Ashin Narada Buddha Diary 2

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(17-7-2001)
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(9)ESpw
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qmMuD; tmvmawumESifhoGm;a&mufaqG;aEG;av&m if;yk*KdvfMuD;u Ak'omoemawmfMuD; uG,fyykHukd
c&m;aphwGif;us odEkdif&efrSm (1) ausmufpmbufXmerS tpD&ifcHpmrsm; (2) 'dpMwdwf*ZufwD,mpmtkyfrsm;
(3) [dE?D b*FgvD? t*Fvyd pf aom bmomrsm;jzifh a&;om;xm;aom&mZ0ifrsm; (4) zm[D,ef[al 0qifrw
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hf MuaH y;avonf/ xkaYd Mumifh uREyfk rf mS
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uREyfk pf mtkyu
f m; xkrd QEiS rhf jy;D ajrmufEidk af o;ojzifh tDv,
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uREyfk &f &Sx
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f dk &[ef; (8)0gajrmufwiG f t0uRe;f abwvD,m&Gm pwifa&;om; jy;D qk;H jcif;odYk
2
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xkwaf 0&ef wm0ef,x
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Oya'tyd'k (f 6)? yk'rf (18)t& zrf;qD;um 'um;A[kad xmifMu;D xJwiG f (6)vcGw
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]]Ak'o
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awmfMuD;onf tdEd,jynfwGif rnfaomtaMumif;wkdYaMumifh uG,fy&avonf[laom taMumif;OkH
tvkH;pkHukd tukeftpifodMu&efESifh jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiH&Sd omoemawmfMuD;ukdvnf; xdkodkYrjzpfap&ef
rnf o k d Y r nf y k H umuG , f apmif h a &S m uf o if h a Mumif ; [l a om&nf & G , f c suf o m&S d y gaMumif ; /
pmtkyfxGufay:Ekdif&ef (1) rd*'g0kefq&mawmfOD;udwdru pmrltenf;i,fcefYudk pkaqmif;ay;jcif;?
(2) ppfawGjrKd Utky&f mZ0wftyk Of ;D omausmu
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ulnDay;jcif;? (4) 33-vrf;? eHygwf-186ae usm;nDaemifaq;wkdufykdif&Sif 'g,umOD;btkdESifha':vSpdefwkdYu
aiGaMu;? tMuHPfponfwkdYjzifh ulnDapmifray;jcif;? uJhodkY wwftm;oa&GU tbufbufrS ulnDapmifr
ay;Muaom &[ef;yk*Kdvf? vlyk*KdvfwkdYtm; txl;aus;Zl;wifotyfygaMumif;/
pmtkyf 0guspum;tokH;tEIef; tenf;i,fcefY tqifrajyrIrsm;&SdcJhygrl tjypfr&I tusKd;jyKum
zwf&IMuyg&ef pmzwfy&dowfMuD;okdY av;eufpGmawmif;yeftyfygaMumif;/
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wpfvkH;wpfyg'rQ jyifqifjznfhpGuf&ef uRefawmfrawGU&Sdyg/
pmtkyfwpftkyfukd zwfMunfhrdvQif xkdpmtkyfa&;om;ol pma&;q&m\taMumif; tjcif;t&mrsm;udk
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arC0wDOD;em&'[laombGJUtrnfukd rSwfrdcsifrS rSwfrdMuayrnf/ okdYaomf ygupwefu jynfESif'Pf
ay;vku
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OD;em&'onf jrefrmjynfrS ygVdy#d uwfpmayrsm;udk wwfajrmufonfw
h idk af tmif oif,jl y;D aemuf 'kw,
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urmppfMu;D rjzpfrD wpfEpS af vmufu tdE,
d ok<Yd uoGm;cJah vonf/ Am&mPoD,el AD mpwDwiG f (4)ESprf Q t*Fvyd ?f
ouw? b*FgvDpaom wuov
dk yf nmbmom&yfrsm;udk oif,jl y;D aemuf ta&SUygupwef b*Fvm;t0uRe;f odYk
jyef<uvmum omoemjyKvkyfief;ESifhtrsKd;om;a&;vkyfief;rsm;udk xda&mufpGm tm;MudK;rmefwuf aqmif&Guf
cJhavonf/ OD;em&'onf Ak'bmom0ifrsm;toif;udk wnfaxmifonfhjyif t0uRef;wGifaexkdifaom jrefrm
wpfaomif;ajcmufaxmifcefYwkdY\vlenf;pk tcGifhta&;rsm;ukd ygupweftpkd;&xH rMumrMum ta&;qkdcJhav&m
bmoma&;ESit
hf rsK;d om;a&;wGif t,lonf;vSaom ygupweftpk;d &onf t&Sijf rwftm; 'um;axmifMu;D twGi;f okYd
apwemAv0jzifh yifhaqmifcJhavonf/
aemufqkH;wGif tem[m&oydwfudk ukdifpGJum tpmiwfcHaom OD;em&'tm; axmifrSxkwf jynfESif
'Pfay;&aomtajcodkY a&mufcJhavonf/
1948-ckESpf wGif OD;em&'onf jrefrmjynfodkY jynfESif'PfESifhtwl jyefvnf <ua&mufvmaomtcg
t0uRef;jyempmrlESifhrlMurf;tm;jzifh jyD;pD;vmaom Ak'orkdif;yg wpfygwnf; yg&Sdvmygonf/
jrefrmjynfokdY jyefa&muf&SdjyD;aemuf Ak'orkdif;udk qufvuf tacsmukdifa&;om;avonf/
Ak'o
rkid ;f rSm Ak'o
moemorkid ;f yifjzpfavonf/ jrefpmpmayjzifh a&;om;xm;aom &mZ0ifEiS o
hf moem
0ifusr;f rsm;wGif omoemxGe;f um; ay:aygufvmyku
H dk zwf&MI u&rnfjzpfaomfvnf; Ak'& iS af wmf y&deAd m efpv
H eG jf y;D
aemuf tdE,
d wGif Ak'o
moemonf tb,fyHk uG,yf oGm;onfuu
kd m; xkpd mtkyrf sm;wGif tus,w
f 0ifh a&;om;xm;
onfudk rawGU&acs/ okaYd omf ,ck arC0wD\Ak'o
rkid ;f rSmrl Ak'o
moemhaemufyikd ;f \&mZ0ifukd tao;pdwu
f m
Ak'omoemonf bmomjcm;t,lonf;orm;rsm;\vufcsufjzifh tb,fykHuG,fyoGm;onfukd c&m;aphwGif;us
az:jyxm;avonf/
uReaf wmf xifonf/
arC0wDOD;em&'onf Ak'orkdif;udk Ak'bmomqefYusifa&;tjcm;bmom0if t,lonf;orm;
rsm;\ya,m*jzifh tdE,
d ESijhf refrmtygt0if urmtESt
YH jym; avmifpv
JG su&f adS om Ak'o
moemrD;Mu;D udk tcsed rf D
jird ;f owf&efEiS ahf vmifpv
JG waYH om omoemhr;D udyk g MuKd wifumuG,Ef idk &f ef taxmuftyHjh zpfaom oifcef;pmtkyf
wpftkyfjzpfygap[laom &nf&G,fcsufjzifh a&;om;jcif;jzpfayvdrfhrnf[k uRefawmfxifygonf/
trSeaf wmh pmtkyo
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onfx
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f nf tb,frQ tESpf
om&ESijhf ynfph
Hk tb,frQtzk;d xku
d w
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hJ aYkd om t&nftcsi;f rsK;d &Srd S pmtkyrf sK;d udk a&;om;
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aemufqkH;wGif pmzwfolukd,fwkdif od&Sd&rnfyif jzpfygonf/
rmef a tmif y D ,
4-5-51
4
Ak'orkdif;
r[maAm"d (0g) Ak'* ,m
b*0g twkv wdy&0ocif jrwfAk'bk&m;&Sifukd,fawmfjrwfMuD;\ oAnKwxif&Sm; bk&m;tjzpfokdY
a&muf&Sdawmfrlaomae&mum; r[maAm"dac: Ak'*,mjrdKUyifjzpfawmhonf/ xkdjrdKUonf tdEd,jynf bD[me,f
*,m'dpMww
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f iG f bk&m;&Siu
f ,
dk af wmfjrwf\vufxufawmfrpS omoem'g,um
oD&"d rmaomurif;Mu;D vufxufwidk af tmif Ak'* ,mESiyhf wfoufaom taMumif;twKyw
rd sm;ukrd az:jyyJ oD&d
"rmaomurif;rSonf ,aeYxd jzpfysucf ahJ om? jzpfysuv
f su&f adS om r[maAm"d\Murmqk;d uko
d m c&m;aphwiG ;f us
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awmfrlaomae&mrsm;onf urmay:&Sd Ak'bmom0iftaygif;wkdY\bmoma&;udpESifhpyfvsOf;vsuf ta&;MuD;
aom tjrwfqkH;ae&m[kac:&ayrnf/
bmomMuD; 4-bmomESifhtjrwfqkH;ae&m 4-&yf

urmay:wGif Ak'b
mom? [dEL bmom? c&pf,mefbmomESit
hf pvmrfbmom[l bmomMu;D 4-ck&&dS m
[dEL bmom0ifwt
Ydk zkYd Am&mPoD? t,k',
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Yd nf tjrwfq;Hk aom jrKd Ursm;jzpf
xkjd rKd UMu;D rsm;&Sd ausmif;uefapwDyx
k ;dk paom bmoma&;taqmufttkrH sm;udk [dEL wku
Yd omykid q
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jcif;aMumifh 0rf;enf;aMuuGJzG,f&mawGUjrif&onfum;...
1/
apwDykxkd;ponfwkdYrSm aemufaz;tdrfomwrQ npfywfvsuf&Sdjcif;/
2/
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qlqlylyl awmif;cHMujcif;/
3/
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4/
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5/
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6/
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5
earmw b*0awm t&[awm ormorK'
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f nf pmtkyu
f kd
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momykid rf [kwaf om tdE,
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a&;om;az:jyvkdufygtHh/
Statement of object and reasons
The Maha Bodhi Temple at Buddhagaya is most Sacred Shrine of Buddhist World, as it stands on
the spot where Lord Buddha attained Supreme Wisdom. It is to the Buddhist what Macca is to the
Muslim, Ayodhya to Hindu and Jerusalem to Christian. It is in the hands of a non-Buddhist, the Saivite
Mahanth of Buddhagaya. For many years past the Buddhists have been greaty dissatisfied with his management of the temple and temple Land. They have expressed their strong desire to have them restored to
their control. The desire is but natural and this bill is intended to make provision for the better management
of the temple and temple Land and for their restoration to the Buddhists of India, Burma and Ceylon
without prejudice to the right of Hindus to worship the image of Buddha in the temple and to offer Pinda
at the Bodhi Tree to the north of the temple.
Oya'jyK&jcif; taMumif;&if;cHaz:jycsuf
Ak'*,mjrdKUwGif wnf&Sdaeaom r[maAm"dapwDawmfjrwf\ae&mwGif Ak'bk&m;&Sifonf oAnKwa&T
Pfawmfudk &&Sdawmfrlojzifh urmay:&SdAk'bmom0ifwpf&yfvkH;wkdYtwGuf tjrwfqkH;aomae&mjzpfayonf/
rGwq
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bdouJo
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momwkt
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Oya'Murf;onf Ak'* ,mapwDawmfMu;D udk jyefvnfjyifqifa&;ESiahf pwDawmftxJ&dS [dEL wk&Yd yk yf mG ;awmfuu
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xm;&ef &nf&G,favonf/
aqmif;yg;udk 1935-ckESpfu OD;odef;armif? OD;bpDESifha'gufodrf;armifwkdYu Ak'*,mOya'Murf;udk
a&;qGjJ y;D a'vDb&k ifccH sKyMf u;D xH wifoiG ;f cJph Ofu umvuwm;jrKd UrS xkwaf 0aom Statesman ac:owif;pmMu;D rS
a&;om;az:jyvkdufavonf/ Ak'bmomwkdYtzkdY txl;pdwf0ifpm;zG,faumif;\/
tjrwfqkH;ae&mrsm;
Ak'bmom0iftaygif;wkdY\ tjrwfqkH;aomae&mrsm;rSm(1)
Ak'*,mjrdKU&Sd aAm"dyifESifha&Tyvifwnf&mXme/
(2)
rd*'g0kefawm&Sd "rpMumw&m;OD;ukd a[mawmfrl&mXme/
(3)
om0wdjynfaZw0efausmif;awmfMuD;xJ&Sd anmifapmif;awmfwnf&mXme/
(4)
ouFe*kd&fXme
[l t0dZ[dwXme (4)ck&adS vonf/ xkXd mersm;udk ork'& m**Fg0gVKopJ rk u yGiahf wmfrMl uukejf y;D aom
bk&m;&Sit
f qlqw
l Ydk rpGeaYf umif;ay/ yGiq
hf yJ iG v
hf wjYH zpfaombk&m;&Siw
f v
Ydk nf; rpGeaYf umif;? rpGex
Yf u
dk af y/ xdaYk Mumifh
tjrwfqkH;ae&mrsm; (0g) t0dZ[dwXmersm;jzpfavonf/
Ak'*,m apwD'g,um
r[maAm"dESifhyvifawmf\a&SUrsufESmbufwGif txyftm;jzifh ESpfxyf&Sdaompwk*HapwDawmfMuD;wpfql
ukd awGU&S&d \/ if;apwDawmfMu;D rSm ta&SUESit
hf aemufbufoYkd 57- awmif? awmifEiS ahf jrmufudk tawmif 506
&S\
d / atmufro
S nf txufiu
S jf rwfem;awmftxd ayaygif; 100-ausmcf ef&Y adS vonf/ atmufxyfwiG f Pfawmf
3-awmifausmcf ef&Y adS om ausmufnKd qif;wkawmfMu;D wpfql ude;f 0yfvsu&f o
dS nf/ apwDawmfMu;D udk omoemh
'g,umoD&"d rmaomurif;Mu;D onf ae&mwGif ao;i,faomapwDuav;wpfqu
l o
kd m aqmufvyk cf
hJ c&pf
ou&mZf 2-&mpkavmufu r*"aejynfawmfMu;D udk pk;d pHawmfral omAk'b
momrif;wko
Yd nf vuf&adS pwDawmfMu;D ukd
aqmufvyk cf ahJ Mumif;ESiahf z:jyxm;\/ tcsKUd aomynm&Sirf sm;url c&pf 5-&mpkavmufrmS apwDMu;D udk aqmuf
vkycf ahJ Mumif;ESiahf wGU&S&d jyefavonf/ q&mtrsK;d rsK;d wku
Yd rnfoyYdk ifa&;om;a0zefapumrl ausmufpm0efrif;Mu;D
umeif*ef\ (Archaeological report of Bihar) ac:aompmtkyw
f iG f okaYd &;om;xm;av\/
apwDawmfukd taomurif;w&m;onfomvQif aqmufvyk v
f LS 'gef;cJo
h nf[k qkEd idk pf &mtaMumif;&S\
d /
taMumif;rSmrlum; uREkfyfwkdYonf apwDawmfMuD;udk trdefYt&wl;az:cJhpOfu &&SdcJhaomausmufpmtcsKdUwGif
taomurif;w&m;MuD;onf apwDukd aqmufvkyfvSL'gef; om"ktEkarm'emjyKcJhaMumif;ukd yg&Sd&um;
om"ujzifh apwD'g,umukd taomurif;w&m;MuD;[k rSwf,l&ayrnf/
r[m0ifusrf;tqkd
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vufxufu XmyemcJhaom "gwfawmfckepfp&GwfwkdYudk wl;az:&&dScJhjyD;aemuf ZrL'dyfuRef;tvkH; tESHYtjym;
uk;d uG,pf rd ahf omiSm &Spaf omif;av;axmifaom jrKd UEkid if w
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l nfavap[l uk;d q,fh
ajcmufuka#aom aiGtojymwkdYudk trwfwkdYtm;tyfESif; apwDwpfqlESifhausmif;wpfaqmifpD wnfaqmuf
awmfral pavonf/ &Spaf omif;av;axmifaom jrKd U&GmMu;D i,fww
Ydk iG f apwDwpfqpl D wnfaqmufvLS 'gef;cJah om
taomurif;w&m;MuD;onf b,fenf;ESifhrqkd r[maAm"duJhodkY t0dZ[dwXmeMuD;udk csefvSyfxm;cJhrnfr[kwf?
tMuD;tus,faqmufvkyfvSL'gef;cJhrnfomwnf;/
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c&pfou&mZf 4-&mpkuek cf geD;wGif zm[D,eftrnf&adS omw&kwb
f ek ;f awmfMu;D wpfyg;onf tdE,
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hf nfumbk&m;zl;oGm;cJ\
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az:jyxm;\/ xkaYd emuf [la0qiftrnf&adS omw&kwb
f ek ;f Mu;D wpfyg;onf [oQ0'erif;Mu;D vufxuf jzpfaom
6-&mpkavmufu rZsrd wkid ;f odaYk &muf&cdS ahJ o;&m r[maAm"dtaMumif;ESiyhf wfouf txl;pdw0f ifpm;zG,af umif;
aomrSwfwrf;MuD;udk if;\'dkif,m&DpmtkyfwGif a&;rSwfxm;cJhavonf/ xkdYjyif [la0qifESifhra&S;raESmif;aom
ESpo
f u&mZfww
Ydk iG v
f nf; rsm;pGmaomw&kwb
f ek ;f Mu;D wko
Yd nf r[maAm"dyifoYkd a&muf&cdS ahJ o;\/ odaYk omf olwu
Ydk o
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rSww
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EkdifiHjcm;bk&m;zl;om;wkdYonf tdEd,jynfMuD;wGif rGwfqvifrsm; pkd;pHcJhaom ESpfou&mZfrsm;jzpfaom 1298?
1302? 1328ESifh 1331-ckESpf wkdYuvnf; wpfa,mufjyD;wpfa,muf a&muf&SdcJhaMumif;ESifhygVdbmomjzifh
a&;xk;d xm;aom ausmufurn;f tcsKUd wGif awGU&S&d onf[q
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f ;D rIaMumifh usK;d yJh
avmifuRrf;xm;aom taqmufttkHtysuftpD;rsm;ukdom zl;jrifoGm;Mu&&Smavonf/
txufyg bk&m;zl;om;rsm;\rSwfwrf;rsm;t&qkdygu oD&d"rmaomurif;w&m;MuD;onf rGwfqvifwkdY
0ifa&mufzsuq
f ;D jcif;udck cH &hJ aom c&pf 12-&mpkxd rysurf pD;? r,krd ,Gi;f bJ wnf&cdS ahJ Mumif;udo
k Ed idk af vmufay\/
aAm"dyif
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7

