oa ds t ha t ca n occu r on
or i n a b u i l di ng ha v e t o b e a s s es s ed a s a ccu ra t el y a s pos s i b l e. T he l oa ds whi ch
norma l l y g ov ern t he des i g n of a s i ng l e-s t orey b u i l di ng a re dea d l oa ds t h) s no'v
i oa dt 2 t a nd wi nd l oa di ng t t 4 ) . I n a ddi t i on, t he des i g ner s hou l d g i v e t hou g ht t o
t he pos s i b i l i t y of u nu s u a l l oa di ng s , s u ch a s dri ft i ng of s nowt s ) , a nd
ov erl oa di ng of a g u t t er i f t he downpi pes b ecome b l ock ed or ca nnot cope wi t h
a l a rg e v ol u me of ra i nwa t er du nng a del u g e. M odem b u i l di ng s ma y a l s o b e
req u i red t o a ccommoddi e s erv i ces , s u ch a s du ct i ng or s pnnk l er s y s t ems . T he
wei g ht of I hes e i t ems ca n b e s i g ni fi ca nt a nd i t i s a dv i s a b l e t ha t a dv i ce from
t he s u ppl i ers i s s ou g ht . ( N ot e t ha t t he s now l oa d i nforma t i on referred t o i n
references ( 2 ) a nd ( 6 ) i s t o b e i ncorpora t ed i n U S 6 3 9 9 : P a rt 3 , C ode

P ra ct i ce L oa ds ) .
dependi ng on t he fu nct i on of a b u i l di ng ,
dy na mi c l oa di ng from cra ne opera t i ons ca n b e a n ex t ra des i g n cons i dera t i on.
1 2 . 4 . 1 D ea d l oa d
T he dea d l oa ds a ffect i ng t he des i g n of t he b u i l di ng res u l t from t he s el f wei g ht
of t he s heet i ng ( i ncl u di ng i ns u l a t i on) , t he s econda ry memb ers a nd ma i n
fra mes a nd wi l l b e i ncl u ded i n t he des i g n ca l cu l a t i ons , a s a nd when t hey
occu r. E s t i ma t i ng t he s el fwei g ht of s heet i ng a nd
s econda ry memb ers i s
rel a t i v el y ea s y a s t hi s i nforma t i on i s cont a i ned i n t he ma nu fa ct u rers '
ca t a l og u es . A s s es s i ng t he s el fwei g ht of t he ma i n fra me i s more di ffi cu l t , a s
t hi s i nforma t i on i s req u i red b efore t he des i g n of t he fra me. D es i g ners
wi t h
ex penence ca n ma k e ra pi d es t i ma t es . I n t hi s des i g n ex a mpl e, a
rou g h g u i de
wou l d b e t o ma k e i t a b ou t 1 5 % of t he t ot a l g ra v i t y l oa d a ct i ng on t he ma i n
fra me. C l ea rl y , t he s el fwei g ht of fra mes s pa nni ng s ma l l er di s t a nces , a s a
percent a g e of t he t ot a l g ra v i t y l oa di ng , wou l d b e l es s a nd for l a rg er s pa ns
t he
percent a g e i s l a rg er. T he s el f-wei g ht of t he B S C profi l e L ong R i b I O U O R
wi t h
i ns u l a t i on wi l l b e t a k en a s 0 . 0 9 7 h0 4 1 m2 .
1 2 . 4 . 2 S now l oa d
T he rel ev a nt i nforma t i on reg a rdi ng t he s now l oa di ng i s a t pres ent
cont a i ned
m U S 6 3 9 9 : P a rt
1 t 2 l For t he propos ed s i t e ( G u i s b orou g h) i t i s es t t ma t ed t ha t
t he rel ev a nt s now l oa d i s 0 . 7 5 k N / m2 ( a ct i ng on pl a n) t hou g t i i t i s a nt i ci pa t ed
t ha t i n P a rt 3 of U S 6 3 9 9 t here
b e reg i ona l v a na t i ons , a s i s a l rea dy
permi t t ed i n t he fa rm b u i l di ng code 5 5 5 5 0 2 . T he eq u i v a l ent s now l oa d
a ct i ng a l ong t he i ncl i ned roof memb er i s 0 . 7 5 cos
L L 0 . 7 5 x O . 9 9 5 =
0 . 7 5 k N / m2 . T he u s e of a n eq u i v a l ent l oa d ma k es du e a l l owa nce for t he pu rl i n
s pa ci ng b ei ng g i v en a s a s l ope di s t a nce. H owev er, a t t hi s
s l ope i t i s s een t ha t
t he di fference i n l oa d on s l ope a nd on pl a n i s neg l i g i b l e.
2 . 4 . 3 W i nd l oa d
From C P 3 C ha pt er V P a rt 2 ( a l s o t o b e i ncorpora t ed i nt o U S 6 3 9 9 ) , t he
wi nd
l oa di ng on t he b u i l di ng b ei ng des i g ned ca n b e es t a b l i s hed. A l s o, t he rea der i s
di rect ed t o reference ( 4 ) whi ch dea l s more fu l l y wi t h wi nd l oa di ng on
b u i l di ng s a nd cont a i ns t he b a ck g rou nd i nforma t i on on whi ch reference ( 3 ) i s
3 7 . 0 n
b a s ed. A s t he s i t e i s l oca t ed i n G u i s b orou g h, t hen
from reference ( 3 ) , t he
b a s i c wi nd
i s es t i ma t ed a s b ei ng 4 5 i n/ s ( Fi g .
I of reference ( 3 ) ) ; t he
fa ct ors 5 , a nd
a re b ot h 1 . 0 . From t he i nforma t i on s u ppl i ed,
t he g rou nd
rou g hnes s i s a s s u med t o b e 3 , nod b eca u s e t he b u i l di ng
i s l ong er t ha n 5 0
i n
t he 'b u i l di ng s i ze
i s des i g na t ed a s cl a s s C . From T a b l e 3 0 3 , l a l owi ng
t he
b u i l di ng hei g ht i s i n t he S l O i n reg i on, t he
fa ct ors 2 i s fou nd t o b e 0 . 6 9 .
b a s ed on a hei g ht of 1 0 m. ( A s l i g ht l y
l ower v a l u e mi g ht l i e ob t a i ned b y
mt erpoi a t i on, a s t he a ct u a l hei g ht
i s 5 . 5 m) . H ence t he dy na mi c pres s u re
( q )
i s :
q

ex t erna l pres s u re
b u i l di ng ( wi t h

of
s r. a b u i l di ng hei g ht ra t i o
a nd a b u i l di ng pl a n ra t i o
i hv = 9 0 M / 3 7 . 0 2 . 4 3 ) a re ob t a i ned from
T a b l e 7 ( wa l l s ) a nd T a b l es ( pi t ch
rdnfs ) t 3 1 T hou g h t he di mens i ons
u s ed i n t hi s ex a mpl e a re b a s ed
on t he cent re
l i nes of memb ers , i t i s t he u s u a l
pra ct i ce t o u s e t he ov era l l di mens i ons of
a
b u i l di ng . H owev er, t he l a t t er wou l d
not ma t eri a l l y a ffect t he ca i eu i a t ed
v a l u e& T he i nt erna l pres s u re coeffi ci ent s
a re a s s es s ed from A ppendi x l i t i ) .
a s s u mi ng t ha t t he t wo l ong fa ces of t he b u i l di ng
a re eq u a l l y permea b l e whi l e
t he g a b l e fa ces a re not ; t ha t i s ,
+ 0 . 2
t he wi nd i s norma l t o a permea b l e
fa ce a nd 0 . 3
norma l t o a n u npermea b l e fa ce. H owev er,
i t cou l d b e
a rg u ed one s hou l d
for t he occu rrence of domi na nt openi ng s ,



ha v e not b een fi na l i zed a t t he des i g n
s t a g e;
i ha t i s , t he des i g ner ma k es t he
a ppropri a t e deci s i on,
on t he
i nforma t i on a v a i l a b l e reg a rdi ng
openi ng s m t he

u s e t he
cl a u s e i n reference ( 3 ) whi ch a l l ows t he
des i g ner t o t a k e t he more onerou s of
-1 -0 . 2 a nd 0 . 3 . T hi s cov ers t he pos s i b i l i t y
of a domi na nt openi ng , prov i ded i t
i s cl os ed du nng a s ev ere s t onn. T he res u l t i ng wi nd l oa di ng
condi t i ons for t he
b u i l di ng ( ef. 2 . 9
fra me onl y ) , a re g wen i n Fi g .

i s det ermi ned b y i nt erpol a t i on. I f
i s no pos s i b i l i t y of

openi ng , t hen onl y wi nd ea s es B
C a ppl y
T he di a g ra ms s how t ha t t he ma x i mu m

t ha t ca n a ct on t he
a nd g a b l es of t he b u i l di ng i s i . O x

t he ma x i mu m l oca l ,
pres s u re, for whi ch t he
s heet i ng ha s t o b e des i g ned, i s g enera l l y
s i g ni fi ca nt l y
hi g her. hi a s s es s i ng t he l oca l
pres s u re on t he roof s heet i ng , a rev i s ed v a l u e of
ha s t o b e ob t a i ned from T a b l e 3 ( 3 ) ,
not i ng t ha t cl a ddi ng i s defi ned a s cl a s s
A , hence
= 0 . 7 8 a nd t he a ppropri a t e v a l u e of q = 0 . 6 t 3 ( 1 . 0
x 0 . 7 8 x
1 . 0
i s dra wn t o t he l a rg er v a l u e of
whi ch occu rs a t t he edg e zones of roofs ,
a s i ndi ca t ed i n T a b l e
T herefore,
t he ma x i mu m des i g n pres s u re ( i n t hi s
ca s e, s u ct i on) a ct i ng on t he roof
s heet i ng i s
4 -C ',,,) q = ( 1 . 4 + 0 . 2 ) 0 . 7 6 = 1 . 2 2 k N / m2 .
S i mi l a rl y for t he s i de cl a ddi ng where
b a s ed on a hei g ht of5 m
( a ct u a l 6 . 6 5
t he l oca l c,, v a l u e i s
t he pres s u re
s u s t a i ned b y t he
s heet i ng i s
( 1 . 0 + 0 . 2 ) 0

W i nd
I
I
I n
di rect i on
C
1 '
E H
o. a
+
=
T hes e wi nd l oa ds , b a s ed on pres s u re eoefl l ci ea t s ,
a re u s ed when
det ermi ni ng t he l oa ds a ct i ng on a pa rt i cu l a r s u rfa ce
or pa rt of t he s u rfa ce of a
b u i l di ng , i . e. t hey a re a ppl i ca b l e
i n t he des i g n of t he l a t t i ce g i rder or col u n-i ns .
H owev er. m es t i ma t i ng t he wi nd l oa ds a ct i ng
on t he whol e of t he b u i l di ng ,
t he force coeffi ci ent s ha v e t o b e u s ed; t ha t
i s , t he t ot a l wi nd l oa d on a
b u i l di ng i s ca l cu l a t ed from:
F'C j q A
C f ob t a i ned from T a b l e
a nd
i s t he effect i v e front a l a rea . T hi s
mea ns t ha t when t he wi nd i s b l owi ng perpendi cu l a r
t o t he l ong i t u di na i a x i s of
t he b u i l di ng , t hen 5 2 = 0 . 6 0
a nd
q = 0 . 4 5 k N / m2 , hence:
F'

1 8 . 0 fra me


F'= 0 . 7

1 6 8
S T R U C T U R A L S T E E L W O R i c D E S I G N T O 8 5 5 9 5 0
D E S I G N O F S i N G L E -S T O R E r B U I L D I N G
L A T T I C E G I R D E R A N D C O L U M N C O N S T R U C T I O N
1 6 9
W i nd
di rect i on
-
0 . 0
-FH
A
0 . 0
C r,
0 . 7
- I i :
'I ,
:
4 1 '.
1 '
Fi g . 1 2 . 5 E x t erna l a nd
j a t ema l wi nd
coeffi ci ent s for
b u i l di ng
i l l
H R
0 . 1
0
1 7 0 S T R U C T U R A L S T E E L W O R K D E S I G N T O O S 5 9 5 0 D E S I G N O P S I N G L E -S T O R E Y B U I L D I N G L A T T I C E G I R D E R A N D C O L U M N C O N S T R U C T I O N
1 7 1







C r1
C ons i der


0 . 0 4 w


0 . 0 4 1 3 7 . 0 ( 9 0 . 0 4 8 . 5 ) 0 . 5 9 + 2






8 . 5 ) 0 . 5 9 + 2 7 . 5 8 ( 3 7 . 0 4 7 . 5 8 ) 0 . 4 5 ]
1 . 6 + 0 ,5 = 2 . 1






















































1 . 1 5 0 . 8 1

u . d. I .
s pa n
s ee
pu rl i n
t . 3 4

= t . 6 2 6 m


L

,_ W J fl J t . ,i u fl fl L
L 3 b S I U N l O B S 5 9 5 0
T a b l e




': : -
P 3 4 5 1 4 5
'3 . 9 5 2 . 7 9 2 3 3
. 9 9 3 . 7 4 1 3 5 1 ,4 0
3 ,2 7 1 . 3 6
8 ,0 7
P 1 4 5 1 5 5
3 5 3 5 I I I 2 . 5 9 2 . 2 2 3 ,9 4
l ,7 3 3 . 5 6 3 ,4 3
. 3 0
. 2 0
P 3 4 5 ( 7 0 3 7 . 8 3
3 . 5 7 2 . 9 1 2 ,5 5
2 . 2 3
3 . 9 8 3 . 7 8 1 . 6 2
3 3 7
P 8 7 5 3 4 0 i 6 . 5 2
3 3 0 2 . 7 5
2 ,3 6 2 . 0 7 3 ,3 4 3 ,6 5
3 3 0 i . 3 8
. 2 7
P 3 7 5 ( 5 0
( 8 3 5
3 . 7 3 3 . 0 9 2 . 6 5
2 3 2 2 ,0 6
3 . 8 6 3 . 6 9 3 5 P 3 7 5 3 6 0
2 0 . 2 3 4 . 0 5 3 3 7 2 . 8 9
2 . 5 3 2 . 2 5 2 . 0 2
3 . 3 4 3 ,6 9
5 6
P 3 7 5 1 7 0
7 2 4 7
P 3 4 5 3 4 5 1 1 ,7 4 3 ,9 6 3 . 6 3 1 . 4 0
3 . 2 2
3 . 0 9 0 . 9 8 0 . 3 9 0 . 3 7
0 7 5
9 3 8 5 3 5 5
1 3 . 0 7 2 . i i 3 . 3 2
. 5 6 3 3 6 3 . 3 3 3 ,0 9 0 . 9 9
0 . 9 1
0 . 3 4
9 3 4 5 ( 7 0 1 4 . 1 9
Z 3 7 1 . 9 7 6 . 6 9 1 ,4 6
U I
/ . 0 5
0 . 9 9
0 . 9 /
P 1 7 5 1 4 0 i 3 . 9 8 2 ,3 3 1 . 9 8
3 . 6 6
3 . 4 6 3 . 2 9
3 . 3 6 3 . 0 6
0 . 9 7
0 8 0
P 3 7 5 3 5 0
( 5 . 6 7 2 . 6 3 2 . 3 3
3 . 8 7 3 . 6 3 3 . 4 5 1 3 1 3 . 3 9
3 ,0 9
3 ,0 0
P 3 7 5 6 0 3 7 . 0 7 2 . 8 5
2 ,3 7 2 . 0 3 3 . 7 8
3 . 5 8 3 . 4 1
3 . 3 9
1 . 1 9
3 . 0 9
P 1 7 5 1 7 0 1 8 . 9 3 3 . 3 6 2 ,6 3 2 . 2 5
3 ,9 7 3 . 7 5
3 3 7 3 ,4 1 1 . 3 1
3 . 2 3
P 3 7 5 3 0 0
2 3 . 5 6 3 . 9 3 3 . 2 7 2 ,8 0 2 . 4 5
2 . 3 8 '9 6 . 7 8
. 6 4
3 ,5 3
P 2 0 5 1 4 5
3 7 . 0 9 2 . 8 5 2 3 7 2 . 0 9
3 ,7 8 '. 5 8 3 . 4 2
3 . 2 9
3 . 3 9
3 . 3 0
P 2 0 5 3 5 5 3 9 . 0 3 3 . 3 7 2 6 4 2 3 7
3 ,9 8 3 . 7 6 3 . 5 9 3 . 4 4
3 3 2
( . 2 2
P 3 0 5 3 6 5
2 0 . 9 2 3 . 4 9 2 . 9 3 2 . 4 9 2 . 3 8
3 . 9 4 '. 7 4 1 3 8
8 ,3 4
P 2 0 5 3 8 0 2 3 6 9
3 . 9 5 3 . 2 9 2 . 8 2
2 . 4 8 2 ,3 9
3 . 9 7 1 . 7 9
3 . 6 5
3 3 2
P 2 0 5 3 9 0 2 5 3 0 4 ,2 5 3 . 5 4 3 . 0 4 2 . 6 6
2 3 6 2 . 3 3
3 . 9 3 3 . 7 7
3 . 6 3
,. ,,
P 8 7 5 3 7 0
3 6 . 3 0 2 . 3 3 3 . 9 4
3 . 6 6 8 . 4 6
3 . 2 9 3 . 3 6 3 . 0 8 0 ,9 7
0 ,9 0
P 3 7 5 2 0 0
1 9 . 4 0 2 . 7 7 2 . 1 1 1 . 9 5 1 . 7 2
1 . 5 4 1 . 1 9 1 . 2 6 1 . 4 5
/ ,0 7
P 2 0 5 3 5 5 8 6 . 1 6 2 3 5 ( . 9 6 3 . 6 3 3 ,4 7
3 ,3 3 3 . 0 7 0 . 9 8
0 . 9 0
P 2 0 5 3 6 5 3 8 ,0 6 2 . 5 8 2 . 3 5 3 . 8 4 3 . 6 3
3 ,4 3 3 . 2 9
3 . 3 7 3 . 0 8 0 . 9 9
P 2 0 5 3 8 0
2 0 . 4 4 2 ,0 2 2 ,4 3 2 ,0 9 3 . 8 3
3 . 6 2 i . 4 6
3 . 3 3 8 . 2 2
3 . 3 2
P 2 0 5 3 9 0 2 3 . 9 9 3 . 3 4 2 ,6 2 2 ,2 4
3 . 9 6 8 . 7 5
3 3 7
3 . 3 3 3 3 3
P 2 0 5 7 0 0
7 3 3 3 3 3 6 2 . 8 0 2 . 4 0
2 ,3 0
'. 8 7 3 ,6 8 3 . 5 3 3 . 4 0
3 . 2 9
P 2 3 5 3 7 0 2 2 . 7 6 3 . 2 5 2 . 7 8 2 3 2 2 . 0 3 3 . 8 3
1 . 6 3 3 . 4 8
3 . 3 5
3 . 2 5
P 2 3 5 3 9 0 2 6 ,5 7 3 ,8 0 3 . 3 6 2 . 7 3 2 3 7
2 . 3 3
3 . 9 0 8 . 7 3 3 3 8 1 . 4 6
P 2 3 5 1 0 0 2 8 ,4 2 4 ,0 8 3 ,3 3 2 ,9 0 2 . 5 4
2 1 6 2 ,0 3 3 . 8 5
3 . 6 9 3 3 6
P 2 3 5 2 3 0
3 3 . 3 8 4 . 8 4 4 ,0 3 3 . 4 6 3 ,0 3
2 . 6 9 2 . 4 2 2 ,2 0 2 . 0 2
3 . 8 6
( a ) ( g ra v i t y
3 3 . 6 3 2 3 3 . 9 4 3 . 6 6 8 . 4 5
3 . 2 9 1 . 1 6 3 ,0 8 0 . 9 7 0 ,8 9
0 1 3 3 0 ( 5 0 3 2 . 3 0
2 . 5 6 2 ,3 3 3 . 3 3 3 . 6 0 3 . 4 2
. 2 8 3 . 3 6 ( . 0 7 0 . 9 8 0 1 8 4 5 3 3 0 3 3 . 9 4 2 3 9 3 ,9 9 3 ,7 3 3 . 4 9
. 3 3 3 . 3 9 ( . 0 9 3 . 0 0 0 ,9 2 0 1 3 4 5 3 4 0 1 3 3 2 2 . 6 6 2 . 2 2 3 . 9 0 3 . 6 7 3 . 4 8
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 . 0 2
0 1 ( 4 5 3 5 0 3 4 . 6 7
2 . 9 3 2 ,4 5 2 . 3 0
3 . 8 3 3 . 6 3 3 . 4 7
3 3 3 3 . 2 2 3 . 3 3
0 1 3 4 5 3 4 0 ( 3 . 2 6 3 . 8 8 ( . 5 6 3 ,3 4 3 . 3 7 1 . 0 4 0 . 9 8
0 8 5 0 . 7 8 0 3 2 0 1 3 4 5 3 5 0
3 2 . 3 8 2 . 0 6 3 . 7 2 3 . 4 7
1 . 2 9 3 . 3 5 1 . 0 3 0 . 9 4 0 . 8 6 0 . 7 9 0 1 3 4 5 3 6 5 6 3 . 8 7
2 . 3 3 1 . 0 3
L 6 5 1 . 4 4
1 . 2 6
4 . 1 6 1 . 0 5 0 . 9 6 0 8 9 i t 3 7 5 3 4 0 3 4 . 2 9 2 3 9 '. 9 3 3 . 7 0 '3 ,4 9
1 3 2 3 . 3 9 3 . 0 9 0 . 9 9 0 . 9 2 1 3 7 5 3 5 5 3 6 . 4 4
2 . 7 4 2 . 2 8
3 . 9 6 3 ,7 3 3 . 5 2 3 3 7
3 ,2 5 1 j 4 0 5 R 1 7 5 3 7 0 3 9 . 5 5 3 . 0 9 2 . 6 9 2 . 2 3
3 . 9 3 3 . 7 2
3 3 5 1 . 4 1
3 . 2 9 3 . 3 9 3 6 2 0 5 3 4 5
1 7 . 4 3 2 ,9 0 2 . 4 2
2 . 0 7 3 . 3 3 1 . 6 3 3 . 4 5
3 3 2 3 ,2 3 3 . 3 2
0 1 3 7 5 3 5 5 3 4 . 2 4
2 . 0 3 8 . 7 0 ( . 4 5 3 . 2 7 3 . 3 3
. 0 2 0 . 9 2 0 8 5 0 3 8 0 1 8 7 5 3 7 0 3 6 0 . 4 2 . 2 9
. 9 3 3 . 6 4 3 ,4 3
3 ,2 7 3 . 3 5 3 ,0 4
0 ,9 5 0 1 3 3 6 2 0 5 ( 4 5 3 5 . 3 2 2 . 8 6 3 . 8 0 3 3 4 3 3 5
3 . 2 0 . 0 8 0 . 9 3 0 . 9 0 0 . 3 3 0 1 2 0 5 3 5 5 3 6 ,5 7 2 3 7 3 . 9 7 3 . 6 9 1 . 4 8
3 3 2 3 . 3 9 3 . 0 8 0 . 9 9 0 . 9 3 0 1 2 0 5 3 7 0
3 8 . 6 9 2 . 6 7 2 . 2 3 3 ,9 3 3 ,6 7 i ,4 9
3 ,3 4 3 . 2 3 3 . 3 3 3 . 0 3
l i i )
C l a ddi ng ni l l oa d t a b l e ( pres s u re l oa di ng )


. 5 pu
5 '. 1 ,5 ,
D E S I G N O F S I N G L E . S T O R E Y B U I L D I N G
L A T T I C E G I R D E R A N D C O L U M N C O N S T R U C T I O N
1 7 3
t ha t i s ,


















t hi s

1 . 5 6 2
O F L A T T I C E G I R D E R







































1 9 3 . 6 k N ,



1 7 4 S T R U C T U R A L S T E E L W O R K D E S I G N T O 9 5 5 9 5 0
L A T T I C E




of s econda ry memb er des i g n
P u rl i n P 1 7 5 1 4 0
R 1 4 5 1 3 0


l oa ds ( l eN ) on l a t t i ce



t oni ! ( i v 1 )
s heet i ng a nd
0 . 0 9 x 6 . 0 x 3 7 . l l
= 2 1 . 6 2 . 1 6
0 . 9 1 2 I on pl a n)
i ns u l a t i on
pu rl i ns
2 6 x 0 . 0 3 5 x 6 . 0
= 5 . 5 0 . 5 5
0 . 2 3 2 ( on pl a n)
s el f
0 . 9 2 ( ca t ) x 3 7 . 0
= 3 4 . 0 3 . 4 0
1 . 4 3 5 t on pl a n)
S now l oa d ( i v ,)
0 . 7 5 x 6 . 0 x 3 7 . 0
1 6 6 . 5 1 6 . 6 5
6 . 9 6 6 ( on
W i nd l oa d ( nc)
0 . 5 9 x 6 . 0 i t 3 7 . 1 8
= 1 3 1 . 6 1 3 . 1 6
5 . 5 5 1 ( on s l ope)
i ndi ca t es
t here a re onl y t wo l oa d condi t i ons for whi ch
t he g i rder needs

b e des i g ned, i . e.
'. ma x i mu m

1 . 4 wd+ 1 . 6

1 . 4
A s

I f























I f





























2 . 1 6 + 0 . 5 5 3 . 4 0 5 . l






















1 0
1 2
D E S I G N O F S i N G L E . S T O R E Y B U I L D I N G
L A I T I C E G i R D E R A N D C O L U M N C O N S T R U C T I O N
1 7 7
2 2

N ode


1 3 1 5


2 . ,
I A
























7 7 . 3 5 2 . 2







































6 4 . 2
9 7 . 8























9 2 . 6 6 2 . 0




















9 9 . 2
5 6 . 1
2 7 . 0

2 3 . 4





6 6 . 5
3 7 . 0
1 7 . 9

1 7 . 9
4 9 . 5





9 . 5
1 . 3
5 . 4
2 8 . 3
1 3 . 3
1 . 8
7 . 6
8 8 . 0
4 1 . 5
5 . 5
2 3 . 5


9 . 7


5 4 . 8
7 . 3
3 1 . 3


1 1 . 0















1 7 8 - S T R U C T U R A L S T E E L W O R K D E S i G N T O E S 5 9 5 0

D E S I G N O F S i N G L E -S T O R E r B U i L D I N G L A T T I C E G i R D E R A N D C O L U M N C O N S T R U C T i O N
1 7 9

