International Journal of Management (IJM), ISSN 0976 6502(Print), ISSN 0976 6510(Online), Volume 3, Issue 3, September- December (2012)

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT (IJM)

ISSN 0976 6367(Print) ISSN 0976 6375(Online) Volume 3, Issue 3, September- December (2012), pp. 72-91 IAEME: www.iaeme.com/ijm.asp Journal Impact Factor (2012): 3.5420 (Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com

IJM
IAEME

AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS TO STUDY THE INFLUENCE OF BEHAVIOURAL PATTERN OF MEN ON FORMAL SHOES
Mrs. Uma V.R Assistant Professor Department of Commerce Christ University Bangalore, India - 560 029 Email: uma.vr@christuniversity.in Dr. M. I. Saifil Ali Professor & Director School of Management (DASM) Dhaanish Ahmed College of Engineering Chennai - 601301 Email: saifil_ali_33@yahoo.co.in ABSTRACT The present study attempts to present a model in which the footwear attributes are associated with the behavioural patterns of the consumers. The behavioural pattern of the consumers was studied through the AIO statements. The consumers were profiled into eleven clusters using factor analysis namely stylistic, confident, cautious shoppers, traditional, relaxed, optimistic, strivers, systematic, dominant, spiritual and stay trim. Regression scores were used to assign the respondents into the respective components that were extracted through factor analysis. Reliability Test and KMO Test were conducted to check the reliability and adequacy of the sample size. Further only those variables that qualified the collinearity test were alone subject to regression analysis. Through ANOVA test it was observed that significant differences existed among the consumers within the clusters. Therefore the AIO statements were considered as independent variables that were regressed against ten selected footwear attributes. The study finds that consumers footwear preferences varied according to their behavioural patterns. This model can help the retailers and manufacturers to revisit their existing strategies of targeting the consumers based on demography or material construction. Key Words: Footwear, Behavioral pattern, Regression, Lifestyle, Consumer, Clusters
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International Journal of Management (IJM), ISSN 0976 6502(Print), ISSN 0976 6510(Online), Volume 3, Issue 3, September- December (2012)

1.1 INTRODUCTION With low production cost, abundant supply of raw material, evolving retail system, buying patterns and huge consumption market, this sector is posed to grow to great heights. India being a country of artisans is known for its traditional craft of footwear making. Some of the traditional footwear created by village craftsmen include leather chappals in Kohlapur' embroidered Juttis in Jodhpur, Indo-Tibetan felt boots in Sikkim and vegetable fibre shoes in Ladakh. The industrial policy 1967 reserved the leather industry including footwear only for small scale sectors. It was only during the mid 1970s, 100% export oriented footwear units in large scale sector were promoted. From June 2001 onwards the Government of India de-reserved the leather sector. During the past four decades starting from the year 1981 1982, the export of footwear from India had increased tremendously. Though India has a negligible proportion of exports in world trade, it is the second largest producer of footwear next to China. India accounts for 14% of the global annual footwear production of 14.52 billion pairs. India manufactures around 2065million pairs of footwear every year of which 909 million pairs are made of leather, 1056 million pairs of non leather footwear and 100 million pairs of shoe uppers. Nearly 70 percent of the labour constituting around 15 lakh people are employed in the unorganised sector majority of them are rural artisans, cottage and household units, while the organised sector accounts for remaining 30 percent and employs over 5 lakh people. The Indian consumer markets are growing and changing rapidly in terms of its nature and composition. With the revolution taking place in the distribution system through entry of super markets, shopping malls, chain stores etc in the metros, small cities and towns the potential for lifestyle products have increased drastically (S L Rao, 2000). With the change in the lifestyle patterns among the people especially the youth, this product has also undergone a tremendous transition in terms of its character. Though Indians have not been the ones to spend on items like footwear, for the past two decades due to liberalization, there has been a tremendous change in the buying habits of the consumers. More than sixty international brands are sourced from India. Most of these brands are manufactured in Agra, Kanpur or Chennai footwear clusters. 1.2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE India is a country of artisans comprising of footwear clusters spread in many parts of the country. These clusters predominantly consist of small-scale manufacturers with skilled craftsmen, out dated technologies having less access to automation. In a developing country like India, there exist tremendous opportunity for combining the artisanal touch with high technology (knorringar 1998). Unlike India after Liberalization the textile and footwear industries collapsed in Zimbabwe due to improper restructuring and low labour productivity (Carmody 1998) where as countries like India, Korea and Taiwan enjoy high labour productivity. The author finds the African market to be generally uncompetitive due to shrinking markets, low labour productivity, and poor infrastructure with poor political instability due to which foreign investment is scarce when compared to the Asian countries. Heather (1998) draws attention to the existence of fashion consciousness of the people towards footwear even before 8000 years ago. The author throws light on the evolution of the bear-fur shoes that the Japanese Samurai used to wear to the platform sandals that is worn by people today are all due to the fashion desire. The article was the result of excavation of shoes dated more than 8000 years from the Missouri cave. The complex weaving and design of the excavated shoes reveal that the people were fashion
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International Journal of Management (IJM), ISSN 0976 6502(Print), ISSN 0976 6510(Online), Volume 3, Issue 3, September- December (2012)

conscious as we are today and specialized artisans and craftsmen existed even at that time. The study by Troy (2000) stipulates the need for appropriate footwear as they are more than just shoes. According to the author shoes give identity and image and is also a symbol of status. Despite the benefits, diabetes patients refrain from purchase of therapeutic footwear as they are not attractive with limited colours and designs (Carolyn et al 2002, Gautham et al, 2004). Miranda (2009) explores the rise of Bata as a major player in the footwear sector. Post World War I, the international trade in footwear took a different turn. The large footwear exporting countries like United States and UK gradually became worlds leading importers. 1.3 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Though the Indian consumers have become discerning and brand conscious, but in this sector the proliferation of the unorganized sector seem to be higher. The unorganized sector dominates the industry posing a threat to the organised players. In the organised sector, mens footwear accounts for only half of the total market. Therefore it is clear that only 50% - 55% of the sales take place in the organized sector even in the mens sector. Though footwear is considered as lifestyle enhancement product, the manufacturers and retailers have failed to understand this. Still the traditional segmentation patterns are followed in this industry, which include materials used for construction of the footwear, usage patterns and demographics. Also there are innumerable literatures that focus on trade policies followed in the footwear market in international countries, treatment of workers in the footwear industry, therapeutic use of footwear, supply chain patterns etc but there are hardly any study that explores the consumer behaviour and their association towards the footwear preferences. Behavioral segmentation though has been used in many other products like apparels, insurance, real estate etc., but not in the footwear sector. The present study is an attempt to fill the gap. This sector is a highly promising one with less knowledge about its customers. 1.4 OBJECTIVES From the problems stated above the objectives have been derived as under: To profile men into different clusters based on their activities, interest and opinions To examine the differences that exists in the preferences towards the formal footwear attributes according to the consumers behavioural patterns 1.5 STUDY AREA The study was conducted in Bangalore being the capital of Karnataka and a fast emerging metropolitan city. Further it is the third most populous city and stands fifth in the urban population. As on 2011 the total population of the city stood at 8,425,970. Geographically the city is divided into 5 regions namely East, West, North, South and Central Bangalore. Bangalore has only 41% of local population and the rest of them belong to other states and countries especially from Europe. Hence, it is vivid that Bangalore has a population with diverse profiles. Therefore the city of Bangalore has been selected for the study purposively.