]]oD&d"rmaomurif;MuD;onf Ak'bmomrjzpfrD a&SUtzkdY remvkd0efwkdpdwf&Sdonfjzpf ppfonfawmf
taygif;ESiv
hf ma&mufjy;D vQif yifv;Hk ESiw
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buf reD;ra0;aomt&yf pkyjHk y;D rS tyiftikwu
f kd rD;yk&H UdI ,Zfyal Zmfav[k ykPm ;wpfa,muftm; apckid ;f
vku
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d idk ;f jyKavonf/
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wifw
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w&m;Mu;D jrifvQif rdrjd yKaomtjypfudk atmufarhvsuf pdwEf v
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taomurif;w&m;Mu;D vma&mufjy;D ,Zfyal Zmft[
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aMumif;ESifh a&;om;xm;avonf/
okaYd omf q&mawmfO;D udwu
d rnfonfu
h sr;f rS xkwEf w
k
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f rJ S jzpfwef&monf/ us;D oJav;xyfq&mawmfb&k m;Mu;D \ r[m0if
pum;ajypmtkyf aemufqufwJG um; jrefrmou&mZf 1171-ckEpS ?f wefc;l vqef; 13-&ufaeY r[maAm"dyifoYdk
aZ,sausmfxifESifhaZ,sausmfpGmwkdY a&mufcJh awmifpl;pl;okdYxGufonfhcufru cufvufukdif; okH;jzmonfwGif
atmufyidk ;f vk;H ywf ig;xGmwpfru
dk u
f kd oD&"d rmaomurif; yifah qmifavaomaMumifh jywfvsu&f o
dS nfponfjzifh
okaom"dwr[m&mZ0ifawmf yOrtkyf? pmrsufESm 181- a&;om;az:jyxm;onfukd awGU&dS&aMumif;ESifhqkd
xm;avonf/
(Mr.L.L.S.O Malley's Bengal District Gazetteer, chapter III. Page No.54) wGiy
f g&Sad om aAm"d
yiftaMumif;udk rltwkdif; bmomjyefqkdvkdufOD;tHh/
]]Ak'bmom0iftaygif;wkdY\ omoemh&efolwpfOD;[k ac:qkdxkduf oD0bk&m;ukd ukd;uG,fqnf;uyf
avh&adS om b*Fvm;jynftv,fyidk ;f &Sib
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az:jyD;vQif axmywfrsm;jzifh oGef;avmif;um rD;&IdUypfavonf/ taMumif;ukd r*"wkdif;jynf &Sifbk&if
yl&mPAmrmu od&adS wmfral vaomf bk;d ab;rsm;jzpfuek af om taomutp&Sad om arm&d,rif;tqufqufwYdk
\jrwfE;dk aumfa&mfyal Zmfawmfro
l nfudk twkvu
dk af omtm;jzifh xyfru
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cefYjrifhrm;aom ausmufvuf&ef;MuD;udk um&Hxm;cJhavonf/ jyKtyfjyD;aom0D&d,ukd vufravQmhvkdaom
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Yd ufavuke\
f / rsm;pGmaomvltaygif;wko
Yd nf yef;eHo
Y m
wkdYjzifh ylaZmfMuukefownf;/ okdYvQif tHhzG,faumif;aMumif;wkdYudk yg&mZduPft|uxmed'gef;ESifh r[m0if
usrf;wkdYwGif vm&Sdawmfrlavonf/ a&GU rQavmuf MuD;us,faomwefckd;jym#d[mawmfteEESifhjynfhpkHawmf
rlaom jrwfpGmbk&m;ocif\zGm;zufawmf aAm"dyiftm; rolawmfrif;wkdY\ya,m*aMumifh aoEkdifaumif;tHh
avm/ rnfonfeh nf;ESirhf S tpwk;H Ekid rf nfr[kwaf y/ tjrpfusev
f Qif tjrpfrjS yefvnfaygufymG ;vm&rnfomwnf;/
qmquFmonf r[maAm"dyifudk wl;az:cJph Ofu tjrpf\tqk;H udk &SmrawGUEkid [
f k [la0qif\usr;f u
qkdjyef\/ yl&mPAmrmuonf olUavmufMuD;us,faom aejynfawmfukd pkd;pH&aomrif;wpfyg;yif r[kwfjim;
aomfvnf; if;\trdefYudk zDqefum okH;Mudrfwkdifwkdif pkdufysKd;avonfrSm xkdaAm"dyif\wefckd;awmfaMumifhyif
jzpf\[k ,lq&ayrnf/
,ck&Sdaeaom aAm"dyif
c&pf 19-&mpktppjzpfaom 1811-ckESpfu blcseef[m rDvweftrnf&Sdaomt*Fvdyfynm&SdwpfOD;onf
Ak'*,mjrdKUodkYa&muf&SdcJhzl;&m cufrig;jzmjzifhpnfyifae ajr\yuwdae&mrS tjrifhay30-cefY&Sdaom aAm"d
yifMu;D wpfyifukd jrifz;l cJo
h nfq\
dk / xdak Am"dyif\toufrmS tESpw
f pf&mtkrd nfrxif[v
k nf; qkad o;\/ 1875ckESpfwGifum; aAm"dyifonf wpfukd,fvkH; ,kd,Gif;vmaomaMumifh 76-ckESpfwGif aveDMurf;ESifhvJygoGm;av
onf/ xkt
d yifrt
S aphrsm;udk ,lxm;vku
d o
f nft
h jyif tcufMu;D wpfcufuv
kd nf; if;ae&myif jyefvnfpu
dk yf sK;d cJh
avonf/ xkt
d ukid ;f rS pnfyifjyefyY mG ;vmaom aAm"dyifrmS ,ck&adS eaomtyifjzpf\/ rnforl nf0g pdu
k cf o
hJ nf[k
9

um; ryg&Sad cs/ (Dr.Rajendra Lal Mitra's Buddha-Gaya. Chapter VIII Page No.82) a'gufwm&m*sijf 'm
vmvfrdMw\ Ak'*,mac:pmtkyf? pmrsufESmeHygwf 82wGifum; odkYa&;xm;avonf/
]]tvGew
f &m tkrd if;vSjyjD zpf wpfpw
d af jcmufaeaom aAm"dyifMu;D onf rdro
d mG ;a&mufcahJ om 1887ckEpS w
f iG f avrkew
f idk ;f wku
d cf wfraI Mumifh vJygoGm;avonf/ odaYk omf [dEL vlrsK;d wku
Yd xkt
d yifrS tudik ;f Mu;D wpfuikd ;f
ukd,ljyD;vQif apwDawmf\ajrmufbufay 80-cefYuGmaomae&mwGif jyefvnfpkdufysKd;MuaMumif;ESifhawGU&dS&jyef
ao;\/ w&kwb
f ek ;f Mu;D [la0qif r[maAm"doaYkd &muf&cdS ahJ om c&pf 6-&mpkavmufuvnf; tukid ;f tcufponf
wkdYESifh txl;pnfum;aeaomaAm"dyifMuD;wpfyifukd zl;ajrmfcJh&aMumif;ESifha&;om;xm;jyef\/ aAm"dyifum;
yl&mPAmrmpku
d yf sK;d cJah om aAm"dyifjzpfwef&monf/ blcs eef[mrDvwef awGUcJo
h nfqadk om aAm"dyifrmS tESpf
wpf&mxufydk toufMuD;onf rxifqkdjcif;aMumifh [la0qifa&muf&SdcJhaom c&pf 6-&mpkESifhr[mrDvwef
a&muf&cdS ahJ om c&pf 19-&mpkrmS txl;uGmjcm;vsu&f &dS m ESpaf ygif;wpfaxmifausmt
f wGi;f aAm"dyiftqufaygif;
rnfrQpkdufysKd;cJhjyD;qkdwmudk a0zefEIdif;,SOf&ef tawmfyifcJ,Of;vSawmh\/ a'gufwm&m*sifj'mrdMw\ 1887-ck
ESpw
f iG f jyefvnfpu
dk yf sK;d &onfqadk om aAm"dyifonfvnf; rnfonfeh nf;ESirhf qkd ,ckapwDawmfMu;D \ajrmufbuf
wGif &Sad eaomaAm"d yifjzpfEidk rf nf r[kwaf y/ tokq
Yd rdk l aAm"dyifcufMu;D ukd apwDawmf\ajrmufbufp;l pl; ay
80-tuGmavmufwiG f pku
d yf sK;d cJo
h nf[q
k x
dk m;jcif;aMumifh jzpfonf/ aAm"dyifudk apwDawmfMu;D \ajrmufbuf
cyfvrS ;f vSr;f wGi&f adS eaom aAm"dyif[,
k q
l tyf\/ uREyfk w
f t
Ydk xl;rSwo
f m;&efrmS umm; apwDawmfMu;D \taemuf
bufwGif ,ck&Sdaeaom aAm"dyifonf 1876-ckESpfwGif avrkefwkdif;wkdufcwfjyD;rS jyefvnfpdkufysKd;xm;aom
aAm"dyifjzpf toufrmS 75-ESp&f jdS y[
D k rSw,
f t
l yf\/ tcsKUd aomusr;f *efww
Ykd iG u
f m; vuf&adS Am"dyifudk bk&m;&Sif
vufxufawmfrS aAm"dyifyJjzpfae[ef? taomrif;w&m;MuD;pkdufysKd;cJhaom aAm"dyifyJjzpfovkdvkd trsKd;rsKd;
jzef;oef;um a&;om;Muuke\
f / xku
d o
hJ Ykd trsK;d rsK;d a&;om;Muukeaf omq&mwk\
Yd pum;rSm rSerf nf? rSm;rnfqw
dk mudk
az:jyygom"ursm;ukd okH;oyfa0zefjcif;jzifh odEkdifrnfjzpf txl;az:jyp&mrvkdawmhay/ odkY&mwGif uREkfyfwkdY
oHo,jzpfz,
G &f mum; vuf&adS Am"dyifonf bk&m;&Si\
f vufxufawmf&dS aAm"dyifMu;D rSqif;oufvmaom tEG,f
0Ho [kwf r[kwu
f o
kd m pOf;pm;&ayrnf/ xko
d aYkd 0zefcv
hJ Qif twufajc&m&Su
d tqif;ajc&mvnf; &S&d rnf[al om
pum;ykt
H & Ak'& iS af wmfjrwfMu;D yGiahf wmfrcl ahJ omaAm"dyifMu;D \tEG,0f o
H pifppftrSejf zpfonf[k rSw,
f u
l ek &f m\/
r[efY*D&dESifhAk'*,m
c&pf 14-&mpktpavmufu jA[PykPm ;wko
Yd nf r[maAm"dajrae&mESiw
hf uG aomaAm"dyifMu;D ukyd g
ykid q
f idk cf MhJ uavonf/ ausmufpm0efrif;Mu;D umeif*ef\xifjrifcsurf mS bmomw&m; t,lonf;vSaom [dEL
ykPm ;wko
dY nf apwDawmf\a&SUrsuEf mS wGif uyfxm; 1308-ckEpS [
f k aeYpx
JG ;dk xm;onfukd awGU&S&d aom AdEk;d
ajc&mukd uk;d uG,af pmifah &Smufonfrw
S pfyg; aAm"dyifuv
dk nf;aumif;? apwDawmfMu;D ukv
d nf;aumif;? apwDawmf
y&d0P
k t
f wGi;f &Sd rnfonfb
h &k m;ykx;dk udak omfrv
S nf;aumif; uk;d uG,af pmifah &Smufjcif;r&Syd J aiG&&krH Qom tydik cf MH u
avonf/ olwo
Ydk nf rif;tqufqufwrYdk S vSL'gef;xm;cJah om pde?f ausmuf? ywjrm;? a&T? aiG tp&Sad om tzk;d
te*xdkufwefaom bk&m;b@mawmfudk vuf0g;MuD;tkyfrdavonfhtjyif EkdifiHjcm;bk&m;zl;om;rsm;xHrSvnf;
ode;f oef;uka#ruaom aiGtojymrsm;udk &&dcS yhJ w
Hk \
l / tokq
Yd rdk l olw\
Ykd tquftEG,jf zpfaom r[ef\
Y a&SUaemuf
tajctaeudk EIdif;,SOfjcif;jzifh odEkdif\/(r[efY*D&dqdkolrSm Ak'*,mapwDawmfMuD;udk vuf&Sdykdifqkdifxm;oljzpf
ypnf;yp,t&mwGif apmfbGm;wpfa,mufrQ <u,f0aeaom [dEL&aohMuD;jzpfonf/)
rpwmrmwif\tqkd
(Martin's Eastern India) ac:rmwif\ta&SUtdE,
d ac:pmtkyw
f iG f a&;om;xm;jyefonfrmS vuf&rdS [efY
\bk;d ab;rsm;jzpfMuukeaf om uG,v