1 4

1 5 1 4


3
+ 3 . 6

1 3 . 1 7

1 7



W i nd
Fi g .
u nfa ci ored


d 2 3 0 . i

= 2 1 2 > 1 9 s s l ender
D E S I G N O F S I N G L E -S T O R E ? B U I L D I N G
L A T T I C E G I R D E R A N D C O L U M N C O N S T R U C T I O N
1 8 1
memb ers . T he propert i es of t he s ect i on s i zes chos en
a rc ob t a i ned from t he
rel ev a nt t a b l es i n t he S C I g u i deU ) a nd t he s t eel
t o b e U s ed i s g ra de 4 3 s t eel ,
B a s i ca l l y , t he des i g n of t he l a t t i ce g i rder redu ces
t o t he
i ndi v i du a l des i g n of memb er el ement s , a nd fol l ows
I he pnnei pt es ou t l i ned i n
P a rt I .
1 2 6 . 2 . 1 T O P C H O R D M E M B E R
W i t h reference t o T a b l e 1 2 . 3 a nd Fi g . 1 2 . 6 , T a b l e
1 2 . 4 s u mma ri zes t he forces
a ct i ng on t he v a nou s pa ns of t he t op chord ( b a s ed
on a ma nu a l a na l y s i s ) ,
owi ng t o t he des i g n condi t i ons ( A ) a nd ( B ) . L a t er, t he s l i g l u
v a ri a t i ons i n
a x i a l forces a ri s i ng from a compu t er a na l y s i s wi l l b e
di s cu s s ed i n t he l i g ht of
t he des i g n ob j ect i v es . O nl y t he wors t l oa d condi t i on
from des i g n ca s e ( B ) ha s
b een t a b u l a t ed, i . e. for memb ers 1 a nd I D , t he force
5 2 . 2 k N 'v i i i g ov ern t he
des i g n, not 3 1 . 1 k N ( s ee T a b l e 1 2 . 3 ) , a nd s i mi l a rl y
for t he moment s .
T a b l e 1 2 . 4 Forces i n t op chord for b oi hi des i g n condi t i ons
D E S I G N T O 8 5 5 9 5 0
a l N ei b endi ng moment s t N ml
W I A x i a l l oa ds I 1 N I
i n
FA g
a nD a x i a l l oa d i n
. r
l op chord meni b er
i d A x i a l l oa ds I t N I
2 ,
W here t he ex a ct pos i t i ons of
t he pu rl i n l oa ds rel a t i v e
t o pa nel poi nt s a re
not k nown, cl a u s e 4 . 1 0 a l l ows t he l oca l
b endi ng moment t o b e t a k en
a s eq u a l
t o T VL / 6 Fi g 1 2 1 0 ( a ) s hows t he
b endi ng moment di a g ra m for
t he ha l f chord
a s a res u l t of t he a na l y s i s for
g ra v i t y l oa di ng , t og et her wi t h
a di a g ra m
i ndi ca t i ng t he v a ri a t i on of
pri ma ry a x i a l l oa d ( b a s ed on pa nel l oa d
a na l y s i s )
m ea ch memb er ( pa nel ) l eng t h of t he
t op chord ( Fi g . 1 2 . 1 D b ) . O n t he
ot her
ha nd, wheo a compu t er a na l y s i s
i s u ndert a k en for t he ca s e where
v ert i ca l
l oa ds a re a ppl i ed a t t he pu rl i n
pos i t i ons , t hen t here wi l l b e mi nor
v a ri a t i ons
a l ong a memb er l eng t h, coi nci dent
pu rl i n pos i t i ons s ee Fi g .
l 2 . l O c,
T hi s i s du e t o t he s ma l l
component of ea ch v ert i ca l l oa d pa ra l l el
t o t he roof
s l ope. C l ea rl y , wi t h wi nd l oa di ng ,
whi ch a ct s norma l t o t he s l ope t here
i s a n
v a ri a t i on of a x i a l force wi t l u n
a memb er l eng t h, when a ppl i ed a t
pu rl i n
pos i t i ons .
1 2 6 2
M emb er s i zes
O ne of t he deci s i ons whi ch wi l l
a ffect t he des i g n of
s ome memb ers i s t he
a ct u a l cons t mct i on of t he g i rder. I t
ha s a l rea dy b een not ed ( S ect i on
1 2 . 3 ) t ha t
a n economi c form for l a t t i ce g i rders i s
t o wel d t he di a g ona l memb ers
( a ng l es )
t o t he chord memb ers ( T -s ect i ons ) ,
T hi s el i mi na t es g u s s et pl a t es ,
a pa rt
pos s i b l y for s i t e b ol t ed j oi nt s ,
whi ch a re needed t o a s s i s t
t ra ns port a t i on of
wha t mi g ht ha v e b een
a l ong g i rder. A s s u mi ng t ha t t he
g i rder wi l l b e
del i v ered i n t wo s ect i ons , t hen
s i t e connect i ons nea rj oi nt s I I , 1 2
a nd 1 3 ( s ee
Fi g . 1 2 . 7 ) wi l l b e
neces s a ry .
H a v i ng a na l y s ert t he g i rder
a nd det ermi ned t he memb er
forces t he nex t
s t ep i n t he des i g n proces s
i s t o s el ect s u i t a b l e memb er s i zes for
t he v a nou s
a s
M emher, A x i a l l oa d
M oment I i cN m)
( A )
( B )
( A )
( B )
1 . 1 0
+ 1 4 4 . 7
5 2 . 2
1 4 . 1 7
+ 6 . 0 4
2 ,9
+ 3 4 0 . 1
1 2 2 . 3 1 4 . 1 7
+ 6 . 1 4
3 ,8
+ 4 3 6 . 2 1 5 6 . 8
1 0 . 6 9
+ 4 . 6 3
4 ,7
+ 4 6 8 . 1
1 6 8 . 3 1 3 . 9 4
-1 6 . 0 4
5 ,6 4 5 6 . 1
1 6 6 . 3 1 3 . 9 4 6 ,0 4
A s t he t op chord i s t o b e fa b ri ca t ed i n
one l eng t h, i . e. cont i nu ou s , t hen t he
mos t cnt i ca l port i on of t ha t l eng t h i s memb er 4
or 7 , whi ch ha s a n a x i a l
compres s i on of 4 6 8 . 1 k N a nd a b endi ng moment of 1 3 . 9 4
k N m for t he des i g n
ca s e ( A ) , T he memb er i s pnma ri l y a s t ru t a nd t he des i g n
b e b a s ed on
t ha t fa ct , i . e. des i g n for l oa d ca s e ( A ) a nd check
for ca s e ( 1 3 ) . T he- des i g n
procedu re i s es s ent i a l l y a t ri a l a nd error met hod, i . e.
a s ect i on i s s el ect ed a nd
t hen i t s a deq u a cy check ed a g a i ns t
v a ri ou s des i g n cri t eri a . I f t he s ect i on s i ze i s
i na deq u a t e or t oo l a rg e, t hen a di fferent s i ze
i s chos en.
T ry 1 9 1 x 2 2 9 x 4 1 T ee t cu t from 4 5 7
x 1 9 1 x 8 2 U B ) .
( a ) C l a s s { / i ca t i on T hi s check ha s t o b e done from
fi rs t pri nci pl es a s
T -s ect i ons a re not cl a s s i fi ed i n t he S C I
T he wors t des i g n condi t i ons
for t he t op chord occu r a t a pa nel poi nt ,
i . e. t he s t em of i he F-s ect i on i s i n
compres s i on for t he des i g n ca s e ( A ) . T hi s
mea ns t ha t t he s peci a l l i mi t a t i ons ,
not ed i n B S t a b l e 7 , for s t ems of T -s ect i ons , a ppl y .
C = = 1 . 0
b 1 9 1 ,3 i
. 0 C 8 . D s pl a s t i c
1 3 5 t a b l e 7
1 3 5 t a b l e 7
i . e. t he T -s ect i on i s s l ender a nd i s g ov erned b y cl a u s e 3 . 6 . R eferri ng t o
cl a u s e 3 . 6 . 4 i n pa rt i cu l a r, ( l i en t he des i g n s t reng t h t ,p,) ha s t o b e modi fi ed b y
t he s t reng t h redu ct i on fa ct or g i v en i n 8 5 t a b l e 8 , for s t ems of T -s ect i ons :
H ence, redu ced des i g n s t reng t h for t he s ect i on i s 0 . 7 7 x 2 7 5 = 2 1 2 N / mm2 .
T hi s redu ced v a l u e of p,1 . I p',. ) ha s t o b e u s ed for t he T -s ect i on whenev er t he
s t em i s i n compres s i on. H owev er, t he code deems t ha t s u ch a redu ct i on i s not
neces s a ry when des i g ni ng connect i ons a s s oci a t ed wi t h t he s t em.
( hi L oca l ca pa ci t y check T he des i g n cnt enon t o b e s a t i s fi ed i s :
F.
fri
t . o
A 5
5 2 . 3 cm2
A i r, = pZ = 0 . 2 1 2 x 1 4 2 3 0 . l D k N m
4 6 8 . 1 x 1 0
= 0 . 4 2 2 0 . 4 6 3 = 0 . 8 8 5 < 1 . 0
5 2 . 3 x 2 1 2 3 0 . 1 0
T hi s i s t he s i mpl i fi ed a pproa ch; one rea l l y ha s no choi ce a s a more ex a ct
s ol u t i on ca nnot b e cons i dered owi ng t o t he redu ced pl a s t i c moment of a
s ect i on not b ei ng rea di l y a v a i l a b l e.
I n order t o denv e a nd t he s l endernes s of t he chord memb er a b ou t
t he ma j or a nd mi nor a x es ha s t o b e ev a i u a t ed. I n a s s es s i ng t he effect t v e
l eng t hs i n t t i es e di rect i ons , i . e. i n-pl a ne ( 5 t v a x i s ) a nd ou t -of-pl a ne t y y a x i s ) ,
i t s hou l d b e u nders t ood t ha t t he t op chord wi l l a t t empt t o b u ck l e i n pl a ne
b et ween t he pa nel connect i ons a nd ou t of pl a ne b et ween pu rhi n pos i t i ons , a s
s hown i n Fi g . t 2 . 1 I . T hi s poi nt i s rei nforced b y cl a u s e 4 . 3 0 . T hi s cl a u s e
G i rt her s t a t es t ha t for t he pu rpos e of ca l cu l a t i ng t he effect i v e l eng t hs of
memb ers , t he fi x i t y of connect i ons a nd t he ri g i di t y of a dj a cent memb ers ma y
b e t a k en I nt o a ccou nt .
For i n-pl a ne b u ck l i ng i t ca n b e s een from Fi g . 1 2 . l a i ha t t he web memb ers
effect i v el y hol d ea ch pa nel l eng t h of t he l op chord i n pos i t i on a t t he
connect i ons a nd s u ppl y s u b s t a nt i a l end res t ra i nt t o t hes e l eng t hs . T herefore
t he effect i v e l eng t h i n t he s s di rect i on ca n cons erv a t i v el y b e a s s u med t o b e
0 . 8 5 x pa nel l eng t h I on s l ope) C B S t a b l e 2 4 ) . O u t -of-pl a ne, t he b u ck l i ng mode
( Fi g . 1 2 . 1 I b ) i s s u ch t ha t t he memb er b eha v es a s t hou g h i t i s pt n-ended
b et ween pu rl i n pos i t i ons whi ch hol d t he chord effect i v el y a t t hos e poi nt s , i . e.
effect i v e l eng t h i s 1 . 0 x di s t a nce b et ween pu rl i ns ( on s l ope) .
ha l i n-pl a ne b u ck l i ng ot chord
H
i N O u l -ol -pl a ne b u ck l i ng a t chord
T hes e v a l u es of s l endernes s compl y wi t h cl a u s e 4 . 7 . 3 . 2 a . whi ch s t a t es t ha t for
memb ers res i s t i ng l oa ds ot her ( l i on wi nd l oa ds , t hei r s l endernes s s hou l d not
ex ceed I S O .
A ccordi ng t o cl a u s e 4 . 7 . 6 , t he compres s i v e s t reng t h P r depends on t he
l a rg er of t he rwo s l endernes s v a l u es . i . e. 4 6 , t he redu ced des i g n s t reng t h of
2 1 2 N / mm2 a nd t he rel ev a nt s t ru t t a b l e. I n ( l i e s t ru t s el ect i on t a b l e C B S t a b l e
2 5 ) i t s t a t es t ha t for T -s ect i ons , t a b l e 2 7 ( c) ha s t o b e u s ed, i rres pect i v e of t he
a x i s a b ou t whi ch b u ck l i ng occu rs . R eferri ng t o t a b l e 2 7 ( c) rev ea l s t ha t t he
l owes t des i g n s t reng t h t a b u l a t ed i s 2 2 5 N / mm2 . O ne ca n ei t her ex t ra pol a t e
down t o a v a l u e of2 l 2 N / mm2 i n order t o ob t a i n p. or a l t erna t i v el y p. ma y b e
ca l cu l a t ed from t he formu l a e g i v en i n a ppendi x C .
N ot e t ha t t he v a l u e of F u s ed i n t he formu l a e ha s t he u ni t s N / mm2 , not
a s defi ned i n s ect i on 3 . t . 2 of t he code. N ex t P a ha s t o b e ev a l u a t ed,
i n order t o defi ne
I n ev a l u a t i ng a , i t mu s t b e recog ni zed t ha t ( l i e memb er i s l oa ded wi t hi n i t s
u nres t ra i ned l eng t h b et ween a dj a cent res t ra i nt s ( pu rl i ns ) a s i ndi ca t ed i n Fi g .
1 2 . 1 2 . A l s o, t he l oa d does not ha v e a des t a b i l i zi ng effect on t he memb er. B S
t a b l e 1 3 s l a t es t ha t u nder t hes e condi t i ons t he v a l u e of i t ca n b e deri v ed from
8 5 t a b l e I S or 1 6 . I t ca n b e s hown b y reference t o Fi g . 1 2 . 1 2 t ha t t he l oa d
does not l i e wi t hi n t he mi ddl e fi ft h of t he memb er a nd t herefore t a b l e I S does
not a ppl y . T he prob l em wi t h t a b l e 1 6 i s t ha t t he di a g ra m a s s oci a t ed wi t h i t
i ndi ca t es a moment di s t ri b u t i on, repres ent a t i v e of a u ni forml y di s t ri b t i t ed
l oa d, wherea s t he ca s e b ei ng cons i dered i s 'pea k y ' G u i da nce mi g ht b e
ob t a i ned from 8 5 t a b l e 2 0 , t hou g h t here i s no di rect reference t o i t i n cl a u s e
1 8 2 S T R U C T U R A L S T E E L W O R I < D E S I G N T O S S 5 9 5 0
1 4 1 4
Fa ct or
= 2 3 . 2 . . - 5
0 . 7 7
D E S I G N O F S I N G L E -S T O R E Y B U i L D I N G L A T t I C E G I R D E R A N D C O L U M N C O N S T nU C T I O N
1 8 3
cl a u s e 4 . 8 . 3 . 2 a
cl a u s e 4 . 2 . 5
cl a u s e 4 . 8 . 3 . 3 . J
M emb er b u ck l i ng check
Fr a rM ,
+

S ect i on O K
= 0 . 8 5 x 3 7 1 8
= 4 6
6 8 . 9
i . O x 1 5 7 0
4 2 . 3
modes
of t op chord
memb er
b y ex hra pol a t i on
b y a ppendi x C
P r1 8 O N / mm2
P r
1 7 9 . 8 N / mm2
cl a u s e 4 . 3 . 7 . 5 N ow
A t r= nu v A .

D E S I G N T o 8 5 5 9 5 0
D E S I G N O F S I N G L E -S T O R E ? B U I L D I N G

G I R D E R A N D C O L U M N C O N S T R U C T I O N
1 8 5
I

N ow

















+ di s t nb u t i on














1 6 8 3










i

2
U s e


co
condi t i ons

. hol d

















s u b s t a nt i a l
t herefore


a
S T E E L W O R I ( D E S I G N T O 9 S 5 9 5 0 D E S I G N O F S I N G L E -S T O R E ? B U I L D I N G L A T T I C E G I R D E R A N D C O L U M N C O N S T R U C T I O N 1 8 7


occu r














l eng t h of b ot t om chord I n


1 2 7 x 3 7 2 5 4

2 5 4 0 I
9 . 0 C 9 . S r compa ct

. =
= 1 4 . 8

N / mm2 .



6 4 . 6
0 ,8 5 x 3 7 0 0
rC 3 0 . 0
A s t he

cm2
= A S P C
= 4 6 . 4 i t 4 6 / l 0 = 2 1 3 . 4 k N > ( = 1 6 0 . 9 k N )
fe)
t hi s





i t 2 7 5 / 1 0 = l 2 7 6 k N
P ( 4 6 1 . 9 k N )
S ect i on



1 2 7




3 . 0 i t 1 1 1 0 0


P c

k N > FC ( 1 6 1 . 2 k N )





( 2 i t 2 4 i t 8 . 6 + 2 x 2 4 1 4 . 2 ) t O _ 2 3 5 . 5 cm2
cl a u s e


i . 2 A ,,,
i . 2 3 5 . 5

= 4 2 . 6 i t 2 7 5 / 1 0 = 1 1 7 2 F, ( 4 6 9 . 3







a ppea ra nce
M E M B E R S
T he


























M E M B E R S 2 4 ,4 1
T a b l e


M emb ers












5 4 . 8




7 . 3




3 1 . 1


























cornpres s j o,,










,ccL v v u ri i \
t o
D E S I G N O F S I N G L E . S 1 'O R E Y B U I L D I N G
L A 'fl 'I C E G I B b E R A N D C O L U M N C O N S T R U C T I O N
1 8 9
A s



1 2 7
2 7 5




ca n

2 6 2

2 0 5














where


i s










1 9 . 7 4














memb ers

D E S i G N O F S I N G L E 'S T O R E Y B U I L D I N G L A T T I C E G I R D E R A N D C O L U M N C O N S T R U C T I O N 1 9 1
i s


2 8 8 6
5 0
1 5 1
1 3 5

1 2 6

= 3 5 3 2





O F M E M B E R S
T he















1 . 4


1 9 0 S T R U C T U R A L S T E E L W O R K O E S I G N T O O S 5 9 5 0

chords :



,a l enect i onfl woo I d b y t ra s i i ons ,, ea ch ca d or
t he memb er, whi ch wool di es u t i a i c i t t .
7 0 s 7 0 s et a nt i ' s et ! , O s wou l d a u t hor for t hi s s ex t et , b u i a C t s S t s b s eci ,on ha s t he s a me 5 5 0 . T he
l i i i ,, i s i s b ees s eI eri ,d i n a n a i i cs npi i s s i a nda s di ze on s eeb os s l u rs wher,,s r pos s i b l e a s t hi s ri ds t o
ec0 0 0 ny . T he b es efl i a di i i t hr mi pros rd propems i rs .
'T i s ou 5 t , a n t a x t a x ra i d ha v e b eet , mcd, s 9 0 . 0 0 'i t ha b een poeferred i n oeda s t o ot s edi odi a r.
'T I ,. t i k N l ou d a s s oi rs i i s rot t he des ,5 ,, ri s e I A ) a nd t i i 's , i t i n C , 8 . 1 t N ma d roe ca s e ( 1 5 ) ; s ee T a b l e
i 2 . 3 . i t , I i n,omi oo of i t o ca s e ( A ) a s oppos ed i n 3 5 0 l ot ( B ) wi l t t he dt s s g s
or memb er.
1 2 . 6 . 3 A ddi t i ona l des i g n check s
em
t E n








1 2 . 7 . 1 Forces i n col u mn memb ers
1 2 . 6 . 4 S el f wei g ht of g i rder
I -l a v t ng







1 . 6
( 1 3 )
1 . 4
( C )
1 . 2 L 2









i n















D ea d l oa d
I mpos ed l oa d
C cl
o. co

on
I dI
W i nd on s i de wa l l
t el




B U I L D I N G
G I fl O E R A N D C O L U M N C O N S T R U C T I O N
1 9 3
1 2 . 7 . 1 . 2
( B )
For




t he


1 . 0
i . 4
L oa ds


































































4 . 8 2 / 8 ) 1 = 9 . 5

w,j . S ee














. 4 :


C A S E ( A )
T he
























l . 2 [ l 0 . 9 ( 6 1 . 7 x
1 3 1 . 3
1 . 2 ( 0 . 0 5
4 . 8 = 5 9 . 2 k N m
W i nd
'C = 1 . 2 [ l O . 9 ( 6 1 . 7 +
8 . 2

on end nv ol i s W i t h



O . 2 q ,

O VE R A L L B U C K L I N G C H E C K
( a )








D E S I G N O F S I N G L E -S T O R E Y B U I L D I N G L A U I C E G 1 0 0 E n A N D C O N S T nU C T I O N 1 9 5
T he




1 . 5 7 . 2
i . 0










b ei ng













































































,,A ( . hl i ,.

t ha i he 1 ,4 ,1 1 ,1 1 t . 5 4 l .
1 9 4 S T R U C T U R A L S T C E L W O H I < D E S I G N T O 5 5 5 9 5 0
1 2 . 1 . 2 C ol u mn memb er s ect i on
T a b l e


C A P A C I T Y

1 . 0
1 ',



1 . 0



1 2 . 8
O VE R A L L S T A B I L I T Y O F B U I L D I N G

a l wa y s ens u re

A t
t i ns






































1 2 . t 6 c) .


i s

s i L t
i t t

D E S I G N O F S I N G L E . S T O R E Y B U I L D I N G . -
L A T ri C E G I R D E R A N D C O L U M N
C O N S T R U C T I O N
1 9 7





























of g a b l e

P O S T S

C
C
0
'0
1 9 8 S T R U C T U R A L S T E E L W O R I < D E S I G N T O S S 5 9 5 0 D E S I G N O F S I N G L E -S T O R E '! S U I L D I N G L A T t I C E G I R D E R A N D C O L U M N C O N S T R U C T I O N
1 9 9
-
6 . 0 0 0





































T




1 . 9 0

4 . 4 3

5 . 6 7

6 ,2 4

. _ . "
\ ,
/

\ i ?
\ /
\ \

2 . 8 7 5

6 . 2 5 0
R a t t er

T j
,/
\
/ 1 '
/
4 ' 0 . 9 5 3 . 0 2

4 . 1 4

4 . 1 4
( b I wi nd
6 . 2 5 0

6 . 1 5
N .
-3 5 J B _ _ _
4 ' 1 3 . 1 0

4 ,


u ofa ci orcd



wi nd

= O i ei g l i t



1 4 . 5 2


= ( g t rdcr







































S i N G L E . S T O R E y B U I L D I N G L A T T I C E G I R D E R A N D
C O L U M N C O N S T R U C T I O N
2 0 1








































































i U 0 0 0 i nt J
of b ra ci ng


I

Fi g . i 2 . 1 B Vert i ca l

u nfa ct ored




. 0 . 5 3

3 5 . 1 6


/
1 ,3 7


1 2 4 a nd S ect i on 1 2 . 6 . 2 . 1 . T hi s compres s i on a ros e from t he g ra v i t y l oa d onl y ,
des i g n ca s e ( A ) . N ow, onl y s u ct i on on t he g a b l e ( O . 8 q ) t o t odu ce
fu rt her compres s i on i nt o t he t op chord of t he penu l t i ma t e g i rder. H owev er,
t hi s s u ct i on ex i s t s onl y a s a res u l t of t he wi nd u pl i ft on t he roof, whi ch t n t hi s
ex a mpl e repres ent s a ma x i mu m u pl i ft condi t i on. T he res u l t i ng t ens i on i n i he
chord ( from t he u pl i ft ) more t ha n nu l l i fi es t he compres s i on from t he b ra ci ng
s y s t em; t ha t i s , i n t hi s pa ri i cu l a r des i g n ex a mpl e, t he b ra ci ng forces do not
crea t e a more s ev ere des i g n s i t u a t i on i ha n t hos e a l rea dy cons i dered.
T he ot her condi t i on whi ch cou l d b e ex a mi ned i s t he cu mu l a t i v e t ens i on i n
t he t op chord whi ch a ns es from des i g n ca s e ( B ) ( T a b l e 1 2 . 4 ) , pl u s t ens i on
b ra ci ng forces . T he l a t t er occu r i n t he t op chord of t he penu l t i ma t e g u 'der
when t here i s wi nd pres s u re on t he g a b l e. H owev er t he wi nd l oa ds i nv ol v ed
a re t ower t ha n t he compres s i on' condi t i on j os i ex a mi ned. T herefore, t here i s
no need for fu rt her ca l cu l a t i ons .
A g a i n, t he di a g ona l s a re t rea t ed s epa ra t el y from t he b oom memb ei 's of t he
wi nd g i rder, whi ch a re t he b ot t om chords of t he l a t t i ce g i rders . From Fi g .
2 . 1 7 ( c) . i i ca n b e s een t ha t di e ma x i mu m compres s i on t oa d for a di a g ona l i s
4 9 . 7 4 < N t u nfa et ored) , hence:
1 . 4 x 4 9 . 7 4 = 6 9 . 9 k N
for a memb er l i a v t ng a di s cont i nu ou s l eng t h of 8 . 4 9 m. A g a i n, wi i h reference
t o t he s el ect i on i s a 1 1 4 3 x 6 . 3 C l -I S for t he t wo ou t ennos t di a g ona l s .
A 1 1 4 . 3 x 5 . 0 C l -I S i s s u t t a b t e for t he ot her di a g ona l s , ev en for t he rev ers ed
t oa d condi t i ons of 0 . 8 q , For ex a mpl e, t he memb er ca rry i ng 3 3 ,7 5 k N
( u nfa ct ored) t ens i on for wi nd pres s u re on a g a b l e t s ee Fi g . 1 2 . 1 7 ) , ha s t o
s u s t a i n 2 7 . 0 k N l u nfa ct ored) compres s i on for wi nd s u ct i on.
check hort oni chord of l a u i ce g i rder T hi s t i me, i t i s t t i e ma x i mu m u pl i ft
condi t i ons for t he roof whi ch produ ce compres s i on i n t he b ot t om chord of t he
l a t t i ce g i rder, C ons eq u ent l y , t he effect of t he a ddi t i ona l compres s i on i n t he
b ot t om chord of i t i e penu l t i ma t e l a t t i ce g i rder ( res u l t i ng from s u ct i on on t he
g a b l e) mu s t b e check ed. T he forces not ed on Fi g . 1 2 . 1 7 ( c) need t o b e
mu l t i pl i ed b y l . 4 ( 0 . 8 ) t o ob t a i n t he req u i red b ra ci ng forces i n t he b ot t om
chord; s ee col u mn ( 4 ) t n T a b l e t 2 . 8 .
O n check i ng t he des i g n ca l cu l a t i ons for t he b ot t om chord i n S ect i on
1 2 . 6 . 2 . 2 , i t ca n he s een t ha t di e compres s i on res i s t a nce of b ot h t he ou t er a nd
mi ddl e l eng t hs i s j u s t a deq u a t e, i . e. 2 0 0 . 3 / 2 1 3 . 4 = 0 . 9 3 9 a nd
2 3 7 . 1 / 2 5 0 . 6 = 0 ,9 4 6 , res pect i v el y . T herefore, a dopt t he 2 5 4 x 1 2 7 x 3 7 T ee
for a l l b ot t om chords of l a t t i ce g i rdet h.
M emb ers
A x i a l forces ( l cN )
R oof i oa dt ng
t . O . i
1 . 4 w,,
( I ) ( 2 )
D es i g n t oa d
( 1 ) + ( 2 )
( 3 )
G a b l e wi nd
i . 4 i e,,
( 4 )
D es i g n b a i t
( 3 ) -i N )
( 5 )
1 1 ,2 1
1 2 ,2 0
1 3 ,1 9
1 4 . 1 8
1 5 ,1 7
1 6
0 . 0 5 . 1
4 5 . 8 1 4 4 ,4
6 9 . 8 + 2 i 0 . 2
8 0 . 2 2 4 1 . 1
8 1 . 5 + 2 4 2 . 7
7 6 . 4 + 2 2 9 . 4
+ 5 . 1
+ 9 8 . 6
+ t 4 0 . 4
+ 1 6 0 ,9
+ 1 6 1 . 2
4 -1 5 3 . 0
3 9 . 4
3 9 . 4
+ 3 9 . 4
+ 3 9 . 4
+ 7 5 . 9
+ 7 5 . 9
+ 4 4 . 5
+ 1 3 8 . 0
+ 1 7 9 . 8
+ 2 0 0 . 3
+ 2 3 7 . t
2 2 8 . 9
Fi g u re 1 2 . 1 8 ( a ) s hows ( l i e u nfa ct ored forces i n t he memb ers du e s ol el y t o t he
g a b l e wi nd wi t h a coeffi ci ent of + 1 . 0 , whi l e Fi g . 1 2 . 1 8 ( b ) i ndi ca t es t he
u nfa ct ored t nemb er forces a ns i ng from wi nd dra g forces on b ot h t he roof a nd
s i de wa l l s , a ct i ng t o t he s a me di rect i on a s t he wi nd. Fi g u re 1 2 . 1 9 g i v es t he
fa ct ored forces ( wi t h Y j = 1 . 4 ) i n t he memb ers for t hos e wi nd condi t i ons
whi ch mi g ht a ffect t he des i g n of t he memb ers ca rry i ng b ra ci ng forces . T he
l oa d fa ct or of 1 . 4 i s u s ed a s t he l oa t h i n t he non-v ert i ca l memb ers a re ent i ret y
du e t o wi nd. A l s o, t hes e memb ers mu s t ha v e a l i mi t i ng s l endernes s of 2 5 0 .
T he fol l owi ng i nforma t i on s u mma nzes t he t hes e non v ert i ca l
memb ers , b a s ed on t he ma x i mu m l oa ds t ha t ca n a ri s e from wi nd on a s i de,
wi t h i ns i g ni fi ca nt dra g forces ( Fi g . 1 2 . 1 9 ( a ) ) or t he comb i ned effect of wi nd
on a g a b l e pl u s dra g ( Fi g s . 1 2 . 1 9 ( b ) , t C ) a nd C d) ) .
H ori zons a l s 6 . 0 m t ong ; 4 7 . 7 k N compres s i on; 2 6 . 8 k N t ens i on
U s e 8 8 . 9 x 4 . 0
U pper l ong ; 2 5 . 4 k N compres s i on; 4 0 . 9 k N t ens i on
U s e 8 8 . 9 x 3 . 2 C l -I S " 0 1
L ower m t ong ; 8 0 . 9 k N compres s i on 1 2 7 . 5 < N t ens i on
U s e 1 1 4 . 3 x 5 . 0 C I I S 1 " "
check - col u mn t he penu t t i t ha t e col u mn ni emb er ha s t o b e
check ed for i t i e ma x i mu m a x i a t compres s i on t oa d from t he b ra ci ng forces ,
4 5 . 1 4 1 5 ,6 8 = 6 0 ,8 k N ( u nfa et ored) . T hi s t oa d a ps es from a wi nd condi t i on
whi ch ca u s es a pres s u re of 1 . O q on t he g a b l e a nd O . 2 q u pl i ft on t he roof. I n
fa ct , t hi s i s t he des i g n ca s e ( C ) ( i i i ) not ed i n S ect i on 1 2 . 7 . t . 3 a nd T a b l e 1 2 . 7 .
T herefore, t ot a l a x i a t compres s i on i s :
F, = i . 2 [ l 0 . 9 6 l . 7 l 6 6 . 5 0 . 2 x 1 3 1 . 0 ) 0 . 5 + 6 0 . 8 i = 2 0 7 . 2 hcN
M . = 2 . 3 k N ( S ect i on 3 2 . 7 . i . 3 ( i i i ) )
2 0 2 S T R U C T U R A L S T E E L W O R K D E S i G N T O O S 5 9 5 0 D E S I G N or S 1 N G L E -S T O S E Y B U I L D I N G L A T T I C E G I nD E R A N D C O L U M N C O N S T R U C T I O N
2 0 3
2 . 8 . 3 . 2 W I N D G I R D E R
1 2 . 8 . 3 . 3 VE R T I C A L B R A C I N G
''i .
i t ,
- r
,L t I
2 2 . 2
o
k T . . L r4

2 6 . 8
H
d
/
-v
( b I W i nd S u ci t on on g a b l e a nd
dra g
+ 2 6 . 4
I n
I
.
I -
+ 3 2 . 8
j 9 '
" V
I
I c) W i nd pres s u re on g a b l e
+ dra g
I d) W i nd pres s u re on g a b l e
+ dra g
g i v i ng
2 0 7 . 2
0 5 4 ; 2 . 3
= 0 . 5 0 8 + 0 . 0 2 0
( . 0

wmd s u ct i on on t he g a b l e a nd t he
a s s oci a t ed wi nd dra g ca n ca u s e
a ddi t i ona l







1 6 . 9
0
0
D E S I G N O F S I N G L E -S T O R E ? B U I L D I N G
L A T T I C E G I R D E R A N D C O L U M N C O N S T R U C T I O N
2 0 5
L i
" 5
0
( a ) W i nd s u ct i on
t o
s i de
Fi g . 1 2 . 1 9 Vert i ca l
b ra ci ng
fa ct ored


+ 3 7 . 6











D E S I G N O F G A B L E P O S T S
T he



















l . 4 [ ( cl a ddi ng + i ns u l a t t on) + ( pos t s i de

t . 4 [ 0 . l 3 x







0 . 0 1 3 4 -0 . 5 1 4 0 . 5 2 7 i . 0



'I -
4 :
1 . 8 5 0
1 . 5 5 0


0 . 1 5 0
FI g .