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1.6 SAMPLE RESPONDENTS The respondents for the study include men between the age group of 20 55 yrs and between the income classes of Rs 12000 to Rs 200000 per month. The respondents were drawn randomly from the various strata of East, West, North, South and Central Bangalore. 500 men were selected from each stratum totaling to 2500 men. Out of the total respondents only 2074 men qualified for the study as the responses furnished by the rest of them was incomplete hence were eliminated. 1.7 SURVEY INSTRUMENT Primary data was collected through distribution of questionnaires. The questionnaire comprised of three sections. Section I includes 50 statements (Mitchell, A. 1983, Anderson, W.T. and Golden, L. 1984; Hanspal et al, 1999; Hanspal et al, 2000 ) that would help in profiling the customers into behavioural clusters based on the activities they normally engage in their day to day life, interests and opinions on certain common issues. These statements were to be rated in a 7 point likert scale. Section II comprised of their demographic details and the attributes they expect their formal and casual footwear to possess. These attributes were arrived after an exploratory study. The exploratory study was conducted to a group of 20 members. The group members comprised of consumers who belonged to different age groups. They were asked to list the attributes they generally preferred their footwear to possess. Eighteen attributes were listed. Though all the eighteen attributes were included in the instrument only ten attributes were selected for analysis. These ten attributes were selected based on the ranking given by majority of the group members. These attributes were also to be rated in a 7 point likert scale. The instrument so constructed was pre-tested on thirty respondents to find out if the questions framed had sufficient clarity. Then based on their suggestions the final instrument was constructed and administered. 1.8 STATISTICAL TOOLS USED The statistical tools used for the study include Reliability Test, KMO test, Factor analysis, ANOVA, and Multiple Regression Analysis. Statiscal packages such as SPSS 16 and EXCEL were employed in the study. 1.9 SCOPE The study will be helpful for the retailers to restructure their product offerings. The report will also be useful for new retailers for designing their market strategies. It also offers a scope for further research as there is not much study done in this area. Many international brands are looking out for a place of business in India, this study will help them in understanding the consumer characteristics and the factors that influence their purchase decision. The study can be extended to global markets as similar purchase patterns may exist in multiple countries.

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International Journal of Management (IJM), ISSN 0976 6502(Print), ISSN 0976 6510(Online), Volume 3, Issue 3, September- December (2012)

1.10 ANALYSIS: 1.10.1 CONSUMER PROFILING For profiling the respondents on the basis of their behaviour, factor analysis was employed on the 50 AIO statements (See Appendix1). Initially inorder to test the reliability of these AIO statements, Cronbachs alpha score was computed. The Cronbachs alpha on 50 AIO statements revealed a score of 0.803 showing that the statements were reliable enough for further analysis. Also Kaiser-Mayo-Olkin (KMO) Test was conducted to measure the adequacy of sample size. The test generated a score of 0.694. Thus KMO test also proved that the samples were adequate enough to conduct factor analysis. On employing factor analysis 11 factors that constitutes 52% of the variance was considered for the study. Further for authentication Scree plot was also read. Only those factors that constituted Eigen value above 1 were considered as principal component analysis was employed. Varimax rotation was used to extract the factors with factor loadings greater than +/- 0.30.

Table 1.1 Components with total and cumulative variance Initial Eigen values Components 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Total 5.81 3.20 3.07 2.46 1.98 1.87 1.68 1.56 1.40 1.39 1.34 % of Variance 11.63 6.40 6.13 4.92 3.96 3.74 3.36 3.11 2.80 2.79 2.69 Cumulative % 11.63 18.03 24.16 29.09 33.04 36.78 40.14 43.25 46.06 48.85 51.54

As Varimax rotation was utilized, those statements which had a factor loading of 0.3 and above was assigned to the respective component. Further case wise regression scores were considered to classify each individual to the respective components. The 11 components that were extracted include Stylistic, Independents, Economicals, Traditional, Socialising, Globe trotters, Strivers, Systematic and Dominant (See Table 4.5). It should be noted that the components have been named according to the variable (Statement) with higher rotated factor loadings.

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Table 1.2 Statements with Rotated Factor Loadings and assignment to respective components Components Component 1: Stylistic I like to spend a year in a foreign country I have one or more outfits that are of very latest style I pay cash for everything I buy I enjoy stylistic dresses The most important of life is to dress smartly I am fashionable in the eyes of others Component 2: Confident I have more self confidence than most people As far as possible after marriage nuclear family is better I am more independent than most people I have a lot of personal ability Component 3: Cautious Shoppers I visit many shops before I finalise my sales I am active in all social functions I check the prices even for small items I watch advertisements for announcements of sales One should bargain before a purchase I prefer my friends to spend when I am out on a party Component 4: Traditional Women are dependents and need mens protection A women should not work if her husband does not like her to work Looking after the house is primarily a womans responsibility In the evenings, it is better to stay at home Component 5: Relaxed I drink soft drinks several times in a week I spend a lot of time with friends talking about brands and products I participate in sports activities One should have own credit/debit cards Component 6: Optimistic Think I will have more money to spend next year I want to take a trip around the world Component 7: Strivers Doing nothing makes me feel uncomfortable I will take some courses to brighten my future Component 8: Systematic One should always keep the house neat and clean One must save for the rainy day A distinctive living attracts me Rotated Factor Loadings 0.72 0.72 0.68 0.65 0.58 0.58 0.77 0.74 0.71 0.64 0.81 0.64 0.61 0.56 0.40 0.37 0.73 0.72 0.59 0.53 0.76 0.70 -0.53 0.43 0.83 0.77 0.77 0.45 0.66 0.63 0.52

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International Journal of Management (IJM), ISSN 0976 6502(Print), ISSN 0976 6510(Online), Volume 3, Issue 3, September- December (2012)