f eG o
f rl [efw
Y o
Ydk nf ,cktcg eef;awmfwrQ Mu;D us,v
f su&f adS om ausmif;Mu;D
ae&mwGif c&pf 1590-jynfEh pS u
f ausmif;i,fwpfaqmifukd pwifaqmufvyk u
f m aexkid o
f mG ;Muavonf/ xkd
pOftcgwke;f u apwDawmfMu;D rSm csKEH ,
G t
f xyfxyf&pfywfxm;jcif;aMumifh awmMu;D ozG,f qdwjf ird v
f su&f adS vonf/
xkad usmif;i,fonf apwDawmfMu;D rS udu
k f 4000cefu
Y mG a0;avonf/ r[efw
Y o
Ydk nf xkpd OftcgrSp aAm"dr@v
ae&mawmfukd tydik cf v
H mMuonf[q
k \
dk / rpwmrmav\ba*Fg'dpMww
d *f Zufw,
D m okaYd &;om;xm;jyef\/
10
]]tdEd,jynfMuD;onf rGwfqvifwkdYvufatmufodkY tvkH;pkHusa&mufjyD;onfaemuf arm*kdvfrif;wkdYonf

13-qufwkdifatmif a'vDjrdKUawmfMuD;rS xD;eef;pkdufcJhMuavonf/ vuf&Sdykdifqkdifolr[efY\bkd;ab;rsm;wkdYonf
r[maAm"dy&d0kPftygt0ifjzpfaom wm&m'D&Gmudk c&pf 1727-ckESpfu a'vD&Sifbk&ifrkd[mruf&Sm;xHrS tydkif
pm;ay;ojzifh &&SdcJhavonf/ xkda&mtcgu apwDawmfMuD;\atmufwpfykdif;rSm ajrxJwGifjrKyfaeavonf/ ol
wko
Yd nf apwDawmfMu;D udyk if ykid q
f idk x
f m;aomfvnf; apwDawmfMu;D udjk yjy;D aiG&mS onfrw
S pfyg; rnforYkd Q jyKjyifjcif;?
apmifha&Smufjcif;r&SdcJhacs[k qkdjyef\/
(Hunter's Indian Empire. Page.203-256) [efw
Y m;\tdE,
d eftifyg,mac:pmtkyf pmrsuEf mS -203ESihf
256wGif az:jyxm;jyefonfrSm...
]]Ak'b
mom0if olawmfpiftaygif;wk\
Yd tjrwfq;Hk aomae&m]Ak'* ,m}ukd ykid q
f idk x
f m;olrmS r[eft
Y rnf&dS
aom oD0*kP
d ;f om;[dEL &aohMu;D jzpf olonf Ak'b
&k m;tm; rdrw
d u
Ydk ,
kd w
f idk u
f ;dk uG,q
f nf;uyfv
dk odr;f qnf;
xm;&aMumif; qifjcifay;vsu&f &dS m taMumif;ESiphf yfvsO;f c&pf 1811-ckEpS u
f *,mpD&ifp\
k taMumif;udk
&SmazGavhvm&&Scd ahJ om blcseef[mrDvwef\ud,
k af wGUrsm;udk uREyfk af &;om;rnfqydk gu ,cktcg apwDawmfMu;D
\atmufxyfwGif udef;0yfprg,fawmfrlvsuf&Sdaom ausmufndK&kyfyGm;awmfMuD;rSm xkdpOftcgwkef;u [dELwkdY
vspv
f QL&Ixm;aomaMumifh ykrd n
dk pfayvsu&f \
dS / apwDawmfMu;D \aemufbufwiG f uyfaygufa&mufvsu&f adS om
aAm"dyifokdYzl;ajrmf&efvma&mufMuukefaom [dELbk&m;zl;om;rsm;tm; r[efY\wynfhjzpfol *D&dwkdYonf [dEL
ewfuGef;rsm;ukdom oGm;a&mufzl;ajrmfMu&ef nTefjyay;Muonfukd awGU&Sd&\/ bmoma&;wGif mrp&d,
tm;Mu;D vSaom *D&w
d o
Ydk nf Ak'* ,mokv
Yd ma&mufMuukeaf om [dEL bk&m;zl;om;wkt
Yd vkiYd mS &nfreS ;f ewfueG ;f
tcsKUd udk aqmvsipf mG apwDtjyifbufrS aqmufvyk v
f u
dk Mf u\/ xked wfueG ;f rsm; jy;D pD;onfaemuf r[ef\
Y wynfh
jzpfol *D&drsm;u rkef;wD;&GH&SmzG,faumif;aom Ak'&kyfyGm;awmfukd rzl;ajrmfMu&ef a[majymwm;jrpfjyD;vQif
tqkdygewfuGef;rsm;odkY ac:,lavh&SdMu\/ t,lonf;vSaom[dELwkdYonf if;wkdY\taoG;tom;jzpfaom
Ak'& iS af wmftm; rke;f wD;&G&H mS zG,af umif;aMumif;ESiphf yG pf yJG w
k cf wfaom pum;rSm txl;tHzh ,
G af umif;\[k a&;om;
xm;\/
(The Buddha-Gaya by Dr.R.L Mitra) ac:a'gufwmrdMw\Ak'*
,mac:pmtkyw
f iG f okzYd wf&&I ao;\/
]]r[efYonf Ak'*,mapwDawmfMuD;ukd ykdifqkdifolwpfOD;tjzpfjzifh *kPf,laeaomfvnf; apwDawmfudk
apmifha&SmufolwpfOD;taejzifh rnfonfhtcgrS *kPfr,lbl;aMumif;? taMumif;rlum; olonf jrif;aZmif;wGif
aexkid cf &hJ aomb0rS apwDawmfudk trSo
D [JjyKum Mu;D yGm;vmoljzpf b@mwku
d Mf u;D ozG,jf zpfaom Ak'* ,mukd
tykid cf x
H m;&jcif;om jzpfonf/ olwo
Ydk nf rnfonft
h cgrS apwDawmfukd qnf;uyfco
hJ nfr[kw/f qnf;uyfvrd hf
rnfr[kwaf Mumif;udk xif&mS ;pGm jyayOD;tH/h ,cktcg [dEL ewfueG ;f rsm;pGmwku
Yd kd apwDawmfy&d0P
k t
f jyifbufwiG f
aqmufvkyfxm;Mu&m (1) wm&ma'0Dausmif; (2) 0g*DqGm&Da'0Dausmif; (3) qmbw&Da'0Dausmif; (4) yO
pEmausmif; (5) r[ma'0ausmif; (6) AdEkd;ausmif;wkdYjzpfMu\/ ewfuGef;rsm;udk aqmufvkyf&jcif;rSm
rdrw
d u
Ykd om uk;d uG,&f efr[kwaf o;bJ r[maAm"dob
Ydk &k m;zl;vmMuaom [dEL wkt
Yd m; rke;f wD;&G&H mS zG,af umif;aom
Ak'& yk yf mG ;awmfrsm;tm; rzl;ajrmfMu&efEiS hf xdek wfueG ;f rsm;udk zl;ajrmfjcif;jzifh udpj y;D pD;Ekid &f ef &nfoefvsuf aqmuf
vkyx
f m;Muavonf/ (History of Bihar by B.P. Tripathi M.A. Ph.D)
rpwmMwyd gxD\bD[m&mZ0iftqkrd mS um; okw
Yd nf;/ ]]bcifr[wr*E\
D tjrJ xm0pOfo;Hk pGaJ vh&adS om
vufeufMuD;um; t[ow&m;awmfyifjzpf w&m;awmfrSm oef;aygif;rsm;pGmukefaom tdEd,om;wkdYtm;
pm&dwz UHG jzKd ;a&;bmomt,l0g' ajzmifrh wfwnfMunfa&; paomtaxmuftyHah ygif;rsm;pGmwku
Yd kd ay;vsu&f \
dS /
w&m;awmfrSm Ak'*,mjrdKUrS bk&m;tjzpfokdY a&muf&SdawmfrlcJhaom bcifMuD;a*gwr&Sifawmf\a&TEIwfawmfrS
xkwaf z:>rufMum;awmfrcl ahJ om a'oemawmfyif jzpfawmhonf/ w&m;awmf\rlvblwwnf&mXmeonf uREyfk f
wkb
Yd [
D me,f&dS Ak'* ,mac: bkred ufoefajrrSe?f ajraumif; jrKd Uawmfa[mif;yifjzpfawmh\/ jrKd Uawmfuav;rSm
&Siaf wmfa*gwrok;H vlUocif bk&m;&Si\
f wefc;dk awmft&Sed af Mumifh urmMu;D wpfcv
k ;Hk tarT;tMuKd io
f if;ysUH vIid cf \
hJ /
Ak'b
&k m;\tat;jrqk;H aom w&m;a&pifuv
kd nf; uREyfk w
f b
Ydk [
D me,foel ,fom;wko
Yd mvQif OD;pGmyxr aomuf
okH;cJhonfhtjyif taomurif;w&m;MuD;vufxufu urmwpfckvkH;okdYyif Ak'0g'wnf;[laomrsKd;aphudk pkdufysKd;
ay;cJ&h um; ,ckwidk f urmtESt
YH jym; pnfum;vsu&f adS vonf/ odaYk omf bD[me,fwiG u
f m; r&Scd yhJ gjy/D vuf&b
dS [
D m
11

e,fol? e,fom;wkdYESifhwuGaom tdEd,om;wkdY\tay:um; Ak'\Mo0g'awmf rwnfawmhjyD/ w&m;awmfESifh
uif;a0;cJhacsjyD/ Ak'omoemwnf;[laom zkd;vrif;MuD;vnf; uG,fycJhjyD; arSmiftwd zkH;vTrf;vsuf&SdavjyD/
bcifMu;D a*gwr\vuf&m? ajc&mrsm;jzpfaom Ak'* ,mjrKd U&Sad usmif;uef? apwD? ykx;dk ponfwrYdk mS vnf; usK;d yJjh yKd
ysuv
f su&f &dS um; zl;jrif&oluREyfk w
f \
Ydk pdwEf v
S ;Hk udk txl;xdcu
dk w
f ek v
f yI af p wm;r&? qD;rEkid f rsu&f nfjzKd ijf zKd i,
f pdk ;D
apyg\/ ae&mawmfudk uREyfk w
f Ydk [dEL rsK;d EG,jf zpfaom r[efaY c:&aohMu;D u tykid ,
f x
l m;jcif;aMumifh xyfr
H
jyKjyifvkdaom Ak'bmom0ifolawmfpiftaygif;wkdYrSm trsKd;rsKd;tcufMuKHaeMu&&Sm\/ ae&monf r[efY\
vufxJ rQMumjrihfpGm&SdaebdouJhodkY Ak'bmomwkdY\vufxJ&SdcJhygrl ,ckvkdtajctaersKd;&Sdrnf r[kwfay/
uREyfk u
f m; [dEL jzpfaomfvnf; [dEL r[ef\
Y npfayykw
H u
Ydk kd xkwyf ,fypfEidk rf nfr[kw/f ol\Ak'* ,mapwDawmfukd
tydik cf x
H m;jcif;&nf&,
G cf surf mS aiG&&kEH iS v
hf id &f yk ?f AdEk;d &kyf ponfwu
Ydk kd apwDawmfMu;D txJ csxm;jy;D Ak'b
mom
bk&m;zl;om;wkdY\OD;csjcif;ukd cH,l&ef&nf&G,favonf/ OD;csMuaom Ak'bmom0ifwkdYonfvnf; xkdt&kyfwkdY\
t"dyg,fudk em;vnfrnfr[kwfay/ Ak'trSwfjzifhOD;csMurnfjzpfaomfvnf; r[efYtzkdY txl;*kPf,lp&mjzpf\/
axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom &kyw
f ak wmfrsm;udk r[efw
Y cH g;0wGif pDwef;xm;jcif;? &kyw
f ak wmfrsm;ygaom ausmufcsyf
rsm;jzifh rD;zdkacsmifvkyfjcif;? qifwif;ukwf? jrif;wif;ukwfvkyfjcif;? tjyifbufwHwkdif;MuD;wGif xnfhoGif;jcif;?
Ak'acgif;awmfrsm;udk r[ma'0DOD;acgif;rsm;vkyfjcif;? okdYvQif ,kwfrmnpfywfaomtvkyfwkdYjzifh Ak'bk&m;ukd
apmfum;onfruao;bJ tvGefY tvGef&kdif;pkdif;npfay vluavwkdYuJhodkY Ak'&kyfyGm;awmf\vufawmfwpfzufukd
i&kwMf uw
d af usmufv;Hk Mu;D vkyjf cif;ESirhf piftrd o
f mwpfc\
k a&SUbufwiG f &yfawmfrw
l pfqu
l yfxm;onfudk awGU&S&d \/
uREyfk o
f nf [dEL bmom0ifwpfO;D yifjzpfaomfvnf; [dEL r[ef\
Y ,ckuo
hJ Ykd npfywf,w
k rf myku
H dk jrif&ojzifh pdw"f gwf
rSm tawmfwkefvIyfacsmufjcm;rdavonf/ Ak'bmom0ifwkdYtzkdYum; tb,fqkdEkdifzG,f&m &SdawmhtHhenf;/
(Ancient Magadha by J.C.Ghose) a*spaD Cmqf\a&S;r*"pmtkyw
f iG f awGU&S&d jyefao;onfrmS ]]aAm"dyif
uk[
d Ed L wku
Yd ;dk uG,q
f nf;uyfyEHk iS yhf wfouf uREyfk w
f o
Ydk &d oavmufrmS olwo
Ydk nf *,mjrKd Uay:wGif MoZmwdurd
ESifhjynfpkHqkH;aom AdoQe*kdPf;0if&aohMuD;\trdefYtwkdif;om vma&mufzl;ajrmfMu\/ &aohMuD;udk,fwkdifum;
Ak'& yk yf mG ;awmfukd rnfonft
h cgrS &dcS ;dk onfudk rawGU&aMumif;? taMumif;qkad omf olonf jA[PZmwf0ifwpfO;D
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13