1 2 . 8 . 3 . 4
L O N G I T U D I N A L T I E S
A ;














T rI mmer a ng l e

L A T T i C E
C O N S T R U C T i O N 2 0 7


















S T E E t . W O R K D E S i G N T O 0 5 5 9 5 0
O F C O N N E C T I O N S
1 2 . 1 0 . 1 T y pi ca l di a g ona l t o chord connect i ons





t he a x i a l l oa d, t he wel d g rou p ha s
t o b e des i g ned t o res i s t t he
rn-pl a ne
t ors i ona t moment g enera t ed b y t hi s
eccent ri ci t y , a s wi l l b e i l l u s t ra t ed
b y t he
ens u i ng ca l cu l a t i ons .
For
t a k e t he connect i on b et ween
memb er 2 3 a nd t he b ot t om
chord: t he ma x i mmu pos s i b l e l eng t hs
a l ong t he t oe a nd heel of t he
a ng l e a re
1 3 5 mm a nd 5 5 mm, res pect i v el y
( s ee Fi g . 1 2 . 2 2 b ) . A l s o, t he wel d
a cros s t he
end of t he a ng l e i s 9 O mm. A s t he
s t em of t he T -s ect i oa i s rel a t i v el y
s hort i t i s
prob a b l y a dv i s a b l e t o wel d t he a ng l e
t o t he edg e of t he s t em,
i . e. on t he
rev ers e s i de t o t he ot her wel ds produ ci ng t he
wel d g rou p s hown m Fi g .
1 2 . 2 3 .
Fi rs t , det ermi ne di e di s t a nce of t he
l ong i t u di na l a x i s of t he wel d
g rou p
from t he heel b y t a k i ng
moment s of t he wel d l eng t hs a b ou t t he
heel , T he
i ncl i ned wel d l eng t h ( l 2 O mm) i s
t rea t ed i n t he s a me ma nner
a s t he ot her
wel ds .
i = ( 9 0 2 / 2 + 1 3 5
x 9 0 + 1 2 0 x 4 5 ) 1 ( 5 5 + 1 3 5 1 2 0 + 9 0 )
5 4 . O mm
T he



ma nner. i . e.
1 3 5 2 / 2 + 1 2 0

1 3 5 + 1 2 0 4 . 9 0 ) = 5 5 ]
mm
From


H ence, t he eecent nci t y of t he i oa d
i s 5 4 . 0 2 4 . 1 = 2 9 . 9
mm, res u l t i ng
i n a moment of 2 0 4 X 2 9 . 9 / 1 0 0 0 6 . J O l rJ 4 m
T hu s , t he wel d g rou p for
memb er 2 3 ha s t o b e des i g ned for
a n a x i a l l oa d of 2 0 4 k N a nd a n t n-pi a ne
moment of 6 . 1 0 k N m. T herefore t he eq u i v a l ent
pol a r s econd moment of
a rea
( i nert i a ) of t he wel d g rou p needs
t o b e ev a l u a t ed.
T he g enera l pra ct i ce i s t o i g nore t he l oca l
i nert i a a b ou t t hei r own
a x es for
wel ds pa ra l l el t o t he g l ob a l a x i s b ei ng
cons i dered a cons erv a t t v e
a s s u mpt i on. N ot e t ha t t he I nert i a a b ou t
i t s l oca l a x i s for t he component of
a n
i ncl i ned wel d ( of l eng t h d) , peq endi cu l a r
t o t he g l ob a l a x i s , i s s i g ni fi ca nt a nd
mu s t b e t a k en i nt o a ccou nt , i . e.
dJ i 1
1 2
where Fi t s t he proj ect ed l eng t h of t he
i ncl i ned wel d, nonnni t o t he g l ob a l
a x i s
a b ou t whi ch t he eq u i v a l ent i nert i a
i s b ei ng det ermi ned ( s ee Fi g . 1 2 . 2 4 ) .
T herefore. t he t ot a l i nert i a for
a n i ncl i ned wel d a b ou t a g l ob a l
a x i s , s a y t he
. r t a x i s , i s :
dI g 2
2
+ dy
where y i s t he di s t a nce from t he
cent roi d of t he i ncl i ned wel d t o t he g l ob a l
a x i s , norma l t o t he a x i s b ei ng cons i dered
( s ee Fi g . 1 2 . 2 4 ) . T he t ot a l i nert i a for
a n i ncl i ned wel d a b ou t t he ot her g l ob a l a x i s
ca n b e ob t a i ned i n a s i mi l a r
ma nner, a s demons t ra t ed i n t he fol l owi ng
ca l cu i a t t ons for t he wel d g rou p
s hown i n Fi g . 1 2 . 2 3 .
+
=
+ 2 x 5 5 . l '/ 3 + ( 5 5 . 0 5 5 . 1 ) 7 3 ( 1 3 5
+ 1 2 0 5 5 . 1 ) 2
=


5 4 Q 2
5 4 . 0 ) 2
x 9 0 2 9 0 / 2 ) 2


mm4

i s :


i s
t ha t pa rt


poi nt A i n Fi g . 1 2 . 2 3 :
Fr =
where V[ ( 9 0 _ 5 4 . O ) 2

a nd
cos O = ( 9 D 5 4 . 0 ) / 8 7 . 6 = 0 . 4 1 1
Fr6 . l 0 x 8 7 . 6 / l 3 0 4 = O . 4 l O k N / mm

0 . 5 1 0 x 0 . 4 1 0 > < 0 . 4 1 1 1
D . 8 l 6 k N / mn < 0 . 9 0 3 k N / mm
( p. 2 0 5 reference 1 0 )
U s e 6 mm FW .
N ow
t he connect i on a t node 4 , where memb er 2 4
( I O U x I O U x 1 2 A ng t e) a nd memb er 2 5 ( 9 0
x 9 0 x 6 A ng l e) i nt ers ect wi t h t he
t op chord ( 1 9 1 x 2 2 9 x 4 1 T ee) ; s ee Fi g . l 2 . 2 2 ( a ) . D es i g ni ng t he
connect i on
b et ween memb er 2 4 a nd t he chord, i t i s not ed t ha t t he
s t em of t he t op chord i s
deeper t ha n t ha t for t he b ot t om chord, wi t h t he res u l t t ha t
W e l ong i t u di na l
wel ds ca n ha v e l eng t hs u p t o 2 4 0 mm ( heel ) a nd 1 3 0
mm l t oe) , whi l e t he end
wel d i s 1 0 0 mm l ong ( Fi g . 1 2 . 2 5 ) . I n t hi s
ca s e, t he wel d g rou p wi l l b e
des i g ned wi t hou t t he i ncl i ned wel d l eng t h
a s i t nu g ht not b e neces s a ry .
T he det ermi na t i on of t he wel d s i ze i s i dent i ca l t o
prev i ou s ca l cu l a t i ons ,
ex cept t ha t t here i s no t ncl i ned wel d. For b rev i t y , onl y t he
res u l t s a re g i v en:
= 3 8 . 6 mm
. 9 = 7 l . 4 mm

j Q 3 mm4
8 7 7 x l D 3 mm4
2 7 6 2 x mm4
. .
u co,u rl I L ) b u b u
D E S I G N O F S I N G L E . S T O R E Y B U I L D I N G
L A T T I C E G I R D E R A N D C O L U M N C O N S T R U C T I O N
2 0 9
Fi g . 1 2 . 2 3
C a ni roi d
Fi g . i 2 . 2 4

a
. 4
Fi g . 2 2 . 2 5
P .
a ce

2 1 0 S T R U C T U R A L S T E E L W O R K D E S I G N T O R B 5 9 5 0
D E S I G N O F B U I L D I N G L A T T I C E G I R D E R A N D C O L U M N C O N S T R U C T I O N
2 1 1







= 1 5 3 . 5 mm






3 -6






1 . 8 0












k N

























1 2 . 1 0 . 2 L a t t i ce t o col u mn connect i ons

t 0
0
9
k N


connecmmon . . node







P fl
D E S i G N . O F S I N G L E -S T O R E Y B U I L D I N G
L A Y rI C E G I R D E R A N D C O L U M N C O N S T R U C T I O N
2 1 3
. 1 2 . 1 0 . 4
T y pi ca l b ra ci ng connect i ons
T he

t hes e







































































.
u con,r. db


























k N





































1 . 4

1 . 4 ( 0 . 1 3 i . 2 8 k N





















1 1 . 4








2 1 4 S T R U C T U R A L S T E E L W O R K D E S I G N T oS S 5 9 5 0


-5 -


ha t es
2 oS ri fl s 2 s U o
D E S I G N O F S I N G L E 'S T O R E Y B U I L D i N G L A T T I C E G I R D E R A N D C O L U M N C 0 N S T R U C 'ri oN
2 1 5
1 1 . 1 0 . 5 C heck di a g ona t s of t he end g i rders






t o









U 0




= t O O

S T E E L W O R K




chord
a l ong di a g ona l
M a x .
L eng t h
memb er

l oa d M emb er
S i ze
I m)
( A ) ( 1 3 )
( k N ni )
( I rJ c)




1 . 6 $




2 . 4 2




3 . 2 6
3 1





6











3 . 2 6
9 . 0
l O fi x

2 . 4 2




1 . 6 5




9 0 i t 6



2 0 1

0 . 0 5 4

a s
T herefore, t he a ng l e
i s not a deq u a t e
t he
needs t o b e i ncrea s ed
s u b s t a nt i a l l y or i t s P ropert i es
enha nced b y compou ndi ng
i t wi t h a not her
a ng l e. T he

i s


of

s u pport t o t he s heet i ng ra i l s a t t he
req u i red di s t a nce from t he
v ert i ca l pl a ne of t he

i . e. l J S mm, I f

di a g ona l ( s ee Fi g . 1 2 . 3 3 ) ,
i t ca n b e remov ed

fu t u re, a t whi ch

t he ong l oa l end g i rder
i n fa ct b ecomes a n i nt ermedi a t e
fra me.
A 7 5 i t 8 a s s el ect ed,
t n
s ect i on s howa
Fi g . 8 2 . 3 3 .

propert i es of t he

s ect i on now ha v e t o b e
ca l cu l a t ed,

8 5 . 5 4 . 1 4

2 . 4 1 )

= 2 4 7
4 . j 4 ) 2

6 . 9 6 ) 2 1
6 3 1
= 6 3 1 / 6 . 5 4
9 6 . 5 cm3
R u



2 . 3 3
4 =
2 . 3 3 ) 2 1
8 4 8
=
= 2 . 3 8 cm

a l -i emb er b u ck l i ng





2 3 . 8
A s p 2 0 ]


1 3 9

t o
k eep t he ca l cu l a t i ons s i mpl e, s ev era l s a fe
a s s u mpt i ons a re ma de, s o t ha t
ca n b e q u i ck l y

n = u I 1 . 0
i i = 3 . 0

7 3 / 2 3
0 . 7

= 1 . 0 L U 7 3 5 9

1 8 . 4 1 0
8 3 9 6 9 . 5
0 . 0 3 1




s een t l a a t t he compou nd s ect i on ha s a oeq u a t e res erv es of
s t reng t h



compou nded wi t h a 1 2 5 i t 7 5 i t S A ng l e
a re more t ha n
a deq u a t e.
ot her check




of t he 7 5

l oa ds not ed i n T a b l e
1 2 . 6 .


t hi s
b e t o i ncrea s e t he s i ze of t he
di a g ona l s
t he end g i rders a nd t hen t o u s e s hort l eng t hs of a ng l es
t o connect
t he
di a g ona l s . A l s o, t he rea der i s remt nded t ha t t he g a b l e
pos t s cou l d ha v e b een

cons t ra i ni ng t he
t he





from t he g a b l e s heet i ng ra i l s . H owev er, t he end
fra mes ca rry
ha l f
l oa d compa red wi t h t ha t ea rned b y t he
i nt ermedi a t e fra mes . A check
D es t ow O F
S I N G L E . S T O R E y B U I L D I N G L A T T t cE
C O L U M N C O N S T R U C T I oN

L oca l ca pa ci t y c/ t a ck
1 1 . 4 i t t O
2 0 1

6 9 . 5
0 . 0 2 2
'. 0
1 2 5 * 7 5




di a g ona l

B S t a b / e 1 1
1 J
( pp
1 2 . 1 0 . 6
C orner col u mns






























1 2

4 . 4

1 =
V
'5 -n


col u nm


D E S I G N O F S i N G L E 'S T O R E Y ou t L oI N G L A t T I cE G I R D E R C O N S T R U C T i O N 2 1 9
wel ded






















i . 0

ma x i mt i m





1 . 4 '- ma x i mu m








2 1 5 S T R u C T u R A L S T E E L W O R I < D E S I G N T O E S 5 9 5 0


1 2 . 1 0 . 5 S I Z I N G O F H O L D I N G D O W N B O L T S


O F FO U N D A T I O N B L O C K
-'
ma y

'-a
3 -:
4 * 1 . ,,
1 0 1 7


4 '
a
L L S J
S I E t L W O A K D E S I G N T O 8 5 5 9 5 0
D E S I G N O F S I N G L E -S T O R E ? B U I L D I N G
L A T T I C E G I R D E R A N D C O L U M N C O N S T R U C T I O N
2 2 1









( J O . 9 6 1 . 7 x 0 . 5 ) _ i ,4 p5 ,3 x O . 7 5 3 9 . 3 x O . 2 5 )
k N ( u pl i ft )

T a k i ng

mm N O b ol t s
x l oD mi ong

-*
I t
E r
,\
'
i l mx l l n's


1 2 5 . 0 I N
O . l S O m
T
L 1 : r i
0 . 1 6 1









0 . 2 8 3
0 . 2 2 4

s prea d

0 . 1 4 ) 0 . 9 6

1 . 0 ( 1 0 . 9 6 1 . 7

1 2 5 . 0 6 8 . 5 = 1 9 3 . 5 k M














l . 0 1 l 0 . 9 ( 6 1 . 7

1 0 9 ,4 6 8 . 5 = 1 7 7 . 9 k M
1 . 0 ( 0 . 9 5



































penu l t i ma t e
2 2 2
S T R U C T U R A L S T E E L W O R K D E S I G N T O B S 5 9 5 0
b l ock






C O N S I D E R A T I O N S





ca n














































prov i des





O E S 1 G N O F S 1 N G L E -S T O R E Y B U I L D I N G L A T t i C E G i R D E R A N D
C O L U M N C O N S T R U C T i O N 2 2 3
W hen












u s u a l l y






















s i ze















































D E S I G N O F S I N G L E -S T O R E Y B U I L D I N G L A T T I C E G I R D E R A N D C O L U M N
C O N S T R U C T I O N
2 2 5
b e

pl a ne


t he

M . G . &

t ors i ona l









P a rt

D ra i na g e P a rt


H ol di ng

















offi






S i ng l e-S t orey



B i nl du i g s







i n






C ompa ra t i v e








P a rt
W i nd
















formed










I '3 J
D E S I G N
P O R T A L

I N T R O D U C T I O N
A n a l t erna t i v e,

a s i ng l e-s i orey b u i l di ng



































I ndeed,





1 3 . 2 D E S I G N B R I E F
A









D E S I G N I N FO R M A T I O N
T hou g h












0 . 7 4
D E S I G N O F S I N G L E -S T O R E ? O u t L O i N G P O R T A L FR A M E C O N S T R U C T i O N 2 2 7





4 . 8
0 . 7 )
= ( 3 7 . 0 3 . 4

= l O ,4 1










D E S I G N
P U R L I N S A N D S H E E T I N G R A I L S
T he des i g n








T herefore,





















D E S I G N O F S I N G L E -S T O R E Y B U I L D I N G P O R T A L FR A M E C O N S T R U C T I O N
2 2 9
prov i ded

















P O R T A L
S i nce

















+ 1 ( 1 + k ) j
where = 1 1 2 / h1 = 3 . 4 / 5 . 5 = 0 . 6 1 8


= i mpos ed


= ( l t 4 wd+
( on
1 . 6 x

8

2 2 8
S T R U C T U R A L S T E E L W O R I < D E S I G N T O O S 5 9 5 0
3 5 1 k N









0 . 7 4 x x
k N






S P A C I N G O F S E C O N D A R Y M E M B E R S


s ee







I ns i mport a nt t o not e t ha t t he v a l u e of ha s b een det ermi ned for a ng i d'
j oi nt ed pl a ne fra me wi t hou t req u i nng a ny pnor k nowl edg e of s ect i on
propert i es , u nl i k e el a s t i c des i g n. T he des i g n of t he s t ru ct u ra l s t eel work i s t o
b e b a s ed on g ra de 4 3 s t eel b ei ng u s ed t hrou g hou t t he proj ect . ( T he u s e of
hi g her g ra des of s t eel wou l d produ ce more s l ender fra mes , whi ch cou l d l ea d
t n di ffi cu l t i es wi t h res pect t o s t a b i l i t y a nd defl eci t ons ) . T herefore, a t t hi s s t a g e
of ca l cu l a t i on a s s u me t ha t t he des i g n s t reng t h ( py ) i s 2 7 5 N / mm2 : t hen t he
pl a s t i c modu l u s req u i red
req u i red
= 6 2 9 / 0 . 2 7 5 = 2 2 8 7 cm3
T hi s wou l d i ndi ca t e t ha t a 5 3 3 x 2 1 0 x 9 2 1 . 1 1 3 s ect i on ( 8 1 = 2 3 7 0 cm3 )
cou l d b e chos en, a s s u mi ng t ha t t he fra me ha s a cons t a nt s ect i on t hrou g hou t
i t s l eng t h. H owev er, t he s ect i on mu s t he check ed t o s ee whet her or not i t ca n
s u s t a i n pl a s t i c a ct i on. R efemng t o t he S O g u i de, p. 1 3 0 t 6 5 , l he s ect t on i s
des i g na t ed a s a 'pl a s t i c s ect i on, i . e. t he s ect i on i s ca pa b l e of a deq u a t e
rot a t i on a t a pl a s t i c hi ng e pos i t i on wi t hou t l oca l fl a ng e b u ck l i ng dev el opi ng .
H owev er, t he mos t cos t -effect i v e a rra ng ement for port a l fra mes wi t h s pa ns
g rea t er t ha n 1 5 2 0 m i s t o ha u nch t he ra ft er memb er i n t he ea v es
i hereb y a l l o'v i ng a l i g ht er ( i n wei g ht ) s ect i on t o b e u s ed for t he ra i l er t ha n t he
col u mn; t ha i i s . t he ra ft er s i ze, for t he ma j or pa rt of t l t e ra ft er, ca n b e redu ced
b ei ow t he s ect i on b a s ed on t he fra me ha v i ng a cons t a nt cros s -s ect i on, whi l e
t he col u mn s ect i on wou l d prob a b l y need t o b e i ncrea s ed i n s i ze t o
compens a t e for t he i ncrea s ed moment a t t he ea v es . T he res u l t i ng des i g n
D E S I G N O F S I N G L E -S T O R E ? B U I L D I N G P O R T A L FR A M E C O N S T R U C T I O N 2 3 1
b ecomes more s t ru ct u ra l l y effi ci ent . A l s o, a s t he ra ft er memb er i s g enera l l y
mu ch l ong er t ha n t he comb i ned l eng t h of t he col u mn ni cmb ers , t he fra mc i s
more economi c.
T here a re a nu mb er of di fferent met hods b y whi ch port a l fra mes ca n b e
a na l y s ed u s i ng pl a s t i c t he
cons t ru ct i on i ndu s t ry for fra mes wi t h pi nned
b a s es t ) ) i s u s ed-for t hi s ex a mol e.
T he des i g n procedu re i s t o s el ect a s u i t a b l e memb er s i ze for i l i c ra ft er.
B ea nng i n mmd t he s ect i on prev i ou s l y ob t a i ned for a nni fonn fra me
( 5 3 3 x 2 1 0 x 9 2 1 5 1 3 ) , t ry t he s ect i on 4 5 7 x 1 9 1 x 6 7 1 1 1 3
1 4 7 0 cm3 ) ,
not i ng t ha t t hi s i s a l s o a 'pl a s t i c
( N ot e t ha t when t he onl y hi ng e i n
a memb er i s t he l a s t hi ng e t o form, t hen t he
memb er need onl y b e cons pa ct ,
i . e. i t req u i res t he ca pa b i l i t y t o form a
hi ng e, b u t rot a t i on ca pa ci t y i s not
es s ent i a l ) . A t t hi s s t a g e, t he effect of a x i a l l oa d on t he moment ca pa ci t y
of a ra ft er memb er for a norma l pi t ched roof port a l fra me ca n he neg l ect ed.
( For ot her forms of fra me, s u ch a s a t i ed port a l t 3 1 , i t cou l d b ecome
s i g ni fi ca nt . ) T he pl a s t i c moment ca pa ci t y of t he ra ft er memb er i s
- 1 4 7 0 x 0 . 2 7 5 = 4 0 4 . 3 k N m.
I t s hou l d b e not ed t ha t t he ex pres s i on for
g i v en prev i ou s l y , wa s
deri v ed b y a s s es s i ng t he t ru e pos i t i on of t he a pex ' hi ng es ( s ee Fi g . 1 3 . 3 ) ,
b a s ed on t he a s s u mpt i on t ha t t he t ot a l fa ct ored v ert i ca l l oa di ng i s u ni forml y
di s t ri b u t edt 5 1 ( For a fra me wi t h a t l ea s t 1 6 pnrl i n poi nt s , t l u s a s s u mpt i on i s ,
for a l l i ni ent s a nd pu rpos es , a ccu ra t e. ) I n pra ct i ce, howev er, t he a ct u a l
pos i t i on of t he
pl a s t i c hi ng es I n t he ra i l er i s cont rol l ed b y t he pu rl i n
s pa ci ng , s i nce t hes e hi ng es wi l l dev ei op a t pa rt i cu l a r
pu rl i n s u pport s . i . e.
coi nci dent wi t h t he a ppl i ca t i on of t he poi nt l oa ds on t he ra i l er memb er. I f t he
ha u nch i s t o rema i n el a s t i c ( b y doi ng s o, i t cou l d hel p wi t h memb er s t a b i l i t y
i n t ha t reg i on) , a s s u me t ha t t he l u ng e pos i t i ons occu r a t
t he col u mn/ ha u nch
i nt ers ect i on ( i n t he col u mn) a nd nea r t he a pex .
For t he g ra v i t y l oa di ng condi t i on ( dea d s now) , ex peri ence ha s fou nd t ha t
t he 'a pex ' hi ng e u s u a l l y occu rs a t t he fi rs t or s econd pu rl i n s u pport
from t he a pex pu rl i n ( cf. wi nd condi t i on, S ect i on 1 3 . 6 . 2 ) .
A s s u mi ng t ha t t he hi ng e wi l l form a t I l s e s econd pu rl i n s u pport from
t he
a pex ( poi nt X ) , t hen t a k e moment s a b ou t , a nd t o
i he l eft of t he l eft -ha nd X .
A s t he pl a s t i c moment a t X i s k nown ( 4 0 4 . 3 k N m) . t hen wi t h reference t o
Fi g .
1 3 . 3 , t he v a l u e of R ( t he hori zont a l t hru s t a t t he pi nned b a s e) ca n he
ca l cu l a t ed from u s e res u l t i ng eq u i hi b nu m eq i t a t i on:
l i ,*
=
+
+

1 1 2 = 3 . 4 m
x = 2 S S m
i i = 3 5 1 / 3 7 . 0 = 9 . S O k N / m
4 0 4 . 3 =
9 . 5 0 ( 1 8 5 2
2 . 9 5 2 ! p5 . 5 ( I 5 . 9 / 3 7 . 0 ) 3 . 4 1 E
2 3 0 S T R U C T U R A L S T E E L W O R K D E S I G N T O B S 5 9 5 0
W I
c
t T I I S I 0
I l L
fl -1 A
A I W
I T
a ) G a oma l ry ot a t y pi ca l t ri ms
A B
0 E
Fi g . 1 3 . 3 T y pi ca l moment
di s i ri b u t u on for
ha u nched port a l
fra me
t i ) N et b a ndi ng moment di a g ra m
I i -
= 1 5 8 4 . 4 8 . 3 5 8 / Z
R
( 1 5 8 4 . 4 4 0 4 . 3 ) / 8 . 3 5 8 = 1 4 1 . 2 k N
u ) l ?


O . 5 4 ) 1 4 1 . 2 = 6 8 6 . 2 k 1 4 m











1 9 1

es t i ma t e

= F/ A
2 3 . 6 / 2 7 5 = 0 . 0 5
S i ,, 3 9 5 0

1
2
s i zes

3 5 1
8 . 9 0 R


3 5 1
A l 4 . O I R

a A l 0 . 5 4 R




1 6 1 . 4 l k N











2 3 2
S T R U C T U R A L S T E E L W O R 1 ( D E S I G N T O O S 5 9 5 0






P O R T A L

a W 'L
fE

1 . 1 0 8 3 )


- 3 . 4

3 7 . 0 x 2


5 . 2 5 6 9 1 2
2 9 . 6 6 5 x 3 6 2 . 5 6







2 9 ,6 6 5 3 6 2 . 5 6 = 3 9 4 . 9 k N m
5 . 2 5 6 9 2 9 . 6 6 5 3 6 2 . 5 6 3 9 0 . 9








=

































.







l oa d v ert . 1 . 0

1 . 4 1 0 . 2 3
1 0 . 2 3

1 . 4








on





9 6 . 5 a 5 . 9 0 5
l 5 7 . 8 a + M

S T E E L W O R I (
1 3 . 6 1 W i nd l oa d condi t i on
S I N G L E -S T O R E Y P O R T A L FR A M E cO N S T R u C T I O N
2 3 5
F
j i w





A

Fi g . 1 3 . 8 C ol l a ps e
mecha ni s m for
dea d + wi nd
l oa d condi t i on
Fi g . 1 3 . 9 L oa d a pcx
defl ect i on for
b ot h l oa d ca s es
S ol v mg t hes e eq u a t I ons g i v es :
a = 2 ,3 7 5
A l
R = l 6 2 . 3 1 k N
S = 4 4 . S 9 k N
C l ea rl y , t he a deq u a cy fa ct or for t hi s l oa d condi t i on
i s hi g her t ha n t ha t of
t he dea d+ s now l oa d condi t i on. T hi s mea ns t ha t ,
i n order l ob e cons i s t ent
t he l oa d l ev el a chi ev ed wi t h dea d + 5 0 0 w l oa di ng ,
check i ng t he port a l
fra me des i g n for t he wi nd ca s e a ced onl y b e ex ecu t ed
a t a l oa d l ev el of 1 . 1 0 8 .
Fi g u re 1 3 . 9 i ndi ca t es t he l oa d l ev el s a t whi ch hi ng es
dev el op for t he
mecha ni s ms a s s oci a t ed wi t h t he t wo l oa di ng
ca s es b ei ng
I t i s cl ea r
from t he di a g ra m t ha t a t a l oa d l ev el of 1 . 1 0 8 ,
no hi ng es wi l l ha v e formed i n
t he fra me for t he dea d + wi nd ca s e, i . e. t he fra me rema i ns
el a s t i c a t t ha t l oa d
l ev el .
H ence t he moment s a nd forces whi ch
a re req u i red for t he pu rpos e of
et i eck i ng memb er s t a b i l i t y a nd connect i on des i g n
ca n b e ob t a i ned from a n
el a s t i c a na l y s i s , u s i ng a des i g n l oa di ng eq u a l
t o 1 . 1 0 8 x fa ct ored l oa ds . T he
b endi ng moment di a g ra m from s u ch
a n a na l y s i s i s repres ent ed b y t he s ol i d
cu rv e i n Fi g . 1 3 . 1 0 , a s wel l a s t he b endi ng moment di a g ra m
a t col l a ps e
( a = 2 . 3 7 5 ) s ee b rok en l i ne.
T he b endi ng moment di a g ra m i l l u s t ra t es t ha t t he fra me i s s u b j ect ed t o
rev ers e condi t i ons u nder t he dea d+ wi nd l oa d ca s e, compa red wi t h t hos e for
g ra v t t y l oa d condi t i on ( cf. Fi g . 1 3 . 5 ) . T herefore, memb er s t a b i l i t y a nd
connect i on des i g n wi l l a l s o need t o b e check ed for t he wi nd l oa di ng
condi t i on.
N owa da y s , cu rrent pra ct i ce i s -t o a na l y s e a nd des i g n port a l fra mes b y mea ns
of dedi ca t ed compu t er s ofhv a re. A pl a s t i c a na l y s i s of a port a l fra me
ca n
rea di l y b e ex ecu t ed b y a nu mb er of commerci a l s y s t ems on t he ma rk et ,
a s
a s nu merou s v ers i ons dev el oped b y i ndi v i du a l s for t hei r own u s e. T hos e
pa rt t cu l a r prog ra ms t ha t a na l y s e t he fi na l col l a ps e s t a t e di rect l y ,
i . e. l i nea r
prog ra mmi ng ( opt i mi za t i on) met hods or predet ermi ned pa t t ern of hi ng es
s ol v ed b y eq u i l i b nu m eq u a t i ons . wi l l g i v e a correct s ol u t i on for t he
condi t i ons a na l y s ed. H owev er, t here i s a cl a s s of pl a s t i c a na l y s i s
prog ra ms
b a s ed on t he modi fi ed s t i ffnes s ma t nx
whi ch u nl es s correct l y
prog ra mni ed ca n produ ce fa l s e s ol u t i ons .
W i t h t he modi fi ed s t i ffnes s met hod, t he fa ct ored l oa ds a re i ncrea s ed
proport i ona l l y from zero u nt i l s omewhere i n t he fra me t he el a s t i c moment a t
a pot ent i a l hi ng e pos i t i on eq u a l s t he l oca l U ,, v a l u e. T he s t i ffnes s ma t nx of
t he memb er i n whi ch t he 'hi ng e' fonri s i s t hen modi fi ed b y repl a ci ng t he
a ppropna t e 'fi x ed end' condi t i on b y a rea l pi n, s u s t a i ni ng a n i nt erna l moment
eq u a l t o M ,,W ) T hi s s i mpl e dev i ce a l l ows t he 'hi a g e' t o rot a t e whi l e
s u s t a i ni ng a moment of M ,,. A s ha pe fa ct or of u ni t y i s i mpl i ed, i . e. t he hi ng e
pos i t i on b eha v es el a s t i ca l l y u p t o t he moment U ,,, when i t b ecomes i ns t a nt l y
compl et el y pl a s t i c, a s i s a s s u med i n s i mpl e pl a s t i c t heorY 3 '4 1
I t s hou l d b e
not ed t ha t t hi s i nt erna l moment rema i ns 'l ock ed' a t t hi s l oca l v a l u e of ,t -i ', for
t he res t of t he a na l y s t s ,
T he a na l y s i s cont i nu es wi t h i ncrea s i ng l oa d, modi fy i ng t he s t i ffnes s of
a ppropna t e memb ers ev et y t i me a new hi ng e forms , u nt i l s u ch t i me a s t here
a re s u ffi ci ent hi ng es t o produ ce a mecha ni s m. T he a dv a nt a g e of t hi s met hod
i s t ha t t he a na l y s i s prov i des t he s eq u ence of hi ng e forma t i on, whi l e i ndi ca t i ng
t he l oa d l ev el a t whi ch t he i ndi v i du a l hi ng es occu r. T he l oa d l ev el a t whi ch
a
mecha ni s m i s produ ced i s i n fa ct eq u a l t o t he a deq u a cy fa ct or,
a .
H owev er, u nl es s t he modi fi ed s t i ffnes s met hod ha s b een prog ra mmed t o
a l l o'v t he moment a t a ny defi ned hi ng e t o u nl oa d, I . e. a s t hc l oa di ng cont i nu es
S T nU C T U R A L S T E E L W O R K D E S I G N T O O S 5 9 5 0

& mne for dea d
+ w,nd l oa d
cnndi t i on
T y pi ca l pu rl i n i oa ds 3 . 9 2 1 . 0 0
T y pi ca l pu ri i n l oa ds
3 . 7 a
'*
. - 3 . 5 7
2 . 1 7 ,
- t l . 9 5
D E S I G N O F S I N G L E . S T O nE Y B U I L D I N G
P O R T A L FR A M e cO N S T R U C T I O N
2 3 7
B
A
col u mn moment i
0
M oment v a l u es t ot a = 1 . 1 O B
E l a s t i c s t a t e n= 1 . 1 0 8
col l a ps e mode a = 2 . 3 8 2
E
a na l y s i s

di s t ri b u t i on
for dea d+ wi nd
-U p;
D ea d + wi nd
0
0
C
a t
C
'0
C
D ea d + i mpos ed
4 0 6 0
A pex defl ect i on l cml

hi ng e
condi t i on

redu ce






a nd

t a k e t ru e




















D E S I G N O F S I N G L E 'S T O R E Y B U I L D I N G P O R T A L FR A M E C O N S T R U C T I O N 2 3 9
col u mn





























































N ot e










2 3 8
S T R U C T U R A L S T E E L W O R I ( D E S I G N T O 8 5 5 9 5 0


moment

. hi ng es fa l s e

'5
J r

i ns t a b i l i t y .


