Component 9: Dominant Friends often come to me for advice Giving dowry in marriage is a tradition and cannot be done away I would go for a walk than sit idle I can be considered a leader Component 10: Spiritual, Diet conscious and Socialising I eat only home food Spiritual values are important than material things I can mingle with strangers easily Component 11: Stay Trim (6%) I skip breakfast regularly I like to watch games than any other entertainment channels

0.66 0.54 0.52 0.39 0.59 0.58 0.50 0.77 0.71

For the purpose of the study the AIO statements were considered as predictor variables and the footwear attributes were considered the criterion variables. Further only those statements that satisfied the collinearity test was selected. ANOVA test revealed the existence of significant differences among the consumers in the same component. Therefore multiple regressions were employed to study the association between the behavioural pattern of consumers and the preferences towards formal footwear attributes. COMPONENT 1 STYLISTIC CONSUMERS Table 1.3: COLLINARITY STATISTICS BETWEEN THE PREDICTOR VARIABLES PREDICTOR VARIABLES I pay cash for everything I buy (Budgeted spenders) I enjoy stylistic dresses (Stylistic) The important part of life is to dress smartly (Smartly dressed) I like to spend a year in a foreign country (Foreign land) I am fashionable in the eyes of others (Fashionable) TOLERANCE VIF* .726 1.377 .900 1.112 .943 1.060 .675 1.482 .703 1.422

Table 1.4 Multiple Regression Analysis for Stylistic Consumers (Component 1) and Formal Footwear Attributes
Variables Criterion Variable Coordinated Colours Predictor Variables Budgeted spenders Stylistic Smart Dressers Foreign land Fashionable B SE Beta FORMAL FOOTWEAR PREFERENCES tVariables B SE value Criterion ** Family -1.20 1.62 2.62 Predictor -.439 .203 -4.1** Budgeted spenders Stylistic .142 .186 -.43 ** Smart Dressers .288 .102 4.29 Foreign land .902 .176 -1.62 Fashionable .131 .176 Beta t-value

5.23 -1.02 -.09 .54 -.35 .89

1.99 .25 .23 .13 .22 .22 -.31 -.03 .28 -.13 .31

-.74 -.163 .052 .186 .400 .056 -2.17* .76 2.82** 5.13** .74

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International Journal of Management (IJM), ISSN 0976 6502(Print), ISSN 0976 6510(Online), Volume 3, Issue 3, September- December (2012)
4.11** Criterion Variable Elegance Predictor Variables Budgeted spenders Stylistic Smart Dressers Foreign land Fashionable Criterion Variable Comfort Predictor Variables Budgeted spenders Stylistic Smart Dressers Foreign land Fashionable Criterion Variable Branded Predictor Variables Budgeted spenders Stylistic Smart Dressers Foreign land Fashionable Criterion Variable Friends Predictor Variables Budgeted spenders Stylistic Smart Dressers Foreign land Fashionable 1.19 .26 .01 .03 -.51 1.01 6.34 .027 -.065 -.061 .046 .115 3.98 .465 -.226 -.067 -.483 .629 -1.54 -.382 -.051 -.353 .913 .907 .60 .08 .07 .04 .07 .07 .417 .052 .048 .026 .045 .045 .994 .124 .114 .063 .108 .108 1.73 .217 .199 .109 .188 .189 -.13 -.02 -.20 .356 .346 .268 -.13 -.07 -.33 .423 .042 -.09 -.16 .084 .208 .18 .00 .04 -.42 .81 1.98* 3.43** .07 .84 -7.8** 15.4** 15.2** .521 -1.35 -2.31* 1.01 2.54* 4.01** 3.74** -1.98* -1.07 -4.5** 5.81** -.89 -1.76 -.26 -3.2** 4.85** 4.80** Criterion Posture Predictor Budgeted spenders Stylistic Smart Dressers Foreign land Fashionable Criterion Ambience Predictor Budgeted spenders Stylistic Smart Dressers Foreign land Fashionable Criterion Variable Salesmen Predictor Budgeted spenders Stylistic Smart Dressers Foreign land Fashionable Criterion Variable Amenities Predictor Budgeted spenders Stylistic Smart Dressers Foreign land Fashionable -1.10 -.015 -.540 -.149 1.28 .422 .244 .302 .747 .182 -1.09 .718 .263 .364 .618 .150 -1.09 .787 11.3 -.991 .696 .207 -.785 -.128 1.07 .133 .122 .067 .116 .116 1.35 .169 .155 .085 .147 .147 1.35 .169 .156 .085 .147 .148 1.88 .236 .217 .119 .204 .205 -.305 .210 .111 -.289 -.046 .153 .253 .109 -.549 .385 .127 .307 .133 -.550 .352 -.007 -.228 -.112 .660 .213 -1.03 -.12 -4.41** -2.22* 11.08** 3.64** .18 1.79 4.81** 2.14* -7.48** 4.88** .194 2.15* 3.97** 1.75 -7.45** 5.33** 6.01** -4.2** 3.21** 1.74 -3.84** -.62

** Significant at 1% level, * Significant at 5% level COMPONENT 2- CONFIDENT CONSUMERS Table 1.5 COLLINEARITY STATISTICS BETWEEN THE PREDICTOR VARIABLES PREDICTOR VARIABLES TOLERANCE VIF* As far as possible nuclear family is better (Nuclear Family) .847 1.181 I have more self confidence than most people (Confident) .789 1.267 I am more independent (Independent) I have a lot of personal ability (Skilled) *Variance Inflation Factor .821 1.218 .900 1.111