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15

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16
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17
Ak'* ,mudk rGwq

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(Mr.L.S.S.O Malley' I.C.S Bengal District Gazetteer chapter V. Page No.26)wGifyg&Sdaom
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21

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22
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23

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d ;f uGjJ ym;vsu&f adS v&m ax&0g'DomoemxGe;f um;pnfyifaom
wkdif;jynfrsm;rSm jrefrmjynf-,dk;',m;jynfESifhoD[kdVfuRef;wkdYjzpf r[m,meAk'bmomudk ouf0if,kHMunfaom
wkid ;f jynfwrYdk mS w&kw?f wdAuf? *syefEiS u
hf armZjynfwjYdk zpfMuonf/ jrefrmjynf&t
dS csKUd aomynm&Srd sm;ESihf tdE,
d
24
&mZ0ifq&mtcsKdUu *Em&wkdif;udk w&kwfjynf[k a&;om;Mu\/

rZsEdutrSL;&Sdaom ig;OD;aomrax&fwdkYonf uoD&ESifh*Em&wkdif;odkY <ua&mufcJhonfqkdjcif;aMumifh
w&kwjf ynf[k a&;om;Ekid pf &mr[kw/f uo&D wkid ;f onf *Em&wkid ;f ESihf yx0Dtm;jzifh qufpyfr&I adS yrnf/ xkjYd yif
rZsEu
d trSL;&Sad om ax&focifwo
Ydk nf &[Emppfrsm;jzpfMu w&kwjf ynfoYkd trSepf ifppf a&mufco
hJ nfreS yf grlum;
jrefrmjynfrmS uJo
h Ydk ax&0g'DomoemxGe;f yoifo
h nf/ ,ckvdk r[m,meomoemxGe;f aernf r[kwaf y/ ax&
0g'D&[Emwko
Yd nf tokv
Yd Qif r[m,meomoemudk pku
d yf sK;d cJyh grnfenf;/ *Em&wkid ;f qko
d nfrmS uo&D (Kashmir) e,fEi
S q
hf ufpyfvsu&f adS om umblvef ,fukd ac:onf/
if;e,ftwGi;f &Sd taqmuftOD;tysut
f pD;wku
Yd kd qkid &f mausmufpmbufXmerS 1945-ckEpS u
f wl;az:cJh
onfwiG f rsm;pGmaom bk&m;&ky?f bk&m;avmif;&kyEf iS t
hf 0avmud awqGm&&kyrf sm;tjyif *Em&wkid ;f trnfygaom
ausmufpmrsm;yg&SdcJhygaMumif;ESifh (Archaeological Report) ac:ausmufpmbufXmerS tpD&ifcHpmudk tvm
[mA'fjrKd UrSxw
k af 0aom]]vD'g;&f}} (The Leader) ac:owif;pmwGizf wf&v
I u
dk &f ayonf/ xkaYd Mumifh umblvef ,f
udkomvQif *Em&wkdif;[k ,lqtyfayownf;/ xkdYaMumifh...
(1)
rZsEdutrSL;&SdaomigOD;aomax&ft&SifwkdYonf uoD&wkdif; (Kashmir) jynfESifh*Em&wkdif; (Kabul)
e,fodkYomvQif <ua&mufawmfrlcJhMuonf/
(2)
r[m&uw
d trSL;&Sad om ig;OD;aomrax&fwu
Ykd kd a,meuwkid ;f yef;ao;jynfoaYkd pvTwcf o
hJ nf qkx
d m;jyef&m
yef;ao;jynfonf ,cktcg w&kw?f rGwq
f vifwidk ;f jynfjzpfae\/ y&kzd ufqmq&mMu;D tJ,ef*&fu a,meuwkid ;f
ukd ,d;k ',m;jynf (Siam) [ka&;om;xm;ojzifh if;udyk if,w
k &d rdS \
d / taMumif;qkrd l ,k;d ',m;jynfwiG f ,ckwidk f
ax&0g'Dfomoemawmf pnfyifxGef;um;aejcif;aMumifh jzpf\/
(3)
r[ma'0trSL;&Sdaom ax&ft&SifwkdYonf r[ouwkdif;? r'&yfe,fawmifykdif;odkY <ua&mufcJhonf/
(4)
&udwrax&fwkdYonf r[ouwkdif;ESifh qufpyfvsuf &Sdaom tma&Asyifv,furf;ajc&Sd 0e0g'Dwkdif;rkdif;qkd;e,fodkY <ua&mufcJhonf/
(5)
&udwax&focifwkdYonf ty&Ewkdif;-bkHabe,fokdY <ua&mufcJhonf/
(6)
r[m"r&udwtrSL;&Sdaom rax&fwkdYonf r[m&|wkdif; rm&|DpwdwfodkY <ua&mufcJhonf/
(7)
rZsdrtrSL;&Sdaomrax&fwkdYonf [dr0Emt&yfjzpfaom edaygvfjynfodkY <ua&mufcJhonf/
(8)
aomPax&f? Ow&ax&fwkdYonf ok0PbkrdoxkHjynfodkY <ua&mufcJhonf/
(9)
r[mr[dEt
rSL;&Sad omrax&fwo
Ydk nf vuFm'Dyrnfaom oD[Vdk u
f Re;f (Ceylon) od<Yk ua&mufawmfrcl o
hJ nf/
w&kwfjynfodkY r[m,mea&muf&SdoGm;ykHudk ued&Surif;taMumif;wGif qufvuf az:jyygrnf/
igwkYd\udk;uG,f&m rSDckd&mukdif;uRef;MuD;ozG,fjzpfaom omoemawmfMuD; a&GUrQ wnfjrJvsuf&Sdae&jcif;\
taMumif;rSm taomurif;w&m;Mu;D ESi&hf [Emt&Sijf rwfw\
Ydk aus;Zl;awmfaMumifyh if jzpfonf/ odaYk omf omoem
awmfyifu,
kd rf Mu;D wnf&mjzpfaom tdE,
d jynfMu;D um; uG,yf cJah vjy/D taomurif;w&m;Mu;D \aumif;rIawmfwYdk
onfvnf; ysufpD;csKdU,Gif;vsuf&Sdae&m uREkfyfESifhwuGaom zl;jrif&ol Ak'bmom0ifolawmfpiftaygif;wkdYtm;
a&S;a[mif;acwfMuD;udk jyefvnfwovGrf;qGwfrdapavonf/
a&GUrQ omoemawmfMuD;udk av;pm;MunfndK yp,y&dpm*t&mwGif tvGef &ufa&mawmfrlvS
aom taomurif;w&m;MuD;\tkduHum; qkd;0g;avpG? [dELtrwfwkdY\aESmifh,Sufwm;qD;rIaMumifh ol\pdwfukd
tvGeftrif;xdckdufjcif;udk cH&avpG? bduKaraw,s\taomu&mZ0if (Asoka-World greatest Emperor)
pmtkyf pmrsufESm-26 wGifyg&Sdonfudk xif&Sm;pGm jyayOD;tHh/
''History says that he had resolved to give a thousand million pieces of gold to the Master's
service, and when far advanced in years, he had actually give nine hund-ered sixty million. Anxious to fulfil
his vow before death, he daily sent great wealth to the monastery at Pataliputta. But some of the powerful
ministers objected to the aged King's policy and forebade the treasurer to comply with King's demands.
The Emperor was now near death and unable to raise himself from his bed. The failure to ob tain any
supplies from the reasury made him sorrowful''
t"dyg,f- &mZ0ifwGif a&;om;az:jyxm;onfrSm olonf uka#wpf&maom a&T aiG &wemudk Ak'

25

omoemawmfMu;D tm; vSL'gef;&ef t"d|mefcsu&f adS vonf/ aemufEpS af ygif;rsm;pGmMumvwfaomf 96-uka#aom
a&TaiG&wemrsm;udk trSepf ifppf ay;vSLawmfral vownf;/ olraorD t"d|mefcsuf atmifjrifEidk &f ef pd;k &drMf u;D
pGmjzifh rsm;pGmaomypn;f Opmrsm;ukyd g yg#vdyw
k jf ynf&dS ausmif;awmfMu;D okYd aeYpOfyo
Ykd awmfrMl uavonf/ od&Yk mwGif
wefckd;tmPm&Sdaom 0efMuD;wpfOD;onf rif;w&m;MuD;awmif;cHwkdif; ray;zkdY&ef b@mpdk;0efMuD;tm;wm;jrpfav
onf/ rif;w&m;Mu;D onf tvGet
f rdk if;rpGr;f jzpf uk,
d w
f idk t
f yd &f mrS rxEkid b
f J aovke;D tcg ol\vkv
d m;tyfaom
ypn;f Opm&wemrsm;udk b@mwku
d rf aS wmif;cHr&ojzifh olUtm; txl;ojzif0h rf;enf;aMuuGaJ pavawmhownf;/
''Now pious King sent to the monastery all the vessels of gold which furnished the royal table.
Then he gave away all the vessels of silver, and finally the vessels of iron. When all the metallic ware had
thus been exhausted, the royal table was furnished with earthen ware.
t"dyg ,f- xkaYd Mumifh u&kPmocifjzpfawmfral om bk&ifrif;jrwfonf bk&ifph m;yGrJ sm;ay:wGif qif,ifcif;
usi;f xm;aom a&Tt;dk ? a&Tcu
G rf sm;udk ausmif;awmfrsm;udk ay;ydv
Yk LS 'gef;vku
d af vonf/ if;aemuf aiGt;dk aiGcu
G f
rsm;udk ay;ykdYvSL'gef;jyefavonf/ if;aemuf oHtkd;oHcGufrsm;udk aemufqkH;tjzpfjzifh vSL'gef;awmfrlavonf/
a&T? aiGtp&Sad om owKypn;f rsm;udk ukeo
f mG ;aomtcg bk&ifph m;yGcJ MHk u;D udk ajrtk;d ajrcGuw
f jYdk zifh cif;usi;f xm;
avonf/
''Then Asoka burst into tears and asked Radhagupta, a beloved minister, ''who now is the Emperor of India"? The devoted minister did obeisance and respectfully replied. "Your Majesty is the Lord of
Jambudipa."
But sorrowful King said to him, "why do you say from kindness what is untrue"? I am fallen from
my royal state.
t"dyg ,f- xkaYd emuf taomurif;Mu;D onf rsu&f nfw'D;'D; pD;usawmfr

l ol\vl,aHk wmfwpfO;D jzpfol
&m"m*kwtrnf&Sdaom 0efMuD;wpfOD;tm; ar;jref;awmfrlavonfrSm b,folonf tdE,jynfMuD;\bk&ifjzpf
oenf;/ cspaf Mumuf&adk oaom0efMu;D onfvnf; 'l;axmufO;D nTwjf cif;udk jyKjy;D av;jrwf&adk opGm jyefavQmuf
xm;avonfrmS t&Sirf if;jrwfMu;D omvQif ZrL'DyguRe;f Mu;D t&Sio
f cifjzpfygonf/ od&Yk mwGif bk&ifrif;u olUtm;
rdeMYf um;awmfrjl yefavonfrmS oifonf ightm; u&kPm&Sv
d suEf iS hf tb,fah Mumifh rrSeaf ompum;udq
k &dk ygoenf;/
igonf &mZb0rS avQmusvsuf&SdacsjyD/
"Then the King, who was near death, took the half of an amalaka fruit brought to him as medicine,
and calling to a faithful servant, sent it to kukkutarama monastery, praying the sangha to partake of it, his
Last gift.
Asoka asked the devoted servant to salute the sangha in his name and address them respectfully in
this wise:
"Accept, Lord, this last gift of your servant, to this pass have come the riches of Emperor of India.
"My power and royalty have departed, deprived of health and physic, deserted by physician, to
me no refuge is left that of Holy Sangha. May my noble Master, the Sangha, partake of it, my Last gift."
aovkqjJ zpfaeaom taomurif;w&m;Mu;D onf olUtwGuaf q;tvkiYd mS ,laqmifvmcJah om qD;jzLoD;

wpfjcrf;udk ukuK#m&kHausmif;awmfMuD;&Sd oHCmawmft&SifjrwfwkYdtm; ol\aemufqkH;aom tvSLtjzpfjzifh okH;
aqmifawmfr&l ef ol\trIawmfxrf;wpfO;D tm; ydcYk idk ;f vku
d af vonf/ rif;w&m;Mu;D onf olUtm;cspaf Mumuf&adk o
aom trIxrf;wpfOD;tm; ol\ukd,fpm; &kdaopGmuefawmhyef;qif av;jrwfpGm enf;twkdif;avQmufxm;
&ef rdefYMum;awmfrlavonf/
]]t&Sib
f &k m;? wynfah wmf\aemufq;Hk jzpfaom 'geudk vufcaH wmfryl gbk&m;? 'geonf tdE,
d jynf&h iS f
bk&if{u&mZfjzpfawmfrlaom wynfhawmf\ypnf;wkdYwGif aemufqkH;ygbk&m;/ wynfhawmf\wefckd;tmPmESifh
bk&ifb0onfvnf; wynfah wmfrS xGucf mG cJah csjy/D use;f rmoefprG ;f jcif; r&Sjd yjD zpf orm;awmfrsm;vnf; vuf
26
avQmhcJhacsjyD/ wynfhawmfrSm oHCmawmft&SifjrwfwkdYrSwpfyg; udk;uG,f&memx r&SdawmhygjyD/ wynfhawmf\

