Synopsis Mini Project

FM TRANSMITTER AS A JAMMER
A MINI PROJECT REPORT Submitted by
Mr. KUMAR ABHISHEK (2009EEC13)

in partial fulfilment for the award of the degree of
BACHLEOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING At
SCHOOL OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING SHRI MATA VAISHNO DEVI UNIVERSITY KATRA
NOVEMBER 2011
Mr. AMAN KUMAR JHA (2009EEC20)

NOVEMBER 2011
Mr. MOTI LAL (2009EEC21)

NOVEMBER 2011
Mr. SHUBHAM SAKHUJA (2009EEC33)

NOVEMBER 2011
Certificate
This is to certify that the Mini project Report entitled FM TRANSMITTER AS A JAMMER being submitted by KUMAR ABHISHEK (2009EEC13) to the School of Electronics and Communication Engineering, for the award of Bachelor of Technology Degree in Electronics and Communication, is a bona-fide work carried out by him under the supervision and guidance of the undersigned. His Seminar-Report has reached the standard of fulfilling of requirements of the regulations related to degree.
We wish best for his endeavour.
Asst. Prof. S.B KOTWAL PROJECT CO-ORDINATOR, SECE
Dr. VIPAN KAKKAR Director ,SECE
Certificate
This is to certify that the Mini project Report entitled FM TRANSMITTER AS A JAMMER being submitted by AMAN KUMAR JHA (2009EEC20) to the School of Electronics and Communication Engineering, for the award of Bachelor of Technology Degree in Electronics and Communication, is a bona-fide work carried out by him under the supervision and guidance of the undersigned.His Seminar-Report has reached the standard of fulfilling of requirements of the regulations related to degree.
We wish best for his endeavor.
Certificate
This is to certify that the Mini project Report entitled FM TRANSMITTER AS A JAMMER being submitted by MOTI LAL (2009EEC21) to the School of Electronics and Communication Engineering, for the award of Bachelor of Technology Degree in Electronics and Communication, is a bona-fide work carried out by him under the supervision and guidance of the undersigned.His Seminar-Report has reached the standard of fulfilling of requirements of the regulations related to degree.
Certificate
This is to certify that the Mini project Report entitled FM TRANSMITTER AS A JAMMER being submitted by SHUBHAM SAKHUJA (2009EEC33) to the School of Electronics and Communication Engineering, for the award of Bachelor of Technology Degree in Electronics and Communication, is a bona-fide work carried out by him under the supervision and guidance of the undersigned.His Seminar-Report has reached the standard of fulfilling of requirements of the regulations related to degree.
ABSTRACT
Cell phones and radio receivers are used everywhere these days. It's great to be able to call anyone anytime. But unfortunately, restaurants, movie theatres, concerts, shopping malls and churches all suffer from the spread of cell phones because not all cell-phone users know when to stop talking. While most of us just grumble and move on, some people are actually going to extremes to retaliate. Communication Jammer can be one of the solutions to this problem.
A transmitter is a device from which signal is transmitted into free space, after insertion of suitable carrier, i.e. is superimposed on a high frequency-sine wave. Jamming a signal whose frequency is known, and which is fixed. Every radio broadcast (AM, FM, or short-wave) has a certain characteristic frequency. Each radio channel has a different frequency, which can be from around 1 million cycles per second for AM radio to 100 million cycles per second, for FM. This frequency is determined by the broadcast transmitter and basically is how many times per second the radio signal wave oscillates. When we pick up a radio signal, we "tune" our radio to the frequency of the broadcast transmitter. The way to jam a radio broadcast is to radiate a signal at that same frequency, but which is stronger than the one of the broadcast transmitter. Then, since the radio is tuned to that frequency, we'll pick up the jamming signal rather than the one we were hoping to receive. Major application of Jammer includes controlling a hostage situation in which police can control when and where a captor can make a phone call. Police can block phone calls during a drug raid so suspects can't communicate outside the area. Cell-phone jammers can be used in areas where radio transmissions are dangerous, (areas with a potentially explosive atmosphere), such as chemical storage facilities or grain elevators. Moreover it can be used in places like Hospitals, restaurants, movie theatres, concerts, shopping malls and churches where silence is required.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to express our deep sense of gratitude to our project guide, Asstt. Prof. S.B.Kotwal for encouraging us to undertake this project as well as providing all the necessary guidance and inspirational support throughout this project. I deem it my privilege to have carried this project under his valuable guidance. I am also grateful to other members of the ECE department who co-operated with me regarding some critical issues. I am also indebted to my friends for always being there with all their help and support. Last, but not at all the least, i thank God, the almighty for his blessings in the course of this work.
KUMAR ABHISHEK 2009EEC13
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
AMAN KUMAR JHA 2009EEC20
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
MOTI LAL 2009EEC21
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
SHUBHAM SAKHUJA 2009EEC33
TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER NO. TITLE ABSTRACT ACKNOWLEDGMENT 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Jamming : Good or Bad 1.2 Terminology Used 1.3 History Associated with Jamming 1 2 3 PAGE NO. ii iii
2.