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Table 1.6 Multiple Regression Analysis of Confident Men (Component 2) and Formal Footwear Attributes
Variables Criterion Variable Coordinated Colours Predictor Variables Nuclear Family Confident Independent Skilled Criterion Variable Elegance Predictor Variables Nuclear Family Confident Independent Skilled Criterion Variable Comfort Predictor Variables Nuclear Family Confident Independent Skilled Criterion Variable Branded Predictor Variables Nuclear Family Confident Independent Skilled Criterion Variable Friends Predictor Variables Nuclear Family Confident Independent Skilled B .995 .014 -.033 .708 -.023 4.57 -.208 -.016 .217 .234 5.82 -.058 -.273 .284 .171 -.319 -.299 .559 .647 -.014 11.5 -.493 .196 -.556 -.280 SE 1.09 .092 .122 .141 .122 .804 .068 .090 .104 .090 .594 .050 .066 .077 .066 1.00 .085 .112 .130 .112 1.57 .132 .175 .203 .175 -.238 .074 -.178 -.099 -.213 .312 .306 -.007 -.075 -.276 .242 .161 -.202 -.012 .140 .166 .010 -.018 .328 -.012 Beta FORMAL FOOTWEAR t-value Variables B Criterion .911 Family 8.16 Predictor .155 Nuclear Family -.42 -.274 Confident .360 5.019** Independent .191 -.186 Skilled -.67 Criterion 5.682** Posture 6.99 Predictor -3.07** Nuclear Family -.21 Confident .292 -.180 -.35 2.094* Independent 2.606** Skilled -.04 Criterion 9.803** Ambience 9.19 Predictor -1.160 Nuclear Family -.374 .447 -4.14** Confident 3.700** Independent -.425 2.575** Skilled -.339 Criterion -.318 Salesmen 4.85 Predictor -3.54** Nuclear Family -.037 5.001** Confident .380 4.996** Independent -.345 -.126 Skilled .043 Criterion 7.331** Amenities 6.69 Predictor -3.72** Nuclear Family -.397 1.121 Confident -.236 -2.74** Independent .005 .152 -1.595 Skilled SE 1.46 .123 .163 .188 .163 1.41 .119 .157 .183 .158 1.49 .126 .166 .193 .167 1.33 .112 .148 .171 .148 1.11 .094 .124 .144 .124 -.272 -.127 .002 .077 -.022 .178 -.137 .019 -.194 .181 -.146 -.128 -.117 .128 -.129 -.016 -.220 .148 .066 -.257 Beta t-value 5.59** -3.4** 2.22* 1.01 -4.1** 4.94** -1.75 1.853 -1.89 -.243 6.157** -2.976** 2.689** -2.206* -2.034* 3.662** -.330 2.575** -2.02* .289 6.018** -4.23** -1.91 .036 1.225

** Significant at 1% level, * Significant at 5% level COMPONENT 3 CAUTIOUS SHOPPERS Table 1.7 COLLINARITY STATISTICS BETWEEN THE PREDICTOR VARIABLES PREDICTOR VARIABLES TOLERANCE VIF* I am active in all social functions (Social) .810 1.235 I visit many shops before I finalise my sales (Cautious buyers) I check the prices even for small items (Price Conscious) *Variance Inflation Factor .800 1.250 .911 1.098

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International Journal of Management (IJM), ISSN 0976 6502(Print), ISSN 0976 6510(Online), Volume 3, Issue 3, September- December (2012)

Table 1.8 Multiple Regression Analysis of Cautious Shoppers (Component 3) and Formal Footwear Attributes
Variables Criterion Variable Coordinated Colours Predictor Variables Social Cautious buyers Price Conscious Criterion Variable Elegance Predictor Variables Social Cautious buyers Price Conscious Criterion Variable Comfort Predictor Variables Social Cautious buyers Price Conscious Criterion Variable Branded Predictor Variables Social Cautious buyers Price Conscious Criterion Variable Friends Predictor Variables Social Cautious buyers Price Conscious B 4.59 .171 -.552 .435 2.23 .230 .005 .373 4.21 -.216 .463 .096 2.15 .425 -.452 .470 1.17 .628 -.427 .406 SE 1.32 .159 .189 .102 .736 .089 .105 .057 .609 .074 .087 .047 .932 .113 .133 .072 1.08 .131 .155 .083 .329 -.190 .315 .253 -.228 .414 -.199 .362 .131 .173 .003 .415 .075 -.207 .285 Beta FORMAL FOOTWEAR t-value Variables B Criterion 3.485** Family 4.99 Predictor 1.071 Social .839 -2.92** Cautious buyers -.703 4.289** Price Conscious -.066 Criterion 3.030** Posture 5.95 Predictor 2.587** Social -.165 .051 Cautious buyers -.169 6.577** Price Conscious .298 Criterion 6.908** Ambience 1.34 Predictor .350 -2.93** Social 5.302** Cautious buyers -.133 2.042* Price Conscious .294 Criterion 2.303* Salesmen .367 Predictor 3.773** Social .523 -3.38** Cautious buyers .027 6.544** Price Conscious .135 Criterion 1.084 Amenities -2.33 Predictor 4.81** Social .753 -2.76** Cautious buyers .134 4.879** Price Conscious .200 SE 1.29 .157 .186 .100 .961 .116 .138 .074 .981 .119 .140 .076 1.05 .128 .152 .081 1.06 .129 .152 .082 .391 .059 .154 .289 .013 .110 .209 -.067 .260 -.100 -.087 .268 .366 -.261 -.042 Beta t-value 3.848** 5.345** -3.782** -.657 6.196** -1.421 -1.230 4.036** 1.370 2.955** -.947 3.891** .347 4.091** .177 1.651 -2.190* 5.851** .877 2.441*

** Significant at 1% level, * Significant at 5% level COMPONENT 4 TRADITIONAL Table 1.9 COLLINEARITY STATISTICS BETWEEN THE PREDICTOR VARIABLES PREDICTOR VARIABLES A woman should not work if her husband does not like her to work outside the house (dominating) Women are dependants and need mens protection (protectionist) Looking after the house is primarily a womans responsibility irrespective of whether she is working or not (egotistic) In the evenings, it is better to stay at home rather than going out (conservative) *Variance Inflation Factor TOLERANCE VIF* .859 1.164 .829 1.207 .892 1.121 .900 1.111

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Table 1.10 Multiple Regression Analysis of Traditional (Component 4) and Formal Footwear Attributes
Variables Criterion Variable Coordinated Colours Predictor Variables Dominating Protectionist Egotistic Conservative Criterion Variable Elegance Predictor Variables Dominating Protectionist Egotistic Conservative Criterion Variable Comfort Predictor Variables Dominating Protectionist Egotistic Conservative Criterion Variable Branded Predictor Variables Dominating Protectionist Egotistic Conservative Criterion Variable Friends Predictor Variables Dominating Protectionist Egotistic Conservative B 1.34 .249 .114 -.060 .392 1.43 .118 .288 .216 .102 4.00 -.044 .206 .251 .002 -.45 .358 .388 .050 .238 1.48 -.028 .252 .376 .097 SE .782 .085 .093 .101 .071 .457 .050 .054 .059 .041 .425 .046 .050 .055 .038 .394 .043 .047 .051 .036 .614 .067 .073 .079 .056 -.027 .224 .296 .105 .397 .405 .046 .301 -.060 .265 .287 .003 .141 .323 .215 .139 .189 .081 -.038 .338 Beta FORMAL FOOTWEAR t-value Variables B Criterion Family 1.69 1.718 Predictor .268 2.917** Dominating 1.236 Protectionist -.047 -.592 Egotistic -.049 .507 5.550** Conservative Criterion 1.34 3.128** Posture Predictor 2.358* Dominating .321 5.317** Protectionist .276 3.669** Egotistic .171 2.468* Conservative .018 Criterion 9.422** Ambience 1.83 Predictor Dominating .217 -.951 4.096** Protectionist -.025 4.592** Egotistic .200 .055 Conservative .270 Criterion -1.128 Salesmen 2.47 Predictor 8.306** Dominating .080 8.318** Protectionist .327 .984 Egotistic .127 6.690** Conservative .016 Criterion 2.413* Amenities 2.68 Predictor Dominating .059 -.418 3.469** Protectionist .151 4.752** Egotistic .157 1.754 Conservative .068 SE .563 .062 .067 .072 .051 .387 .042 .046 .050 .035 .618 .068 .073 .080 .056 .596 .065 .071 .077 .054 .617 .067 .073 .079 .056 .060 .143 .132 .078 .080 .305 .106 .018 .207 -.023 .160 .295 .399 .321 .177 .025 .253 -.042 -.038 .544 Beta t-value 3.010** 4.351** -.709 -.674 9.963** 3.464** 7.588** 6.006** 3.434** .501 2.968** 3.206** -.346 2.518* 4.842** 4.136** 1.226 4.626** 1.658 .296 4.351** .881 2.068* 1.978* 1.214