q&mrsm;jzpfawmfral om oHCmawmft&Sijf rwfwo
Ydk nf wynfah wmf\aemufq;Hk tvSL'geudk bkO;f ay;ok;H aqmif
awmfrlygapukefownf;/}}
onfwu
Ydk m; taomurif;Mu;D \aemufq;Hk 'geyifjzpfavonf/ taomurif; Mu;D onf rnforYdk nfyHk
omoemawmfjrwfMuD;tm; av;pm;MunfndKcJhonfudk txufygom"ujzifh odEkdifavmufjyD/ rnfa&GUrnfrQyif
omoemawmfjrwfMuD;udk MunfndK rif;usifhw&m; 10-yg;udk apmifhpnf;apumrl rif;w&m;MuD;\ aemufykdif;
tajctaerSm [dEL trwfw\
Ydk aESmif,
h u
S rf aI Mumifh rsm;pGmyifpw
d rf csr;f rom jzpfc&hJ avonf/ uREyfk o
f &d oavmuf
rSm taomurif;MuD;\rdzk&m;i,fwkdYrSm trsm;tm;jzifh [dELbmom0ifrdef;rrsm;jzpf tdkrif;rpGrf;jzpfaeaom
rif;MuD;tm; ae&mwumwGif aESmifh,SufcJhonf[l\/ if;tjyif taomurif;MuD;\tEG,fawmfjzpfaomrif;wkdY
onf [dEL &ifaoG;rsm;omjzpfMu [dEL omoemudo
k m tpOftquf cs;D ajrm ufMuavaMumif;ESihf &mZ0ifq&m
tcsKUd u a&;om;Mu\/ odaYk omf xdrk if;wkpYd ;kd pHcphJ Ofu Ak'o
moemawmfMu;D rSm rnforYdk nfrQ qkw,
f w
k jf cif;r&Scd o
hJ jzifh
if;rif;wkdYonf omoemawmfMuD;udk rcsD;ajrmufaomfvnf; raESmifh,Suf[k ,lqEkdifonf/
arm&d,tifyg,mMuD; ysufpD;&ykH
omoemh'g,um taomurif;w&m;MuD;onf c&pfray:rD 232-ckESpfwGif ewf&Gmvm;vwfaomf
om;awmfukverif; if;\om;awmf 'o&xrif;? if;\nDawmfqHjywdrif;? if;\om;awmf qmvdoQLurif;?
if;\om;awmf a'00&rif;? if;\om;awmf &Sw"Ekrif;? if;\nDawmf jAd[j'rif;[l taomu\tEG,f
awmfrsm;jzpfMuaom rif; 7-qufwo
Ydk nf c&pfray:rD 184-ckEpS w
f idk af tmif rif;jyKavonf/ uJo
h t
Ykd pOftwkid ;f
&mZtarGukd cH,v
l mMuaomfvnf; if;rif;wko
Yd nf bk;d awmf? ab;awmfrsm;jzpfMuukeaf om pE*w
k t
aomurif;
wku
Yd o
hJ w
Ykd efc;dk tmPm r&Sad wmhjyjD zpf&m tifyg,mMu;D wpfcv
k ;Hk wpfpwpfpESiu
hf sO;f &k;H um tm;enf;vmavonf/
&Sw"Ekrif;vufxufwiG f tifyg,mMu;D txJrS ykid ef uftajrmuftrsm; vGwx
f u
G o
f mG ; if;\nDawmf jA[
d j'rif;
vufxufwGif tvGefus,fjyefYaom EkdifiHMuD;wpfckvkH;ysufpD;oGm;jyD;vQif rif;qufvnf; jyKwfcJh&avownf;/
qk*H rif;quf c&pfray:rD 184 rS 80 xd

arm&d,rif;quf jyKw&f jcif;\taMumif;rSm c&pfray:rD 184-ckEpS w
f iG f arm&d,0Hojzpfaom jA[
d j'rif;
tm; if;\ppfAv
dk cf sKyMf u;D jzpfol yk&rS Md wonf r*"wkid ;f rS oQuoQmvDppfom;tcsKUd \tultnDjzifh OD;acgif;awmf
udjk zwfum arm&d,eef;awmfukd vk,al vonf/ xkaYd emuf rdr\
d rsK;d EG,u
f v
kd nf; qk*H 0Ho[k ac:wGiaf pavonf/
rpwm tvmawum\a&S;a[mif;tdE,
&mZ0if (Ancient History of India by prof:Alterkar) ac:
pmtkyw
f iG f yk&rS Md wrif; omoemawmfukd zsuq
f ;D cJah Mumif;ESi
hf odYk zwf&&I \/ ]]arm&d,rif;quf jyKwjf y;D onf
aemuf qkH*rsKd;EG,fjzpfaomrif;wkdYonf Ak'bmomukd enf;trsKd;rsKd;jzifh zsufqD;Muav&m ausmif;uefbk&m;
taqmuftOD;rsm;pGmESifh oHCmawmfaygif;rsm;pGm aoaMuysufpD;jcif;odkY a&mufMu&avonf/ qkH*rif;wkdYonf
tenf;ESit
hf rsm; rif;wkid ;f rif;wkid ;f vkyd if zsuq
f ;D cJo
h nf[k qk&d jim;aomfvnf; yPmrtm;jzifh zsuq
f ;D cJo
h nf/
yk&rS Md womvQif trsm;qk;H zsuq
f ;D cJ
h olUtm; Ak'b
momwk\
Yd &efol tMu;D pm;wpfa,muf[k ,lq&ayrnf/ xdk
rif;onf oQ0d ac:xm0&bk&m;udk ud;k uG,af om[dEL ? jA[PvlrsK;d jzpf oD&"d rmaomurif;Mu;D vufxufawmfu
[dELbmomwdkY tqifhtwef;edrfhus&zl;onfukd &mZ0ifudk jyefvnfokH;oyfwkdif; rauseyfEkdif/ oD&d"rmaomu
rif;MuD;onf ykPm;ynm&Sdrsm;ESifh[dELbmomudk pGefYypf&jcif;rSm Ak'bmom&[ef;awmfwkdY\a[mcRwfrIaMumifh
jzpfonf[,
k q
l jy;D vQif jA[
d j'rif;tm; OD;acgif;udjk zwf arm&d,xD;eef;udpk ;dk pH&onfEiS w
hf pfjyKd ief uf]]igonfvnf;
taomurif;uJo
h Ykd igud;k uG,af ombmmomukd cs;D ajrm ufaytH?h igwkb
Yd momukd okO;f zsi;f atmif vIUH aqmfz;l aom
&efow
l u
Ydk v
kd nf; okwo
f if&iS ;f vif;aytH}h }[k Murd ;f 0g;awmfrjl y;D vQif yg#vdyw
k jf ynfrS yef*syef ,f *smvEmjrKd Uodt
Yk xd
ausmif;? apwDwu
Ydk rkd ;D &IUd jcif;?/ wpfyg;ru rsm;jym;vSpmG aom oHCmawmfwt
Ydk m; &ufpufpmG owfjzwfjcif; ponf
wkdYudk jyKvkyfav&m a&wGufjyojcif;iSm r0Hhavmufaom oHCmawmfrsm;ESifhausmif;apwDykxdk;ponfwkdYrSm
ysufpD;jcif;okdY a&mufMu&avonf/ yg#vdykwfjynf&Sd ukuK#m&mrausmif;awmfMuD;ESifh q,mvfukd#f;jrdKUxuf
0ef;usif&Sd oHCmawmft&SifjrwfwkdYrSm xkdacwfwGif ysufpD;Mu&avonf/
27
oHCmOD;acgif; wpfv;Hk qkaiG 500d^

rQ&ufpufMurf;MuKwaf om vky&f yfrsm;ESit
hf m;&wif;wdrjf cif;r&Sad o;aom yk&rS Md wrif;onf Ekid if aH wmf
twGif;odkY odkYaMunmvkdufavonf/ ]]tMuifolonf Ak'bmom&[ef;wpfyg;\OD;acgif;wpfvkH;udk jzwf
ig\xHarSmufodkY vma&mufjyoEkdifjim;tHh/ xkdoltm; qkawmfaiG 500d^pD csD;jrifhrnf/ tMuifAk'bmom0if
wpfO;D onf &[ef;awmfrsm;tm; ud;k uG,q
f nf;uyfjcif;? tvSLay;jcif; ponfwu
Ydk kd tu,f jyKvyk jf im;tH/h xkd
Ak'b
mom0iftm; zrf;qD;jy;D ig\a&SUarSmufoaYkd &mufatmif ydaYk qmifEidk o
f t
l m; qkawmf aiG 200dûspD cs;D jri rhf nf
[k aMunmvku
d &f m ra&rwGuEf idk af vmufaom vl'um? 'umrrsm;ESi&hf [ef;awmft&Sijf rwfwrYdk mS aoaMuysupf ;D
jcif;odYk a&mufMu&avukeo
f nf/ use&f pfol Ak'b
mom0ifwt
Ydk m; &mZy&d,m,ftrsK;d rsK;d jzifh wpfpp[dEL bmomodYk
ouf0ifapavonf/ xkdYaMumifh jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sifudk,fawmfjrwfMuD; y&dedAmefpH0ifawmfrlonfrSp w0if;0if;?
wxdefxdef awmufajymifvmcJhaom omoemawmfMuD;ukd yGJOD;xGufzsufqD;cJholrSm [dELjAm[PrsKd;EG,fjzpfaom
yk&SrdMwrif;yif jzpf\[k tdEd,jynf&mZ0ifq&mwkdYu rSwfwrf;wifMuukefownf;/
yk&SrdMwESifhrdvdErif;MuD;
yk&SrdMwrif;onf arm&d,eef;awmf pdk;pHvsuf&SdpOf *&dppfom;wkdYonfvnf; yef*syfe,fudk 0ifa&muf
wku
d cf u
dk Mf uavawmhonf/ *&dw&f iS b
f &k ifrv
d Ed ( ouwbmomjzifh rdeEm)rif;Mu;D onf t,k',
jrKd Uawmfudk ausmf
vGef tdE,jynftv,fykdif;jzpfaom &mZykwee,fukdyg odrf;ydkufavonf/ aemuf wa&GUa&GUESifh yg#vd
ykwef ,fpyfow
Ydk idk af tmif qku
d af &mufvmavonf/ r*"wkid ;f yk&rS Md wrif;onf rnfuo
hJ yYkd if omoemawmfukd
zsuq
f ;D aeapumrl ajrmufbufjzpfaom e,fy,fww
Ydk iG u
f m; omoemawmfta&mifrmS aevru awmufajymif
vsuf &Sdaeao;\/ rdvdErif;MuD;\rSm;,Gif;aomt,l0g'ESifh ,kHrSm;jcif;oHo,trsKd;rsKd;wkdYukd t&Sifem*aoe
rax&fu y,fazsmufawmfro
l jzifh vk;H 0 Ak'b
momukd ,kMH unfouf0ifvmjy;D omoemh'g,umMu;D wpfa,muf
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tcsKdUwGif zwf&I&jyefavonf/ odkYaomf &kyfyGm;awmfudk udk;uG,faomtavhtvmrSm y&dedAmefpH0ifawmfrl
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31

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rwdrfaum? ruG,fyEkdifao;[k qkdEkdifp&m&Sd\/ urmay:wGif bmomMuD;av;ck&Sd&m tpvmrfbmomrSwpfyg;
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tdE,
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32
orkj'*kwr if; uHawmfuek af vaomf if;\'kw,

d om;awmfjzpfol 'kw,
d pE*w
k 0 Md wrm'dMwonf zcif\
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rsK;d wku
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atmifjrifjcif;odu
Yk m; ra&mufc/hJ quE*w
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d m;\/ taMumif;qkad omf acwfwiG f
avonf/ *kwa cwfukd tdE,
d &mZ0if a&Tacwf(Golden Period) [kac:qkx
tdEd,EkdifiHawmfMuD;rSm t<u,f0qkH;aom tqifhtwef;odkY a&mufcJhonfomru "gwkaA'ynm? pdwfynm?
uAsmvuFmynm? em#uynm? ocFsmynm? aZmwdynm? '&foQeyf nmESiAhf o
d u
k mynmwkrYd mS txl;ojzifh xGe;f um;
cJah vonf/ acwf Adou
k mMu;D wkx
Yd rH S tarG&xm;vku
d af om [ku
d jf 'bwfe,fx&J dS t*sEm vkP
d *f Ml u;D rSm pHerl
emwpfcjk zpf oGm;a&mufz;l ajrmfow
l idk ;f rtHMh o rcs;D rGr;f Ekid b
f J raeEkid /f taMumif;ESiphf yfvsO;f tus,u
f kd
odvv
dk Qif (The Architectural Survey of India) ac:pmtkyu
f dk zwf&MI unfyh g/
w&kwfbkef;MuD; zm[D,ef
r[maAm"dtaMumif;wGif az:jycJjh y;D aom w&kwb
f ek ;f Mu;D zm[D,efonf 'kw,
d pE*w
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tdE,
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hJ / xdak cwf tdE,
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Yd nf trsm;tm;jzifh oufowfvw
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OD;zm[D,eftm; txl;aus;Zl;wifoxkdufygayownf;/
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d t
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f cg
33
'kwd,pE*kw0dMwrm'dMwrif;

rk&Sd'gb'fac:aom jrdKUteD;&Sd uEok0PjrdKUawmfwGif xD;eef;pkdufavonf/ qmquFmonf r[m&mZm"d&mZ
bGUJ xl;udk cH,al wmfrjl y;D onfah emuf wpfyg;aomrif;wk\
Yd Ekid if o
H Ykd usL;ausm0f ifa&mufwu
dk cf u
dk af v&m ajrmufbufukd
Am&mPoDjrKd Uxd? awmifbufudk Mo&dpe ,fxd atmifjrifawmfral vojzifh tifyg,mMu;D rSm wpfpwpfp us,0f ef;vm
avonf/ rif;um; oD0ac: xm0&bk&m;udk ud;k uG,af om [dEL t,lonf;rif;jzpf r*"jynfawmfEiS w
hf uG
ol\Ekid if aH wmfwpfavQmufwiG f aexkid o
f w
D if;ok;H Muukeaf om &[ef;awmfwt
Ydk m; tjypftrsK;d rsK;d &Sm owfjzwfav
onfhtjyif bk&m;yGifhawmfrl&m r[maAm"dyifawmfukdvnf; ckwfjzwf rD;&IdUcJhavonf/ taMumif;ESifhpyfvsOf;
uREyfk o
f nf (Mr. L.L.S.O Malley I.C.S.Bengal District Gazetteer) rpwmarmav\ba*Fg'dpMww
d f *Zuf
wD,m tcef;-3? pmrsufESm-No.54 wGifokdY zwf&I&avonf/
"About 600 A.D Sasanka the king of Central bengal who was a worshipper of siva and fanatical
enemy of Buddhism, dug up and burnt the Bodhi tree, but it was replanted by Purna varman. The king of
Magadha who surrounded it with a wall in order to prevent it being out down again."
t"dyg,frSm-]]c&pf 6-&mpkavmufu oD0bk&m;udk ukd;uG,fqnf;uyf Ak'bmom0ifwkdY\omoemh