FM MOULATION AND JAMMING 2.1 Jamming Technique 2.2 Blocks in our Project 2.3 FM Modulation and Jamming 2.3.1 Modulation Technique 2.3.2 Colpitts Oscillator 2.3.3Signal Generation and Amplification 2.3.4 Capture Effect 2.3.5 Circuit Diagram 2.3.6 Result 2.3.7 Application 4 4 5 5 6 8 10 11 11 12
APPENDICES REFERENCES
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Jamming : Good or Bad
Cell phones are used everywhere these days. According to the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI), almost 300.49 million people were subscribers of Mobile phones at the end of 2008. This is likely to increase to more than 500 million mobile phone users by 2010 according to a survey conducted by Nokia
It's great to be able to call anyone at anytime. Unfortunately, restaurants, colleges, Hospitals, shopping malls and churches all suffer from the spread of cell phones because not all cell-phone users know when to stop talking. There comes the need of jamming which is nothing but blocking the signals.
On one hand, jamming is seen as property theft, because a private company has purchased the rights to the radio spectrum, and jamming the spectrum is akin to stealing the property the company has purchased. It also represents a safety hazard because jamming blocks all calls in the area, not just the annoying ones. Jamming a signal could block the call of a babysitter frantically trying to contact a parent or someone trying to call for an ambulance.
While on the other hand it is a very handy tool to curb in the theft/emergencies like bomb tracing (where usually cell phone communication is used) by controlling a hostage situation in which police can control when and where a captor can make a phone call. Police can block phone calls during a drug raid so suspects can't communicate outside the area.
It is said that science is a both boon and bane. It all depends upon the person who uses it. So FM Jammer could also be misused. So there has to be a provision of regular regulation and monitoring by the government in accordance with very strict guidelines to prevent any misuse arising from a jammer.
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1.2 Terminology Used Following is the brief explanation of the various terms used in the abstract of the project.
1. Signal: In the physical world, any quantity measurable through time or over space can be taken as a signal. 2. Baseband Signal: Baseband signal refers to the message signals (Modulating signal) which are to be transmitted over long distances using suitable techniques. 3. Carrier: Carrier is a high frequency signal which is used for long distance transmission of low-frequency message signals. 4. Modulation: Modulation is defined as the superposition of a modulating signal over high frequency carrier signal so as to change the characteristics of the carrier wave according to the modulating signal. 5. FM Modulation: In Frequency Modulation, the frequency of carrier is varied by modulating voltage whose amplitude remains constant. 6. Transmitter: Transmitter as a whole refers to that block which consists of encoder, modulator and transmitting antennae in which a signal is converted into radio waves. 7. Oscillator: Oscillator is an instrument that generates repetitive alternating current/voltage waveform of fixed amplitude and frequency without any external input signal. 8. Voltage Controlled Oscillator: In a Voltage Controlled Oscillator, external input signal decides the frequency of oscillator. Frequency increase for positive input voltage and decreases for negative input voltage. 9. Amplifier: Amplifier is a device which boosts the input signal in parameters of either current or voltage. 10. Buffer: A Buffer is the one that provides the impedance transformation from one circuit to another. 11. Capture Effect: The capture effect is defined as the complete suppression of the weaker signal at the receiver limiter (if it has one) where the weaker signal is not amplified, but attenuated. 12. Bandwidth: Its the difference between the maximum and the minimum frequency component contained in a signal.
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1.3 History Associated with Jamming During World War II ground radio operators would attempt to mislead pilots by false instructions in their own language, in what was more precisely a spoofing attack than jamming. Radar jamming is also important to disrupt use of radar used to guide an enemy's missiles or aircraft. Modern secure communication techniques use such methods as spread spectrum modulation to resist the deleterious effects of jamming.
Jamming of foreign radio broadcast stations has often been used in wartime (and during periods of tense international relations) to prevent or deter citizens from listening to broadcasts from enemy countries. However such jamming is usually of limited effectiveness because the affected stations usually change frequencies, put on additional frequencies and/or increase transmission power.
Jamming has also occasionally been used by the Governments of Germany (during WW2), Israel, Cuba, Iraq, Iran (Iraq and Iran war, 1980-1988), China, North and South Korea and several Latin American countries, as well as by Ireland against pirate radio stations such as Radio Nova. The United Kingdom government used two coordinated, separately located transmitters to jam the offshore radio ship, Radio North Sea International off the coast of Britain in 1970.
The bombs that blew up commuter trains in Spain in March 2004, as well as blasts in Bali in October 2002 and Jakarta in August 2003, all relied on cell phones to trigger explosives. It has been widely reported that a cell-phone jammer thwarted an assassination attempt on Pakistani President Musharraf in December 2003. When President Bush visited London in November 2004, it was reported that British police considered using jammers to protect the president's motorcade through London.
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CHAPTER 2 : FM MODULATION AND JAMMING