** Significant at 1% level, * Significant at 5% level COMPONENT 5 - RELAXED Table 1.11 COLLINEARITY STATISTICS BETWEEN THE PREDICTOR VARIABLES PREDICTOR VARIABLES TOLERANCE VIF* One should have his/her own credit/debit cards (Practical) .952 1.051 I spend a lot of time with friends talking about brands and products .965 1.036 (Brand Analyst) I drink soft drinks several times a week (unhealthy) .839 1.192 I do not participate in sports activities (non playful) .873 1.146 *Variance Inflation Factor

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Table 1.12 Multiple Regression Analysis of Relaxed (Component 5) and Formal Footwear Attributes
FORMAL FOOTWEAR Variables B SE Beta t-value Variables B Criterion Variable Criterion Coordinated Colours 4.83 1.38 3.510** Family 2.22 Predictor Variables Predictor -.216 .071 -.015 -.184 Practical -.015 Practical .477 Brand Analyst .054 .112 .033 Brand Analyst .512 .049 Unhealthy .008 .157 .004 Unhealthy -.050 -2.303* Nonplayful Nonplayful -.302 .131 -.169 .314 Criterion Criterion Variable Elegance 3.92 1.14 3.451** Posture -.622 Predictor Variables Predictor -2.443* Practical .058 -.165 -.123 Practical -.143 Brand Analyst .574 .005 .093 .003 Brand Analyst .050 .327 .129 .102 Unhealthy Unhealthy .183 1.417 .330 Nonplayful .468 .108 .305 4.327** Nonplayful Criterion Variable Criterion Comfort 7.39 .731 10.10** Ambience -3.25 Predictor Variables Predictor Practical -.082 .038 -.151 .182 -2.181* Practical Brand Analyst .003 .060 .004 .057 Brand Analyst .522 -.010 .083 -.009 Unhealthy -.124 Unhealthy .710 .070 -.209 Nonplayful -.201 -2.89** Nonplayful -.314 Criterion Variable Criterion Branded 7.59 1.04 7.288** Salesmen -3.25 Predictor Variables Predictor Practical -.134 .054 -.154 .197 -2.500* Practical Brand Analyst -.390 .085 -.281 -4.58** Brand Analyst .757 .307 .119 .170 2.588** Unhealthy Unhealthy .389 .099 -.309 Nonplayful -.476 -4.79** Nonplayful -.014 Criterion Variable Criterion Friends 5.78 1.30 4.448** Amenities 3.37 Predictor Predictor Variables Practical -.309 .067 -.313 -4.62** Practical -.470 Brand Analyst .137 .106 .087 1.288 Brand Analyst .008 -.026 .148 -.013 -.179 Unhealthy .552 Unhealthy .124 .106 Nonplayful .185 1.491 Nonplayful .221 ** Significant at 1% level, * Significant at 5% level SE 1.69 .087 .138 .193 .161 1.32 .068 .108 .151 .126 1.26 .065 .103 .143 .120 1.25 .064 .102 .142 .119 1.60 .083 .131 .183 .153 -.366 .004 .207 .097 .186 .445 .176 -.007 .168 .301 .315 -.164 -.118 .344 .151 .179 -.145 .251 -.019 .139 Beta t-value 1.313 -2.112* 3.700** -.261 1.946 -.470 -1.804 5.301** 2.166* 2.614** -2.577* 2.811** 5.067** 4.945** -2.617** -2.601** 3.074** 7.421** 2.736** -.117 2.100* -5.691** .065 3.021** 1.449

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COMPONENT 6 OPTIMISITIC Due to multi collinearity only one variable was considered for regression analysis Table 1.13 Regression Analysis of Optimistic (Component 6) and Formal Footwear Attributes
FORMAL FOOTWEAR t-value Variables B Criterion 6.46 .868 7.447** Family 4.88 Predictor -1.418 Variables -.134 -.184 .130 -.129 Globe Trippers Criterion Variable Criterion Elegance 7.93 .941 8.423** Posture 6.87 Predictor Variables Predictor Globe Trippers -.369 .141 -.234 -.296 -2.62** Globe Trippers Criterion Variable Criterion Comfort 6.96 .343 20.31** Ambience .749 Predictor Variables Predictor Globe Trippers -.045 .051 -.080 -.871 Globe Trippers .570 Criterion Variable Criterion Branded 7.59 .918 8.261** Salesmen 7.29 Predictor Variables Predictor Globe Trippers -.330 .138 -.215 -.246 -2.397* Globe Trippers Criterion Variable Criterion Friends 6.97 .929 7.496** Amenities -1.92 Predictor Variables Predictor Globe Trippers -.324 .139 -.210 .810 -2.328* Globe Trippers ** Significant at 1% level, * Significant at 5% level Variables Criterion Variable Coordinated Colours Predictor Variables Globe Trippers B SE Beta SE 1.23 .184 -.067 Beta t-value 3.970** -.728 5.247** -.138 -1.511 .886 .383 4.505** 10.296** -.209 -2.320* -1.684 .401 4.753**

1.31 .196 .844 .126 .708 .106 1.14 .170

COMPONENT 7 STRIVERS Table 1.14 COLLINEARITY STATISTICS BETWEEN THE PREDICTOR VARIABLES PREDICTOR VARIABLES Doing nothing makes me feel uncomfortable (Active) *Variance Inflation Factor TOLERANCE VIF* .974 1.027 1.027