&efolMuD;wpfOD;jzpfol b*Fvm;jynftv,fykdif; &Sifbk&ifqmquFmonf aAm"dyifawmftm; tjrpft&if;uyif
wl;az:jy;D rD;&IUd ypfavonf/ odaYk omf r*"wkid ;f jynf&iS b
f &k if? yl&mPAmrefonf xkad e&m jyefvnfpu
kd yf sK;d jy;D vQif
aemifaomtcg uJhokdY rzsufqD;Ekdif&ef ausmufvuf&ef;MuD;jzifh um&Hxm;cJhavonf/
wGirf uao;bJ Ak'b
mombk&m;? ausmif;uefwYdk oD0bk&m;ESiMhf uif&mawmf jyb0wDw\
Ydk ,Suv
f su&f dS
aeaom vdi&f yk Mf u;D rsm;udk Xmyemjcif;? ausmif;ueftcsKUd ukd ewfueG ;f ozG,t
f ok;H jyKjy;D ,Zfyal Zmfapjcif; tp&Sad om
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momum; tprwk;H
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jybmurif;Mu;D uHawmfuek af vaomf om;awmfMu;D &mZ0'eonf zcif\&ku
d &f mawmfukd qufvufp;dk pH
avonf/ rmv0jynf&Sifbk&ifa'0*kwonf qquFmrif;ESifhr[mrdwfjyKjyD;vQif &mZ,0'erif;MuD;\a,mufz
awmf umnuAZrif;tm;owf ESrawmf&mZ,oQ&t
D m; rawmfrw&m; apmfum;onfudk Mum;odawmfral vonf/
xkdodkYMum;od&vwfaomf tvGefyif tcJraMuEkdifbJ&Sd&um; umnuAZjynfokdY csufcsif; ppfcsDawmfrljyD;vQif
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a&muf&avonf/
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t&mudk qufvufp;dk pHawmfral vonf/ rif;onf umr&lywkid ;f ukd pk;d pHawmfral om Amqu&fAm&fEiS rhf [mrdwf
zGUJ jy;D vQif qquFmodYk ppfaMunmavonf/ av;ESpw
f idk w
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w&kwfbkef;awmfMuD; [la0qif
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a&;om;xm;cJhavonf/
xkrd w
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hf &m;q,fyg;ESin
hf aD om rif;wpfyg;jzpf
tvSL'get&mvnf; tvGeyf if &ufa&mvSonf[\
l / u0d0gPAonf &mZ*k&jk zpf ]][oQp&dw}} trnf&dS
aom [oQrif;Mu;D \twKyw
d(Biography)ukad &;om;pDu;Hk cJah vonf/ rif;Mu;D onf Ekid if aH wmfo?l Ekid if aH wmfom;
wk\
Yd <u,f0csr;f omrIEiS t
hf usiphf m&dwj zLpifru
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d m;\/ bmomw&m; t,lronf;vSay/ tvk;H pkH
aombmomudk tnDtrQyif axmufyHhonfqkd\/ tedvfcsEaCmqf\ &mZ0if [oQrif;MuD;onf ewf&GmpH
rnfEh pS w
f iG f vk;H 0Ak'b
momukd ouf0if,MHk unfomG ;aMumif;? olonf [la0qiftm; txl;jrwfE;dk MunfnKd vo
S jzifh
umnuAZt&yf ausmif;awmfMuD;wpfaqmifESifhusufoa&r*FvmESifhjynfhpkHaom "rm&kHMuD;wpfckudk aqmuf
34
vkyjf y;D vQif [la0qifxH tjrw

J &m;awmf Mum;emavonf[\
l / rpwma*spaD usmuf"&l \
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qif,ifusif;yavonf/ xkdyGJawmfMuD;odkY [la0qifvnf; <ua&mufcJhonf[l\/
yGo
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Yd v
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,m,DapwDrsm;ESifhrEd&rsm;udkvnf;aumif; us,fjyefYaomajrjyifaqmufvkyfapavonf/ tjyifbufrS ppf
onfawmfwt
Ykd m; jc&H aH pmifah &Smufavonf/ rif;Mu;D onf yxr&uf Mu;D us,af omr[m'geudk ay;vSLawmfrjl y;D
Ak'&kyfyGm;awmfudk OD;acgif;xufodkY yifhawmfrljyD;vQif &[ef;? ykPm;? rif;? rdzk&m; paomta>ct&Htaygif;wkdY
jc&H jH y;D vQif pDwef;vSnv
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f idk f aeESihf oD0bk&m;udk ylaZmfjyefavonf/
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f idk f qif;&Jo?l qif;&Jom;
wdkYtm; t0wftpm;? aq;0g;rsm;ESifhaMu;aiGrsm;udk vSL'gef;jyefavonf/
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aomaeY rdr\
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f
tukeftpif vSL'gef;awmfrlavonf/
txufyg pum;&yfrsm;t& [oQrif;MuD;onf a&SUtzkdY (Theosophy) oabmrsKd;vkd bmomwkdif;ukd
,kHMunfavaomfvnf; aemuftzkdY vkH;0Ak'bmomjzpfoGm;avonfqkd\/ pum;onfvnf; ,kwd&Sd\/
b*Fvm;jynf ygvrif;rsm;
0*Fwkdif;? b*Fvm;jynf qquFmrif;ewf&GmpH uHawmfukefavaomf wkdif;jynfMuD;rSmvnf; tpdwfpdwf
trTmrTmuGjJ ym;jcif;okYd a&muf&avonf/ uGjJ ym;jy;D tcsi;f csi;f roifrh jrwfjzpfaeaomtjcif;t&mudk rcHEidk Mf u
aom wkid ;f oljynfom;wko
Yd nf a*gyva'0trnf&adS om vlynm&SMd u;D wpfO;D tm; rif;ajrm ufMuavonf/ a*gygv
a'0rif;eef;wufjyD;onfhaemuf EkdifiHawmftwGif; jzpfyGm;vsuf&Sdaom qlylaomif;usef;rIMuD;rSm wjznf;jznf;
jidrf;at;oGm;avawmhonf/ if;\rif;qufudkvnf; ygv0Ho [k trnfwGifapavonf/
"rygvrif;
a*gygvrif; ewf&mG pHjy;D aemuf om;awmf "rygvonf c&pf 8-&mpkavmufwiG f qufvufeef;wufjyef
avonf/ ygvrif;wkw
Yd iG f rif;onf ol&owEd iS jhf ynfph aHk om rif;wpfyg;jzpf ol\tifyg,mrSm b*Fvm;jynfrS
,cktcg tmz*efepwefac:aom *Em&wkid ;f odx
Yk d us,jf yefaY vonf/ bD[me,fwiG f ausmaf pmxif&mS ;cJah om
0dur oDvmausmif;awmfMu;D udk rif;vufxufwiG f pwifaqmufvyk af vonf/ if;ausmif;awmf&monf ,cktcg
oQdv0&GmteD;wGif wnf&Sdavonf/
&GmtaMumif;ESiphf yfvsO;f rpwmrmav\ bD[mESiMhf o&dp* Zufw,
D m (Bihar and Orissa District
GAzzteer by Mr.L.S.S.O Malley, I.C.S)pmrsuE
f mS eHygwf233-wGif atmufygtwkid ;f a&;om;xm;avonf/
Silao - Village in the Bihar Subdivision, ten mile South of Bihar, on the Rifgir extention of the
Bakhtiarpur-Bihar light Railway. The village is a large grain mart, and contain a police station. It is said that
the best basmati rice in the district is obtained here, and the place has also a local reputation for the
excellence of it parched rice and its sweatmeat, which before the coming of the railway were mainly sold
to pilgrim on their way to Rajgir Silo contains two tombs and mosque with numerous incriptions in persian
and Arabic characters. The mosque is of ordinary kind without cloisters attached. It is built of stone and
mortar, and the floor in front is paved with stone. The whole of stone was obtained from Hindu or Buddhist
buildings. The pavement is indeed one mass of imbedded pillars, and proves that the building destroyed to
35
furnish the profusion of materials must have been numerous and extensive.
t"dyg ,frmS ]]bD[mjrKd U qyf'0D ZD eH ,f &Sad om oQv

D 0&Gmonf bD[mjrKd UrS 10-rkid f a0;uGmaom bw,
d m
,lEiS b
hf [
D m&xm;vkid ;f i,fay:wGif wnf&adS vonf/ if;&Gmonf aumufyo
J ;D ESaH &mif;0,f&mXmewpfck jzpfav
onf/ c&kid ef ,fwiG f yxrwef;pm;jzpfaom bwfprk wDqefukd &GmrSyif &Ekid o
f nf/ if;jyif aumif;rGeaf om
rkefYaMumfrsm;ESifhrkefYqef;rsm;xGufjcif;aMumifh &Gm\trnfrSm xifay:ausmfapmvsuf&Sdavonf/ xkdpm;aomuf
zG,frsm;udk rD;&xm;vrf; razmufvkyfrDuyif &mZj*dK[foGm; bk&m;zl;om;wkdYtm; a&mif;cs&avonf/ oQD0&Gm
AvDMuD;wpfckESifht&kd;*lESpfck&Sd\/ t&dk;*lrsm;ESifhAvDMuD;wGif tm&ADtu&mudk yg&Sm;bmompum;jzifh a&;xkd;xm;
aom ausmufurn;f rsm;&Sad vonf/ AvDausmif;Mu;D rsm;ay: arQmpf ifrygbJ &k;d &k;d rQom jzpfavonf/ a&SUbuf
orHwvif;ukd ausmufjzifh cif;xm;av&m xkyd pn;f rsm;rSm Ak'b
momESi[
hf Ed L bmom0ifwyYkd idk q
f idk af om taqmuf
ttkw
H rYdk S ,lxm;avonf/ vrf;bufu cif;xm;aom orHwvif;ae&mum; ajrxJ jrK yv
f su&f adS om ausmufwidk f
wk\
Yd ae&mjzpfonf/ ,ckuo
hJ Ykd tESt
YH jym;tok;H jyKxm;aom 0wKypn;f rsm;udk jrifjcif;jzifh rGwq
f vifwYdk zsuq
f ;D ypf
aom taqmufttkHrsm;rSm rnfrQrsm;jym; us,fjyefYaMumif;udk xif&Sm;apavonf/
This tradition is explained by the fact Silao is Contraction of Vikamasila, the name of one of most
famous of Buddhist monasteries in India. From Tibetian Chronicles we know that the monastery was a
great seat of learning in 11th Century when it was ruled over by Atisha or Dipankara Srijnana, who had
been proclaimed the Dha- mapala or Buddhist hierarch of Magadha. He left it at the invitation of the king
of Tibet and succeed in reforming the debassed form of Buddhism them prevelent in that country (103853). The monastery of Vikramsila appear to have flourished till the Muhammedan Conquest, when it was
burnt by the invaders. (Report; Arch, Surv. In -dia Vol., VIII: Sarat Chandra Das, Life of Atisha, J.A.S.B
Vol. IX part I 1891)
t"dyg ,frmS ]]oQv

D 0&Gm\ae&monf 0dur oDvmausmif;awmf&mMu;D jzpf[ef vuPm&So
d nf[k tpOf
tvmajymqkMd uavonf/ xkad usmif;awmfMu;D onf tdE,
d jynfwiG f trnfemrausmMf um;cJah om ausmif;awmfMu;D
rsm;xJwiG f wpfausmif;tygt0ifjzpfavonf/ wdAufvrl sK;d wk\
Yd rSww
f rf;rsm;rS od&&dS onfrmS xkad usmif;awmfMu;D
udk twdoQac: 'DyuF&moD&pd smetkycf sKycf ahJ om c&pf 11-&mpkavmufwiG f crf;em;Mu;D us,af om wuov
kd Mf u;D
wpfck jzpfavonf/ olUtm; r*"wkid ;f Mu;D \"rrmru[k ausmMf um;xifay:cJah vonf/ xdt
k &Sio
f nf wdAuf&iS f
bk&if\zdwfrEujyKcsuft& ausmif;awmfMuD;rS xGufcGmjyD;vQif azgufjyefaeaom wdAufomoemudk c&pf
1038-53-ckEpS w
f iG f okwo
f if &Si;f vif;avojzifh atmifjrifawmfral vonf/ 0dur oDvmausmif;awmfMu;D onf
rGwfqvifwkdY usL;ausmf0ifa&muf rD;&IdUzsufqD;ypfavonfwkdifatmif pnfyifcJhavonf/}}
uREkfyfonf xkdae&modkY oGm;a&mufMunfh&Iav&m az:jyyg t&kd;*lMuD;rsm;ESifhAvDMuD;udkyg awGUjrifcJh&
avonf/ xkAd vDukd rGwq
f vifwo
Ydk nf 0dur oDvmausmif;awmfMu;D rS&&Sad om tkwaf usmufwjYdk zifh aqmufvyk f
xm;av&m az:jyvsuf&Sdaom oufaocH0wKMuD;um; ausmufpmygaeaom ausmufjym;rsm;pGm AvD&Sdaejcif;
yifjzpfonf/ ausmif;awmfMuD;rSm ygvrif;rsm; vufxufrStpjyK rGwfqvif0ifa&mufzsufqD;ypfonfxd
oHCmawmfaygif; 6000-cefaY exkid o
f w
D if;ok;H cJah vonf/ xkd 6000-avmufaomoHCmawmfww
Ykd iG f rGwq
f vif
wk\
Yd vufcsuaf Mumifh 4000-rQavmuf aoaMuysupf ;D cJo
h nf[\
l / useo
f C
H mawmf 2000-wkrYd mS tquftoG,f
&Sd&m wdAufjynfodkY xGufajy;Muavonf[lownf;/
rpwm qGmjyq'f\&mZ0if a&;om;xm;onfrSm c&pf 11-&mpkESpfwGif emvEausmif;awmfMuD;rSm
0dur oDvmausmif;avmuf wd;k wufrrI &Sad wmhayg/ 0dur oDvmausmif;onfomvQif r*"wkid ;f ynma&;jyemudk
vG,fulpGm ajz&Sif;ay;cJhavonfqkd\/ odkYaomf usL;ausmf0ifa&mufol rlqvifwdkY\zsufqD;rIum; 0duroDvm
ausmif;awmfMu;D ESiAhf 'k o
moemawmfukd uG,yf aponf r[kwaf o;/ r*"wkid ;f Mu;D \ynma&; tvif;a&mifuykd g
uG,fapavonf[l\/
36
"rygvrif; tedpa &mufavaomf om;awmfa'0ygvonf touf 39-ESpw