2.1 JAMMING TECHNIQUE FM Modulated signals are used in the majority of wireless communication uses due to its superiority in terms of noise rejection and co-channel (or adjacent channel) interference. If two signals of same frequency (or within some deviation), the signal with the lower amplitude is attenuated with the factor of the amplitude of that having higher amplitude and the other remains unaffected. We are using this property to model this Jammer, which is known as capture effect.
In other words, every radio broadcast (AM, FM, or short-wave) has a certain characteristic frequency. Each radio channel has a different frequency, which can be from around 1 million cycles per second for AM radio to 100 million cycles per second, for FM. This frequency is determined by the broadcast transmitter and basically is how many times per second the radio signal wave oscillates. When you pick up a radio signal, you "tune" your radio to the frequency of the broadcast transmitter. The way to jam a radio broadcast is to radiate a signal at that same frequency, but which is stronger than the one of the broadcast transmitter. Then, since your radio is tuned to that frequency, you'll pick up the jamming signal rather than the one you were hoping to receive. 2.2 BLOCKS IN OUR PROJECT We have four major blocks in our project which are as follows:-
1. Signal Generation and its amplification. 2. Buffer Stage 3. FM Modulation 4. Transmission.
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With the help of mike (or mic) we shall be converting speech signal to some voltage level and its amplification is done using OPAMP (LM-358). Then with the help of buffer which is basically a voltage follower we give this signal to oscillator. Clapped oscillator modifies its frequency according to incoming signal given, thus modulation of frequency takes place in this stage. Finally this signal is transmitted through antenna of proper dimensions.
We have split the entire project in four different blocks.
Signal Generation and Amplification
Buffer
FM Modulator
Transmitter
2.3 FM MODULATION AND JAMMING 2.3.1. MODULATION TECHNIQUE Modulation is defined as the superposition of a modulating signal over high frequencycarrier signal so as to change the characteristics of the carrier wave according to the modulating signal. In Frequency Modulation, the frequency of carrier is varied by modulating voltage whose amplitude remains constant. In other words argument of carrier is varied according to modulating signal.
Mathematically, let m(t) be the modulating signal and v(t) be the carrier signal such that
m(t) = A cos ( wmt ) and v(t)= V cos ( wct + ). Then modulated signal x(t) = V cos ( wct + (t) ) where (t)= Kf m(t) dt. -5-
Simply if Wx(t), is the frequency of modulated signal, it varies as
Wx(t) = wc + Kf wm Oscillator is an instrument that generates repetitive alternating current/voltage waveform of fixed amplitude and frequency without any external input signal. In a Voltage Controlled Oscillator, external input signal decides the frequency of oscillator. Frequency increases for positive input voltage and decreases for negative input voltage. So if modulating signal is applied to the input of VCO, the output of Oscillator will have a varying frequency signal which is nothing but the frequency modulated signal.
m(t)
Oscillator fc
x(t)
2.3.2 Colpitts Oscillator A crystal Oscillator provides constant stable frequency at higher frequencies but we cannot vary the frequency by applying input bias voltage or simply it cannot act as a VCO. A colpitt oscillator provides relatively stable frequencies in which the output frequency can be obtained as a simple function of modulating voltage. A Colpitts oscillator is one of a number of designs for electronic oscillator circuits using the combination of an inductance (L) with a capacitor (C) for frequency determination, thus also called LC oscillator. The basic Colpitts circuit has two capacitors and one inductor to determine the frequency of oscillation. The feedback needed for oscillation is taken from a voltage divider made by the two capacitors.
As with any oscillator, the amplification of the active component should be marginally larger than the attenuation of the capacitive voltage divider, to obtain stable operation. Thus, using the Colpitts oscillator for a variable frequency oscillator VFO is best done by using a variable
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inductance for tuning, instead of tuning one of the two capacitors. If tuning by a variable capacitor is needed, it should be a third one connected in parallel to the inductor (or in series as in the Clapp oscillator).
Oscillation frequency is given by
where C = Series comination of C1 and C2
Or
Here base of transistor is grounded, that implies the frequency of oscillator is constant. If some input is applied to this frequency will increase or decrease depending upon the amplitude of bias applied is positive or negative. Moreover this deviation in frequency is proportional to the amplitude of bias. Thus if modulating signal is applied to this base, output of the oscillator will be a frequency modulation signal. Circuit is becomes as shown