I will take some courses to brighten my future (Hard Working) .974

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Table 1.15 Multiple Regression Analysis of Strivers (Component 7) and Formal Footwear Attributes
FORMAL FOOTWEAR Variables B SE Beta t-value Variables B Criterion Variable Criterion Coordinated Colours -4.58 2.36 -1.945 Family 5.06 Predictor Variables Predictor Active 1.68 .242 .539 6.949** Active .740 Hard Working -.260 .214 -.094 -1.213 Hard Working -.680 Criterion Variable Criterion Elegance 5.14 1.71 3.005** Posture 11.2 Predictor Variables Predictor Active .060 .176 .032 .342 Active -.360 Hard Working .080 .156 .048 .514 Hard Working -.480 Criterion Variable Criterion 6.74 Comfort 3.48 .607 5.736** Ambience Predictor Predictor Variables Active .420 .062 .536 6.745** Active -.040 1.087 Hard Working -.220 Hard Working .060 .055 .086 Criterion Criterion Variable Branded 13.8 1.93 7.128** Salesmen 9.38 Predictor Predictor Variables -.480 Active -.300 .199 -.128 -1.510 Active Hard Working -.900 .176 -.432 -.140 -5.11** Hard Working Criterion Variable Criterion Friends 20.7 2.64 7.828 Amenities 8.38 Predictor Variables Predictor Active -1.28 .271 -.388 -4.72** Active 1.02 -1.04 .240 -.355 Hard Working -4.33** Hard Working -1.64 ** Significant at 1% level, * Significant at 5% level SE 1.66 .170 .151 2.77 .284 .252 2.22 .228 .202 2.56 .263 .233 2.87 .295 .261 .264 -.478 -.169 -.056 -.016 -.101 -.117 -.175 .345 -.357 Beta t-value 3.054** 4.352** -4.512** 4.035** -1.268 -1.907 3.030** -.175 -1.087 3.666** -1.828 -.601 2.917** 3.460** -6.276**

COMPONENT 8 SYSTEMATIC Table 1.16 COLLINEARITY STATISTICS BETWEEN THE PREDICTOR VARIABLES PREDICTOR VARIABLES TOLERANCE VIF* One should always keep the house neat and clean (Neatness) .821 1.219 A fancy and distinctive living attracts me (Distinctive) .946 1.057 One must save for the rainy day (Cautious) *Variance Inflation Factor .821 1.217

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Table 1.17 Multiple Regression Analysis of Systematic (Component 8) and Formal Footwear Attributes
FORMAL FOOTWEAR Variables B SE Beta t-value Variables B Criterion Variable Criterion Coordinated Colours -5.19 3.85 -1.349 Family -12.4 Predictor Variables Predictor Neatness 2.07 .600 .289 3.445** Neatness 2.48 Distinctive -.425 .157 -.212 -2.71** Distinctive .028 Cautious -.278 .313 -.074 -.886 Cautious .056 Criterion Variable Criterion Elegance -24.8 1.79 -13.9** Posture -21.4 Predictor Variables Predictor Neatness 3.85 .278 .692 13.82** Neatness 3.79 Distinctive -.127 .073 -.08 -1.75 Distinctive .274 Cautious .746 .145 .257 Cautious -.167 5.19** Criterion Variable Criterion Comfort .676 .927 .729 Ambience -20.7 Predictor Variables Predictor Neatness .419 .144 .219 2.89** Neatness 2.36 .109 .038 .202 Distinctive 2.83** Distinctive .525 Cautious .360 .075 .360 4.78** Cautious .907 Criterion Variable Criterion Branded -23.3 2.67 -8.74** Salesmen 3.39 Predictor Variables Predictor Neatness 1.93 .415 .254 4.65** Neatness .006 -2.21* Distinctive -.239 .108 -.113 Distinctive -.008 Cautious 2.52 .216 .636 11.65** Cautious .270 Criterion Variable Criterion Friends -16.1 3.74 -4.30** Amenities -14.2 Predictor Variables Predictor Neatness 3.09 .583 .424 5.30** Neatness 2.38 Distinctive -.121 .152 -.059 -.794 Distinctive -.179 .044 .304 .012 Cautious .146 Cautious .499 ** Significant at 1% level, * Significant at 5% level SE 3.59 .561 .146 .293 3.06 .477 .125 .249 3.0 .469 .122 .245 2.36 .367 .096 .192 4.31 .671 .175 .350 .293 -.079 .117 .001 -.007 .123 .357 .284 .263 .567 .146 -.048 .363 .015 .016 Beta t-value -3.44** 4.42** .193 .193 -6.99** 7.95** 2.19* -.67 -6.89** 5.03** 4.29** 3.71** 1.44 .016 -.084 1.41 -3.30** 3.55** -1.02 1.43

COMPONENT 9 - DOMINANT Table 1.18 COLLINEARITY STATISTICS BETWEEN THE PREDICTOR VARIABLES PREDICTOR VARIABLES Giving dowry in marriage is a tradition and cannot be done away with (Conventional) Friends often come to me for advice (Opinion Leaders) I would go for a walk or do some exercise than sit idle (Stay Fit) *Variance Inflation Factor TOLERANCE VIF* .962 1.039 .975 1.025 .982 1.018

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Table 1.19 Multiple Regression Analysis of Dominant (Component 9) and Formal Footwear Attributes
FORMAL FOOTWEAR Variables B SE Beta t-value Variables B Criterion Variable Criterion Coordinated Colours -1.88 .738 -2.549* Family 3.86 Predictor Variables Predictor 6.440** Conventional Conventional .369 .057 .369 -.112 Opinion leaders .630 .076 .469 8.241** Opinion leaders .186 Stay Fit .292 .091 .182 3.213** Stay Fit .144 Criterion Variable Criterion Elegance 2.17 .538 4.042** Posture 1.59 Predictor Variables Predictor Conventional .305 .042 .435 7.304** Conventional .227 Opinion leaders .349 .056 .370 6.264** Opinion leaders .350 Stay Fit .071 .066 .063 1.067 Stay Fit .171 Criterion Variable Criterion Comfort 3.22 .360 8.926** Ambience 2.47 Predictor Variables Predictor Conventional .213 .028 .444 .319 7.620** Conventional .196 .037 .305 Opinion leaders 5.264** Opinion leaders .215 Stay Fit .221 .044 .287 4.979** Stay Fit -.034 Criterion Variable Criterion Branded -2.50 .666 -3.76** Salesmen 2.68 Predictor Variables Predictor Conventional .243 .052 .246 4.702** Conventional .128 10.22** Opinion leaders .275 Opinion leaders .705 .069 .531 Stay Fit .594 .082 .375 7.244** Stay Fit .071 Criterion Variable Criterion Friends -.077 .875 -.088 Amenities 3.38 Predictor Variables Predictor -.106 Conventional -.007 .068 -.006 Conventional .110 Opinion leaders .801 .091 .520 8.839** Opinion leaders -.175 .166 .108 .090 Stay Fit 1.537 Stay Fit .236 ** Significant at 1% level, * Significant at 5% level SE .858 .067 .089 .106 .688 .053 .071 .085 .625 .049 .065 .077 .836 .065 .087 .103 1.02 .079 .106 .126 .096 -.113 .128 .134 .215 .046 .413 .208 -.027 .272 .313 .128 -.114 .142 .092 Beta t-value 4.493** -1.676 2.091* 1.364 2.315* 4.240** 4.914** 2.015* 3.953** 6.567** 3.330** -.438 3.207** 1.965 3.180** .688 3.317** 1.396 -1.654 1.878