f iG f eef;wufawmfral vonf/
rif;vufxufwGif [kPf;vlrsKd;wkdYEkdifiHESifhtmoHMo&dpEkdifiHwkdYudk odrf;ykdufatmifjrifavonf/ acwfwGif
*sm0gESio
hf rk wuRe;f &Sib
f &k if AvykMwa'0onf oHwrefwpfO;D tm; apvTwaf wmfrjl y;D vQif emvEwuov
dk Mf u;D
\OypmxJ ausmif;awmfMuD;wpfaqmifudk aqmufvkyfvSL'gef;cJhavonf/
r[Dygvrif;
a'0ygvrif; tedpa&mufjyD;onfhaemuf ygvEkdifiHawmfMuD;rSm wa&GUa&GUqkwf,kwfvmavonf/ xkdY
aMumifh aemufq;Hk rif;jzpfaom r[Dygvonf yXrygv0Hotrnfukd zsuo
f rd ;f 'kw,
d ygvrif;qufukd wnf
axmifavonf/ rif;vufxuf awmifbuftEd ,
d jynfrS apmvrif;wko
Yd nf Ekid if o
H 0Ykd ifa&mufwu
dk cf u
dk af v&m
Mo&dpe,fudk ay;tyfvkduf&avonf/ r[Dygvrif;MuD;onf r[m,mefomoemawmfudk txl;ojzifh MunfndK
awmfral vaomaMumifh wdAufjynfoYkd r[m,mef&[ef;awmfrsm;tm; omoemjyKapvTwjf yefavonf/ ,if;acwf
tcgu b*Fvm;jynfajrmufyikd ;f 'dempyl&'f pd Mww
d rf [myk&af c:aomt&yf&dS r[Dygv'DCaD c:aom ausmif;awmfMu;D
rSm tvGepf nfyifaejyefavonf/ wdAufjynfoYkd omoemjyKapvTwv
f u
dk af omyk*K v
d w
f w
Ydk iG f 0dur oDvmausmif;
tkyMf u;D 'DyuF&moD&pd smerax&fEiS o
hf \
l aemuf r[Dygv\om;awmf e,ygvwku
Yd o
kd m &mZ0if a&;om;az:jyMu
onf/ r[Dygvrif; ewf&mG pHjy;D onfah emuf 0dj*[ygvrif;? 'kw,
d r[Dygvrif;? &mrygvrif;? &mZygvrif;[l
rif;av;yg; qufvufp;dk pHcjhJ y;D aemuf c&pf 900-avmufwiG f rif;qufoOk ;f oGm;avawmhonf/ 'kw,
d ygvrif;wkYd
onfvnf; Ak'bmomudkom t,l&SdMuojzifh b*Fvm;jynfrS Am&mPoDjrdKUxd omoemawmfruG,fy rarS;rdSdef
bJ awmufyvsufyif&Sdavonf/ r[m,mefbkef;MuD;wkdY a&;om;pDukH;cJhaom usrf;wkdYonfvnf; acwfwGif
rsm;pGm ay:xGufcJhavonf/
ygvrif;rsm;aemuf aoerif;wkdYonf tdEd,jynfodkY rlqvifwkdY0ifa&mufwkdufckduf atmifjrifcJhaom
c&pf 12-&mpkxd pd;k pHcMhJ uavonf[q
k &dk jim;vnf; ,cifu rif;rsm;uJo
h Ykd bke;f wefc;dk r&Sad wmhjy/D apmfbmG ;rsm;
tjzpfjzifo
h m e,fy,ftenf;i,frQukd tkycf sKy&f avonf/ tdE,
d jynfMu;D rSm ysupf ;D csed w
f efvmojzifh ,ckuo
hJ Ydk
jzpfvmavonf/ wkdif;wpfyg;om;wkdY tMudrfMudrfwkdufckdufjcif;udk a&S;ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmuyif cHcJh&aomfvnf; nD
nTwjf cif;wnf;[laom tiftm;pkjzifh jyefvnfacsreI ;f cJ&h m *&dwt
f vufZef;'g;ponfwrYdk mS tdE,
d jynfrq
S w
k cf mG
&avonf/ tdEd,jynfMuD;\ysufpD;jcif;odkY a&mufrnfjzpfaom uHMurmqkd;MuD;wGif Ak'omoemawmfMuD;vnf;
yg0if&avonf/ omoemjyKrif;aumif;rif;jrwfrsm; r&Sad wmhjyjD zpf aovke;D vlrrmwpfO;D uJo
h Ykd tiftm;qkw,
f w
k f
vsuf&Sdaom Ak'omoemawmftm; xdef;odrf;apmifha&Smufol r[m,mef&[ef;awmfwkdY\rav;pm;rI? 0denf;
w&m;awmfrS azmufjyefusirhf ?I tcsi;f csi;f cku
d &f efa'gojzpfymG ;rI ponfwu
Ydk m; vl'um? 'umrwk\
Yd MunfnKd jcif;
udk qkw,
f w
k af p omoemawmfMu;D tm; ysupf ;D uG,yf apavonf/
omoemqkwf,kwfykHESifhuG,fyykH
The first event that deserves notice in post Gupta period is the disappearance of Buddhism from
land of it's birth. The Palas of Bengal were the last king of India to patronise Buddhism. Under the Senas
the successors of the Palas, Buddhism found to support and began to disappear rapidly. The final stroke
was delivered by the Muslim invaders who drove away all the Buddhists from Bihar. (A New History of
India by Iswari Prasad Page, 142.)
t"dyg,f- rpwmqGm&Djyq'f\tdEd,&mZ0ifopf 142-pmrsufESmwGif a&;om;xm;onfrSm

]]Ak'b
momonf rlvjzpf&m Ekid if aH wmfrS *kwr if;wkv
Yd ufxuf yXra&S;OD;pGmuG,yf cJ&h avonf/ od&Yk mwGif
b*Fvm;jynf\aemufq;Hk &Sib
f &k ifrsm;jzpfMuukeaf om ygvrif;wko
Yd nf Ak'b
momudk ulnaD xmufyMhH uavonf/
aoerif;wkv
Yd ufxufum; wpfpw
Hk pfcak om taxmuftyHu
h rkd Q r&&Sad vaomaMumifh apmvsipf mG aysmufu,
G f
pjyKavjy/D aemufq;Hk rlqvif 0ifa&mufwu
dk cf u
dk o
f w
l u
Ydk Ak'b
mom0iftm;vk;H wkt
Yd m; bD[me,frS armif;xkwf
ypfavawmhonf/
37
a'0ygvrif;

Though the final destruction came in the twelth and thirteenth Centuries, Buddhism had been
declining from the previous Centuries. The Chief Causes of decline were the loss of roval support, the
quarrels amongs the monks and foreign invasions. Besides these there was a lack of piety in the Buddhist
Church. The monks led corr-upt live in monasteries. A new revival of Brahmanism took place under the
leadersship of Kumarilla Bhatta (750 A.D)and Sankracharya (born in 788 A.D). The latter was a Nambudry
Brahmana of Southern India, a profoundly learned man and a philosopher."
t"dyg,frSm- Ak'omoemawmfonf c&pf 12-ESifh13-&mpktwGif; vkH;0uG,fyysufpD;oGm;&aomfvnf;

a&S;ESpf&mpkrsm;uyif wa&TUa&TU qkwf,kwfvmavonf/ uG,fy&jcif;\t"dutaMumif;&if;rSm &Sifbk&ifrsm;\
ulnDaxmufyHhrIudk r&&Sdjcif;? &[ef;awmf tcsif;csif; ckduf&efjzpfyGm;jcif;? if;aemuf rlqvifwkdY0ifa&muf
wkdufckdufjcif;aMumifh jzpfonf/ 'gwGifruao;bJ &[ef;awmfrsm;\0denf;ynwfawmfrS azmufjyefusifh
jcif;aMumifh Ak'bmomausmif;uef taqmuftOD;rsm;ukd vl'um? 'umrwkdY apwem ysufjym;Muavonf/
xkdYjyif c&pf 750-avmufwGif ukrm&Dvb'trSL;&Sdaom ykPm;wkdYonfvnf; [dEL0g'udk pifjydKifwnf
axmifvmMuavonf/ c&pf 788-ckESpfwGif arG;zGm; tdEd,jynfawmifykdif;om; erL'&DykPm;rsKd;jzpfol
tbd"rmbufqkdif&m ynm&SdMuD; qHMumusm&,onfvnf; qewef0g'ukd (0g) urmOD;0g'ukd jyefvnf
xl a xmif a vonf / }}
txufyg ykPm ;ESpOf ;D wko
Yd nfvnf; rdrw
d \
Ydk 0g'ukd wnfaqmufvadk omaMumifh Ak'b
momudk "renf;?
t"renf;wkjYd zifh zsuq
f ;D avonf/ ukrm&Dvb'onf 0*F&mZfwidk ;f ac: b*Fvm;jynfomoemudk zsuq
f ;D av&m
ajrmufbufb*Fvm;jynf&dS r[Dygv'DCaD usmif;awmfMu;D ESihf if;ausmif;awmftxJwiG f oDwif;ok;H aexkid Mf uukeaf om
oHCmawmft&SifjrwfwkdYrSm ysufpD;jcif;odkY a&muf&avonf/ b*Fvm;jynfwGif wpfckwnf;aom ausmif;MuD;
r[Dygv'DCDum; rlqvifwkdYzsufqD;onfhwkdifatmif rwnf&SdawmhjyD/
omoemzsuf qHMumusm&,
yk&SrdMworkj'*kwqmquFmpaom rif;wdkYonf jrwfpGmbk&m;omoemawmfukd enf;trsKd;rsKd;jzifh zsuf
qD;cJhonf[k qkd&jim;aomfvnf; omoemawmfMuD;um; vkH;0epfjrKyfroGm;EkdifcJhay/ arS;rSdefwpfvSnfh awmufy
wpfvSnfhqdkovkdjzpfjyD; [dELrif;wkdYvufxuf [dELomoemxGef;vif;awmufajymif Ak'bmomrSm arS;rSdef
cJah vonf/ Ak'b
momwd\
Yk vufxufoYkd usjyefvQiv
f nf; Ak'o
moemawmfrmS Munfvifawmufajymif [dEL
omoemawmfrmS arS;rSed cf ahJ vonf/ okt
Yd m;jzifh rSw
d w
f w
Hk pfcg zGiw
hf w
Hk pfvn
S jhf zpf&jcif;rSm &Sib
f &k if\t,l0g'
wnfavonf/ c&pf(8)&mpk ukecf geD;ESi(hf 9)&mpkoYkd a&mufvwfaomf Ak'o
moemawmfMu;D rSm &Sib
f &k if\axmufyhH
rIuif;av&um; txl;ojzifh qkw,
f w
k v
f su&f adS v&m qHMumusm&,onfvnf; qewe0f g'(urmOD;usr;f *efukd
vku
d ef m&aom0g'uk)d ukd wnfaxmifavonf/ qewew
f &m;udk wnfaxmifvadk om qMumusm&,onf Ak'
bmom&[ef;awmfwkdYtm; rw&m;vufeuf? "g;vufeuf? pum;vufeufwnf;[laom vufeuf 3-rsKd;wkdYjzifh
ESdrfeif;jyD;vQif tdEd,jynftv,fydkif;ESifhawmifydkif;omoemudk pwifzsufqD;avawmh\/ xkdacwfwGif&Sdaeaom
tv,fykdif;ESifhawmifydkif; tdEd,om;&[ef;awmfwdkYrSm omoemawmfudk jyKpkapmifha&Smufrnfh omoemh'g,um
rif;rsm;ESifhuif;a0;cJhjyDjzpf y&d,wdpmayusrf;*efwkdYudk roifMum;EkdifawmhyJ 0dyem"l&ukdom xrf;aqmif
vsu&f MdS uavonf/ qHMumusm&,um; Ak'b
mmomwkdY Mu;D pd;k vsuf &So
d nfukd rvkv
d m;aomyk*K v
d w
f pfO;D jzpfonf/
xkdYjyif [dELrsm; Ak'bmomjzpfoGm;&ykH? Ak'bmompmayusrf;*efrsm;udk vltrsm;vkdufpm;rIaMumifh [dELurmOD;
usr;f rsm;aumae&yk?H usr;f rsm;aumaejcif;aMumifh [dEL wkYd pm&dww
&m;rS csKUd ,Gi;f aeMuykH ponfwu
Ydk kd od&&dS ojzifh
ESvkH;rom,m jzpf&avonf/ xdkYjyif Ak'bk&m; igwkdY\qGm&ac: xm0&bk&m;&Sif\ 9-ckajrmuf t0wm&
("r'w
l )jzpfygvsuEf iS Ahf 'k b
momwko
Yd nf xm0&bk&m;ukd ,kMH unfrrI &SMd u/ [dEL bmom0ifwu
Ydk m; a*gwrbk&m;
tm; ,kMH unfMuonf/ oabmodYk ouf0ifwidk ;f ouf0ifwidk ;f Ak'b
momwkt
Yd ay: tcJraus zsuq
f ;D vk&d
um; rdrt
d jzpfukd t0wm&[k trnfay;jy;D vQif qewew
f &m;udk tpjyK a[mMum;avawmhonf/ xkpd Oftcg
wke;f u tdE,
d jynfawmifyikd ;f ESit
hf v,fyidk ;f udk apmvrif;wku
Yd tkycf sKy
f 0*Fwidk ;f udk aoerif;wkYd tkycf sKyaf vonf/
xdkrif;wkdYonf [dELbmom0ifrsm;jzpfMuavaomaMumifh ta&;MuD;vQif aoG;eD;w,fqkdbdouJhodkY 0g'csif;wl&m
38
qHMumusm&,tm; tm;ay;ulnjD y;D vQif Ak'o

moemawmfukd pwifzsuq
f ;D Muavonf/ if;rif;wku
Yd ,
kd w
f idk v
f nf;
qHMumusm&,tm; Mwo
d QP? &mrpaom bk&m;wku
Yd o
hJ Ykd qGm&ac: xm0&bk&m;\t0wm&wpfa,muf[k ,kH
MunfMuonf/ zsuq
f ;D yku
H m; qHMumusm&,onf awmifbuftEd ,
d jynfwiG f aexkid o
f w
D if;ok;H Muukeaf om &[ef;
awmfwt
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pGefYjcif;aMumifh a0;vGef;aomt&yfa'orsm;uyif zl;jrifEkdifavonf/ apwDMuD;udk ausmufjzifh aqmufvkyf
xm;&m tjrifh 104-aycefY&Sdavonf/ apwDMuD;ykHESifhEIdif;,SOfjyp&mum; uREkfyfa&mufzl;oavmufaom oD
[kdVf jrefrmjynfESifhtdEd,jynfwkdYwGif rnfonfhae&mrSmrS rawGU&Sd&acs/
48
a&S;acwfumv apwDawmfMu;D \ywf0ef;usiaf usmufcsy?f ausmufw;Hk wkw