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2.3.3. Signal Generation and Amplification: A microphone is used to generate signal from audio signal. Some other signal generator with high Bandwidth could be used if we are to cover the maximum of BW of a signal that we intend to block. This signal is very week so it needs to be amplified. An operational amplifier has a very high gain which can be used to amplifying such weak signal. We have used here LM 358 which has a high gain and has internally frequency compensated operational amplifiers which are designed specifically to operate from a single power supply over a wide range of voltages. [5] We are using LM 358 as non-inverting amplifier. Further to reduce the effect of noise and stabilize the circuit we are using voltage divider circuit at input.
Vout = Vin
1+R2/R1
Vin
Vout
R1
R2
Buffer:Voltage follower is used as buffer here. Voltage follower used here is a simple unity gain amplifier realised with same LM 358 operational amplifiers. This is used to match the impedance
transformation from one circuit to another.
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Transmitter:A transmitter is an electronic device which, usually with the aid of an antenna, propagates an electromagnetic signal such as radio, television, or other telecommunications.
Generally in communication and information processing, a transmitter is any object (source) which sends information to an observer (receiver). When used in this more general sense, vocal chords may also be considered an example of a transmitter. In radio electronics and broadcasting, a transmitter usually has a power supply, an oscillator, a modulator, and amplifiers for audio frequency (AF) and radio frequency (RF). The modulator is the device which piggybacks (or modulates) the signal information onto the carrier frequency, which is then broadcast.
Size of transmitting antenna should be comparable to that of wavelength of signal.
Mathematically, size of antenna L= /4; where is the wavelength of signal. Wavelength of the signal used is related to its frequency f by = c/f where c is velocity of light in vacuum.
Therefore,
L = /4f
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2.3.4 Capture Effect In telecommunication, the capture effect, or FM capture effect, is a phenomenon associated with FM reception in which only the stronger of two signals at, or near, the same frequency will be demodulated. The capture effect is defined as the complete suppression of the weaker signal at the receiver limiter (if it has one) where the weaker signal is not amplified, but attenuated. When both signals are nearly equal in strength, or are fading independently, the receiver may switch from one to the other and exhibit picket fencing. The capture effect can occur at the signal limiter, or in the demodulation stage, for circuits that do not require a signal limiter. Some types of radio receiver circuits have a stronger capture effect than others. The measurement of how well a receiver can reject a second signal on the same frequency is called the capture ratio for a specific receiver. It is measured as the lowest ratio of the power of two signals that will result in the suppression of the smaller signal.
FM 1
A1 cos ( wct + (t) )
RECEIVER
A2/A cos ( wct + (t) )
FM2
A2 cos ( wct + (t) )
A1 cos ( wct + (t)
If amplitude A1> A2, the signal received at the receiver due to FM2 is attenuated by a factor of A1. Therefore, signal due to FM2 will be A2/ A1 cos ( wct + (t) ).
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2.3.5 Circuit Diagram
2.3.6 Result Our intention is to block 101.8 MHz signal which is AIR Jammu in vicinity. From circuit diagram we have C9 =33 pF and L=112 uH
C= 2.22 uF. Therefore, the value at which Varicap is to be tuned is equal to 33.02 pF which is approximately equal to 33 pF
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2.3.7 Applications 1. During a hostage situation, police can control when and where a captor can make a phone call. Police can block phone calls during a drug raid so suspects can't communicate outside the area.
2. Cell-phone jammers can be used in areas where radio transmissions are dangerous, (areas with a potentially explosive atmosphere), such as chemical storage facilities or grain elevators.
3. It can be used in places like Hospitals, restaurants, movie theatres, concerts, shopping malls and churches where silence is required.
4. Examination Halls, where there are chances of high some fraud, can install this system to block this radio signal so that no communication can take place from outside. (To stop Munna Bhai Effect... dont be serious)
APPENDICES Data Sheet of I C LM 358
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REFERENCES 1. Annual Report 2008, Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI). 2. Electronic Communication Systems by Kennedy and Davis. 3. www.wikipedia.org 4. www.howstuffworks.com 5. Linear Integrated Circuit by Ramakant A. Gayakward. 6. Signals and systems By B.P. Lathi 7. FM Transmitter (Google Search) 8. Electromagnetic Field Theory by KD Prasad. 9. Circuit Maker Manual.
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FM TRANSMITTER AS A JAMMER