COMPONENT 10 - SPIRITUAL, DIET CONSCIOUS AND SOCIALISING Table 1.20 COLLINEARITY STATISTICS BETWEEN THE PREDICTOR VARIABLES PREDICTOR VARIABLES TOLERANCE VIF* Spiritual values are more important that material things (Spiritual) .910 1.099 I eat only home food and do not like to eat out (Diet Conscious) .897 1.114 I can mingle with strangers easily (Socialising) *Variance Inflation Factor .849 1.178

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Table 1.21 Multiple Regression Analysis of Spiritual, Diet conscious and Socialising (Component 10) and Formal Footwear Attributes
FORMAL FOOTWEAR Variables B SE Beta t-value Variables B Criterion Variable Criterion Coordinated Colours 2.30 .982 2.341* Family 3.28 Predictor Variables Predictor -1.512 Spiritual Spiritual -.208 .137 -.109 .552 3.911** Diet Conscious Diet Conscious .448 .114 .283 -.397 Socialising .207 .076 .201 2.704** Socialising .083 Criterion Variable Criterion Elegance 2.24 .734 3.056** Posture .196 Predictor Variables Predictor Spiritual -.090 .103 -.047 -.873 Spiritual .208 Diet Conscious -.003 .086 -.002 Diet Conscious .240 -.034 Socialising .749 .057 .732 .463 13.11** Socialising Criterion Variable Criterion Comfort 7.52 .698 -.158 10.77** Ambience .551 Predictor Variables Predictor Spiritual -.206 .098 -.113 .568 -2.108* Spiritual -.122 .081 .257 Diet Conscious -1.501 Diet Conscious .319 Socialising .180 .054 -.185 3.312** Socialising Criterion Variable Criterion Branded 1.98 1.01 1.971* Salesmen -.949 Predictor Variables Predictor Spiritual -.293 .141 -.144 -2.081* Spiritual .920 5.613** Diet Conscious Diet Conscious .658 .117 .391 .291 Socialising .183 .078 .168 2.343** Socialising -.240 Criterion Variable Criterion Friends .589 1.14 .518 Amenities 2.69 Predictor Variables Predictor 3.387** Spiritual Spiritual .538 .159 .252 .307 Diet Conscious -.025 .132 -.014 -.190 Diet Conscious .018 .100 .088 .087 Socialising 1.132 Socialising -.086 ** Significant at 1% level, * Significant at 5% level SE 1.19 .166 .139 .093 .866 .121 .101 .067 .910 .127 .106 .071 .906 .127 .106 .070 1.21 .170 .141 .094 .139 .010 -.072 .485 .185 -.235 .320 .217 -.194 .110 .154 .456 .246 -.214 .069 Beta t-value 2.753** 3.318** -2.865** .896 .227 1.720 2.383* 6.87** .605 4.465** 3.008** -2.611** -1.048 7.267** 2.759** -3.401** 2.223* 1.806 .126 -.909

COMPONENT 11 STAY TRIM Table 1.22 COLLINEARITY STATISTICS BETWEEN THE PREDICTOR VARIABLES PREDICTOR VARIABLES I skip breakfast regularly (Stay Trim) I like to watch games than any other entertainment channels (Sports Viewers) *Variance Inflation Factor TOLERANCE VIF* .985 1.015 .985 1.015

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Table 1.23 Multiple Regression Analysis of Stay Trim (Component 11) and Formal Footwear Attributes
FORMAL FOOTWEAR Variables B SE Beta t-value Variables B Criterion Variable Criterion Coordinated Colours -.65 3.52 -.184 Family -4.38 Predictor Variables Predictor Stay Trim -.270 .447 -.052 -.605 Stay Trim 1.68 Sports Viewers 1.04 .313 .283 3.323** Sports Viewers -.351 Criterion Criterion Variable Elegance -7.24 2.45 -2.96** Posture -5.59 Predictor Variables Predictor 1.67 Stay Trim 1.65 .311 .422 5.297** Stay Trim .929 Sports Viewers -.213 Sports Viewers .203 .218 .074 Criterion Variable Criterion -8.99 Comfort 3.49 1.37 2.548** Ambience Predictor Predictor Variables 2.28 Stay Trim -.047 .174 -.023 -.272 Stay Trim 3.855** Sports Viewers -.318 Sports Viewers .470 .122 .324 Criterion Criterion Variable Branded -9.03 2.22 -4.058 Salesmen -21.1 Predictor Predictor Variables 3.06 Stay Trim 1.41 .283 .384 4.975** Stay Trim Sports Viewers .689 .198 .268 3.480** Sports Viewers .753 Criterion Variable Criterion Friends -5.97 2.24 -2.67** Amenities -11.8 Predictor Variables Predictor Stay Trim 1.85 .285 .499 6.48** Stay Trim 1.16 -.314 .199 -.12 Sports Viewers -1.58 Sports Viewers 1.18 ** Significant at 1% level, * Significant at 5% level SE 3.28 .416 .292 3.01 .383 .268 3.73 .474 .332 3.08 .392 .274 3.61 .459 .322 .208 .299 .551 .194 .393 -.078 .361 -.066 .336 -.101 Beta t-value -1.337 4.028** -1.205 -1.857 4.362** -.794 -2.390* 4.819** -.956 -6.830** 7.818** 2.745** -3.270** 2.534** 3.657**