1 6 6 0
4 5 6 . 5
1 . 1 4

a I f 4 . O I R

a A l

D E S I G N O F S I N G L E . S T O R E Y B U I L D I N G P O R T A L FR A M E
C O N S T R U C T i O N 2 4 1



1 6 1 . 2 9

2 9 . 6 4 2 c

4 4 8 . 6 k N m





1 5 . 3 3 5

3 . 1 1 5











E l a s t i c


S T R U C T U R A L S T E E L W O R K D E S I G N T O a s 5 9 5 0
1 3 . 6 . 4 E l i mi na t i on of

1 3 . 6 . 5
A na l y s i s of rev i s ed fra me
M emb er







P t

n
-I D ,

2 4 2 S T R U C T U R A L S T E E L W O R I < T O B S

D E S I G N O F S I N G L E -S T O R E Y B U I L D I N G P O R T A L FR A M E C O N S T R U C T I O N 2 4 3

A l l des i g n ca l cu l a t i ons wi l l now b e b a s ed on t he condi t i ons a ppert a t ni ng
t o t he rev i s ed fra me.
1 3 . 7 FR A M E S T A B I L I T Y
B efore check i ng t he fra me for memb er s t a b i l i t y a nd des i g ni ng t he
connect i ons , i t i s pru dent t o check t he s el ect ed memb er s i zes a g a i ns t t he
pos s i b i l i t y of fra me i ns t a b i l i t y ( cl a u s e 5 . 5 . 3 ) , a s ne'v s ect i ons need t o b e
chos en i f t hes e cnt ena a re not s a t i s fi ed.
3 . 7 . S wa y s t a b i l i t y of fra me
Fi rs t , t he memb er s i zes ha v e t o b e check ed a g a i ns t fra me s wa y i ns t a b i l i t y
( cl a u s e 5 . 5 . 3 . 2 ) . T l u s condi t i on, modi fi ed t o t a k e t he effect of t he ha u nches
i nt o a ccou nt , ha s t ob e s a t i s fi ed i n t he a b s ence of a ng orou s a na l y s i s of fra me
s t a b i l i t y t 3 1 , i . e.
L b < 4 4 L

D
s t ng l e-b a y fra me
Q
m
L r
m
D m
I : m
b = a v era g e ea v es ha u nch l eng t h= 3 . 5 0 0 m
I c

1 ,
p = 2 x 7 5 7 0 0 x 3 7 . 0 1 ( 3 3 4 0 0 x 5 . 5 ) = 3 0 . 5
= 1 . 1 4 1 x 3 S l x 3 7 . 0 / ( 1 6 x 4 5 6 . 5 ) 1 0 3
3 7 . 0 3 . 5 0 4 4 3 7 . 0 3 0 . 5 2 7 5
0 . 4 5 7 2 . 0 3 5 . 5 ( 4 + 3 0 . 5
3 7 . 6 2 / 3 7 . 0 ) 2 7 5
7 3 C 1 2 7
Fra me i s s t a b l e.
3 . 7 . 2 s na p-t hrou g h b u ck l i ng

condi t i on of s na p-t hrou g h b u ck l i ng of t he ra ft ers ( cl a u s e 5 . 5 . 3 . 3 ) i s
u nl i k el y t o a ppl y t o s i ng l e-b a y fra mes u nl es s roof s l ope i s s ha l l ow. S u ch a
pos s i b i l i t y i ncrea s es wi t h mu l t i -b a y fra mes owi ng t o t he a ccu mu l a t i v e s prea d
of t he ea v es whi ch ma y b e s u ffi ci ent t o a l l ow t he ra ft ers of t he i nt erna l b a y s
t o s na p-t hrou g h, s ee reference ( 1 0 ) .
R es ea rch b y i ndi ca t es t ha t t he 5 5 5 9 5 0 fonnu l a e for fra me
t ns t a b i l i t y ca n produ ce u ns a fe s ol u t i ons . T he i n-pl a ne fra me s t i ffnes s of
mu l t i -s pa n port a l fra mes , pa rt i cu l a r when s l ender i nt erna l col u mns of v a l l ey
b ea ms a re u s ed, req u i res ca refu l cons i dera t i ont i i
1 3 . 8 M E M B E R S T A B I L I T Y - L A T E R A L T O R S I O N A L B U C K L I N G
5 5 5 9 5 0 ca t ers s peci fi ca l l y for di fferet i t moment g ra di ent s a nd g eomet ry of
memb er for port a l fra mes a nd t he a ppropna t e met hods wi l l b e a deq u a t el y
i l l u s t ra t ed when check i ng t he l a t era l t ors i ona l res i s t a nces of b ot h col u mn a nd
ha u nched ra ft er memb ers . G u i da nce i s g i v en i n t hos e s i t u a t i ons whi ch a re not
s peci fi ca l l y cov ered b y t he code or where i t i s fel t t ha t t he code
recommenda t i ons a re not a ppropna t e. Fi rs t , i he v a nou s pa rt s of t he fra me a re
check ed for s t a b i l i t y u nder g ra v i t y l oa di ng condi t i on a nd t hen recheck ed for
t he dea d+ wi nd l oa di ng condi t i on.
1 3 . 8 . 1 S t a b i l i t y check s for dea d + 5 fl O W l oa di ng condi t i on
A s i n S ect i on 1 3 . 6 . 2 , memb er s t a b i l i t y t s t o b e check ed a t a l oa d l ev el
i . 1 4 1 x fa ct ored l oa ds ; s ee Fi g . 1 3 . 1 3 ( a ) for t he rel ev a nt b endi ng momeni s .
1 3 . 8 . 1 . 1 C H E C K C O L U M N M E M B E R B U C K L I N G
T he des i g n of t he fra me a s s u mes a pl a s t i c hi ng e forms a t t he t op of t he
col u mn memb er. ( 6 1 0 x 2 2 9 x 1 0 1 U S ) , i mmedi a t el y b el ow t he ha u nch l ev el .
T hi s pl a s i i c hi ng e pos i t i on mu s t b e t ors i ona l l y res t ra i ned i n pos i t i on b y
di a g ona l s t a y s ; s ee l a t er comment reg a rdi ng s i ze of s t a y s ( S ect i on 1 3 . 8 . 3 ) .
W i t h t he hi ng e pns i t i on res t ra i ned, check t he pl a s t i c s t a b i l i t y of t he l eng t h of
col u mn from t he hi ng e pos i t i on, b et ween t he t wo s heet i ng ra i l s , 5 4 a nd S 3
( s ee Fi g . 1 3 . 1 4 ) . T hi s i s done b y u s i ng t he ex pres s i on for u ni fonn memb ers ,
wi t h no t ens i on fl a ng e res t ra i nt b et ween effect i v e end t ors i ona l res t ra i nt s ,
g i v en i n cl a u s e 5 . 3 . 5 ( a ) . whi ch i s b a s ed on t he s t a b i l i t y cones g i v en i n
reference ( 1 3 ) .
L =
I l L
1 . 1 4 1 x 3 5 1 x 1 0 / ( 2 x 1 2 9 ) = 1 5 . 5 N / mm2
x = 4 3 ,0 ( reference 6 )
3 8 x 4 7 . 5 x
L m= 1 . 4 5 2 m
/ 1 5 . 5
( 2 7 5 \ 2 ( 4 3 . 0 \ 2
T hi s i ndi ca t es t ha t t he s heet i ng ra i l S 3 , i mmedi a t el y b el ow t he ra i l a t t he
hi ng e pos i t i on S 4 . i s req u i red t o res t ra i n t he col u mn memb er on b ot h fl a ng es ,

l . i 4 1




fl l A fm= 0 . 5 7 3 1 7 . 2









3 . 4 5





= 0 . 8 6 3



= 0 . 9 7 4
1 . 7 0

A L T = nov A

0 . 5 9 8





























2 4 4
S T R U C T U R A L S T E E L W O R I ( D E S I G N T O 8 5 5 9 5 0
D E S I G N O F S I N G L E -S T O R E ? B U I L D I N G P O R T A L FR A M E C O N S T R U C T I O N
2 4 5

= 1 . 0 6 1


= O . 2 1 2 x 2 8 3 0 = 6 l l k N m
- -
'C r
I
1 3 . 8 . 1 . 2 C H E C K R A FT E R B U C K L I N G I N E A VE S R E G I O N

C I I ,

=
I I
9 0 0 / 4 5 7 1 . 9 7



/

N a ppl i ed

= pl a s t i c S 1 )





O E S I O N O F S I N G L E -S T O R E Y B U I L O I N G P O R T A L FR A M E C O N S T R U C T I O N 2 4 7
T he

' l O t )
. 0 . 7 2 8




i t , =

0 . 8 5 3
= 3 . 2 5 6 / ( 1 . 1 1 8
3 . 4 1 4




2 4 6
S T R U C T U R A L S T E E L W O R K O E S I G N T O 8 5 5 9 5 0


ha u nched

-j
p.
0
U ,
p.
. 4 '

= 3 7 5 6 m
I I

9 )

R g rea t er
ha u nched

not








D E S I G N O F S I N G L E . S T O R E Y B U I L D I N G P O R T A L FR A M E
C O N S T R U C T I O N
2 4 9
T he





B S 5 9 5 0 .
H owev er,











1 1 . 9 3 0

3 3 . 9



1 . 0 x


= O . I 9 3 x 1 6 4 4 = 3 2 0 k N m


S T E E L W O R K D E S I G N T O O S 5 9 5 0














4 5 6 . 5
pl a s t i c



V 1 1 2

+ 2

=












n

A s
E S t a b l e
E S t a b l e 1 3
E S t a b l e 1 4
E S


2 5 0
S T R U C T U R A L S T E E L W O R I < D E S I G N T O S S 5 9 5 0





D E S I G N O F S I N G L E -S T O R E Y B U I L D I N G P O R T A L FR A M E C O N S T R U C T I O N 2 5 1
1 . 5 2 5


a pex
0
0 I
U ,
a
a '
4 2
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
T herefore,




pu rel y

whi ch










= 1 6 1 . 3 l 7 . O N / nnn2
3 3 . 9

2 . 3 6 8 m
/ 1 7 . 0




1 . 5 7 8 > 1 . 5 2 5



t i l e




1 6 1 . 3

[ 1 6 6 0
4 5 4 . 0















dea d +
















































= 4 4 2

a pex
rev ers ed











A l i


n,u v ,cA

1 1 T 5
2 0 3

i

N x )
Vt
1 2 M ,

S T E E L W O R K D E S I G N T O 8 5 5 9 5 0

R A FT E R B U C K L I N G I N E A VE S R E G I O N
D E S I G N O F S I N G L E -S T O R E Y nU I L D I N G P O R T A L FR A M E
C O N S T R U C T I oN 2 5 3

R A FT E R B U C K L I N G I N A P E X R E G I O N
0

1



= 1 4 2
2 5 4 S T R U C T U R A L S T E E I . W O R K D E S I G N T O S S 5 9 5 0 D E S I G N or S I N G L E . S T O R E V B U I L D I N G P O R T A l . FR A M E C O N S T R U C T I O N 2 5 5

/ [ 0 + 3 x 8 l + 4 x 1 3 4 + 3 x 1 5 8 + l 5 7 + 2 ( 1 5 8 l 5 )
l 2 x O . 2 7 5 x
= 0 . 5 3 7
0 . 8 7 6 ( reference 6 )
. r

1
f2 a V

\ 1 i 1 J
J
ha l f
di s t a nce 1 4 . 5 = 4 4 3
=
= 0 7 1 3



I

= 1 . 0

x 0 . 8 7 6 x O . 7 6 7 x 1 . 0 x 2 0 3 = 7 3
P i

1 4 '
=
= 0 . 4 7 3 l . 0

A deq u a t e












. J 2



wi l l b e s el ect ed. From t he S C I g u i det 6 ) a n




0 . 0 2 B T p7
x 2 2 7 . 6 x 1 4 . 8 x 0 . 2 7 5 = 1 8 . 5 k N
B S t a b l e

= 1 3 0 N / mm2




S t reng t h


U nl i k e





-V
U
3 . 0 . 3 D es i g n of l a t era l res t ra i nt s

8 5 0 / 8 . 7 6
= 9 7

or 0 . 7 x 8 5 0 / 3 3 . 6 + 3 0
or 7 4 C 1 0 0 S t i ffnes s
2 5 6
S T R U C T U R A L S T E E L W O R I < D E S I G N T O O S 5 9 5 0
a ns e t hen t he hi ng e pos i t i on ma y
reg a rded a s b ei ng l a t era l l y res t ra i ned
prov i ded t he poi nt of a t t a chment of t he b ra ce t o t he
compres s i on fl a ng e
i s
not more t ha n D 1 2 t he a s s u med hi ng e pos i t i on.
1 3 . 9 D E S I G N O F C O N N E C T I O N S
A pa rt from check i ng t he a deq u a cy of memb ers a g a i ns t l a t era l
t ors i ona l
i ns t a b i l i t y t he des i g n of connect i ons ev ok es mu ch di s cu s s i on
wi t h t he res u l t
t ha t t here a re s ev era l v a na t i ons on how port a l fra me
connect i ons s hou l d b e
des i g ned. B a s i ca l l y t he connect i ons ha v e t o perform
a s a n el a s t i c u ni t i ol ni ng
t wo ma i n s t ru ct u ra l memb ers t og et her wi t hou t l os s of s t reng t h
a nd u ndu e
di s t res s s u ch ns g ros s deforma t i ons or pl a s t i ci t y . T he b a s i c met hod
a da pt ed
for t hi s des i g n ex emi s et 3 3 ha d b een dev el oped from t heoret i ca l
cons i dera t i ons
a nd ex penment a l ev i dence. C onnect i ons b a s ed
on t hi s a pproa ch ha v e b een
s hown t o perform s a t i s fa ct ori l y . T he met hod ha s s i nce b een modi fi ed
t o
refl ect t he more recent res ea rch i nt o t he b eha v i ou r of end pl a t e
connect i ons
I n proport i oni ng b ot h t he ea v es a nd a pex connect i ons for t he
dea d pl u s
i mpos ed ca s e i t s hou l d b e rememb ered t ha t t he des i g n
i s b emg u ndert a k en a t
u l t i ma t e l oa d l ev el . G enera l l y t he-ea v es a nd a pex j oi nt s
a re fl u s h end pl a t e
connect i ons , I n whi ch t he b ol t l ev er a rms a re i ncrea s ed b y
mea ns of a ha u nch
( s ee Fi g s . 1 3 . 2 0 a nd 1 3 2 ! ) , t hereb y enha nci ng t he moment ca pa ci t y
of t he
b ol t ed connect i ons . T here a re a nu mb er of di fferent des i g n
cnt ena whi ch
need t o b e s a t i s fi edt 3
T hes e wi l l b e ex pl a i ned du nng t he proces s of
des i g ni ng t he connect i ons for t he port a l fra me I n t hi s s ecnon. S ee a l s o
S ect i on 1 3 . 1 4 .
A s ment i oned, t he des i g n of port a l fra me connect i ons
i s g enera l l y
g ov erned b y t he moment s a nd forces res u l t i ng from t he dea d t mpos ed
l oa di ng condi t i on. H owev er, i f t here i s moment rev ers a l du e
t o a not her
l oa di ng ca s e i ns i n t hi s ex a mpl e) , t hen t he connect i ons ha v e t o b e recheck ed.
1 3 . 9 . 1 D es i g n of ea v es connect i on
From t he
fra me a na l y s t s for t he dea d t mpos ed l oa di ng condi t i on
( S ect i on 1 3 . 6 ) , i t ca n b e s een t ha t t he fa ct ored moment a nd v ert i ca l s hea r,
a ct i ng on t he ea v es connect i on, a re 8 3 6 . 4 k N m ( Fi g . 1 3 . 1 3 a ) a nd 2 0 0 . 2 k N m
( i . e.
I . 1 4 1 x 3 5 1 / 2 ) , res pect i v el y ; a l s o, t here i s a n a x i a l t hru s t of 1 9 5 k N from
t he ra ft er. Fu rt hermore, t he rev ers e moment condi t i on needs
t o b e check ed;
s ee S ect i on 1 3 . 9 . 1 . 7 . T he i nt t i a l des i g n deci s i ons l ob e ma de a re t he g eomet ry
of t he end pl a t e nnd t he s i ze of b ol t s t o b e u s ed. From pra ct i cnl cons i dera t i ons
l s u ch a s wi dt h of col u mn a nd ra ft er fl a ng es , di s cret e s i zes of rol l ed pl a t e
s ect i ons ) , t he end pl a t e i s ma de 2 2 0 mm. A s t he dept h of t he ha u nch
i s
a pprox i ma t el y t wi ce t ha t of t he b a s i c ra ft er memb er, t he end pl a t e
i s ma de
9 4 0 mm l ong , t . e. t he end pl a t e proj ect s 2 O mm b ey ond t he fl a ng es
t o a l l ow
for t he l op a nd b ot t om wel ds . T he end pl a t e t hi ck nes s
i s det ermi ned from
cons i dera t i on of t he fl ex u ra l a ct i on i mpos ed on t he pl a t e b y t he forces
i n t he
b ol t s . Fi rs t , det ermi ne t he wel d s i zes req u i red for t he end pl a t e/ ra ft er
i nt erfa ce, b efore ev a l u a t i ng t he b ol t forces a nd end pl a t e t hi ck nes s .
'l .
1 : ;

D E S I G N O F S I N G L E . S T O R E Y B U I L D I N G P O R T A L FR A M E C O N S T R U C T I O N
2 5 7
1 3 . 9 . 1 . 1 W E L D S I Z E S FO R
T he end pl a t e i s u s u a l l y connect ed t o di e ra ft er s ect i on b y
mea ns of fi l l et
'v el ds . A

condi t i on i s t o mnk e t he comb i ned t hroa t t hi ck nes s es of t he wel ds eq u a l
t o a t
l ea s t t he t hi ck nes s of t he pl a t e el ement b ei ng i v el dedt 3 1 . T herefore:
Fl a ng e wel d = T a / . J 2
= = 1 0 3 mm U s e 1 2 mm FW
W eb wel d
= i i l . 1 2
= 9 ,1 / 1 . 4 1 = 6 . 4 3 mm U s e 8 mm FW
T he hea v i er fl a ng e wel d mu s t b e cont i nu ed down t he web on t he t ens i on s i de
of t he connect i on for a mi ni mu m di s t a nce of 5 0 mm t n order t o a v oi d
prema t u re wel d cra ck i ng m t he v i ci ni t y of t he root fi l l et of t he ra ft er fl a ng e,
owi ng t o pot ent i a l s t res s concent ra t i ons .
1 3 . 9 . 1 1 S I Z E O F B O L T S
T oda y , hi g h t ens i l e b ol t s ( g ra de 8 . 8 ) a re u s ed i n moment connect i ons . I t
s hou l d b e not ed t ha t t he u s e of t he u l t i ma t e t ens i l e ca pa ci t y of t hes e b ol t s
i s
condi t i ona l on g ra de I D nu t s b ei ng u s ed wi t h t he t o prev ent
prema t u re fa i l u re b y t hrea d s t nppi ng . A l t erna t i v el y , cl a u s e 3 . 2 . 2 a l l ows t he
u s e of non-prel oa ded H S FG b ol t s , whi ch ha v e deeper nu t s a nd a l s o a l a rg er
ca pa ci t y t ha n a g ra de 8 . 8 b oi l of t he s a me di a met er. H owev er, s hou l d t he
condi t i ons b e s u ch t ha t wi nd or cra ne v i b ra t i ons mi g ht res u l t i n b ol t l oos eni ng
or fa t i g u e, t hen i t i s a dv i s a b l e t o u s eprel oa ded H S FG b ol t s , t hou g h ot her
met hods a re a v a i l a b l e whi ch prev ent nu t i oos eni ng .
A s s u me t ha t t he v ert i ca l pi t ch of t he b ol t rows i s 9 0 mm, wi t h t he t op row
b ei ng pos i t i oned a t 5 0 mm from t op s u rfa ce of t he t ens i on fl a ng e of t he ra ft er
( s ee Fi g . 1 3 . 2 0 ) . B y mi ni mi zi ng t he cl ea ra nce b et ween t he t op ro\ v of b ol t s
nex t t o t he fl a ng e, t he cros s -b endi ng i n t he end pl a t e i s redu ced.
T he a ppropna t e l oa d di s t ri b u t i on i n t he b ol t g rou p t o b e u s edt 3 1 i s
dependent on t he ra t i o of t he di s t a nce from t he compres s i on fl a ng e of t he
ra ft er t o t he penu l t i ma t e row of t he 't ens i on
b ol t s t o t ha t from t he
compres s i on fl a ng e t o t he t op row of b ol t s , i . e. 0 . 7 6 0 / 0 . 8 5 0 = 0 . 8 9 .
A s t he ra t i o i s a b ou t 0 . 9 t hen t he t wo l op rows of t ens i on b ol t s
ca n b e
a s s u med t o ca rry eq u a l t ot a l l oa dt 3 ) . wi t h t he rema i nder of t he b ol t l oa ds
v a ry i ng l i nea rl y wi t h t hei r b ol t di s t a nces t y ,) from t he
compres s i on fl a ng e.
A pa rt from t he fi rs t row of b ol t s I mmedi a t el y t ns i de t he t ens i on fl a ng e, t he
b ol t l oa ds a re a comb i na t i on of l oa d du e t o t he a ppl i ed moment pl u s
pry i ng
force. W i t h t hi s di s t ri b u t i on, whi ch a s s u mes t ha t t he connect i on rot a t es a b ou t
t he compres s i on fl a ng e, t he not i ona l b ol t b a a ( Fe) du e t o I he a ppl i ed
moment fl a ng e i s det ermi ned from:
F9 =


( 0 . 8 5 0 0 . 7 6 0 ) 1 2 =

ma x i mu m



















P O R T A L






effect i v e

2 9 7 . 5
2 1 . 1








P L A S T I C I T Y














x
T hi s

i i

1 3 . 9 1 . 5
C H E C K T H E T E N S I O N R E G I O N O F T H E C O L U M N
T he col u mn fl a ng es need t o b e check ed for t he effect s of cros s -b ea di ng
du e t o
t he a ct i on of t he
T he des i g n formu l a e g i v en i n reference ( 3 ) ha v e
b een modi fi ed; t ha t i s . i t i s a s s u med t ha t I he effect of a hol e ha s b een
compens a t ed b y t he fl ex u ra l a ct i on of t he b ol t whi ch effect i v el y repl a ces
t he
mi s s i ng pl a t e ma t ena l . T hes e modi fi ed fonnu i a e a re u s ed i n t he fol l owi ng
ca l cu l a t i ons . S t i ffeni ng i s req u i red i f:

+ W +
+
( } _
+ ( i n +
i n
i i '
i i ( B

mm
i i ' 7 0 C 2 w
4 . 7 x 1 4 5 . 9 >
1 4 8 2 1 9 0 6 4 . 4 7 0
/ i I \ 1
4 2 . 5
+ + ( 4 2 . 5 5 5 . 0 ) j 0 . 2 7 5
6 8 6 > 4 9 3 k N i na deq u a t e
T herefore s t i ffemng of t he fl a ng e i s req u i red i n t he t ens i on
reg t on. C heck t ha t
[ l i e s t i ffened fl a ng e i s a deq u a t et 3 1 , i . e.
4 7 F,
'2
-
_ _ _ _ _ _ _
+
i n i i .
6 8 6 C 1 4 . 8 2
+ 6 4 . 4 7 0
4 2 . 5
( 4 2 . 5 + 4 5 ) ] 0 . 2 7 5
6 8 6 < 7 l 6 k N A deq u a t e
I f t he s t i ffened fl a ng e ha d b een i na deq u a t e, a b a ck i ng pl a t e cou l d b e
u s ed
or t he s ect i on s i ze cha ng ed.
1 3 . 9 . 1 . 6
C H E C K S H E A R I N T H E C O L U M N W E B P A N E L
T he fa ct ored moment a ct i ng on t he connect i on produ ces a s hea nng
a ct i on i n
di e col u mn web a dj a cent t o t he connect i on. T herefore, t he s hea r ca pa ci t y of
t he web ( F,. ) needs t o b e check ed a g a i ns t t he i ndu ced s hea r force ( F,. ) of:
l 0 3 9 k N
T he fot l owi ng des i g n ru l e. whi ch i s s l i g ht l y more correct t ha n t he g u i da nce
g i v en i n 1 3 3 5 9 5 0 , i s b a s ed on res ea rch
( D 2 T j p,,,
x 1 0 . 6 ( 6 0 2 . 2 2 x 3 4 . 8 ) 0 . 2 7 5 = 3 0 W k N

T he col u mn web ha s t o b e s t i ffened. A s t he i nner col u nm fl a ng e
i n t he
t ens i on zone ha s a l s o t o b e s t i ffened ( S ect i on 1 3 . 9 . 1 . 4 ) , u s e t he M oms
s t i ffener, whi ch comb i nes b ot h fu nct i ons i n one s t i ffeni ng a rra ng ement ,
D E S I G N O F S 1 N G L E 'S T O R E Y B U I L D I N G
P O R T A L FR A M E C O N S T R U C T I O N
2 6 1
( s ee Fi g . 1 3 . 2 0 ) . T hi s form of s hea r s t i ffemng ha s b een s hown t o b e b ot h
economi c a nd s t ru ct u ra l l y
M a k e t he honzoni a t port i on eq u a l t o
3 0 0 ru i n, t hereb y a l l owi ng ea s y b ol t a cces s for [ l i e erect ors . D es i g n t he M orri s
s t i ffeners l i k e di a g ona l s t i ffeners
t hey ha v e t o ca rry t he ex ces s s hea r forcc
not t a k en b y t he col u mn web . i . e. 1 0 3 9 1 0 0 1 = 3 8 k N . T he req u i red
a rea of
s t i ffeners i s ob t a i ned from:
A , > ( F,. P ,j I ( ,p,. ,cos O )
t a n 0
= 8 0 5 1 ( 6 0 2 . 2 2 x 1 4 . 8 I 0 0 ) = 1 . 7 0 3
cos O = 0 . 5 0 6
A ,
> ( 1 0 3 9 1 0 0 1 ) / ( 0 . 2 6 5 x 0 . 5 0 6 ) = 2 8 3 mm2
U s e nomi na l s i zed s t i ffeners , s a y t wo 9 0 mm x 1 0 mm fl a t s , whi ch
prov i de
s ome 3 8 0 0 mm2 of a rea .
1 3 . 9 . 1 . 7
C H E C K C O M P R E S S I O N Z O N E
U s e t i v o 9 0 mm x 1 0 mm fi a t s , 6 mm FW
W eb b u ck l i ng A s i mpl e ru l e b a s ed on ex peri ment a l ev i dence i ndi ca t es
t ha t
s t i ffeni ng t o t he web i s req u i red i f:
di t > 5 2 c ( cf. 1 3 5 5 9 5 0 )
i . e d/ : = 6 0 2 . 2 / 1 0 . 6 = 5 6 ,8 > 5 2
T herefore t he web needs s t i ffeni ng t o prev ent pl a t e b u ck l i ng . G enera l l y ,
hi l l dept h web s t i ffeners a re req u i red i n t hi s pos i t i on.
W eb cru s hi ng T he,force b ei ng t ra ns mi t t ed from di e
compres s i on fl a ng c of
t he ha u nched ra i l er i nt o t he col u mn web i s :
l 2 3 4 k N
S t i ffeners req u i red ff1 '

1 2 . 7 ) + 2 x 2 0 ] 1 0 . 6 x 0 . 2 7 5 = 5 5 9 . 7 k N
> 5 5 9 . 7 S t i ffener req u i red
W eb s t i ffeners ( pl a ced on ei t her s i de of [ l i e col u mn web ,
oppos i t e t he ra ft er
compres s i on fl a ng e) a re req u i red t o prev ent b ot h web b u ck l i ng a nd cru s hi ng .
T he ca pa ci t y of t he s t i ffened col u mn web i n t he
compres s i on zone i s g i v en
b y :
( B ,

,,,
hence A , [ F,. ( B , i S '2 p] / p
= [ 1 2 3 4 i . 6 3 x 1 4 . 8 ( 2 2 7 . 6 x I 0 . 6 f'2 0 . 2 7 5 ) / 0 . 2 6 5
= 3 4 2 7 mm2
U s e t wo 1 0 0 a i m x 2 0 mm fi a t s , 6 mni F% ','
2 6 0
S T R U C T U R A L S T E E L W O R I ( D E S I G N T O 0 5 5 9 5 0
O f



1 0 0 / 2 0 = 5 . 6 <










2 2 7 6














w" c of col u mu n



3 2 6 3 4 5










B U I L D i N G P O R T A L FR A M E C O N S T R U C T t O t 'i 2 6 3
W i t h

























2 6 2
S T R U C T U R A L S T E E L W O R I < D E S i G N T O O S 5 9 5 0
1 3 . 9 . 2 D E S I G N O F A P E X C O N N E C T I O N

2 1
[
i 1





deep ( s ee



b ol t s t he l eng t h of ha u nch s hou l d b e a t l ea s t 1 . 5 t i mes t he dept h
of b a s i c
ra ft er s ect i on, i . e. 1 . 5 x 4 5 7
6 8 5 mm, or t wi ce t he dept h of ha u nch
cu t t i ng , i . e.
ma k e

eq u a l t o 7 0 0 mm. U s e t he mmi mu m wel d s i ze ( 6 mm F\ V)
t o connect
t he ha u nch cu t t i ng t o t he u nders i de of t he b a s i c ra ft er memb er.
H a v i ng
ea v es connect i on a nd es t a b l i s heu t he b ol t di a met er t o b e
2 4 ra i n, i t i s economi c t o s t a nda rdi ze on t he s t ze of b ol t s t hrou g hou t
t he
fra me, t . e.
check t ha t 2 4 mm di a met er b ol t s ( g ra de 8 . 8 ) a re
for t he
a pex A g a i n, l ev er a rms
b ol t ra b ou t t he compres s i onfl a ng e i s
/
T herefore, di s t ri b u t i on b e l i nea r, i . e. i t v a ri es

wi t h t het r di s t a nces from t he compres s i on fl a ng e,
t he not i ona l
b ol t l oa d ( F0 ) b e det enra ned, t . e.
( Z y ,

x
1 6 6 . 3 k N
T hou g h t he fou r t ens i on b ol t s a re a deq u a t e, i t
t o
pos i t i on row

a dj a cent i t s fl a ng e,
prev ent l oca l s epa ra t i on of end pi a t es .
U s e
( g ra de 8 . 8 ) ( t ens i on
2 4 mm b ol t s ( g ra de ( compres s i on reg i on)
A s t he ra ft er i s t he s a me t he ea v es a nd a pex connect i ons , t hen
ma k e t he wi dt h of t he end pl a t e t he s a me a s t ha t for t he ea v es ,
> 2 2 0 mm.
t he s a me cent res hol es ( 1 1 0 mm) .
U s e 2 0 mm pl a t e x l ong
A s b a s i s of t he ca l cu l a t i ons for t he a nd web i s i dent i ca l t o
t ha t det ermi ned for t he ea v es connect i on, t hen ma k e:
wel d 1 2 mm fl Y
W eb wel d 8 mm fl y
O E S I G N O F S I N G L E -S T O nE ? B U I L D I N G
P O R T A L FR A M E C O N S T R u C T I O N
2 6 5
'1 3 . 9 . 2 . 4
C H E C K FO R R E VE R S E D M O M E N T C O N D I T I O N
A s s u mi ng t he s i ze of t he end pl a t e a nd b ol t di a met er a rc
t hen
t he onl y check i s

b ol t s i n t hi s ( Fi g .
1 6 6 . 3 x O . 6 2 0 2 0 6 k N m
T herefore t he a pex connect i on a s i n Fi g . 1 3 . 2 1 i s s a hs fa ct ory .
W hen i t t ha t t here a re t o b e no a b u i l di ng i n

a nd b ea nng i n mi nd t ha t t he g a b l e fra mi ng ha s t o s u pport onl y ha l f t he
l oa d ea rned b y a n t nt ennedi a t e ma t h fra me, t hen t he g a b l e
a rra ng ement
s hown i s
u s ed. B a s i ca l l y , t he g a b l e fra mi ng
of i ncl i ned b ea m memb ers I s u pport i ng t he pu rl i ns a nd
s ome g a b l e s heet i ng ) ,
s pa nnmg b et ween t he v ert i ca l g a b l e pos t s .
I I
I
6 2 5 0 6 . 2 5 0
U i
P
L
k f N L k L N T I
j 6 . o





















S T E E L W O R K D E S I G N T O B S 5 9 5 0
1 3 . 9 . 2 . 2 S I Z I N G O F B O L T S
1 3 . 1 0 G A B L E FR A M I N G

g i t
'5 ;

'0

N
Vei l i ca t
b ra ci ng
O F E N D FL A T E


i . 6 s

1 . 6 5

i . es

0 . 1 5
L i / i i r\ L i I k
b ra ci ng
2 6 6
S T R U C 'fl J R A L S T E E L W O R K D E S I G N T O B B 5 8 5 0
D E S I G N O F B I N G L E . S T O R E V B U I L D I N G P O R T A C FR A M E C O N B T R U C T I O I 'I 2 6 7


















D ea d l oa d ea ch ( 0 . 2 1

v i a ea ch ( 1 . 4
3 . 7 2
D ea d l oa d ( cl a ddi ng +
s el f
W i nd l oa d s heet i ng T he



2 . 3 2
du e on g ob / c





5 2 . 7




i




D ea d+ i t npos ed l oa d ca s e ( Fi g . Fa ct onng



( 1 . 4

= 6 . 1 8 1 2 . O O k N

1 2 . 0 0 " " _ -_ _ ' = 2 3 . 7 k N m

A 4 0 . O k N m
b ea ms
L O A D I N G
G a b ha mi g a b a i rn

2 . 9 4












D ea d+ n'i nd l oa d ca s e
( 1 ,1 on
( O . 8 & :




( 1 . 0 0 -5 5 3 . 7 2 )




A 4
+ -- <

U nl i k e



( B S

6 . 3 5 5 = 6 . 3 5 5

1 . 5 2 5 =










O E S I G N O F S I N G L E . S T O R E Y B U I L D I N G P O R T A L FR A M E C O N S T R U C T I O N
2 6 9
ra i l s .