A MINI PROJECT REPORT Submitted by

Mr. KUMAR ABHISHEK (2009EEC13)

Mr. AMAN KUMAR JHA (2009EEC20)

Mr. MOTI LAL (2009EEC21)

Mr. SHUBHAM SAKHUJA (2009EEC33)

We wish best for his endeavour.

Asst. Prof. S.B KOTWAL PROJECT CO-ORDINATOR, SECE

Dr. VIPAN KAKKAR Director ,SECE

We wish best for his endeavor.

Asst. Prof. S.B KOTWAL PROJECT CO-ORDINATOR, SECE

Dr. VIPAN KAKKAR Director ,SECE

We wish best for his endeavor.

Asst. Prof. S.B KOTWAL PROJECT CO-ORDINATOR, SECE

Dr. VIPAN KAKKAR Director ,SECE

We wish best for his endeavor.

Asst. Prof. S.B KOTWAL PROJECT CO-ORDINATOR, SECE

Dr. VIPAN KAKKAR Director ,SECE

KUMAR ABHISHEK 2009EEC13

AMAN KUMAR JHA 2009EEC20

MOTI LAL 2009EEC21

SHUBHAM SAKHUJA 2009EEC33

CHAPTER 2 : FM MODULATION AND JAMMING

1. Signal Generation and its amplification. 2. Buffer Stage 3. FM Modulation 4. Transmission.

We have split the entire project in four different blocks.

Signal Generation and Amplification

Simply if Wx(t), is the frequency of modulated signal, it varies as

Oscillation frequency is given by

where C = Series comination of C1 and C2

transformation from one circuit to another.

Size of transmitting antenna should be comparable to that of wavelength of signal.

A1 cos ( wct + (t)

2.3.5 Circuit Diagram

APPENDICES Data Sheet of I C LM 358

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