1.11 RESULT AND DISCUSSION A brief discussion on the highest preferences of the consumers for formal shoes (based on the highest Beta value and significant t-value) in each of the factors extracted is given below. Component 1 comprised of stylistic consumers. Six variables (AIO statements) were loaded in this component. Out of which five variables qualified for study due to multicollinearity. Therefore the five types of consumers in this component include Budgeted spenders, stylistic, smart dressers, foreign settlers and fashionables. From Table 1.4 it can be observed that the Budgeted spenders preferred more of branded shoes for formal wear. The stylistic consumers were more store conscious. They preferred to purchase formal wear from the store that had good ambiences. The smart dressers preferred their formal shoes to coordinate with the colour of their attire. The consumers who preferred to settle abroad preferred to wear formal shoes that enhanced their postures. The fashionables preferred elegant formal shoes. Component 2 comprised of confident consumers. Four variables (AIO statements) were loaded in this component. The four types of consumers in this category include Nuclear Family oriented, Confident, Independent and Skilled. From Table 1.6 it can be observed that the consumers who preferred to live in nuclear family were bound to purchase shoes from the store that exclusively sold footwear and no other amenities. The confident consumers purchased formal shoes based on
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brands. The independent consumers preferred to wear formal shoes with coordinated colours. The skilled consumers who perceived that they had lot of personal ability preferred elegant and comfortable shoes and they never consult their family in the purchase of formal shoes. Component 3 was named as cautious shoppers. This component comprised of three types of consumers namely social, cautious shoppers and price conscious. From Table 1.8 it can be inferred that the social consumers who are very active in all the social functions preferred to purchase formal shoes from the outlets that sold other amenities as well. The cautious shoppers who visit many shops before they finalised their sales preferred to wear formal shoes that were comfortable. The price conscious consumers preferred to wear formal shoes that were elegant and branded. Component 4 named as traditional comprised of four types of consumers namely dominating, protectionist, egotistic and conservative. From Table 1.10 it can be read that the dominating types preferred to purchase formal shoes on the basis of brand and those that enhance their postures. The protectionist also purchased formal shoes on the basis of brand. The Egotistic consumers purchased formal shoes primarily after consultation with their friends. The conservative consumers were very family oriented. Component 5 comprised of relaxed consumers. The four types of consumers in this category include Practical, Brand Analyst, Unhealthy lifestyle and Nonplayful. From Table 1.12 it can be observed that the practical consumers preferred to purchase shoes from specialized store. The brand analysts were highly influenced by the behaviour of the salesmen. The consumers who lead unhealthy lifestyle preferred to purchase formal shoes from the outlets that had better ambiences. The consumers who generally do not participate in sports activities preferred to purchase unbranded shoes. Component 6 were named as optimistic consumers. Due to multicollinearity only one variable qualified for the study. Therefore there was only one type of consumers i.e., the globe trippers who were passionate about touring around the world. From Table 1.13 it can be observed that the consumers in this category preferred to purchase formal shoes from the store that sold other amenities also. Component 7 was named as strivers. The two types of consumers in this category were active and hard working. The active consumers were colour conscious. The hard working consumers preferred to purchase formal shoes from specialized store (Refer Table 1.15). Component 8 was named as systematic. The three types of consumers in this category include, men who preferred to keep their house neat and clean, men who were attracted towards a distinctive lifestyle and men who were very cautious about saving money. The first category preferred formal shoes that were elegant. The second category preferred to purchase formal shoes from the outlets that had better ambiences. The cautious men who were very particular about saving money preferred branded footwear (Table 1.17). Component 9 was named as dominant. Under this category, there were the conventional consumers who primarily preferred formal shoes that were comfortable. The opinion leaders and the Stay fit type of consumers in this category were very brand conscious (Table 1.19). Component 10 comprised of spiritual and diet conscious consumers. There were three types of consumers in this category, the spiritual, diet conscious and socialising. The spiritual consumers took their purchase decision based on the behaviour of the salesmen. The diet conscious consumers were highly brand conscious and the socialising ones preferred formal shoes that were elegant (Table 1.21). Component 11 was named as stay trim. The two types of consumers in this component include stay trim, the men who often skipped their breakfast and the Sports Viewers, the men who preferred to watch sports than any other channels. The stay trim preferred to purchase formal shoes from the outlets, where the salesmen treated them well. The sports viewers preferred to wear footwear that was primarily comfortable.
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CONCLUSION The footwear industry is susceptible to certain vital issues namely, market volatility due to frequent changes in fashion, diverse market, competition from innumerable manufacturers both from the organised and unorganized sector and the dissimilar buying habits of the customers. The conclusion reached through the present study is that mapping the behavioural pattern of the consumers and then associating with the footwear attributes can help the manufacturers and retailers to understand their target market better. Further similar behavioural patterns can also exist in other countries, therefore it becomes easier to tap the global markets. The Indian Footwear is a sector with tremendous opportunity but still untapped. REFERENCES 1. Peter Knorringar, Mar 1998, Economics of Collaboration in Producer-Trader Relations: Transaction Regimes between markets and hierarchy in the Agra Footwear cluster Small Business Economics, 10 (2), 193 195, Springer 2. Carmody, Padraig, Oct 1998, Neoclassical practice and the collapse of industry in Zimbabwe: The cases of Textiles, Clothing and Footwear, 74(4): ProQuest Research Library 319-343 3. Pringle Heather, Jul 3, 1998, Eight Millennia of footwear fashion Science, 281, 5373, ProQuest, 23 - 25 4. Segal Troy, Aug (2000), Footwear Fervor, ABA Journal, 86, 82 84 5. Gayle E Reiber, Douglas G Smith, Carolyn M Wallace, Christy A, Vath B S, Katrina Sullivan, Shane Hayes, Onchee Yu, Don Martin, Mathew Maciejewski Sep/Oct 2002, Footwear used by individuals with diabetes and a history of foot ulcer Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development, 39(5) , ProQuest Research Library, PP 615 622 6. Vijay Viswanathan, Sivagami Madahavan, saraswathy Gnansundaram, Gauthan Rajasekar, Ambady Ramachandran, Feb 2004, Effectiveness of different types of footwear insoles for the diabetic neuropathic foot, Diabetes Care, 27 (2), ProQuest Research Library Pg 474 477 7. Jose Antonio Miranda, 2009, Competing in Fashion Goods: Firms and Industrial Districts in the development of the Spanish Shoe Industry , 7, 1 - 34 8. Zakim, Michael, 2007, A foot in the past: Consumers, Producers and Footwear in the long Eighteenth Century, Business History Review, 81(1), ProQuest Research Library, 194 - 196 9. S L Rao (September 30, 2000) Indias Rapidly Changing Consumer Markets, Economic and Political Weekly, 3570 3572 Web References 1. 2. 3. 4. http://www.leatherindia.org/products/footwear.asp, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangalore http://www.aplfindia.com/seminars.asp http://www.indianexpress.com/news/footwear-industry-seen-at-rs-38-500-cr/912014/

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