D ea d + i mpos ed fou r! ca s e

= 2 3 . 7 k N m
0 . O k N m
= i . 5 2 5
= 4 0

D ea d + wi nd l oa d ca s e ( I . )


= 2 . S 4 k N m
= 6 . 3 5 5
= 1 6 6




= 0 . 3 2 5 0 . 4 5 2 <
D ea d+ nq nd l oa d ca s e ( i t )



6 . 3 5 5
= 1 6 6



0 . 9 4 2 <
S T E E L W O R I ( D E S I G N T O B S 5 9 5 0

2
4 . 6 6 5 . 9 9 k N
5 . 9 9
2 . 9 4 x
1 l . 7 k N m
3 . 2 5 2 . 5 4
u s i ng



+ 3 . 2 k N m
M E M B E R S I Z E
ft
ft
: 0

l . a




T he cent ra l g a b l e pos t i s t o b e des i g ned a s i t ha s t o s u s t a i n t he wors t des i g n
condi t i on of a l l t he pos t s . T he a re a s s u med t o b e s i mpl y s u pport ed
b et ween t he b a s e a nd t he pos i t i ona l res t ra i nt prov i ded b y t he ra ft er b ra ci ng
( s ee Fi g .

t he wi nd s u ct i on condi t i on t 0 . 8 x 0 . 5 9 k N / m2 ) , i t wou l d a ppea r t ha t
t he i nner compres s i on fl a ng e i s u nres t ra i ned b et ween t he b a s e a nd t he
pos i t i ona l res t ra i nt of t he ra ft er b ra ci ng . T he b enefi t of t he s heet i ng ra i l
res t ra i nt on t he ou t er t ens i on fl a ng e cou l d b e t a k en i nt o a ccou nt b y u s i ng t he
s t a b i l i t y cl a u s es of a ppendi x 0 , B S 5 9 5 0 , a s wa s done i n check i ng t he wi nd
condi t i on for t he ma i n ra ft er, a pex reg i on ( S ect i on 1 3 . 8 . 2 . 3 ) . I n t he l a t t er
ca s e, t he l i k el i hood of i he pu rl i ns b ei ng remov ed perma nent l y i s v ery remot e.
H owev er, t here i s a g rea t er pos s i b i l i t y t ha t t he owner t who ma y b e di fferent
from t he ong i na l dev el oper) ma y req u i re ot her a rra ng ement s wi t h res pect t o
openi ng s i n t he fu t u re.
T herefore, i t i s deci ded ( for s i mpl i ci t y ) t o t g nore t hi s pot ent i a l b enefi t
from t he ra i l s . N ev ert hel es s , i t i s fel t t ha t a ny openi ng s wou l d prob a b l y not
ex t end a b ov e t he ea v es l ev el , wi t h t he res u l t s t ha t i t i s propos ed t o res t ra i n
l a t era l l y t he i nner fl a ng e of t he fi v e i nt erna l g a b l e pos t s a t ea v es l ev el , b y
b ra ci ng b a ck t o t he s heet i ng ra i l , i . e. 5 . 1 G m from t he g rou nd. T herefore, t he
des i g n a s s u mes t ha t t he g a b l e pos t s a re u nres t ra i ned u p t o t he s heet i ng ra i l a t
'ea v es l ev el ', i n whi ch ca s e t he wors e wi nd condi t i on i s t he wi nd pres s u re of
i . 0 x 0 . 5 9 k N t m2 .
T he a x i a l l oa d i ncl u des t he s el f wei g ht of t he ra i l s a nd pos t , t og et her wi t h t he
ca l cu l a t ed end rea ct i ons from t he a ppropna t e edg e memb ers , pl u s a pex pu rl i n
l oa ds a nd wei g ht of t he cl a ddi ng a nd i ns u l a t i on ( not i ncl u ded i n end rea ct i ons
of edg e memb ers ) . H owev er, t he a x i a l l oa d i s u s u a l l y rel a t i v el y s ma l l , t he
ma t n l oa di ng b ei ng i he b endi ng a ct i on i ndu ced i nt o t he pos t b y t he wi nd
l oa di ng a ct i ng i n t he g a b l e.
D ea t i + i mpos ed l oa d ca s e
F, + ( end rea ct i ons + a pex pu rl i ns ) + ( cl a ddi ng ) ]
= i . 4 [ 0 . 6 x x i . 6 / l . 4 ) ( 2 x 1 . 6 4 + 1 )
+ 0 . 1 3 x 8 . 3 2 t a v . l i t . ) x 6 . 2 5 )
= 1 . 4 ( 5 . 3 4 + 1 8 . 8 9 + 6 . 7 6 ) = 4 3 . 4 k N
A L = 0 . O k N m
A l ,. = 0 . 0 k N m
D ea d+ wi nd T he l oa ds u s ed i n t hes e ca l cu l a t i ons a re b a s ed
on t he wi nd pres s u re condi t i on, i . e. l O x
0 . 5 9 k N / mm2 , N ot e t ha t i n t hi s
comb i na t i on of dea d + wi nd. b ot l t t he pa rt i a l l oa d fa ct ors a re eq u a l t o 1 . 4 , a s
u pl i ft i s not t he condi t i on b ei ng ex a mi ned.
F i . 4 [ 0 . 6 8 . 9 0 x 1 . 6 4 +
i . 4 ( 5 . 3 4 l 3 . 5 7 + 6 . 7 6 ) = 2 . l t ens i on)
W i nd l oa d on a t y pi ca l s heet i ng ra i l i s :
1 . 4 ( 1 . 0 x 0 . 5 9 x 1 . 6 5 x 6 . 2 5 ) = 8 . 5 2 k W
A g a i n, i g nonng t he s ma l l l oca l effect from ra i l I ( Fi g . l 3 . 2 3 a ) , i l i en b y
proport i on i he wi nd l oa d on ra i l 2
8 . 5 2 [ ( 2 x 2 . l 5 + 1 . 0 0 ) / 6 + i . 6 5 / 2 ] / l . 6 0 = 9 . l O k N
a nd s i mi l a rl y for t he b ot t om ra i l , t he wi nd l oa d i s :
8 . 5 2 ( l . 6 5 + 0 . 1 5 ) / ( 2 x i . 6 0 ) = 4 . 8 0 k W
T herefore, t he end rea ct t on a t t he t op of t he pos t i s :
4 . 8 0 x 0 . 1 5 + 8 . 5 2 ( 1 . 8 0 + 3 4 5 + 5 . 1 0 ) -I - 9 . 1 0 x 6 . 7 5
8 . 9 0
= 1 6 . 8 9 k N
= 1 6 . 8 9 x i . 6 5 = 2 0 . 1
0 . O k N m
B y i g nori ng a ny res t ra i nt from t he ra i l s b el ow ea v es l ev el , t hen:
i . 0 x 5 . 1 0 = 5 . 1 G m: L t ,= 1 . 0 x 8 . 9 0 = 8 . 9 G m
W i t h t he ex peri ence g a i ned i n S ect i on 1 3 . 1 0 . 1 . 2 , i s a dv a nt a g eou s i ni t i a l l y
t o des i g n t he g a b l e pos t for t he dea d+ wi nd l oa d ca s es , a nd t hen check
a deq u a cy for t he dea d + i mpos ed l oa d ca s e.
R efernng t op. 1 3 4 , S C ! g u i de, i t ca n b e s een t ha t a x 1 0 2 x 2 8 U B
b e s u i t a b l e. T herefore, check t he a deq u a cy of t hi s s eci i on. T he b u ck l i ng
res i s t a nce j t l ,, of t he u ni v ers a l s ect i on, for a n effect i v e l eng t h of 5 . 1 0 m, i s
2 6 . 4 k N m, i g nonng t he effect of t ens i on, hence check i ng t he dea d + wi nd
l oa d ca s e g i v es :
2 0 . 1
'6 4
0 . 7 6 1 C 1 . 0 i s a deq u a t e.
U s e 2 8 U B
t he res t ra i nt a fforded b y t he ra i l s i s t a k en i nt o a ccou nt , t hen di e wi nd
s u ct i on l oa d ca s e ( 0 . 8 x 0 . 5 9 k N / m2 ) wou l d b e i hb wors i des i g n condi t i on, i . e.
ca u s i ng t he i nner fl a ng e t o g o i nt o compres s i on, I n whi ch ca s e a
2 5 4 x 1 0 2 x 2 5 U B wou l d prob a b l y prov e s a t i s fa ct ory .
A s i s onl y 4 3 . 4 k N l oa d a ct i ng on t he g a b l e pa s t s for t he
dea d + i mpos ed l oa d ca s e, t hen cl ea rl y t he s ect i on i s more t ha n a deq u a i e, i . e.
4 3 . 4 / 9 1 4 = 0 . 0 4 7 < 1 . 0 . T he compres s i on res i s t a nce of9 l 4 k N i s ob t a i ned
from pB S , S C I g u i det 6 & Fi g u re 1 3 . 2 4 s hows a t y pi ca l det a i l a t t he t op of t he
g a b l e pos t .
T he s a me s ect i on s i x e ca n b e u s ed for a l l ot her g a b l e pos t s . H owev er, a
cheek s hou l d b e ma de on t he corner g a b l e pos t , whi ch, t l t ou g l i s u pport i ng
onl y ha l f t he l oa d, i s s u b j ect t o wi nd l oa ds a ct i ng s i mu l t a neou s l y a b ou t t he
ma j or a nd mi nor a x es .
1 3 . 1 0 . 2 G a b l e pos t s
2 7 0
S T R U C T hR A I . S T E E L W O R K D E S I G N T O S S 5 9 5 0
D E S I G N O F S I N G L E 'S T O R E V D U I L D I N G - P O R T A l . FR A M E C O N S T R U C T I O N 2 7 1

1 3 . 1 0 . 2 . 2 M E M B E R S I Z E
ft .
I I :
t 1 L 4 :
. L .
1 ; .
2 7 2 S T R U C T U R A L
D E S I G N T O 6 5 5 9 5 0
Fl a s hi ng
C l ea der a ng l e
D E S I G N O F S I N G L E -S T O rmy B U I L D I N G
P O R T A L FR A M E C O N S T R U C T I O N
2 7 3
I nI E l ev a t I on
l b l P l a n
Fi g . 1 3 . 2 4 D et a i l of g a b l e
b ea ms a nd pos t
1 3 . 1 0 . 3 C orner g a b l e pos t s
I t i s
pra ct i ce t o a rra ng e t he ou t er fl a ng e of t he corner pos t t o b e
i n
t he s a me v ert i ca t pl a ne a s t he ou t er fl a ng e of t he port a l l eg ,
i . e. t he corner pos t
I s rot a t ed t hrou g h 9 0 ' compa red wi t h ot her g a b l e pos t s . T hi s mea ns t he
wors t
des i g n condi t i on occu rs when t he wi nd di rect i on
i s norma l t o t he g a b l e,
res u l t i ng i n a wi nd pres s u re of 1 . 0 x 0 . 5 9 k N / m2
on t he g a b l e s heet i ng a nd a
s u ct i on of 0 . 2 x 0 . 5 9 k N / m2 a ct i ng on t he s i de wa l l s .
T he t y pi ca l wa nd l oa d on a g a b l e s heet i ng ra i l a ct i ng
on l he corner g a b l e
pos t I s :
1 . 4 ( 1 . 0 x 0 . 5 9 x 3 . 1 x t . 6 5 ) = 4 . 2 2 k N
T he ot her ni l l oa ds a re ob t a i ned b y proport i on, t o
g i v e t he l oa di ng pa t i ent
s hown i n Fi g . 1 3 . 2 5 . T he end rea ct i on a t t he t op of [ he
pos t a b ou t i t s mi nor
a x i s for t he l oa ds a ct i ng norma l t o t he web of t he pos t I s :
R r& =
2 . 3 0 x 0 . 1 5 + 4 . 2 2 ( 1 . 8 0 + 3 . 4 5 ) + 3 . 5 0 x 5 . 1 0
6 . 7 8 k N
= 6 . 7 8 x 2 . 5 3 . 5 0 x 1 . 6 5 = I l . 2 l cN
A l s o, t he rea ct i on a b ou t t he pos t 's ma j or a x i s i s :
0 . 4 6 x 0 . 1 5 0 . 8 4 x 1 . 8 0 + 0 . 8 0 x 3 . 4 5 + 0 . 6 6 x 4 . 9 0
R w,.

L oa di ng i n
corner g a b l e
pos t
T ry a 2 5 4 x 1 4 6 x 3 ! U B s ect t on. From
pp. 2 9 a nd 1 3 4 , S C I g u i deM ,
Z ,= 6 1 . 5 cm3 a nd
= 4 5 . 5 k N m, res pect i v el y , hence:
2 0 9 I I '
+
0 . 2 7 5 x 6 1
= 0 . 0 4 6 + 0 . 6 6 2 c 1 . 0
C l ea rl y , t here i s more t ha n enou g h res erv e of s t reng t h t o ca t er for t he
s ma l l
a x i a l l oa d.
U s e 2 5 4 x 1 4 6 x 3 1 U B
1 3 . 1 0 . 4 I n-pl a ne g a b l e b ra dng
R efernng t o Fi g s . 1 3 ,2 2 a nd l 3 . 2 5 , i t ca n b e s een t ha t t he wi nd di rcct i on
a ct mg perpendi cu l a r t o t he s i de wa l l wou l d produ ce t he wors e des i g n
condi t i on for t he di a g ona l b ra ci ng memb er. I . e.
W i nd l oa d a ct i ng a t t op of corner pos t = 6 . 7 8 + 1 . 2 2
= 8 . O O k N
L eng t h of b ra ci ng memb er
= v / ( 6 . 2 0 2 + 5 . 9 5 2 ) 8 . 6 m
W i nd l oa d i n b ra ci ng memb er
= 8 . 6 x 8 . 0 0 / 6 . 2 = 1 1 . 1 k N
From p. 8 9 of t he S C I g u i de, for a n effect i v e l eng t h of 8 . 6
i n a nd a
s l endernes s not ex ceedi ng 2 5 0 , a 1 1 4 x 3 . 6 C H S .
1 3 . 1 1 O VE R A L L S T A B I L I T Y O F B U I L D I N G
T he des i g ner mu s t a l wa y s ens u re t he s t ni ct u ra l s t a b i l i t y of t he b u i l di ng . A t
t hi s s t a g e, b ot h t he port a l fra ns es a nd t he g a b l e fra mi ng ha v e b een des i g ned
for i n'pl a ne s t a b i l i t y , pa rt i cu l a rl y wi t h res pect t o s i de wi nd l oa di ng . H owev er,
i n order t o prov i de s t a b i l i t y t o t he b u i l di ng i n i t s l ong i t u di na l di rect i on, a l l
fra mes need t o b e connect ed b a ck t o a b ra ced b a y . G enera l l y , t he end ha y ( s )
of t he b u i l di ng a re b ra ced, s o t ha t t he wmd l oa ds a ct i ng on t he g a b l es
ca n b e
t ra ns fen'ed t o t he fou nda t i ons a s s oon a s pos s i b l e, t hereb y not a ffect i ng t he
res t of t he s t ra ct u re. A not her fu nct i on of a b ra ced b a y i s t ha t i t ens u res t he
s q u a renes s a nd v ert i ca l i t y of t he s t ru ct u ra l fra mework , b ot h du ri ng a nd a ft er
erect i on.
T he t y pi ca l b ra ci ng s y s t em for a port a l fra med b u i l di ng u s u a l l y t a k es t he
form of ra ft er b ra ci ng i n t he pl a ne of t he roof s pa ce ( pos i t i oned
a s cl os e t o
t he t op fl a ng e of t he ra ft er wi i hou t fou l i ng t he pu rl i ns ) , l i nk ed i nt o
a v ert i ca l
b ra ci ng s y s t em ( Fi g . 1 3 . 2 2 ) . T hes e b ra ci ng s y s t ems a re des i g ned t o ca t er for
wi nd l oa di ng on t he g a b l e, pi u s t he wi nd dra g forces a l ong t he b u i l di ng .
Fi g u re 1 3 . 2 6 ( a ) g i v es t he forces i n t he ra ft er b ra ci ng du e t o a wi nd
pres s u re of
l O g , a s s u mi ng t ha t ha l f t he l oa d on t he g a b l e s heet i ng i s t a k en b y t he
b ra ci ng , whi l e Fi g . 1 3 . 2 6 ( b ) g i v es t he effect of dra g on t he ra ft er b ra ci ng .
T hes e forces a re t ra ns fen'ed v i a t he ra ft er b ra ci ng t o t he v ert i ca l b ra ci ng
s y s t em, whi ch a l s o t ra ns fers t he wi nd dra g forces from I hc s i de cl a ddi ng .
Fi g u re l 3 . 2 7 ( a ) g i v es t he u nfa ct ored l oa ds i n t he v ert i ca l b ra ci ng t ra ns ferred
from t he ra ft er b ra ci ng du e t o a u nt t wi nd pres s u re ( l O g ) a ct i ng
on t he g a b l e.
Fi g u re 1 3 . 2 7 ( b ) i ndi ca t es t he u nfa ct ored l oa ds i n t he v ert i ca l b ra ci ng du e t o
t he wi nd dra g forces a ct i ng on t he roof a nd s i des . From t hes e t wo
s et s of
5 . 9 5
t . 2 2 x 2 . 5 0 . 6 6 x 1 . 4 5 = 2 . O 9 k N
A s wa s t he ca s e wi t h t he i nt erna l pos t s , t he effect of t he a x i a l l oa d ( whi ch
i ncl u des t he l oa d i ndu ced b y b ra ci ng ) i s ex t remel y s ma l l a nd
ca a b e i g nored.
C heck t ha t t he s ect i on s i ze u s ed for t he i nt ermedi a t e g a b l e pos t s
i s
s a t i s fa ct ory . T herefore, a s t he memb er i s l oa ded b et ween
end res t ra i nt s ,
I n = 1 . 0 a nd t he des i g n crdenon a g a i n b ecomes :
1 . 0
M a

= 0 . 0 7 7 + 1 . 1 6 7 1 . 0 I na deq u a t e




I
I I
I
$ ,/ . 5 J
a l
1
/ 2 '
I '


. k '

W i nd pres s u re on g a b l e
1 W W i nd dra g

























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2 2 4 )
0 . 1 5 6 . 0
0 . 9
2 1 6
2 7 4
S T R U C T U R A L S T E E L W O R I ( D E S I G N T O 6 5 5 9 5 0

D E S I G N O F S I N G L E . S T O R E Y B U I L D I N G P O R T A L FR A M E C O N S T R U C T I O N 2 7 5



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, 6 . 2 5 0

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6 . 1 2 5 6 . 2 5 0
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pres s u re


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''p
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\ 3 i /
. 1 . 1

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I 'i
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1 0 . 9 9





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mm
b ol t s
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S T R U C T U R A L S T E E L W O R K D E S I G N T O 8 8 5 9 5 0
U s i ng

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1 3 . 1 2 . 2 S i zi ng of hol di ng down b ol t s











Q .













7 1 . 2


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2 1

D E S I G N O F S I N G L E -S T O R E Y B U I L D I N G P O R T A L FR A M E C O N S T R U C T I O N
2 7 7
T he






t . 3 5

1 . 4




D E S I G N O F FO U N D A T I O N B L O C K
T he t he

s i t e.










a [
I ,
1 . 1 4 l ( 3 0 . i
1 2 . 8 k M
= 3 4 . 5
















2 7 8
S T R U C T U R A L S T E E L W O R I < D E S I G N T O 8 5 5 9 5 0 U
D E S I G N O F S I N G L E -S T O R E Y B U I L D I N G P O R T A L FR A M E C O N S T R U C T I O N 2 7 9
1 7 6 . 2 s N
hI
A s s hown t n S ect i on 1 2 . 1 1 , des i g n ca s e ( B ) t ends t o g ov ern t he des i g n of
t he fou nda t i on b l ock . I n order t o ma x i mi ze t he 'VI R d u pl i ft condi t i on
( dea d + wi nd) , a i s t a k en a s u ni t y , hence:
F, = 3 0 . 1 l . 4 f0 . 5 9 x 6 . 0 x 1 8 . 5 ( 1 . 4 x 0 . 7 5 0 . 6 x 0 . 2 5 ) ] + 1 2 . 8
= + 4 2 . 9 1 1 0 . 0 = 6 7 . 1 k N
A g a i n, u s i ng t he hori zont a l s hea r from t he pl a s t i c a na l y s i s , a dj u s t ed for
s erv i cea b i l i t y condi t i ons , i . e.
Fh= 1 5 7 . 2 ( 3 0 . 1 I 1 0 . 0 ) 4 2 . 6 5 4 ( 1 . 4 x 3 0 . 1 I I 0 . 0 ) ] = 6 9 . 7 k N
Fi g u re 1 3 . 2 9 ( b ) s hows t he l oa di ng for des i g n ca s e ( B ) .
I n t he des i g n of t he fou nda t i on b l ock for t he col u mn memb ers i n t he
prev i ou s cha pt er ( S ect i on 1 2 . 1 1 ) t he b l ock wa s ma de s q u a re t o s ha pe.
H owev er, wi t h t he col u mn memb er s i ze b ei ng l a rg er i n t hi s ex a mpl e, i t mi g ht
prov e more economi c t o u s e a rect a ng u l a r s ha ped b a s e. A g a i n, u s e ma s s
concret e of s u ffi ci ent dept h t o s prea d t he v ert i ca l t oa d a t 4 ? t hrou g h t he
concret e b l ock t o t he s u b s t ra t a . T herefore, t ry i ni t i a l l y a fou nda t i on b l ock
of
2 . 2 mx 1 . 8 m x 1 . 0 m proport i ons , whi ch wei g hs
2 . 2 x 1 . 8 x 1 . 0 x 2 3 . 7 = 7 8 . 2 k N ( s ee Fi g . 1 3 . 2 8 b ) . H ence, t he b ea ri ng
pres s u re a t t he concret e/ s oi l i nt erfa ce for t he ma x i mu m v ert i ca l
l oa d
condi t i on i s ( 1 4 7 . 3 + 7 8 . 2 ) 1 ( 2 . 2 x 1 . 8 ) = 5 7 k N / m2 whi ch i s s a t i s fa ct ory .
T he comb i na t i on of v ert i ca l a nd hort zont a l l oa ds on i he b a s e s hou l d b e
cons i dered i n des i g n. T he propos ed fou nda t i on b l ock now ha s t o b e check ed
t o s how t he res u l t a nt s oi l b ea ri ng force l i es wi t hi n t he mi ddl e t hi rd of
t he b a s e
l eng t h, i . e. not more t ha n L / 6
m) from t he b a s e cent re-l i ne. B ot h
l oa d comb i na t i ons ( A ) a nd ( B ) a re now ex a mi ned. A nt i ci pa t i ng t he
ma g ni t u de of t he ov ert u rni ng moment s , t he col u mn i s pos i t i oned a t 0 . 7 m
from t he cent rel i ne of t he propos ed b l ock t s ee Fi g . 1 3 . 2 9 a ) . T hi s ca u s es t he
res u l t a nt forces t o a ct t o t he concret e/ s oi l i nt erfa ce for t he t 'v o ca s es :
1 2 3 . 6 x l . 0 1 4 7 . 3 x 0 . 7
C a s e( A )
7 8 . 2 + 1 4 7 . 3
0 . 0 7 5 m ( s a t i s fa ct ory )
6 9 ,7 x 1 . 0 6 7 . 1 x O : 7
C a s e( B )
7 8 . 2 6 7 . 1
= 2 . 0 5 m
C a s e ( B ) i s not s a t i s fa ct ory : ha d t he ma rg i n b een s ma l l , t hen one cou l d
ei t her i ncrea s e t he s i ze of t he b l ock or a l l ow s ome t ens i on a t t he
coneret el s oi l
i nt erfa ce, i . e. ca u s e t he res u l t a nt t o a ct ou t s i de t he 1 . 1 6 di mens i on. H owev er,
t o t hi s pa rt i cu l a r ca s e i t wou l d b e economi c t o el i mi na t e t he moment dt t e t o
t he honzoni a l s hea r b y t y i ng i l s e fou nda t i on b l ock 1 0 t he fl oor s l a b ( a s s u mi ng
t he s l a b i s a t t he s a me l ev el ) . T ha t i s , t he fl oor a ct s a s a t i e a nd a b s orb s t he
hort zont a l s hea r. R et nforcement 'v ou l d need t o b e i ncorpora t ed a t fl oor s l a b
l ev el i n b ot h t he s l a b a nd t he b l ock . D et a i l ed des i g n ca n b e fou nd i n g ood
concret e des i g n t ex t b ook s .
A s peci a l b l ock wi l l b e req u i red for t he pent i l t i ma t e fra me t o
cou nt erb a l a nce t he a ddi t i ona l wi nd u pl i ft from t he v ert i ca l b ra ci ng s y s t em
t s ee Fi g . 1 3 . 2 7 a nd S ect i on 1 2 . 1 1 ) .
1 3 . 1 4 O T H E R C O N S I D E R A T I O N S
A l t hou g h t I ns ex a mpl e dea l s onl y wi t h t he des i g n of a s i ng l e-s i orey , pi t ched
port a l fra me, t he des i g ner s hou l d b e a wa re of ot her cons i dera t i ons whi ch
mi g ht a ffect t he fi na l des i g n, s ee S cct i on 1 2 . 1 2 . Fu rt hermore, t he port a l fra me
ca n t a k e ma ny forms , s ee reference ( 3 ) , b e s u b j ect ed t o non-u ni fonn l oa di ng
a nd ha v e s ev era l s pa ns . E a ch fra me needs l ob e des i g ned ca refu l l y t a k i ng fu l l
cog ni za nce of t he a v a i l a b l e pu b l i s hed i nforma t i on, t he ma i n cnt ena b ei ng
s t reng t h, s t i ffnes s a nd economy .
T hou g h t he s t reng t h of a port a l fra me ca n b e rea di l y check ed b y a pl a s t i c
or el a s t i c a na l y s t s , i t i s i mpl i ci t t ha t t he s t res s es I n t he ha u nched reg i on a re
not g rea t er t ha n t hc a ppropna t e des i g n s t reng t h. T he i n-pl a ne s t i ffnes s of t he
fra me i s more compl ex , a pd a pa rt from t he g u i da nce g i v en i n B S 5 9 5 0 t he
rea der i s di reci ed t o references ( I I ) a nd ( 1 2 ) pa rt i cu l a rl y for mu l t i -s pa n
fra mes . M emb er s t a b i l i t y a nd des i g n of connect i ons cont i nu e t o b e res ea rct t ed
a nd a g a i n t he rea der s hou l d k eep u p t o da t e wi t h cu rrent des i g n k nowl edg e
wi t h reg a rd t o t hes e s u b j ect a rea s for ex a mpl e, reference 2 1 .
I n b roa d t erms , economy i s a chi ev ed b y mi ni mi zi ng t he ma i ena l a nd
fa b nca t t oo cos t s . T he former mi g ht b e compromi s ed b eca u s e of memb er
s t a b i l i t y cons i dera t i ons . T he l a t t er i s dependent on t he res ou rces a pa rt i cu l a r
fa b ri ca t or ha s a v a i l a b l e, e. g . t here mi g ht b e a l i mi t on t he s i ze of pl a t e i ha t
ca n b e pu nched a nd t herefore i t b ecomes economi ca l for t ha t fa hnca t or t o u s e
s t i ffened t hi n end-pl a t es , i ns t ea d of t i ns t i ffened i hi ck er end-pl a t es .
S T U D Y R E FE R E N C E S
T opi c R q fes -ences
I . C ompa s a i i v r cu rl s I l orri dg e J . F. & M ori l s L i . ( 1 9 8 6 ) C ompa ra t i v e cos t s
of s i ng l e-s t orey s t eel fra med s t ru ct u res , S nv cri s ro/
E ng i neer, v ol . 6 4 k t oo. 7 ) , pp. 1 7 7 8 1 '
2 . P l a s t i c des i g n B a k er i F. , I l orne M I t . & H ey ns a n . 1 . ( 1 9 6 5 ) T he
S t eel S k el et o,s v ot , 2 , P l a s t i c R e/ i a i 'i onr a nd D es i g n
C a mb ri dg e U ni v ers i t y P res s
3 . P l a s t i c des i g n M orri s , L . i . & R a nda l l . A . L . ( 1 9 7 9 ) P l a s t i c D es i g n.
S t eel C ons t ru ct i on i ns t i t u t e
-
4 . P l a s t i c dcs i pn I l os 'ne M i t . & M orri s k -I . ( 1 9 8 i ) P l a s t i c D es i g n o,
L ou -R i s e Fra n,es . C ol l i ns
1 2 3 . 6 k N
Fi g . 1 3 . 2 9 R es u l t a nt forces
on b a s e
6 7 . 1 1 N
I a )





S ect i on propert i es ,
memb er





M . G .
N os t ra nd

I l omne























M oms

t he











S T E E L W O R I c D E S I G N T o 8 5 5 9 5 0






Fra me
Fra me
C oi u ns n
s t a b i l i t y
L a t era l
L a t era l
s t reng t h
8 . C ol u nm pa nel

rA n.



D E S I G N


C O M P O S I T E

u nt i l


L A Y O U T A N D B A S I C C H O I C E S
A n















8 b a y s i frS . 0 m4 0 m
T he des i g ner ha s t o ma k e b a s i c choi ces wi t h reg a rd t o:
fl oor cons t ru ct i on
fra me cons t ru ct i on
s t a i r cons t ru ct i on
res i s t a nce t o wi nd l oa di ng
a rchi t ect u ra l dci a i l s
o
i nt eg ra t i on of s t ru ct u re wi t h b u i l di ng s erv i ces
T hes e choi ces wi l l b e ma de t a k i ng i nt o a ccou nt :
o
t he economy of cons t ru ct i on, whi ch ma y req u i re s peci a l i s t a dv i ce,
e. g . from q u a nt i t y s u rv ey ors ;
o
t he s peed of cons t ru ct i on, whi ch ma y req u i re l i a i s i ng wi t h
cont ra ct ors ;
o
det a i l s of pos s i b l e fi ni s hes , whi ch wi l l g enera l l y b e deci ded i n
conj u nct i on wi t h a n a rchi t ect .
A l l t hes e fa ct ors a ffect t he fi na l cos t a nd q u a l i t y of t he b u i l di ng , a nd t he
des i g n t ea m mu s t produ ce a comb i na t i on of t hes e whi ch i s s a t i s fa ct ory t o t he
cl i ent . A rev i ew of t he fa ct ors a ffect i ng mu l t i -s t orey s t eel fra me cons t ru ct i on
i s g i v en b y M a t hy s t
i i
T he fl oor cons t ru ct i on cou l d b e i i i ca n rei nforced concret e, preca s t concret e,
or compos i t e cons t ru ct i on. For s peed of cons t ru ct i on a compos i t e fl oori ng
u s i ng a profi l ed s t eel fonri work i s chos en. T hi s form of cons t ru ct i on ha s b een
di s cu s s ed i n S ect i on 9 . 6 , a nd t y pe C F6 O b y P M F'3 ha s b een chos en for t he
pres eni des i g n, a s s hown i n T a b l e ! 4 . t .
T a b l e 1 4 . 1 . C F6 0 1 . 2 mm wi t h L W A C ( C ou nes y of P M F L t d. )
M a x i mu m s pa ns i n met res
C oncret e
t hi ck nes s
i i i a i m
t i n pos ed l oa di ng i n k N / ni '
3 . 0 4 ,0 5 . 0 6 . 0 7 . 0 8 . 0 9 . 0 1 0 . 0
t 7 0 3 . 8 0 3 ,8 0 3 . 8 0 3 . 6 0 3 . 3 5 3 . 1 0 2 . 9 0 2 . 7 0
1 4 0 3 . 6 0 3 . 6 0 3 . 6 0 3 . 6 0 3 . 5 5 3 ,4 0 3 . 2 0 3 . 0 5
1 6 0 3 . 4 5 3 . 4 5 3 . 4 5 3 . 4 5 3 . 4 5 3 ,4 5 3 . 4 0 3 . 3 5
I S O 3 3 0 3 . 3 0 3 . 3 0 3 . 3 0 3 . 3 0 3 . 3 0 3 . 3 0 3 . 3 0
2 0 0 3 ,2 0 3 . 2 0 3 . 2 0 3 . 2 0 3 . 2 0 3 . 2 0 3 . 2 0 3 . 2 0
2 2 0 3 . 0 0 3 . 0 0 3 . 0 0 3 . 0 0 3 . 0 0 3 . 0 0 3 . 0 0 3 . 0 0
T I ns fl oor i s ca pa b l e of s pa nni ng u p t o 3 . 3 m wi t h a l i g ht wei g ht a g g reg a t e
concret e, a nd des i g n a nd cons t ru ct i on det a i l s a re g i v en b y
For a
fi re ra t i ng of I hou r, mes h rei nforcement t y pe A 1 9 3 i s recommendedt 4 i ,
g i v i ng a cros s -s ect i on for t he fl oor cons t ru ct i on a s s hown i n Fi g . 1 4 . 2 .
T he des i g n of a mu l t i -s t orey s t eel fra me ma y u s c t he met hod k nown a s ng i d
des i g n ( cl a u s e 2 . i . 2 . 3 ) or s i mpl e des i g n ( cl a u s e 2 . t . 2 . 2 ) . I n ri g i d des i g n, t he
connect i ons a re a s s u med ca da b l e of dev el opi ng t he req u i red s t reng t h a nd
s t i ffnes s for fu l l cont i nu i t y . I n s i mpl e des i g n t he connect i ons a re a s s u med not
i o dev el op s i g ni fi ca nt moment s , i . e. b ea ms a re des i g ned a s s u mi ng t hey a rc
s i mpl y s u pport ed. T he choi ce b et ween t he t wo forms of cons t ru ct i on i s
g enera l l y economi c, a nd i s ou t s i de t he s cope of t hi s cha pt er. T he pres ent
des i g n a s s u mes s i mpl e cons t ru ct i on.
A s di s cu s s ed i n S ect i on 9 . 1 , di s a dv a nt a g eou s t o ma k e t he s l a b a nd b ea ms
a ct compos i t el y , a nd s u ch a n a rra ng ement i s pos s i b l e wi t h profi l ed s t eel
s heet i ng . Fi re prot ect i on t s req u i red for t he s t eel b ea ms a nd a l i g ht wei g ht
s y s t em s u ch a s P y rot herm i s chos en ( s ee S ect i on 1 5 . 4 ) .
W hi l e i t i s pos s i b l e t o des i g n t he col u mns t o a ct compos i t el y wi t h a
concret e ca s i ng , i t ma y b e preferred not t o i nv ol v e t he proces s of s hu t i eri ng
a nd i n s i t u ca s i ng . I n t he pres ent des i g n, l i g ht wei g ht ca s i ng for fi re prot ect i on
i s u s ed, of t he s a me t y pe a s for t he b ea ms .
A nu mb er of met hods of s t a i r cons t ru ct i on a rc pos s i b l e, s ome oh' wI nch
i nfl u ence t he s peed of cons t ru ct i on ma g enera l , a nd t he a cces s of opera i t v es
du ri ng cons t ru ct i on.
G enera l l y , concret e cons t ru ct i on i s chos en ra t her t I t a n a n a l l s t eel
a rra ng ement , owi ng t o t he compl ex ehy of t he s t eel work fa b nca t i on. T he
concret e ma y b e I n s i n: or preca s t , or a comb i na t i on of b ot h. T he choi ce of
met hod ma y a ffect t he s u pport i ng s t ecl work a rra ng ement , a nd pos s i b l e
a l t ema t i v es a re s hown i n Fi g . 1 4 . 3 . For t he pres ent des i g n, fl i g ht s a nd ha l f
l a ndi ng s a re s u pport ed s epa ra t el y .
T he honront a l l oa di ng du e t o wi nd ma y b e res i s t ed ei t her b y fra me a ct i on, i n
whi ch a l l t he b ea ms a nd col u mns a ct t og et her, or b y des i g ni ng s peci fi c pa rt s
of t he s t ru ct u re t o res i s t t hes e forces . I n ng i d fra me des i g n, wi nd l oa di ng
wou l d b e i ncl u ded a s one of i he l oa d s y s t ems , a nd t he fra me a na l y s ed
a ccordi ng l y . T hi s i s di s cu s s ed fu rt her i n S ect i on i 4 . S .
T he a l t ema t i v e t o fra me a ct i on i s t o t ra ns fer t he wi nd forces t o
mowers , s hea r wa l l s or b ra ci ng l oca t ed a t s peci fi c pot nt s i n t he s t ru ct u re. T hes e
2 8 2
5 T nU cT U R A L S T E E L W O R I ( 0 E S t G N T oes 5 9 5 0
0 E S I G N O F A N O FFI C E B L O C K C O M P O S I T E C O N S T R U C T I O N 2 8 3
Fi g . 1 4 . 2 Fl oor
cons l ni ct i on
i i
L W A concret e 2 0 0 mm 9 0 mm C F6 O pront e
1 4 . 1 . 2 Fra me cons t ru ct i on
h4 . I . l Fl oor cons t ru ct i on
4 . 1 . 3 S t a i r cons t ru ct i on
1 4 . 1 . 4 R es i s t a nce t o wi nd l oa di ng

a b nef


















4 . 8
k N / i n2










2 . 3











0 . 6 1 3









2 8 4 S T R U C T U R A L S T E E L wO R i ( O E S i G N T O 8 5 5 9 5 0










D E S I G N O F A N O FFI C E B L O C K C O M P O S I T E C O N S T R U C T I O N
2 8 5






4 . 2
1 4 . 2 . 2 S t a i r l oa di ng
Fl i g ht s :
1 4 . 1 . 5 A rchi t ect u ra l det a i l s





6 . 3









a nd g l a zi ng
R oof



1 4 . 2 L O A D I N G
1 4 . 2 . 1 R oof a nd l oa di ng
I 4 . 2 . 4 W i nd l oa di ng





2 8 6 S T R U C T U R A L S T E E L W O R K D E S I G N T O S S 5 9 5 0
D E S I G N O F A N O FFI C E B L O C K C O M P O S I T E C O N S T R U C T I O N 2 8 7
4 5 . 1
3 1 . 6 1 . 2 5
3 0
I I
2 2 1 ,j
2 9 . 3

1 . 2 2
Z 9 _
4 1 . 4 1 . 0 5
3 6 . 2 0 . 6 9
3 E
2 6 . 6
3
2 4 . 2
2 1 . 1
3 4 . 0

1 7 . 7
0 . 7 1
2 9 . 9 3 0 . 5 5
2 1 . 6
0
0 . 4 7
W i nd pres s u re E nd el ev a t i on
C 1 2 C l i C I I C l i C l i C l i C I I C 1 3 do
x ] : I I -_ . -_ . T ---- I . -- --3 : I
1 0 1
' I . . = 1 ' l
2
I
C u C s
j
L i
H
C 4 C 3 C l C i C l C l C l C l C 2
1 4 . 3 R O O F B E A M D E S I G N
T y pi ca l fl oor b ea ms prefl x T
fl oor prefi x
A s u i t a b l e a rra ng emeni ofb ea ms for a l l fl oors i s s hown i n Fi g . 1 4 . 5 . R oofb ea ms
denot ed R I R 2 , et c. , a nd t y pi ca l fl oor b ea ms ( fl oors I t o 7 ) a re denot ed T I ,
T 2 , et c. U s i ng t he compos i t e s l a b ( t y pe C F6 O ) s pa nni ng 3 . 3 m ma x i mu m,
s econda ry b ea ms t y pe t o 4 mu s t b e prov i ded t o s u pport t i l e s l a b , a t a s pa ci ng
not g rea t er t ha n 3 . 3 m. T hes e b ea ms a re s u pport ed on ma m b ea ms 5 a nd 6 .
whi ch a re i n t u rn s u pport ed b y t he col u mns . I n t he reg i on of t he s t a i r wel l s ,
s peci a l b ea ms ma y b e req u i red s u ch a s 9 a nd 1 0 , a nd i n a b e v i ci ni t y of l i ft s ha ft s
t here wi l l b e a ddi t i ona l req u i rement s a nd l oa di ng s a ffect i ng b ea ms I i t o 1 4 .
( a ) R oofb ea rnR l U B
= 7 8 k N
8 0 k N
i mpos ed 1 . 5 * 5 . 0 * 3 2 5 = 2 4 k N
D es i g n l oa di ng ( u . d. l . ) l . 4 x 8 0 + I . 6 x 2 4 = l 5 0 k N
S hea r force F, 1 5 0 / 2 = 7 5 k N
M oment 5 1 , 1 5 0 * 5 . 0 ) 8 = 9 4 k N ni
R ea ct i ons ( u nfa ct ored) :
R 4 = 4 O k N

( S ee Fi g

Force i n concret e k r= O . 4 5 fru B , ( D D ,,)
= 0 . 4 5 x 3 0 x 1 2 5 0 x ( 1 2 0 6 0 ) 1 r3 = I 0 l ok N
Force i n s t ecl R .
= P ,
x 1 ri
= 5 6 4 k N
N eu t ra l a x i s i s i n t he s l a b , a s > P . a nd t herefore
= 1 2 5 0 ) = 3 3 mm
M omeni of res i s t a nce = R , ( D / 2 + D , x ,,1 2 )
A f,a 5 6 4 x 1 0 1 t N s n

cl a u s e 4 . ) M odu l a r mt i ot 6 > a ppropri a t e for defl ect i ons = 1 0
( one-t hi rd i s l ong t erm)
r = A / ( D ,, D ,, ) B ,
= 2 0 . 5 x 1 0 2 / ( I 2 0 6 0 ) l 2 5 0 = 0 . 0 2 7 3
E q u i v a l ent s econd moment nf a rea
= A ( D + D , + D ,,) 2 / 1 2 e+ l ,
= 2 0 . 5 * 1 0 2 ( 1 5 2 . 4 / 2 + t 2 0 + 6 0 f/ [ 4 ( 1 -I - 1 0 * 0 . 0 2 7 3 ) ]
+
x 1 0 ) + 8 3 8 x
mm4 = 3 7 0 0 cm1
cl a u s e 6 ,j . 3 . 5 D efl ect i on ( b a s ed on u nfa ct ored i mpos ed l oa d, 2 4 1 2 4 )
5 * 2 4 * 5 4 / ( 3 5 4 * 2 0 5 * 3 7 0 0 * = 5 . 1 mm
L i nni of defl ect i on = 5 0 0 0 / 3 6 0 = 1 3 . 9 mm
cl a u s e 5 . 4 . 6 U s e 1 9 mm di a met er s t u ds 1 0 0 mm hi g h a s s hea r connect ors wi t h des i g n
s t reng t h ( Q k ) of 9 0 k N .
R edu ct i on du e t o profi l e i nt rodu ces a fa ct or,
hr I D ,, x O i D ,,) / D ,,
1 l 3 / 6 0 x ( l 0 0 6 0 ) / 6 0 = 1 . 0 7
whi ch s hou l d not ex ceed I .
N ,,
5 6 4 1 ( 0 . 8 x 9 0 ) = 8
E
a
a
C
1 5 0 I N
A
I I l i t
I i A
- S u m
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
3 0 . 6 mpa ra pet
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
2 6 . 9
6
S
4 2 5 1 . 1 . 1
2
6 4
3
i z. i
6
o
L oa di ng : dea d,
O W l S wei g ht ,
fa re ca s i ng ,
FI g . 1 4 . 7
4 . 8 x 5 . 0 x 3 . 2 5
0 . 1 6 * 5 . 0
0 . 2 x 5 . 0
a
0 . 0
a m
0
U
Fi g . 1 4 . 4 W i nd l oa di ng
Fi g . 1 4 . 5 S i ecl wori :
a rra n g o m C n I
Fi g . 1 4 . 8
cl a u s e B . 2 . J
T y pi ca l
fl oor
pl a n
B , s pa nl 4
1
) C t h
1 6 2 x 0 9 x i S U R
Fi g .
T he des i g n g enera l l y fol l ows t he recommenda t i ons of B S 5 9 5 0 : P a s t
a nd cl a u s e nu mb ers a re g i v en for g u i da nce where a ppropri a t e. W i t h reference
t o Fi g s . . i 4 . 6 a nd 1 4 . 7 :
E ffect i v e b rea dt h B , ( = s pa n/ 4 ) = 1 2 5 0 mm
C oncret e cu b e s t reng t h = 3 O N I mm2
S t eel des i g n s t reng t h = 2 7 5 N / mm'
B ea m s pa ci ng = 3 . 2 5 m


2 8 8
S T R U C T U R A L S T E E L W O R K D E S I G N T O E S 5 9 5 0
N ot e t ha t t he l ower v a l u e of R , or R , i s t a k en a nd cons t i t u t es t he
a ct u a l

i n t he s t eel a nd concret e.
U s c a t ot a l of 1 6 s t u dI a l ong t he b ea m.
cl a u s e 5 . 6 . 4
L ong i t u di na l s hea r t ra ns fer ( t hrou g h t he concret e) i s not
a l i k el y prob l em
where t he s heet i ng i s a t t a ched b y s hea r connect ors t o t he b ea m.
Vert i ca l s hea r ca pa ci t y P ,
= 0 . 6 x 2 7 5 x 4 . 6 x 1 5 2 . 4 x i r3 = 1 1 6 1 < 1 4
E VI l '. = 0 . 6 5
( b ) R ool b ea m R I - l 5 2 x 8 9 x 1 6 U S


L oa di ng : dea d
4 . 8 x 5 . 0 x 2 . 7 5 = 6 6 k N
own wei g ht
I k N
fi re ca s i ng
I k N
6 8 k N
i mpos ed i . 5 x 5 . 0 x 2 . 7 5 = 2 1 k N
D es i g n l oa di ng = 1 . 4 x 6 8 + 1 . 6 x 2 1 = 1 2 9 k N
M oment M = 1 2 9 x 5 . 0 / 8
= S I k N m
R ea ct i ons ( u nfa ct ored) :
1 1 d = 3 4 k N
R , = l I k N
( C ) R oofb ea m R 3 - 1 5 2 x 8 9 x 1 6 U S
T he des i g n i s a s b ea m R I .
B ea m s pa ci ng = 2 . 2 5 m
L oa di ng : dea d 4 . 8 x 5 . 0 x 2 . 2 5 = 5 4 k N
own wei g ht + ca s i ng = 2 k N
5 6 k N
i mpos ed 1 . 5 x 5 . 0 x 2 . 2 5 = l 7 k N
R ea ct i ons u nfa ct ored) :


( d) R oof b ea m R 4 - I S ? x 8 9 x 1 6 U S
cl a u s e 4 . 6
For a n edg e b ea m, t he effect i v e b rea dt h, B , = 0 . 8 x 5 0 0 0 / 8
= 5 0 0 mm
L oa di ng : dea d 4 . 8 x 5 . 0 x 3 . 2 5 / 2 3 9 k N
own wei g ht + ca s i ng
2 k N
pa ra pet 2 . 0 x 5 . 0 = 1 0 1 < 1 4
5 1 k N
i mpos ed 1 . 5 x 5 . 0 x 3 . 2 5 / 2 = 1 2 k N
O E S I G N O F A N O FFI C E B L O C K T C O M P O S I T E C O N S T R U C T I O N
2 5 9
D es i g nl oa di ng = i . 4 x 5 1 + I . 6 x 1 2 9 1 l r2 4
M oment M , = 9 1 x 5 . 0 / 8 = 5 7 k N m
R ea ct i ons t u nfa ct ored) :
8 d = 2 S k N
8 , = 6 k N
cl a u s e 1 1 . 2
= 0 . 4 5 x 3 0 x 5 0 0 x ( 1 2 0 -6 0 ) x 1 0 = 4 O S k N
B , = 2 7 5 x 2 0 . 5 x l 0
= 5 6 4 k N
N eu t ra i a x i s i s i n t he s t eel a s R >
cl a u s e 8 . 2 . 2
= 1 4 0 5 ( 1 2 0 + 6 0 ) / 2 + 5 6 4 x 1 5 2 . 4 / 2 ] I 0 = 7 9 k N m
= 0 . 7 6
N = 4 0 5 / ( 0 . 8 x 9 0 ) = 6
U s e a t ot a l of 1 2 s t u ds a l ong b ea m.
( a ) R oofb ea m R S - 2 5 4 x 4 6 x 3 7 U B
1 5 0 [ N
R oof b ea m ca mes rea ct i ons from t wo t y pe R I b ea ms a s s v el l
a s s ome
6 t N
di s t ri b u t ed l oa d ( s ee Fi g . 1 4 . 9 ) .
P oi nt l oa d: dea d 2 x 4 0 = 8 0 1 < 1 4
i mpos ed 2 x l 2 = 2 4 k N
6 . 5 m
D i s t ri b u t ed l oa d: own wei g ht 0 . 3 7 x 6 . 5 = 2 k T hJ
Fi g . 1 4 . 9 ca s i ng 0 . 3 x 6 . 5 = 2 k N
D es i g n l oa di ng W ont ) = 1 . 4 x 8 0 + 1 . 6 x 2 4 / 8 = 1 5 0 k N
D es i g n l oa di ng ( di s t ri b u t ed) = 1 . 4 x 4
= 6 k N
M oment l i : 1 = I S O x 6 . 5 / 4 + 6 x 6 . 5 / 8 = 2 4 8 k N m
S hea r force E = ( I 5 0 + 6 ) / 2
= 7 8 1 < 1 4
R ea ct i ons ( u nfa ct ored) :
8 d
4 2 k N
1 ? , = l 2 k N
( S ee Fi g . 1 4 . 1 0 . )
i e5 o
I ,
FI g . 1 4 . 1 0
ca b 2 5 4 X 1 4 6 X 3 7 U B
cl a u s e 4 . 6
E ffect i v e b rea dt h, B = 6 5 0 0 / 4
= 1 6 2 5 ru i n
cl a u s e 8 . 2 . 1
R = 0 . 4 5 x 3 0 x 1 6 2 5 ( 1 2 0 -6 0 )
= l 3 0 0 I cN
R ,2 7 5 x 4 7 . 5 x l 0
= t 3 l O k N
frl = [ l 3 0 0 fl 2 0 + 6 0 ) / 2 j 3 I 0 x 2 5 6 / 2 ] I 0
= 2 5 1 k 2 4 m
= 0 . 8 7
r = 4 7 . 5 x 1 0 2 / 1 1 6 2 5 ( 1 2 0 -6 0 ) ]
0 . 0 4 8 7
= 1 7 5 0 0 cm4
D efl ect i on 1 7 5 0 0
5 . 4 . 3
1 3 0 0 / ( 0 . 8 1 8
a t ot a l of 3 6 s t u ds a l ong b ea m.
pa ra pet
x 2 7 5 x 6 . 4 x 2 5 6 = 2 7 0 k N
R ea ct i ons ( u nfa ct ored) :
F,/ P ,= 0 . 2 9
R d= 2 2 k N

( 1 )
T hi s
comes rea ct i ons 1 mm t wo t y pe P . 3 b ea ms a s
wel l a s s ome
di s t ri b u t cd
P oi nt t oa d: dea d
2 x 2 8 = 5 6 k N
mpos cd2 x 8 = 1 6 1 cM
D i s t ri b u t ed l oa d
= 4 k M
R ea ct i ons l u nfa ct ored) :
R d

D es i g n i s t he s a mc a s b ea m K S .
( g )
R oof b ea m R i -. 2 5 4 x 1 4 6 x 3 7 U S
T hi s b ea m ca mes rea ct i on from one t y pe R I b ea m a s wel l a s
di s t ri b u t ed l oa d.
P oi nt l oa d: dea d
i mpos ed
D i s t ri b u t ed l oa d: own wei g ht + ca s t ng
pa ra pet 2 . 0 x 6 . 5
D es i g n l oa di ng ( poi nt ) : 1 . 4 x 4 0 + 1 . 6 x
D es i g n l oa di ng ( di s t ri b u t ed) : 1 . 4 x 1 7
M oment
x 6 . 5 / 4 + 2 4 x 6 . 5 / S
R ea ct i ons t u nfa ct ored) :
1 1 d = 2 8 k M
= 6 k N
E ffect i v e b rea dt h, B , = 0 . 8 x 6 5 0 0 / S
= 6 5 0 mm
c/ ni / s e 1 1 . 2 . 1
= 0 . 4 5 x 3 0 x 6 5 0 ( 1 2 0 6 0 )
= 5 2 6 k M
R , x 4 7 . 5 x t r
= 1 3 0 6 k M
M .

= 0 . 6 6
N ,, ,c 9 0 ) = 8
U s e a t ot a l 0 1 1 6 s t u ds a l ong b ea m.
D es i g n i s t he s a me a s b ea m P . 7 .
R oof b ea ms ov er t he s t a i r wi l l s u pport a ddi t i ona l l oa ds where s t a i rs ex i t on
t o t he roof. T he t y pi ca l s t a i r b ea ms a re i ncl u ded a s b ea ms T 9 a nd T I C i n
S ect i on 1 4 . 4 . B ea ms i n t he l i ft s ha ft a rea wi l l b e des i g ned t o s u i t det a i l ed
l a y ou t s a nd l oa di ng s for t he l i ft mot or room, et c. , a ri d a re ri ot i ncl u ded i n t hi s
ex a mpl e.
1 4 . 4
T Y P I C A L FL O O R B E A M D E S I G N
T he s a me a rra ng ement i s u s ed for t he s t eel work on t he t y pi ca l fl oor ( fl oors
I
t o 7 i ncl u s i v e) a s t ha t u s ed for t he roof. S ome v a na t i on ma y b e needed i n t he
v t ct ni t y of t he s t a i r wel l s a nd t he l i ft s ha ft .
I n g enera l , t he nu mb er of b ea m s i zes u s ed i s k ept t o a mi ni mu m t o ea s e
ordenng a nd fa b nca t i on. T wo s i zes onl y were u s ed for t he roof s t eel worl c.
Fou r s i zes wi l l b e u s ed for t he t y pi ca l fl oor, whi ch
i s , of cou rs e, repea t ed
s ev en t i mes .
T he des i g n ca l cu l a t i ons fol l ow t he l a y ou t t n S ect i on i 4 . 3 .
( a )
T y pi ca l fl oor b ea m T I 2 5 4 x 1 0 2 x i S U S
B ea m s pa ci ng 3 . 2 5 m
L oa di ng : dea d 4 . 2 x 5 . 0 x 3 . 2 5 = 6 8 k M
own wei g ht 0 . 2 5 x 5 ,0 = 1 k 1 4
ca s i ng 0 . 2 x 5 . 0 = 1 k M
7 0 k N
i mpos ed 6 . 0 x 5 . 0 x 3 . 2 5 = 9 8 k M
D es i g n l oa di ng : 1 . 4 x 7 0 + 1 . 6 x 9 8
S hea r force F, 2 5 4 / 2
M oment A ! 1 = 2 5 4 x 5 . 0
R ea ct i ons ( u nfa ct ored) :
R d = 3 5 k M

Fol l owi ng t he ca l cu l a t i on for b ea m R I :
2 9 0
S T R U C T U R A L S T E E L W O R K D E S I G N T O B S 5 9 5 0
D E S I G N O F A N O FFI C E B L O C K C O M P O S I T E C O N S T R U C T I O N 2 9 1
( h)
R oof b ea m R 8 2 5 4 x 1 4 6 x 3 7 U S
T hi s b ea m ca mes one rea ct i on from t y pe P . 3 b ea m a s wel l a s di s t ri b u t ed l oa d.
P oi nt l oa d: dea d = 2 8 k M
i mpos ed = 8 k M
D i s t ri b u t ed l oa d: own wet g ht + ca s i ng = 4 k M
= 1 3 k M
= 4 0 k M
= 1 2 k M
= 4 k M
= 1 3 k M
1 2 = 7 5 k M
= 2 4 k M
= 1 4 1 k M m
cl a u s e 4 . 6
2 5 4 I N
A I i
I
FI g . 1 4 . 1 1
\ Vi t h reference t o Fi g . 1 4 . 1 1 :
= 2 5 4 k M
= 1 2 7 k M
= 1 5 9 k M m




x 3 2 . 2 x
= 8 8 6 W
= t 0 l 0 ( 1 2 0 + 6 0 ) J 2 + 8 8 6 x 2 5 7 1 2 = 2 O 5 W m
= 0 . 7 8
Fi g . 1 4 . 3 2
= 0 . 0 4 2 9

x 9 8 x x 2 0 5 x 1 2 0 4 0 x
6 . 5 mm
N ,, = 1 0 1 0 / ( 0 . 8

T y pk a l fl oor b ea m T 2 2 5 4 x 1 0 2 x 2 5 U S















L oa di ng : dea d x
own wei g ht
+ g l a zi ng x
= 3 4 W
= 2 W
= 3 2 W

D E S I G N O F A N O FFi C E C O M P O S I T E C O N S T R U C T i O N
2 9 3




= 5 0 0 mm
= [ 0 . 4 5 x 5 0 0 ( 1 2 0 6 0 ) ] = 4 0 5 k N
1 ? , = 2 7 5

= [ 4 0 5 ( 1 2 0 + 6 0 ) / 2 +
= 0 . 6 1
N ,, = 4 0 5 1 ( 0 . 8 x 9 O ) = 6
U s e









= 3 8 W

t t l 6 2 S rmn

R , = 2 7 5 3 9 8 6 W
+ 6 0 ) / 2 3 9 8 6 x


'g
3 8 2 0 0 cm4
9 8 7 . 2 mm
1 3 0 0 / ( 0 . 8 x 9 0 ) = 1 8

= 0 . 6 x . x

i i '
-1
2 6 4

= 0 . 6 x x
0 . 4 9

2 W
k N
= 8 3 W
( c)
T y pi ca l fl oor b ea m T 3 2 5 4 x x 2 5 U S
( e)
T y pi ca l fl oor b ea m T 5 3 5 6 x I l l x
T hi s a s wel l a s
di s t ri b u t ed l oa d.



''''" A
6 . S m

= 4 7 W
2 W

= 6 8 k N
= 7 0 W

4 W
= 3 W
= 2 5 5 k N
= L O W
= 1 3 3 k N
= 4 2 2 k N m
( d)
T y pi ca l fl oor b ea m T 4 2 5 4 x 1 0 2 x U S
x 4 9 W
1 4 6 W

2 9 4 S T R U C T U R A L S T E E L W O R K D E S I G N t o s s s es o
--_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ D E S I G N O F R N O FFI C E B L O C K C O M P O S I T E C O N S T R U C T I O N 2 9 5
( 1 ) T y pi ca l fl oor b ea m T 6 3 5 6 x 1 2 7 x 3 3 U S
T hi s b ea m ca rri es t wo rea ct i ons from t wo t y pe T 3 b ea ms a s wel l a s
di s t ri b u t ed l oa d.
P oi nt l oa d: dea d 2 x 2 5 = 5 O k N
i mpos ed2 x 3 4 = 6 8 k N
own wei g ht + ca s i ng = 4 k N
D es i g n l oa di ng ( poi nt ) : 1 . 4 x 5 0 + 1 . 6 x 6 8 = 1 7 9 k N
D es i g n l oa di ng ( di s t ri b u t ed) : t . 4 x 4 = 6 k N
M oment M 1 = 3 7 9 x 4 . 5 / 4 + 6 x 4 . 5 / 8 = 2 0 5 k N m
R ea ct i ons l u nfa ct ored) :
= 2 7 k N
R 1
P oi nt l oa d ( T 3 ) : dea d
i mpos ed
D i s t ri b u t ed l oa d: own wet g ht + ca s t ng
wa l l + g l a zi ng 2 . 3 x 4 . 5
D es i g n l oa di ng ( poi nt ) : 1 . 4 x 2 5 L 6 x
D es i g n l oa di ng ( di s t ri b u t ed) : 1 . 4 x J 4
M oment 8 9 x 4 ,5 / 4 + 2 0 x 4 . 5 / 8
R ea ct i ons ( u nfa ct ored) :
R d = 1 9 k 1 4
R ,
B , 4 5 0
B , = 4 5 0 0 / 4 = 1 1 2 5 mm
9 l l k N
1 ? , = 2 7 5 x 4 l . S x I O i = l l 5 O k N
= [ 9 1 1 ( 1 2 0 + 6 0 ) 1 2 + 1 1 5 0 x = 2 8 2 k N m
M I M C = 0 . 7 3
= 9 1 l / ( 0 . 8 x 9 0 ) = 1 3

= 3 6 4 k N
R , = l I 5 O k N
= 2 3 3 k N m
M 4 hVr
= 3 6 4 / ( 0 . 8 x 9 0 ) = 6
U s e a t ot a l of 1 2 s t u ds a l ong b ea m.
( I ) T y pi ca l fl oor b ea m T 9 2 5 4 x 1 4 6 x 3 7 U S
T hi s i s a nu n-compos i t e b ea m i n t he s t a i r wel l s u pport i ng pi eca s t fl i g ht a nd
l a ndi ng u ni t s .
S pa n 5 . 0 m
L oa di ng : dea d 6 . 3 x 5 . 0 x 2 . 5 / 2 = 3 9 l cN
4 . 7 x 5 . 0 x 2 . 0 / 2 = 2 4 k N
own wei g ht + ca s i ng = 4 1 < 1 4
6 7 1 < 1 4
i mpos ed 4 . 0 x 5 . 0 x 4 . 5 / 2 = 4 5 k N
D es i g n l oa di ng : 1 . 4 x 6 7 + 1 . 6 x 4 5 = 3 6 6 1 < 1 4
S hea r F,. = 1 6 6 / 2 8 3 k N
M oment = 1 6 6 x 5 . 0 / 8 = 1 0 4 k N m
R ea ct i oos I u ofa ct ored) :
E d = 3 4 1 < 1 4
cl a u s e 4 . 2 . 3 S hea r res i s t a nce 0 . 6 x 2 7 5 x 6 . 4 x 2 5 6 = 2 7 0 1 < 1 4
cl a u s e 4 . 2 . 5 M oment ca pa ci t y x 4 8 5 x 1 C 3 = 1 3 3 k N m
U , / 1 4 = 0 . 7 8
D efl ect i on= 5 x 4 5 x 5 3 / ( 3 3 4 x 2 0 5 x 5 5 6 0 x = 6 . 4 mm
L i mi t of defl ect i on= 5 0 0 0 / 3 6 0 = 1 3 9 fnm
( h) T y pi ca l fl oor b ea m T 8 3 5 6 x 1 2 7 x 3 3 U S
S pa n 4 . 5 m
= 2 5 1 < 1 4
= 3 4 1 < 1 4
= 4 1 < 1 4
= 3 0 1 < 1 4
3 4 = 8 9 1 < 1 4
= 2 0 1 < 1 4
= I l l k N m
( g )
T y pi ca l fl oor b ea m T 7 3 5 6 x 1 2 7 x 3 3 U S
S pa n 6 . S m
P oi nt l oa d: dea d
i mpos ed
D i s t ri b u t ed l oa d: own wet g ht + ca s i ng
wa l l + g l a zi ng , 2 . 3 x 6 . 5
D es t g n l oa di ng ( poi nt ) : 1 . 4 x 3 5 + 1 . 6 x 4 9
D es i g n l oa di ng ( di s t ri b u t ed) : 1 . 4 x 1 9
M oment U , = 1 2 7 x 6 . 5 / 4 + 2 6 x 6 . 5 1 8
R ea ct i ons ( u nfa ci ored) :
R d = 2 7 k N
R 1 = 2 5 1 < 1 4
= 3 S l cN
= 4 9 1 < 1 4
= 4 k N
= 3 5 1 < 1 4
= 3 2 7 1 < 1 4
= 2 6 1 < 1 4
= 2 2 8 k 1 4 m
B , = 6 5 0 mm
R , = 5 2 6 1 < 1 4
R ,
M c = [ 5 2 6 ( 3 2 0 6 0 ) / 2 + 1 1 5 0 x 3 4 8 . 5 / 2 J k N m
5 ] J i l l . = 0 . 9 2
= 5 2 6 / ( 0 . 8 > : 9 0 ) = 8
U s e a t ot a l of 1 6 s t u ds a l ong b ea m.
B , = 2 3 1 < 1 4
0 ! fl U t . . I U N A L . dl t E L W U H K D E S I G N T O O S 5 0 5 0
D E S I G N O F A N O FFI C E B L O C K
C O M P O S I T E C O N S T R U C t I O N
2 9 7
( a ) C ol u mn l oa ds
C O L U M N













1 . 4
= 9 6

l 7 3 k N
( I ) T y pl ca l fl oorb ea mt l o. . . . 3 5 6 x ,7 1 x 5 7 u a
T hi s











B







D i s t ri b u t ed

4 k N


I S
1 4 . 1 4




2 7 k N


4 . 5 1 6 . 5 + 2 7 x




= l 6 k N

L O


= 4 5 0 0 / 3 9 . 2 = l 1 5

= 1 1 5 / 2 8 . 9 = 4 . 0
= 0 . 8 6

8 2

1 6 !


0 . 8 5
= 0 . 6 x

C O L U M N D E S I G N
L oa ds





























1 . 4 x I l l = 4 3 8 k N
t he compl et ed,




R d

( 1 ( N ) ( 1 ( N )
















P . S

5 6 di t t o

2 9 8
S T R U C T U R A L S T E E L W O R K D E S I G N T O I S 5 9 5 0
D E S I G N O F A N O FFI C E B L O C K C O M P O S I T E C O N S T R U C T I O N 2 9 9
e = l 0 0 + 2 2 2 . 3 / 2 2 l 1

Z t I . = 1 3 3
2 6 5
4 . 0 0
= L 5
P c



= 1 . 0

= 0 . 5 L / r,= 0 . 5


P a 5 i 2 4 4 < 9 7 9 '< l 0 3 = 2 3 9 k N m

R ea ct i ons
T ot a l s
R edu ced
l eng t h

R ,
( 1 ( N )
O wn
wei g ht
( 1 ( N )
I V,
( k N )
R ed-
u ct i on
( % )
I V,
( 1 ( N )
des i g n
l oa d F
( 1 ( N )

4
3 4
R 5
4 2 1 2
R 6 3 0 8
1 4 4 4 0 0 4 0 2 6 5
6 7 T 2 3 0 4 ! 8
1 2 3 0 4 1
1 5 3 8 4 9
T 6 2 7 3 4 2 7 3 2 0 5 I D 1 8 $ 6 7 8
1 2 5 4 4 0 2 3 7 0 2 0
4 5 di t t o 1 2 5 1 6 5 4 5 3 ! 5 3 5 3 0 3 7 5
3 4 du b 1 2 5 1 6 5 4 7 0 0 4 0 4 2 0 1 6 0 0
2 3 di t t o 1 2 5 1 6 5 4 7 8 9 8 6 5 4 0 5 1 9 1 9 3 0








A
P c

A L T P a






















1 5 2 3 0
s a t i s fa ct ory
7 fl . di t t o 1 7 3 1 4
I N
0
Fi g . 1 4 . 1 6 cl a u s e 4 . 7 . 6
( b )
C ol u mn C I des i g n: G rou nd 1 s t fl oor 2 0 3 x 2 0 3 x 8 6 U C
O v er t hi s l eng t h, t he col u mn ca mes a n a x i a l l oa d of 1 7 0 k N . T he rea ct i on
from b ea m T 5 a t fi rs t fl oor l ev el i s eccent nc t o t he col u mn. W i t h reference t o
Fi g . 1 4 . 1 6 :
T he nomi na l moment i s di v i ded b et ween col u mn l eng t hs a b ov e a nd b el ow
cl a u s e 4 . 7 . 7
t he fi rs t fl oor enu a l l y , a s s u mi ng a pprox i ma t el y eq u a l col u mn s t i ft hes s es :
ca pa ci t y , t he effect i v e l eng t h ma y -b e t a k en a s 0 . 7 of a ct u a l l eng t h for col u mn
l eng t hs a b ov e t he fi rs t fl oor. T he des t g n s t reng t h, p,,, i s 2 6 5 N / ni na 2 for
col u mn s ect i ons g rea t er t ha n 1 6 mm t hi ck a nd 2 7 5 N / mm2 for s ect i ons l es s
t ha n 1 6 mm t hi ck .
I t i s t he nomi a l pra ci t ce, i n t he i nt eres i s of economy , for col u mns t o b e
fa b ri ca t ed i n rwo-s t orey l eng t hs , a nd a s s emb l ed on s i t e u s i ng s pl i ces . I t i s not
t herefore g ood pra ct i ce t o cha ng e col u mn s i ze for ev ery s t orey , a nd i n t hi s
ca s e t he s a me s i ze ( 2 0 3 x 2 0 3 x 8 6 U C ) wou l d prob a b l y b e u s ed
b et ween
g rou nd a nd s econd fl oors , a nd one s i ze ( 2 0 3 x 2 0 3 x 6 0 U C ) b et ween s econd
a nd fou rt h fl oors .
( c)
C ol u mn C 2 des i g n: G rou nd 1 s t fl oor 2 0 3 x 2 0 3 x 6 0 U C
O v er t hi s l eng t h t he col u mn ca mes a n a x i a l l oa d of 9 6 8 k N . T he rea ct i ons
from b ea ms T 4 a nd T 7 a t t he fi rs t fl oor a re b ot h ecceni nc t o
t he col u mn. W i t h reference t o Fi g . t 4 . 1 7 :
For T 7 : e
1 0 0 + 2 0 9 . 6 / 2 = 2 0 5 mm
For T 4 : e = 1 0 0 + 9 . 3 / 2 = 1 0 5 mm
B 5 t a b / c 6
B S t a b l e 2 4
1 3 S t a b / es 2 5 , 2 7 c
cl a u s e 4 . 7 . 7
cl a t t s e 4 . 7 . 7
1 3 5 mb / cl ]
R ,,7 8 k N
8 r'7 4 I N
1 0 0

6
1 3 5 t a b l e 2 4
B S t a b l es 2 5 , 2 7 c
cl a u s e 4 . 7 . 7
1 3 5 t a b l e i i


x 0 . 2 0 5 / 2
A l , = 7 4 0 . 1 0 5 / 2
= 2 7 5

7 4


U s t ng t he s a me met hod, ot her l eng t hs of t he col u mn ma y b e des i g ned a nd
t he
res u l t s t a b u l a t ed. W here fl oor b ea ms prov i di ng di rect i ona l res t ra i nt a re
s u b s t a nt i a l , a nd a re not req u i red t o ca t t y more t ha n 9 0 % of t hei r moment
L 5 = 0 . 8 5 x 4 . 7 = 4 . O O m
A = 4 0 0 0 / 5 1 . 9 = 7 7

= 1 6 7

l . 0

= 0 . 5 x 4 7 0 0 / 5 1 . 9 = 4 6

= 2 4 8 x 6 5 2 x
4 . 8 . 3 . 3 O v era l l b u ck l i ng check ( s i mpl i fi ed) :
+ mA I J A -I + ni I L 5 / p,. Z ,. S I
9 6 8 / 1 2 6 0 + i . 0 x 8 . 0 / 1 6 ! + 1 . 0 x 3 . 9 1 ( 2 7 5 x 1 9 9 x l 0 '') = 0 . 8 9
-

P ,


( k N ni )
( k N m)
6 0



















ol

1 s t

P ,









2 5 4 * 7 3

















C O N N E C T I O N S


















8 1 . 8

( 4 4 ,3 2

1 6 0 * 2 * 2 4 5
B ea nng 2 0

L
S hea r

S hea r 6 9 5

S hea r 1 3 3









B R A C I N G
A s














1 8 7 . 3 8 . 4 3 7 5

S T E E L W O R K D E S I G N T O B S 5 9 5 0
D E S I G N O F A N O FFI C E B L O C K C O M P O S I T E

7 8 . 4


b oi l s
1 4 . 6





3 0 2 S T R U C T U R A L S T E E L W O R K D E S I G N T O E S 5 a 5 o - -- - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ I
D E S I G N O F A N O FFI C E B L O C K C O M P O S I T E C O N S T R U C T I O N 3 0 3
C c)
C ol u mn C 1 3 ( C I ) 2 5 4 x 2 5 4 x 1 6 7 t i C
T a k i ng t he dea d a nd i mpos ed l oa ds a s s i mi l a r t o t hos e i n col u mn C I :
= 7 2 8 W
= 4 3 0 W
= 1 5 8 0 k N compres s i on or 1 1 9 0 k N t ens i on
M a x i mu m compres s i on:
1 . 4 [ W d+ 1 . 4 ( 7 2 8 + 1 5 8 0 ) = 3 2 3 0 k N
L 2 [ l Vd+ 1 . 2 ( 7 2 8 + 4 3 0 + 1 5 8 0 ) = 3 2 9 0 k N
M a x i mu m t ens i on:
1 . 0 1 1 'd-f t . 4 i . 0 x 7 2 8 1 . 4 x 1 1 9 0 = 9 3 8 k N
F,
Fr
3 2 9 0 k N
= 1 0 . 5 k N m ( s ee not e oI l er S ect i on 4 . 7 ( b ) )

M a = 6 4 ! k N m
O v era l l b u ck l i ng check :
3 2 9 0 / 4 1 8 0 + 1 0 . 5 / 6 4 1 = 0 . 8 0
( d)
D i a g ona l ( G I ) 2 0 3 x 8 9 cha nnel
T he du e t o onl y [ F,, = 5 4 0 k N t ens i on
1 . 4 = 7 5 6 k N t ens i on
N ei a rea of web t a l l owi ng t wo no. 2 4 di a met er hol es a cros s s ecri on)
c/ a z/ s e 4 . 6 . 3
= 2 0 3 . 2 x 8 . 1 2 x 2 4 x 8 . 1 = 1 2 6 0 mm2
A rea


= 3 x 1 2 6 0 / fl x 1 2 6 0 + 2 5 3 0 ) = 0 . 6 0
E ffect i v e a rea
. = 2 7 8 0 mm2
cl a u s e 4 . 6 . 1 T ens i on ca pa ci t y
= 7 6 5 k N
F/ F, = 7 5 6 / 7 6 5 = 0 . 9 9
T he des i g n of a l l memb ers i n t he b ra ci ng s y s t em fol l ows t he mei l i od ou t l i ned.
T he b ra ci ng s y s t em i n t he di rect i on a t ri g ht a ng l es i s des i g ned i n a s i mi l a r
ma nner.
1 4 . 8 W I N D R E S I S T A N C E B Y FR A M E A C T I O N
P rev i ou s des i g n codes ( e. g . B S 4 4 9 ) permi t t ed a s i mpl i fi ed fra me a ct i on for
wi nd res i s t a nce, a nd des i g n met hods for t hi s a ppea r i n, e. g . S t eel D es i g ners '
T he met hod ma k es a nu mb er of a s s u mpt i ons reg a rdi ng s hea r
di s t ri b u t i on a nd pomt s of cont ra fl ex u re. A l t hou g h t hes e met hods oncc
enj oy ed wi de a ppl i ca t i on, t hey a re t i o l ong er s a nct i oned u nder 1 3 5 5 9 5 0 :
P a n I .
1 5 8 0
Fi g . 1 4 . 2 2
M oment of wi nd forces a b ou t g rou nd l ev el i s t he s u m of t he
forces x hei g ht s s hown i n Fi g . 1 4 . 4 = 3 5 5 0 k N m
M oment on ea ch i nt erna l wi nd b ra ci ng
A f,,= 3 5 5 0 x 8 / 4 = 7 l 0 0 k N m
C ons i denng t he pa rt of t he fra me b et ween g rou nd a nd fi rs t fl oors a nd
a na l y s i ng a s a pi n-j oi nt ed fra me ( s ee Fi g . 1 4 . 2 2 ) :
R h
= 1 5 8 0 k N compres s i on
Fdi u g ona l = 3 7 5 / cos 4 6 = 5 4 0 k N t ens i on
Fc7 = 1 5 8 0 5 4 0 s i n 4 6 = 1 1 9 0 k N t ens i on
A s di s cu s s ed i n S ect i on 1 0 . 2 , cros s -b ra ci ng a l l ows a t ens i on onl y des i g n for
t he di a g ona l s . For t hi s a rra ng ement wi nd from ei t her di rect i on produ ces
t ens i on i n t he a ppropna l e di a g ona l , b u t t ens i on or compres s i on i n i he
col u mns .
( b ) C ol u mn C l ( C I ) 2 5 4 x 2 5 4 x 1 6 7 U C
T he forces i n col u mn C 7 wi l l i ncl u de dea d a nd i mpos ed l oa ds s i mi l a r t o C 6
( S ect 2 on 1 4 . 5 ) :
= I 0 4 9 k N
= 7 1 7 W
i i ',,. = 1 5 8 0 W compres s i on or I l 9 0 k N t ens i on
L oa d comb i na t i ons for ma x i mu m compres s i on:
B S t a b l e 2 ei t her 1 . 4 1 . 4 = 1 . 4 x 1 0 4 9 + 1 . 4 x 1 5 8 0 = 3 6 8 0 W
or 1 . 2 [ W d + 1 1 1 + T V,. ] = 1 . 2
( 1 0 4 9 + 7 1 7 + 1 5 8 0 )

l O x 6 1 7 1 < 1 4
= 4 0 2 0 W
3 . 7 W m ( s ee not e b el ow)
A
2 7 c P c = 1 9 7

= 1 9 7 x 2 l 2 x 4 1 8 0 W
= 0 . 5 x 4 7 0 0 / 6 7 . 9 = 3 5
B S
P a
N / mm

= 2 6 5 x 2 4 2 0 x 6 4 l k N m

4 . 5 . 3 . 3 4 0 2 0 / 4 1 8 0 0 . 9 7
t ha t 3 . 7 W m i s u s ed a s i n S ect i on 1 4 . 5 . T hi s v a l u e cou l d b e
redu ced t o t a k e a ccou nt of t he l ower v a l u es of y ,- u s ed here ( 1 . 2
1 . 2 T V1
i n pl a ce of 1 . 4 W d+ 1 . 6 [ V1 i n S ect i on 1 4 . 5 ) , b u t t hi s wou l d ha v e l i t t l e effect .
3 0 4
S T R U C T U R A L S T E E L W O R K D E S I G N T O O S 5 9 5 0
Fra me




of
P a rt P l a s i s c



forces


A n















for
C oncret e. P reci s i on


of
C ompos i t e S l a b s a nd B ea ms wi t h S t eel D eck i ng ,
pp. S t eel



6 3 9 9
P a rt a nd l oa ds ( 1 9 8 4 )
l oa ds
I 3 ri i i s h


S t ru ct u ra l U s e or S t eel work i n B u i l di ng s
P a n 3 . 1 :
of compos i t e b ea ms ( J 9 9 0 ,j
R edu ct i on
fa r B u i l di ng s
P a rt a nd i mpos ed l oa ds ( 1 9 8 4 ) ,

( 1 9 1 2 )
D es i g ners ' M a nu a l ,
4 t h


E ng i neer. v ol .

1 5 . 1
FA B R I C A T I O N P R O C E S S E S
T he t o
of i n
erect i on



a l l t he

a re ca pa b l e fa b nca t i on;

proces s es a re

C c)






































j 's I
D E T A I L I N G


R E Q U I R E M E N T S
R eferences
I da t l j y s

a

E ng i neer, v ol .

S T U O Y R E FE R E N C E S
T opi c
i . S t eel




W i nd



C ol u mn

C ol u mn

1 5 ,1 . 1
S u rfa ce prepa ra t i on a nd pri mi ng
i n f'ons t u c,,on v ol . 2 . S t eel


D es i g ners '
M a nu a l , 4 i h edo, pp.




E ng i neer, v ol . 6 3 A , no, 1 2 ,

Fi g . 1 5 . 1 B endi ng a nd
formi ng
a v a i l a b l e, a nd t hei r u s e s hou l d t a k e a ccou nt of t he proces s es whi ch a re t o
fol l ow, i n pa rt i cu l a r, s ome pri mers ma y g i v e ns e t o ha za rdou s fl u mes du nng
s u b s eq u eot cu t t mg a nd wel di ng . i n a ddi t i on, s ome pnmers ma y i nt erfere wi t h
t he wel di ng proces s es whi ch a re t o b e u s ed.
1 5 . 1 . 2
C u t t i ng a nd dri l l i ng
T he s t eel s ect i ons or pl a t es a re cu t t o l eng t h a nd s i ze b y g u i l l ot mt og , s a wi ng
or fl a me cu t t i ng . G u i l l ot t nt ng i s a proces s of
s hea ri ng s t eel pl a t es t o t he
req u i red l eng t h a nd wi dt h, a nd croppi ng i s a s i mi l a r proces s , b u t whi ch ma y
b e a ppl i ed t o s t eel s ect i ons . T he met hod ma y b e l i mi t ed i n i t s u s e
for a
pa rt i cu l a r fa b nca t i on b y mi nor di s t ort i on a nd b u rnng whi ch req u i re
s u b s eq u ent correct i on.
S a wi ng ma y b e ea rned ou t b y ci rcu l a r s a ws , ha ck s a ws or
b a nds a ws .
C l ea n, a ccu ra t e, s t ra i g ht cu t t i ng ma y b e a chi ev ed.
T i l e t herma l cu t t i ng proces s ( 'fl a me
cu t t i ng ) i nv ol v es a nu mb er of
di fferent s y s t ems whi ch ma y b e proces s cont rol l ed, a nd u s ed t o produ ce s t eel
pl a t es cu t t o a predet ermi ned profi l e.
D ri l l i ng of t he req u i red hol es i n s t eel work ma y b e ea rned ou t u s i ng
s i ng l e
a nd mu l t i -s pi ndl e ma chi nes whi ch ma y b e s et t o produ ce a pa t t ern
of hol es
det ermi ned b y a t empl a t e. P u nchi ng i s a l s o u s ed for ma k i ng hol es , b u t
t hi s
ha s a l i mi t ed u s e owi ng t o emb nt l l ement of t he edg e of t he hol e
a nd pos s i b l e
edg e cra ck i ng . P u nched hol es s hou l d not , for ex a mpl e, b e
pemi i t i ed i n
connect i ons whi ch a re des i g ned t o dev el op y i el d l i nes ,
i n more compl ex s t eel work a s s emb l y , b endi ng of s ect i ons a nd
pl a t es t o
s peci fi ed s ha pes ma y he needed, S ect i ons ca n b e b ent t o ci rcu l a r a nd
ot her
profi l es a s req u i red, hu t wi t h t he l oca l ra di u s of cu rv a t u re l i mi t ed
b y t he
proport i ons of t he s ect i ons . P res s es a re u s ed i n b endi ng
pl a t es t o form
s ect i ons of s peci fi ed s ha pe. E x a mpl es a re s hown i n
Fi g . 1 5 . 1 .
M a ny wel di ng proces s es a re a v a i l a b l e, b u t met a l a rc wel di ng i s t he one whi ch
i s norma l l y permi t t ed for s t eel work fa b nca i i on. M a nu a l
met a l a rc wel di ng i s
u s ed for a t t a chi ng end pl a t es , cl ea t s , et c. , t o s t eel memb ers , whi l e a u t oma t i c
g a s s hi el ded proces s es a re u s ed for t he fa b ri ca t i on of pl a t e g i rders .
D i fferent
t y pes of wel d ( Fi g . 1 5 . 2 ) a re u s ed t n di fferent s i t u a t i ons a nd fu rt her det a i l s
ma y b e fou nd i n B S 5 3 1 5 a nd s peci a l i s t
l i t era t u ret 2 4 )
1 5 . 1 . 5 I ns pect i on a nd prot ect i on
B u t t wel d s i ng l e v i B u t t wel d
dou b l e b ev el l
I ns pect i on of t he s t eel work i s ca med ou t a t s ev era l poi nt s i n t he fa b ri ca t i on
proces s es . T i l e mos t i mport a nt of
a rc a t ent ry a nd a fi er wel di ng . B efore
commencement of fa b nca t t on, t i l e s t eel s ect i ons or pl a t es a re check ed for
s t ra i g ht nes s , a nd where s t eel i s s u b j ect t o s t res s es a ppl i ed perpendi cu l a r t o t i l e
di rect i on of rol l i ng , t he ma t eri a l s hou l d b e ex a mi ned b y u l t ra s oni c t echni q u es
t o det ect hi dden defect s . D efect s di s cov ered a t a l a t er s t a g e ca n prov e
cos t l y
t o rect i ', a nd ma y i nv ol v e rej ect i omi of a fi ni s hed i t em. W el di ng i s
t es t ed on
ei t her a s a mpl e b a s i s ( s a y 5 % ) or fu l l y . T he met hods u s ed ma y b e u l t ra s ont e
or ra di og ra phi c or ma y i nv ol v e t he u s e of dy es or ma g net i c
pa rt i cl es . T he
choi ce of met hod wi l l depend on t he q u a l i t y cont rol req u i red, a cces s i b i l i t y ,
a t l d t he rel a t i v e i mport a nce of t he wel d t o t he ov era l l s t nt ct t t re. T et i s t ot i
wel ds a re norma l l y t es t ed t o a g rea t er freq u ency , a nd s omet i mes a l l wel ds i n
t ens i on a re req u i red t o b e t es t ed.
Fi na l s u rfa ce prot ect i on of t he s meel work i s ea rned ou t b ot h i i i t he
fa b ri ca t i on work s a nd on s i t e. I t wi l l i nv ol v e t he ret rea t t ncnt of da t na g ed
pnmer a nd t he a ppl i ca t i on of a v a ri et y of fi t l i s hi ng pa i nt s
from oi l a nd res i n
b a s ed pa i nt s t o pol y nret ha nes a nd chl onna t ed ru b b ers . I n a ddi t i on, s peci a l
fi ni s hes u s i ng met a l l i c coa t i ng s a re a v a i l a b l e where a ddi t t ona l prot ect i on i s
a dv i s a b l e. For s ome s peci a l t y pes of s t ru ct u re
i s s el ect ed a s t he
mea ns of prev ent i ng corros i on t s ce a l s o S ect i on t 5 c5 ) .
1 5 . 2
S T E E L W O R K D R A W I N G S
i n pra ct i ce, t he produ ct i on of s t eel work dra wi ng s i s t o et i s u re t ha t t he ori g i t i a l
concept s for t he s t ru ct u re s hown t n t he ca l cu l a t i ons dnd s k et ches a re
t ra ns l a t ed i nt o compl et e i ns t ru ct i ons for fa b ri ca t i ng a nd erect i ng t he s t eel
fra mework . I ndi v i du a l fi rms ma i nt a i n v a ry i ng pra ct i ces for det a i l i ng
s t ru ct u ra l s t eel work , b u t i ncl u de s ome or a l l of t he t t emns des cri b ed i n t hi s
s ect mon. S ome g u i da nce reg a rdi ng det a i l i ng pra chce i s g t v en i n a B C S A
pu b t i ca t t ont 3 t
3 0 6
S T R U C T U R A L S T E E L W O R K D E S I G N T O E S 5 9 5 0
D E T A I U N G P R A C T I C E A N D O T H E R R E Q U I R E M E N T S 3 0 7
1 5 . 1 . 4 W el di ng
ri t t et wet ds
of wel d
1 5 . 1 . 3 B endi ng a nd formi ng
U
For t he s t u dent t he prepa ra t i on of s ca l e dra wi ng s wi l l
a s s i s t i n:
( a )
v i s u a l i zrng t he s t ru ct u re b ei ng des i g ned;
( b ) b nng i hg a recog ni t i on of rel a t i v e s i ze,
e. g . t he s l endernes s of a
pa rt i cu l a r memb er, or t he rel a t i ons hi p of a b ol t hol e t o t he
memb er
s i ze a nd edg e di s t a nce;
( c)
a dopt i ng a di s ci pl i ne i n prov i di ng compl et e i nforma t i on b ot h
i n
dra wi ng a nd i n ca l cu l a t i on.
T he fi rs t dra wi ng produ ced b y t he des i g ner i s
one s howi ng t he ov era l l
rel a t i ons hi p of t he s t eel fra mework t o ( l i e ot her b u i l di ng
component s . T hi s
g enera l a rra ng ement dra wi ng wi l l ha v e pl a ns , el ev a t i ons a nd
s ect i ons
s howi ng cl ea rl y t he rel a t i v e pos i t i ons of fl oor s l a b s , cl a ddi ng wa l l s ,
'v t ndows . fou nda t i ons , et c. , t o t he s t eel fra mework . M u l t i -l ev el
pl a ns a s
s hown i n Fi g . ( 5 . 3 a re u s efu l i n condens i ng mu ch i nforma t i on
i nt o one pl a n
v i ew. For t he des i g ner, t he g enera l a rra ng ement i s es s ent i a l t o
ens u re t ha t a l l
t he cl i ent 's req u i rement s ha v e b een i ncl u ded, t ha t t he s t eel fra mework
i s fu l l y
compa t i b l e wi t h ( l i e ot her b u i l di ng component s , a nd ( l i nt t he
s t ru ct u re i s
s hown t o b e i nherent l y s t a b l e wi t h di s cerna b l e l oa d pa t hs
t o t he fou nda t i ons .
T he l a y ou t of a l l t he s t eel work memb ers a nd t hei r rel a t i ons hi p
t o ea ch ot her
mu s t b e s hown on u ne dra wt ng . T hi s
b e u s ed b y t he s t eei work erect ors t o
a s s emb l e t he fra mework wi t h i t s connect i ons on s i t e. For t he s i mpl es t
of
s t ru ct u res , i t ma y b e pos s i b l e t o s how t hi s i nforma t i on on t he
cons t ru ct i on
dra wi ng s , b u t more u s u a l l y a s peci a l dra wi ng of t he s i cel work l a y ou t
i s
neces s a ry .
T hi s l a y ou t ( Fi g . 1 5 . 4 ) wi l l
onl y t u e s t eel work wi t h pnnci pa l
di mens t ons a nd g ri d l i nes .
I t wi l l i ncorpora t e a nu mb cnng s y s t em for ea ch
s t eel work memb er a nd ma y g i v e memb er s i zes a nd ot her det a i l s . T hi s
l a ner
i nforma t i on i s , howev er, u s u a l l y pl a ced i n a s t eel work s chedu l e
on t he l a y ou t
dra wi ng , or on a s epa ra t e s heet ( Fi g . 1 5 . 5 ) . t n a ddi t i on, t hi s g enera l
a rra ng ement dra wi ng wi l l need t o s how t he i nforma t i on req u i red t o ena b l e
t he connect i ons t o b e des i g ned a nd det a i l ed. T i ns t a k es t he form of
end
rea ct i ons ( a nd moment s where a ppropna t e) , b ea m l ev el s a nd eccent u ci t i es .
Forces a nd moment s mu s t b e cl ea rl y i ndi ca t ed a s fa ct ored
or u nfa ct ored.
G a b i e pos t s
G a b l e b ra ci ng
E l
E 2 E 2 E 2 E 2 E 3
P 1 P 2 P 2 P 2 P 2 P 3 -
P 1 P 2 P 2 P 2 P 2 P 3 -
P 1 P 2 P 2 P 2 P 2 P 3
6
0
- P 3 P 2 P 2
P 2
P 2 P 2 '
p2 h'
3 0 8
S T R U C T U R A L S T E E L W O R K D E S I G N T O a s 5 9 5 0
I
D E T A I L I N G P R A C T I C E A N D O T H E R R E O U I R E M E N T S
3 0 9
1 5 . 2 . 1 C ons t ru ct i on dra wi ng s
P u rt i ni
E a v os
c
a
a
. 0
'a
0
1 5 . 2 . 2 S t eel work
a rra ng ement
t el P l a n
S i de rel i c
hi S i de v i ew
W i nd b ra ci ng
G a b l e ra i l i
FI g . 1 5 . 3 C ons t ru ct i on
I c) E nd v i ew
dra wi ng
1 5 . 2 . 3 Fa b ri ca t i on dra wi ng s
T he fa b nca t i on proces s req u i res dra wi ng s of t he s t ecl work memb ers
i n fu l l
det a i l s howi ng preci s e s t zes , l eng t hs , pos i t i ons of hol es , et c. W hi l e
i n pra ct i ce
t hes e dra wi ng s a re ofl en produ ced b y t he fa b ri ca t ors t hems el v es ,
i t i s u s efu l
for t he s t u dent t o dra w fa b nca i i on det a i l s .
P 4
P G
P 3
P S
P S
P 2
P S
P S
P 2
P S
P S
P 2
P S
P S
P 2
P G
P 4
P 1
Fi g . 1 5 . 4 S t ccl work
a rra ng ement
3 1 0
S T R U C T U R A L S T E E L W O R K D E S I G N T O S S S D S D
D E T A I U N G P R A C T I C E A N D O T H E R R E Q U I R E M E N T S 3 1 1
D ra wi ng H a L S ect i on S i ze N o. oi l L eng t h ( mm) R ema rk s
.
.
,
A l
A Z
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6 /
C / t i
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C / t i
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3 0 5 x / 2 7 % 3 ?
2 0 3 x 2 o3 x 6 0 h. _
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3 5 2 0
. . . . J S Q . . . . . .
ht a x dM 4 !
, & V 2 0 5 A 2 0 5 ) t 3 6 7
3 7 / 0
C 2 . S J Q _ . _ _
1 5 2 $ 7 h . . . fl fa L . . . .
a '
' 2
( / 5
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cM
t hA b
5 0 5 x / T l . 3 7
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i
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3 5 2 0 D oa t et a # a M nJ
T hi s ens u res t ha t t he des i g n concept s a re pra ct i ca b l e a nd dev el ops t he
di s ci pl i ne of conv ey i ng t hes e concept s wi t h preci s i on.
A u ex a mpl e of a b ea m fa b nca t i on dra wi ng i s s hown i n Fi g . 1 5 . 6 . T he
i nforma t i on req u i red wi l l i ncl u de:
o
s i ze of meni b er a nd s t eel g u i de;

preci s e l eng t h, a l l owi ng for cl ea ra nce a t ea ch end;

s i ze of not ches a nd a ny ot her s peci a l s ha pi ng ;

s i ze a nd pos i t i on of b ol t hol es , b u t not b ol t s i zes ;

wel ds t y pes , s i ze a nd l eng t h where a ppropna t e;

pa rt s ( s u ch a s cl ea t s ) t o b e connect ed du nng fa b ri ca t i on, a nd i n t hi s

ca s e onl y t he b ol t s i zes a re a ppropna t e;

not es g i v i ng nu mb er of memb ers req u i red, a ny ha nded ( mi rror

i ma g e) memb ers req u i red, reference t o pa i nt i ng prepa ra non a nd
s peci fi ca t i on.
1 5 0
t oo
r'i
,9 0 i t 9 0 x 1 0 cl ea t s 4 no. 2 2 hot es
s ee det a i l )
hO
1 6 0
4 5 7 i t 1 9 1
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
i oeo
1
R eference ha s b een ma de t o connect i on det a i l s prev i ou s l y ( S ect i ons 3 . 6 , 6 . 6
a nd 8 . 3 ) a nd t he ov era l l need for nea t a nd b a l a nced s ol u t i ons t o des i g n
prob l ems ha s a l rea dy b een empha s i zed ( S ect i on 1 . 1 ) . G u i da nce reg a rdi ng t he
a rra ng ement of connect i ons a nd t hei r des i g n t s g i v en b y
a nd
N ecdha mt S t for b ea m a nd col u mn cons t ru ct i on wi t h 1 - a nd H -s ect i ons , T he
B nt i s h S t eel C I D E T pu b l i ca t i o& 7 1 g i v es g u i da nce for t he u s e of hol l ow
s ect i ons , i ncl u di ng connect i on a rra ng ement s .
M orri s t t t dea l s s peci fi ca l l y wi t h
connect i ons for s i ng l e-s l orey s t ru ct u res .
D ra wi ng s of cont i ect i ons ma y ong i na t e wi t h i he des i g ner, pa rt i cu l a rl y
when a s peci a l a rra ng ement ha s b cen a s s i t med i n t he ca l cu l a i t ons , a nd a
s k et ch det a i l ha s b een g i v en. i t i s i mport a nt t ha t s k et ches of s u ch det a i l s a re
conv ey ed t o t he fa b nca t ors when t hey a re res pons i b l e for cont i ect t on des i g n.
T y pa ca l connect i on det a i l s s ho'v t ng b ol t s i zes , pa ck s a nd cl ea ra nces s i t ni l a r t o
t hos e referenced a b ov et l t ) ma y b e needed where s t t e erect i on i s not t he
res pons i b i l i t y of t he fa b nca t ors .
i t i s u s efu l for t he s t u dent t o det a i l s ome of t he a s s emb l ed connect i ons
req u i red b y t he des i g n, i n order t o b ecome a wa re of t he di ffi cu l t i es a
pa rt i cu l a r a rra ng ement ma y ca ns e, a nd i t s effect on des i g n ca pa ci t y . W here
t he fa b nca i or i s req u i red t o des i g n t he connect i ons , det a i l s of forces a nd
moment s ( fa ct ored or u nfa ct ored) mu s t b e prov i ded ( s ee S ect i on 1 5 . 2 . 2 ) .
T he preci s e b eha v i ou r of pa rt i cu l a r connecu ons i s compl ex a nd t he s u b i eci
of ong oi ng res ea rch. T he performa nce of connect i ons i s g enera l l y defi ned b y
t he t hree permi t t ed des i g n met hods . T hes e des i g n met hods a re defi ned a s
s i mpl e des i g n, s emi -ri g i t l des i g n a nd fu l l y ri g i d des i g n. T he s i mpl e
met hod i s b a s ed on t he a s s u mpt i on t ha t b ea ms a re s i mpl y s u pport ed a nd
t herefore i mpl i es t ha t b ea m-t o-col u mn connect i ons mu s t he s u ffi ci ent l y
fl ex i b l e s o a s t o res t rl cl t he dev el opment of end fi x i t y . A ny hori zont a l forces
ha v e t o b e res i s t ed b y b ra ci ng or ot her mea ns .
T he des i g n code permi t s t he u s e of b ot h el a s t i c des i rn a nd pl a s t i c des i g n
wi t hi n t he cont ex t of fu l l y ng i d des i g n. T hi s met hod, b a s ed on fu l l cont i nu i t y
a t t he connect i ons , g i v es t he g rea t es t ri g i di t y a nd economy ( i n i erni s of
wei g ht of s t eel ) for a g t v en fra mework . W het her or not a fu l l y ri g i d des i g n
produ ces more economi c s t ru ct u res i n t erms of cos t i s cont i nu a l l y b ei ng
deb a t ed. A ny honzont a l l oa ds a re res i s t ed b y ng i d fra me a ct i on. 'M oment or
ri g i d' connect i ons req u i red b y t hi s des i g n met hod mu s t b e ca pa b l e of
cony i ng di e des i g n b endi ng moment , s hea r force a nd a x i a l l oa d,
ma i nt a i ni ng more or l es s t he a ng l e b et ween connect ed memb ers , i . e. t he
req u i red connect i on s hou l d b eha v e 'ri g i dl y
I n prev i ou s cha pt ers , s i mpl e des i g n ha s b een a s s t i med i n mos t ca s es , a nd
s i mpl e connect i ons ha v e b een des i g ned. I n C ha pt er 1 3 , howev er, hi l l y ng i d
des i g n ha s b een a s s u med a nd moment connect i ons ha v e b een des t g ned
a ccordi ng l y .
1 5 . 1 5 M ov ement j oi nt s
M ov ement s occu r i n b u i l di ng s owi ng t o cha ng es of t empera t u re, moi s t u re
cont ent , fou nda t i on a rra ng ement s , et c. , a nd i n b u i l di ng s of u nu s u a l s ha pe or
s i ze i t ma y b e neces s a ry i o a ccommoda t e t hes e mov ement s b y
proQ i s i on of a
j di nt . For s i ng l e-s t orey cons t ru ct i on, t he prov i s i on of a n ex pa ns i on j oi nt
s hou l d b e cons i dered when t he l eng t h of t he s t ru ct u re ex ceeds a b ou t
l 5 0 m.
For mu l t i -s t orey cpns t ru ci i on, ex pa ns i on j oi nt s ma y b e req t u red a t l es s er
l eng t hs ( s a y -7 6 m) , b u t i n a ddi t i on s eu l ement j oi nt s ma y b e neces s a ry a t
ma j or hei g ht cha ng es , a nd for u nu s u a l pl a n s ha pes .
T he s i mpl es t j ot nt i s prov i ded b y di v i di ng t he s i ni ct u re a t t he j oi nt a nd
pl a ci ng col u mns on ei t her s i de of t he j oi nt , j oi nt det a i l s i nv ol v i ng memb ers
s l i di ng on a b ea ri ng , or t he u s e of s l ot t ed hol es , a rc l es s des i ra b l e cl u e t o t hci r
g rea t er compl ex i t y a nd u ncert a i n l i fes pa n.
Fi g . 1 5 . 3 S i eci wori c
s ct i cdu l e
Fi g . t S . 6 B ea m ra b ri ca u on
1 0 0
1 ,!
'-1 0
1 5 . 2 . 4
C onnect i on det a i l s
2 4 9 0
i n
2
S T R U C T U R A L 5 1 'E E L W O R K D E S I G N T O E S 5 9 5 0
D E T A I L I N G P R A C T I C E A N D O T H E R R E Q U I R E M E N T S
3 1 3
1 5 . 3 C O S T C O N S I D E R A T I O N S
P rev i ou s
































P R O T E C T I O N
T he





a l l ow

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
S pra y ed

















C O R R O S I O N P R O T E C T I O N



















































8 . C onneci i ons M orri s L . J .
on porn'! fra me
des i g n, S s n,ct i s ra l
5 9 A , no, 1 2 ,

3 8 4 4 0 4
9 . S t eel work cos i s
G ra y L A . & W a l k er I L B . ( 1 9 8 5 ) S t eel
t he

C ons t ru ct i on I ns t i t u t e
I D . S t eel work cos t s
H orri dg e J . F. & I 'i l orri s L . J . ( 1 9 8 6 ) C ompa ra t i v e cos t s
of s i ng l e-s t orey s t eel fra med s i n,ct u res , S t ru ct u ra l
6 4 A , no. 7 . pp. 1 7 7 S I
I t . Fi re prot ect i on
E l l i ot t D . A . ( 1 9 7 4 ) Fi re

C ons i ru ct i on I ns t i t u t e
E l l i ot t D . A . ( 1 9 8 3 ) i nt rodu ct i on

C ons t ru ct i on I ns t i t u t e
K i rb y 0 . 1 1 . ( 1 9 8 5 ) Fi re

S t eel C orpora t i on
( 1 9 8 0 ) T he

C ons t ru ct i on I ns t i t u t e
E L A S T I C S E C T I O N P R O P E R T I E S
S Y i t l i reference t o Fi g . A 2 .
A rea A
N eu t ra l a x i s a t eent roi d, hence;


C D

= J ,+ A 5

N ot e: t he foi mu i a for 5 , i g nores t he effect of t he rool fi l l et s a s s oci a t ed wi t h

rol l ed ex a ct v a l u es ca n b e ob t a i ned from t he S O pu b l i ca t i on
S i eel wo,'k S ect i on
a ppl y onl y when t he neu t ra l a x i s of t he comb i ned s ect i on l i es i n t he
web dept h. I f t he ncu t ra l a x i s l i es wi t hi n i he fl a ng e of t he I -s ect i on, t he
v a nou s s ect i on propert i es wou l d need t o b e det ermi ned from fi rs t
pri nci pl es .
'4
3 1 4
S T R U C T U R A L S T E E L W O R I ( D E S I G N T O 8 8 5 0 5 0
I 2 . Fi re prot ect i on
1 3 . Fi re eng t neenng
1 4 . Fi re eng i neenng
5 . C orros i on
prot ect i on
H a i g h I I '. ( 1 9 8 2 ) P oi nt i ng

report no, 9 3
A P P E N D I X A
P L A S T I C S E C T I O N P R O P E R T I E S
W i t h reference t o Fi g . A l .
A rea A
N eu t rnl a x i s a t pos i t i on of eq u a l a rea a b ov e a nt I b el ow i t , hence:


2 4 ,
d0 ) 2 1 2
( D / 2
( D / 2 +

3 1 6 A P P E N D I X A

A rea
N eu t ra l
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
comb i ned
a x i s 0 1
R ol l ed s ect i on
properl i es A , S ,
R ol l ed s ect i on
propert i es A 3 ,
A R A P I D M E T H O D FO R A S S E S S M E N T
O F p. FA C T O R
T he










I I N 3 N 2 4 W 3 3 W 4 P 4
N e
i t , =
M e = pl a s t i c/ el a s t i c

4 )
N , = a ppl i ed








O . 2 0 ) + O . 5 0 ( p 0 A 5 ) J
l eng t h
wi t hi n ha u nch














wi t h i . O .




I f
)
i s



Fi g . A l
T o
A rea . 4 ,

N O T E S
E x a mpl es
T hes e




2 1 8 A P P E N D I X B
A deq u a cy fa ct or, 2 3 2 , 2 3 6
A ng l e s ect i u n
des i g n, 1 8 8 , 2 5 5
cl ea t s , 3 5 , 4 0
compou nd, 2 1 6
defl ect i on, 4 9
moment ca pa ci t y , 4 9
pu rl i ns , 4 2
s hea r ca pa ci t y , 4 8
s i de ra i l s , 4 2 , 4 8
A pex connect i on
s ee pona l fra me
A x i a l compres s i on. S I , 8 4 , 1 9 5

col u mn













6 9 , 2 5 7
l oa ds ,

























0 1 5 0 memb er







s ee l a t t i ce

C l a i l di ng ,



















cl a s s i fi ca t i on















port a l


port a l
























l oa d





i ndu s i na l

















= [ 1 . 4 5 0 . 4 5 ) =
[ 1 . 4 5
= [ 1 . 4 5 0 . 9 0 ( 0 . 5 0 0 . 2 0 ) 0 . 7 0 ( 0 . 5 0 0 . 4 5 ) 1 . 7 5 5 ( 1 . 8 2 0 )
R 4 = [ l . 4 5 + 0 . 9 0 ( 0 . 2 5 0 . 2 0 ) + 0 . 7 0 ( 0 . 2 5 0 . 4 5 ) = 1 . 4 9 5 ( 1 . 6 3 2 )
R s = R i ,ner= L 0 0

= [ l . 4 5 + 0 . 9 0 ( I . 0 0 0 . 2 0 ) + 0 . 7 0 ( l . 0 0 0 . 4 5 ) = 2 . 5 5 5 ( 2 . 3 9 5 )
= [ 1 . 4 5 + 0 . 9 0 ( 0 . 6 7 0 . 2 0 ) + 0 . 7 0 ( 0 . 6 7 0 . 4 5 ) = 2 . 0 2 7 ( 2 . 0 1 5 )
R 3 = [ 1 . 4 5 + 0 . 9 0 ( 0 . 3 3 0 . 2 0 ) + 0 . 7 0 ( 0 . 3 3 0 . 4 5 ) = 1 . 5 6 7 ( 1 . 6 8 4 )
R 4 = l . 0 0 ( 1 ,0 0 )
R 5 =
3 . reference B 3 :
R = [ l . 4 5 + 0 . 9 0 ( l . 0 0 0 . 2 0 ) + 0 . 7 0 ( l . 0 0 0 . 4 5 ) = 2 . 5 5 5
0 . 9 0 ( 0 . 6 3 0 . 2 0 ) 0 . 7 0 ( 0 . 6 3 0 . 4 5 ) = 1 . 9 6 3 ( 5 . 9 7 0 )




I




1 5 0 1 5 0 1 5 0 1 5 0
C

2 2 5 0
T T T ft
I ]
Fi g . 1 3 3 2 0 0 0
3 2 0 I N D E X
s l a b b a s e, 9 9
i ru s s w i t s s l opi ng ra ft er 7 1
u ns t ra i ncd b ea m, 3 6
D es i g n of compl et e
b u i l di ng ,
s ee l a ni ce g i rder
s ee port a l fra me
mu i t i -s t orey b u i l di ng ,
s ee compos i t e cons t ru ct i on
D es i g n req u i rement s . S
D es i g n s t reng t h. I D , 3 0
D ei s i l i ng pra cu ce, 3 0 5
D i a g ona l b ra ces , 2 5 5
D ra wi ng s . 2 , 3 0 7
connect i on det a i l s , 3 1 0
cons t ru ct i on, 3 0 8
t t i b nca t i on, 3 0 8
g enera l a rra ng ement , 3 0 8
D u ra b i l i t y , 6
connect i on, 2 5 6
: a v es t i c, 2 0 5 , 2 7 4
5 , I 6 4
i ffect i v c a rea , 6 9 , 1 8 7
i ffect i v e L eng t h, 2 9 , 2 4 4
ns odu l u s , 3 0
ca l cu l a t i on, 3 1 5
: nd pl a t e, 2 5 6
hol e pos i t i ons , 2 5 6 , 2 6 4
t hi ck nes s , 2 5 8 , 2 6 4
wel ds , 2 5 7
: q u i v a l ent moment fa ct or, 3 0 , 3 1 .
3 8 , 1 3 4 , 2 4 4 , 2 4 9 , 2 5 3
: q u i v a l ent s l endernes s , 3 0
: rcct i on, 4 ,5 0 ,3 1 2
a b nca t i on proces s es
b endi ng a nd fonni ng , 3 0 6
coni ng a nd dri l l i ng , 4 , 3 0 6
pa i nt i i i g , 3 0 5 , 3 0 7
s u rfa ce prepa ra t i on, 3 0 5 , 3 1 3
wel di ng , 3 0 7
a t i g u e, 6
i re: l i re prot ect i on, 1 6 7 , 2 2 3 , 3 1 2
orce
coeffi ci ent s , 2 1 . 2 4 , 1 6 9
cons poneni s , 4 4
oonda t i on b l ock , 2 1 9 , 2 7 7
ra mc s t a b i l i t y , 2 4 2
nct i ona l dra g forces , 1 7 0
a b l e
edg e b ea ms , 2 6 6
fra mi ng , 2 0 5 , 2 6 5
pos t s , 6 6 , 1 1 5 , 1 9 7 , 2 0 5 , 2 7 0
a nt i ) ' g i rder
l oa di ng , 1 7
'os s et pl a t e, 7 0
G u t t er, 1 6 7 , 1 9 1 , 2 7 5
Fl a u nci s ed memb ers
s ee port a l fra me
H ol di ng down b ol t s
s ee b ol t s
I mpos ed l oa d
s ee l oa d
I nfl u ence l i nes
momei s t , 1 9 , 5 4
s hea r, 2 0
L a ci ng s , 9 3
L a t era l res t ra i nt , 2 9 , 3 8 , 4 5 , 4 9 , 2 4 3 ,
2 4 5 ; 2 5 2 , 2 5 5
L a t era l t ors i ona l i ns t a b i l i t y , 2 9 , 3 1 ,
4 6 , 2 4 3
L a ni cd g i rder, 6 1 , 6 6 , 7 6 , 1 6 3 , 1 7 4
a na l y s i s , 6 6 , 1 7 6 1 8 0
b ot t om el s ord, 1 8 5
b ra ci ng , 1 9 6
forces , 1 9 9
ra ft er, 9 9 2 0 1
v ert i ca l , 2 0 0 2 0 4
wi nd, 1 9 9 2 0 2
col u mn b a s es , 2 1 8
connect i ons , 2 0 7 2 1 4
di a g ona l mens b ers , 1 8 8
ea v es t i e, 1 9 6 , 2 0 5
fou nda t i on b l ock
l oa d ca s es , 2 1 9
wi nd u pl i ft , 2 1 9 2 2 1
g a b l e pos t s , 1 9 6 , 2 0 5
g enera l det a i l s , 1 6 4 , 2 0 5
l oa d ca s es , 1 7 6 , 1 9 2 , 2 1 9
l ong i t u di na l t i e, 1 8 6 , 1 9 9 , 2 0 4 ,
2 1 4
ns a i n col u ns n, 1 9 1
memb er forces , 1 7 6 1 8 0
ov era l l s i a b i l i t y , 9 6
prel i mi na ry deci s i ons , 1 6 5
pu rl i ns a nd s heet i ng ra i l s , 1 7 0
s el f wei g ht a s s es s ment , 1 6 7 , 1 9 0
s i t e s pl i ces , 1 8 0 , 2 1 1
t op chord, 1 8 1
wi nd s u ct i on, I 8 5
L a y ou t of ca l cu l a t i ons , I I
dra wi ng s , 1 2
references , 1 2
res u l t s , 1 2
s k et ches , I I
L oa d, 3 2 , 3 6 , 6 6 , 2 2 2
coeffi ci ent s , 2 4
comb i na t i ons , 7 , 1 6 , 2 4 , 2 5 . 8 6 ,
7 6 , 3 9 2 , 2 1 9 , 2 3 5
cra ne wheel , 5 4 , 5 5
-dea d,? , I S , 1 6 7 , 2 2 9
di s t ei b u t i on, 7
i mpos ed, 1 6
pa i t ens , 1 9 , 2 0
s now, 7 , 1 6 , 1 6 7
t ra ns fer, 7
wi nd, 1 6 , 1 6 7 , 2 3 5 , 2 8 3
L oca l b u ck l i ng , 3 1 , 1 8 1 , 2 3 1
L oca l ca pa ci t y , 3 0 , 8 4 , 8 9 , 9 1 , 1 8 2 ,
1 9 4
L ong i t u di na l t i e, 1 8 3 , 2 0 3 , 2 1 2
M emb er b u ck l i ng , 8 5 , 8 9 , 9 2 . 1 8 2 ,
1 9 4 , 2 4 3 , 2 4 5 , 2 5 0 , 2 5 2
a pex reg i on, 2 5 2 2 5 4
ha t s ncl s ed ra ft er, 2 4 5
M odu l u s
el a s t i c, 3 0 , 3 1 5
pl a s t i c, 3 0 , 3 3 5 '
M oment
ca pa ci t y , 3 0 , 3 3 , 3 7 , 4 5 , 4 9 , 5 0 , 5 7 ,
6 2 . 8 9 , 1 2 7 , 1 2 9
coeffi ci ent s , 2 1 ,2 4
M oms s t i ffener
s ee s hea r s t i ffenni g
M ov ement j oi nt s , 3 I I
M u l t i -s t orey offi ce b l ock
s ee compos i t e cons t ru ct t on
N ot i ona l l oa d, 1 1 3 , 2 5 7 , 2 8 1
O t her cons i dera t i ons , 1 5 5 , 2 2 2 , 2 7 9
b nt t l c fra ct u re, 1 5 9
corros i on, 2 2 4
defl ect i ons , 2 2 3
erect i on, 1 5 9
fa t i g u e, 1 5 9
fi re, 2 2 3
g enera l , 2 2 4
l oa di ng , 2 2 2
t empera t u re, 1 5 9
t ra ns port a t i on, 1 5 9
O v era l l b u ck l i ng
s ee memb er b u ck l i ng
O v era l l s t a b i l i t y of b u i l di ng s , 1 9 6 .
2 7 3 2 7 9
P a rt i a l s a fet y fa ct ors , 7
P l a s t i c a na l y s i s . 2 6 , 2 2 9 2 4 2
P l a s t i c modu l u s , 2 3 2
ca l cu l a t i on, 3 1 5
P l a s t i c moment ca pa ci t y , 3 0 , 2 2 9 :
2 3 1
a x i a l l oa d effect , 7 3 2 , 2 4 4 , 2 5 3
P l a t e g i rder, 1 2 1
a nchor fnrcc, 1 4 4
a s pect ra t i o. 1 2 3 , 1 3 5 1 3 8
des i g n, 1 2 4
end pos t , 1 4 5 , 1 5 1 1 5 5
moment ca pa ci t y , 1 2 7 , 1 2 9
ot her cons i dera t i ot i 's , 1 5 5
s hea r res i s t a nce, 1 2 6 , 1 3 0
s t i ffened, 1 3 5 , 1 4 5
s t i ffeners .
end b ea nng . 1 2 3 , 1 3 3 , 1 4 2 , 1 5 1
i nt ermedi a t e, 1 2 3 , 1 3 5 , 1 3 9 ,
3 4 8
l oa d ca rry i ng , 1 2 3 , l 3 t , 1 4 0 ,
1 4 9
t ens i on fi el d a ct i on, 1 4 3 1 4 5
u ns t i ffened, 1 2 4 , 1 2 9
web pa nel , 1 2 3
wel ds , 1 2 7 . 1 3 2 , 1 3 4 , 1 4 0 , 1 4 2 ,
1 4 3 , 1 5 4
pl a t es , 1 2 2
wi de fl a t s , 1 2 2
P ort a l fra me, 2 2 6
a deq u a cy fa ct or, 2 3 2 , 2 3 6
a pex connect i on, 2 6 3 , 2 6 4
b ra ci ng s y s t ems , 2 6 5 , 2 7 3
col l a ps e mecha ms m. 2 3 0 ,
2 3 3 2 4 3
col u mn b a s e, 2 7 5
col u mn des i g n, 2 4 3
compu t er a na l y s i s , 2 3 7
des i g n of fra me, 2 2 9 , 2 4 0
ea v es connect i on, 2 5 6 2 6 3
end pl a t e des i g n, 2 5 6 2 5 9
fou nda t i on b l ock , 2 7 7
l oa d ca s es , 2 7 7
g a b l e connect i ons , 2 7 2
g a b l e fra mi ng , 2 6 6 2 7 3
g a b l e pns t s , 2 7 0 2 7 3
ha u nch l eng t h, 2 3 4 , 2 4 1
l a t era l res t ra i nt s , 2 5 5
l oa di ng , 2 1 , 2 2 9
memb er b ock l i ng , 2 4 3 2 5 4 , 2 7 2
memb er s i zes , 2 3 2 , 2 4 0
ov era l l s t a b i l i t y , 2 7 3 2 7 9
pi nned b a s es , 2 2 9 , 2 7 5
pl a s t i c moment di s t ri b u t i on, 2 3 4 ,
2 3 7 , 2 3 8 , 2 4 1
prel i mi na i y memb er s i ze, 2 3 0
pu rl i n a nd s i de ra i l s , 2 2 8
ra ft er des i g n, 2 3 1 , 2 4 0
rev ers ed wi nd condi t i on, 2 3 5
s hea r s t i ffeni ng , 2 6 0
P res s u re coeffi ci ent s , 2 2 , 1 6 8 1 7 0
P rofi l ed s heet i ng , l O S , 2 8 3
P u rl i n, 4 2 , 4 3 , 6 6
des i g n, 4 3 , 1 7 0 1 7 3 . 2 2 8
effect i v e l eng t hs , 4 I
mu l t i -s pa n, 4 9
t a b l e, 1 7 2
R a ft er b ra ci ng , 2 0 1 , 2 6 5
R edu ced des i g n s t reng t h, 1 8 2 , 2 1 5
R es i s t a nce, 9
R es t ra i nt s , 3 8 , 6 1 , 8 2 , 1 1 6 , 1 8 2 , 1 9 1 ,
2 0 5 , 2 4 3 2 4 5 , 2 5 0 , 2 5 4
R ot a t i on ca pa ci t y , 2 5 0
S a g rods , 4 3 , 1 7 3
S emi -compa ct s ect i on, 3 1 , 1 8 6
S erv t cra b i l i t y l i mi t s t a t e, 6
S ha pe fa ct or, 2 3 7
S hea r
ca pa ci t y , 3 0 , 3 3 , 3 7 , 4 4 . 4 8 , 5 7 , 6 1 ,
1 0 6 . 1 2 6 , 2 6 1
connect ors , l O S , 1 0 7 , 1 0 8
res i s t a nce, 1 3 0 , 1 3 6 1 3 8 , 1 4 6 1 4 8
s t i ffeni ng , 2 6 1
S heet i ng / s i de ra i l s . 4 2
s pa ci ng , I l l , 2 2 8 , 2 4 0
t a b l e, 1 7 2
S i ng l e-s t orey s t ru ct u re
s ee l a t t i ce g i rder
s ee port a l fra me
S l ender s ect i on, 3 1 , 1 8 1
S l endernes s , 8 2 , 1 8 1 1 8 4
correct i on fa ct or, 2 9
eq u i v a l ent fa ct or, 3 0
mi nor a x i s , 2 9
t ru s s memb ers , 6 7 6 9
S na p-t hrou g h i ns t a b i l i t y , 2 4 2
S t a i rs , 2 8 4 , 2 8 5
S t eel g ra des , 1 0
S t eel s ect i on propert t es , 4
S t reng t h, 9
S t reng t h redu ct i on fa ct or, 1 8 2 , 2 1 5
S t res s , 9
S t res s di s t ri b u t i on fa ct or, 2 4 7
ra pi d a s s es s ment of, 2 4 8 , 3 1 7
S t ru ct u ra l i nmcg nt y , 6
S wa y s t a b i l i t y , I I ] , 2 4 2
t ndes 3 2 1
T ee-s ect t on des i g n, 7 3 , 1 8 1 1 8 5
T ens i on ca pa ci t y , 6 9 , 1 8 7 , 1 8 9
T ens i on fl a i s g c res t ra i nt , 2 4 6
T ors i ona l i nda , 2 9
T ra ns pona t i u n, I 8 0 , 2 2 4
T ru s s , 6 5 , 6 6 , 7 3 , 1 1 4
a na l y s t s , 6 6 , 7 2 , 7 7 , 1 1 7
chord, 7 7 , 1 1 8
compres s i on res i s t a nce, 6 9 , 7 4
connect i ons , 7 0 , 7 5 , 7 8
cont i nu ou s s t ru t , 6 8
defl ect i on, 7 6
di a g ona l mct nhers , 7 8 , 1 1 8
di s cont i nu ou s s t ru t , 6 8
hi pped, 6 5
l a t t i ce g i rder, 6 5 , 7 6
ma ns a rd, 6 6
s l endernes s of memb er, 6 7
t ens i on ca pa ci t y . 6 9
v i crendeci , 6 6
T u b u l a r memb ers , 7 6 , 1 6 6 , 2 0 1 2 0 5
Vert i ca l b ra ci og , 1 1 4 , 1 9 8 . 2 0 3 , 2 7 3
Vi b ra t i on, 6
W eb
b ea nng , 3 1 , 6 0 , 6 2 1 2 8
b u ck l i ng , 3 1 . 5 9 , 6 2 , 1 2 8 , 1 3 1 ,
1 4 0 , 4 9
W el d
ca pa ci t y , 3 2
g rou p des i g n. 2 0 7 2 1 0
s i zes , 3 2
W i nd
b ra ci ng , 1 3 1 1 5 , t 9 6 2 0 4 , 2 6 5 ,
2 7 4 , 3 0 1
des i g n ca s e, 2 2 , 1 6 7 , 9 2 1 9 4 ,
1 9 8 2 0 0 , 2 3 5
dmg force, I 7 0 , 2 0 0 , 2 7 3
force coeffi ci ent s , 1 6 9
g i rder, 1 1 5 , 1 9 9 . 2 0 5
pres s u re coeffi ci ent s , 1 6 , 2 2 , 1 6 8 ,
1 6 9
s peed, 2 1 , 3 6 8
s u ct i on, 4 3 , 4 6 , 8 5
fra me a ct i on, 2 2 6 , 2 8 3 , 3 0 3
Y i el d moment , 2 3 4
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1

2
0
/
W
S
/
0
O
i
)

D
o
u
b
l
e

1
9
7
0