Yd iG f &kyv
f ;Hk ? &kyjf ym;rsm; xkxm;
onf[l\/ ,cktcg jywkdufMuD;xJwGif xnfhxm;aom &kyfjym;awmfMuD;wpfckudk xkdapwDMuD;tjyifbufrS uyf
xm;cJhavonf/ odkYaomf &kyfjym;awmfMuD;ukd [la0qifawGU&SdcJhpOf a&T&kyfjym;omjzpfonf[l\/ rlqvif0if
a&mufzsuq
f ;D olwo
Ydk nf xkad &Tjym;Mu;D udk ,laqmifomG ;cJ
h [dEL tcsKUd u wjcm;aomXmerS ausmuf&yk jf ym;awmf
wpfqu
l kd xkad e&mwGif tpm;xk;d xm;[ef vuPm&So
d nf/ apwDawmfMu;D \ta&SUawmifbufrsuEf mS rS ausmuf
csyftcsKdUudk xkwf,l&&Sdonf/ uREkfyfaz:jycJhjyD;aom *s*wfqifonfyif xkdausmufrsm;udk xkwf,lavonf[k
trsm;,lqMuonf/
odaYk omfvnf; tvGet
Yf vGecf idk cf ahH om y&dabm*Mu;D rkYd vk;H 0ysupf ;D jcif;odYk ra&mufcEhJ idk /f xkjYd yif rlqvif
rsm; 0ifa&mufzsufqD;cJhpOfuvnf; ckdifrmaom apwDMuD;udk wjcm;aomtaqmufttkHrsm;uJhodkY tqkH;b0
odYk a&mufonfxd rzsuq
f ;D cJEh idk /f wcsKUd aom ynm&Sw
d u
Ydk rl xdak pwDMu;D udk zsuq
f ;D cJah om &efow
l o
Ykd nf a&T&yk f
wkawmfMuD;wpfqlESifhXmyemwkdufxJrS tzkd;te*xkdufwefaom ypnf;rsm;udk ,laqmifoGm;aMumif;ESifha&;om;
Muonf/ rd*'g0kefawmodkY bk&m;zl;oGm;vkdolwkdYonf a&S;a[mif;taqmufttkHrsm;teuf tenf;i,f csKdU,Gif;
vsuf&Sdaeaom apwDMuD;udkomvQif txift&Sm; zl;ajrmfp&m jzpfawmhonf/
apwDawmfMuD;rSwpfzef ,ckacwf taqmufttkHrsm; jzpfMuaom rlv*Euk#D0d[m&? r[maAm"d
pmMunfhwkduf? bD&vm"romvmwkdYodkY oGm;a&mufEkdifonf/
rd*'g0kefysufpD;qkwf,kwf&ykH
rd*'g0keaf wm&Sd taqmufttkrH sm; ysupf ;D qkw,
f w
k cf &hJ ykrH mS c&pf(6)&mpkavmufu rD[&d ukvmtrnf
&Sad om [ke;f vlrsK;d wpfO;D onf ae&m&Sd taqmufttkrH sm;udk zsuq
f ;D ypfavonf/ odaYk omfvnf; rMumrD jyef
vnfxlaxmifojzifh jyD;pD;jcif;odkY a&mufavonf[l [la0qif\pmtkyfwGif a&;om;xm;avonf/ [kef;vl
rsKd;wkdYonf rnfokdYrnfykH zsufqD;cJhaMumif;udkum; ra&;om;cJhojzifh rod&acs/ [la0qif a&muf&SdcJhjyD;onfrS
ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmwkdifatmif ausmif;taMumif;ESifhpyfvsOf; rnfokdYrSrod&acs/ pnfpnfyifyif &SdaecJh[ef
vuPm&Sdonf/
c&pf 10-&mpkodkYa&mufvwfaomf ae&mawmfrSm wpfpwpfp qkwf,kwfvmavonf/ ausmif;awmf&m
xJrS wl;azmf &&Sdaom bk&m;wpfql\yvifwGif b*Fvm;jynf r[Dygvvufxufjzpfaom 1029-ckESpfwGif
pwdvygvESifh0oEygvrnfaomyk*KdvfwkdYonf ausmif;MuD;rsm;udk jyefvnfjyifqifoGm;aMumif;ESifhausmuf
urnf;xkd;xm;cJhonfudk awGU&Sd&\/ aemuf jA[PykPm;wkdYonf rd*'g0kefawmudk twif;t"rodrf;,ljyD;
vQif olwu
Ydk ;kd uG,af om ewf&yk ?f vdi&f yk rf sm; xkxm;cJah vonf/ xkaYd emuf c&pf 11-&mpkavmufwiG f plvwef
r[mruf-*gZeDonf jyif;xefpGm zsufqD;oGm;jyefavonf/ xkdYaemuf wpfzef c&pf 12-&mpkavmufrSm rkd[m
rufa*:&D\ppfAv
dk rf LS ;Mu;D wpfa,mufjzpfol *sief &,fuw
k b
f 'G ed o
f nf emvefrxlEidk af tmif zsuq
f ;D ypfav&um;
Ak'&mZ0ifwGif us,fjyefYaomu@udk odrf;ydkufcJhaom rd*'g0kefrSm vuf&SdtajctaeodkY qkdufa&muf&avawmh
onf/ xkad omtcgrSp Ak'b
mom0if olawmfpiftaygif;wkrYd mS rd*'g0keaf wmudk pGev
Yf w
T &f avonfrmS ,aeY
txdjzpfawmhonf/ oHCmawmfaygif;rsm;pGmwkdYrSm olwdkY\vufcsufjzifh toufESifhcEm tkd;pm;uGJcJh&onfom
ruao;bJ toufESifhusef&SdcJhaom oHCmawmfwkdYrSmvnf; wdAuf edaygvfESifhtdEd,jynfawmifydkif;odkY wdrf;
a&SmifoGm;&avonf/
rd*g'0keu
f dk rlqvifrsm; zsuq
f ;D ykH
Am&mPoDNrdKUwGif; aomif;usef;arTaESmufcJhjyD;aom rlqvifppfonfawmfwkdYonfvnf; jrwfpGmbk&m;
&Sif\"rpMumw&m;OD;ukd a[mawmfrl&m rd*'g0kefawmodkY wpf[kefwnf; csDwufvmjyD;vQif ausmif; apwD
paom taqmufttkHwkdYudk &uf&ufpufpuf pwifzsufqD;avawmhonf/ if;wkdY\zsufqD;rIaMumifh ausmif;?
apwD? ykx;dk paom taqmufttkw
H rYkd mS vuf&t
dS ajctaeodYk a&muf&avonf/
(A Guide to Buddhist ruins of Sarnath, By Daya Ram Sahni, M.A, Director General of Archaeo-
49

logy in India). Page No.5
The monastic settlement of Sarnath continued in use until the end of the 12th century when it was
devastated in 1194 A.D, By Mohammed Ghory when his general Qutb-ud-din defeated Jaya Chandra,
the raja of Benares, and destroyed a large number of temples and images.
rpwm',m&mrf&S[eDtrf? at\rd*'g0kefvrf;nTefac:aompmtkyf pmrsufESm 5-wGif a&;om;xm;

onfrSm]]rd*'g0kef&Sd ausmif;awmfrsm;udk c&pf 12-&mpk ukefcgeD;jzpfaom 1194-ckESpftxd qufvuftokH;jyK
cJhavonf/ if;ESpfwGif rdk[mrufa*:&D\AkdvfrSL;MuD;wpfOD;jzpfol ukwfbG'defonf Am&mPoD&Sifbk&if bk&if
Z,csE&rif;tm; owfjzwf rsm;pGmukefaom apwDrsm;? ausmif;rsm;ESifh&kyfwkawmfrsm;udk zsufqD;ypfonfhwkdif
atmif jzpfavonf/
(qkdvkd&if;rSm Z,csE&rif;usqkH;jyD;aemuf rlqvifwkdY zsufqD;ypfaom taqmufttkHaygif;rsm;pGmwkdY
wGif rd*'g0keftaqmufttkHrsm;vnf; yg0ifavonf[kqkdvkd\/)
It has been stated above that the final destruction of Sarnath Buildings was presumably the work
of Mohammed Ghory and the condition of the remains that have been unearthed shows clearly that their
overthrow was due to a violent catastrophe accompained with thunder and fire.
t"dyg,f/
/xkdtaMumif;ESifhpyfvsOf; od&Sd&onfrSm rd*'g0kef&Sdausmif;awmfMuD;rsm; t<uif;r&
ysufpD;&jcif;rSm rkd[mrufa*:&D\vufcsufaMumifhjzpfonf/ rlqvifwkYd\rD;paom vufeufwkYdjzihf aMumufruf
pzG,f zsuq
f ;D cJah Mumif;udk ,ckay:vsu&f adS om taqmufttkH t<uif;tuserf sm;u xif&mS ;pGm az:jyxm;av
onf/
Major Kitto's excavations gave ample proof of the fact that the monastery had been destroyed by
a great fire applied by the hands of hostile invaders. The conflagration was "So sudden and rapid as to
force the monks to abandon their very food", for the explorer found "the remains of ready-made wheaten
cakes in a small recess". I myself found in the two cells referred to above several earthen pots containing
remnants of cooked rice.
t"dyg,f/
/]]ar*smupfwkd;u a&;om;az:jyonfrSm usL;ausmf0ifa&muf wkdufckdufaom &efolwdkYonf
ausmif;awmfMu;D udk rD;&IUd pifppfraoG zsucf ahJ vonf/ &kww
f &uf avmifuRr;f vmaom rD;Mu;D \t&Sed af Mumifh
&[ef;awmfrsm;rSm pm;aeaom tpm;tpmudkyif pGefYvTwf&avonf/ oGm;a&muf&SmazGolwkdYonf *sKHjzifhjyKvkyf
xm;aom udwrf ek rYf sm;ukd tcef;i,fuav;rsm;wGif awGU&S&d avonf/ xkt
d cef;i,f 2-cef;xJ uREyfk u
f ,
kd w
f idk f
csufxm;aomxrif;rsm;yg0ifaom ajrtkd;uav;rsm;udk awGU&Sd&ao;\/}}
(History of Benares by Prof. A. H. Altekar, M.A,L.L.B., D.Litt).
Page No.23
The prosperity of Benares was destined to come soon to an end. King Jaya Chandra, who was
ruling Kananj at the time of the invasion of Mohammed Ghory, was unable to drive back the invaders
Kanauj was conquerd by Mohammed in 1193. We are told that a thousand temples of Benares were destroyed and Masjid were built over their sites....and 1,400 camels were required to carry the plunder.
t"dyg,frSm/ /]]Am&mPoDjynfMuD;\ csrf;om<u,f0rIonf rMumrDyif ysufpD;&ef uHMurmzefwD;ay;av

awmhonf/ rkd[mrufa*:&Donf umodu&mZfwkdif; Am&mPoDNrdKUukd wkdufckdufpOfu bk&ifZ,csE&rSm usL;
ausmf0ifa&muf wkdufckdufolwkdYudk rwGef;vSefEkdifav&um; 1193-ckESpfwGif a*:&Donf umodu&mZfwkdif;ukd
50
atmifjrifavawmhonf/ uREkfyfwkdY Mum;zl;oavmufrSm olonf Am&mPoDNrdKU&Sd rsm;pGmaom apwD? ykxdk;rsm;

udk zsuq
f ;D if;ae&mrsm;wGif AvDausmif;rsm; aqmufvyk Mf uayawmhonf/ wku
d cf u
kd v
f ,
k uf&aom ypn;f
rsm;udk ukvm;tkyfaygif; 1400-ESifho,faqmifoGm;avonf/}}
odv
Yk Qif q&mtrsK;d rsK;d wkYd a&;om;Muonfudk axmufcsi
hf Am&mPoDNrKd UESirhf *d 'g0keaf wm&Sd taqmuf
ttkHwkdYrSm rlqvifwkdY\vufcsufaMumifh ysufpD;&avaMumif; xif&Sm;avonf/ rd*'g0kefawmudk rlqvifwkdY
onf 2-Mudrfwkdifwkdif 0ifa&mufwkdufcdkufavawmhonf/ if;wkdYrSm r[mruf*gZeDESifhr[mrufa*:&DwkdY jzpfav
onf/ yxr0ifa&mufwkdufcdkufcJholum; t<uif;rJhrzsufqD;cJhacs/ tenf;i,frQom zsufqD; ypnf;rsm;ESifh
bk&m;b@mawmfrsm;udk vk,loGm;ayonf/
aemufxyfzsuq
f ;D ol a*:&DonfomvQif emvefrxlEidk af tmif zsuq
f ;D ypfavonf/ &[ef;awmfrsm;rSm
qGrf;pm;aeqJwGif towfcHMu&&Smavonf/
(Natabats History of India) ac:pmtkyw
f iG f bke;f awmfMu;D rsm;tm; ppfom;rsm;[k txifrmS ;jcif;aMumifh
owfypfavonf[l\/ pum;rSm ,kwdr&Sd/ tu,f Xme&Sd &[ef;awmfrsm;tm; ppfom;rsm;[k txif
rSm;avonfjzpftHh/ wjcm;ae&m&Sd oHCmawmfwkdYrSm vGwfp&mtaMumif;&Sdonf/ wjcm;Xme&Sd &[ef;awmfwkdYrSm
vnf; uHMurmESifhqkHpnf;Mu&avaomaMumifh if;pum;rSm ,kwdr&SdEkdif/ wu,fhapwemESifhowfjcif;om
jzpfavonf/ ukvm;tkyfaygif; 1400ESifh,laqmifoGm;aom b@mawmfrsm;rSm rd*'g0kefawm&Sd ausmif;awmf
rsm;rS trsm;qkH;yg0ifayonf/
&efolrlqvifrif;wkdY zsufqD;ypfcJhaom rd*'g0keftaqmufttkHwkdYrSm c&pf 12-&mpkrSp 17-&mpkxd
ajrMuD;xJ jrKyfvsuf&SdcJhaomfvnf; ywf0ef;usif&Sd &yfol&Gmom;rsm;onf xkdtaqmufttkHrsm;rS ypnf;wkdYudk
rnfonfhtcgrS xkwf,ltokH;rjyKcJhacs/ &mZ0ifwpfcgajymif; t*FvdyfvufxufodkY a&mufvwfaomf ruifZD
qko
d l ausmufpm0efMu;D onf c&pf 1815-ckEpS w
f iG f ae&mudk pwifw;l azmfavonf/ wpfzef qmtvufZEm;
umeif*efonf c&pf 1845-ckESpfwGif qufvufwl;azmfjyefavonf/ xkdyk*KdvfMuD; wl;azmfcJhpOfu &&SdcJhaom
ypnf;tcsKdUudk rd*'g0kefjywkduf odrf;qnf;xm; tcsKdUukdrl umvuwm;jywkdufMuD;odkY ydkYavonf/ odkYwl;
azmfaomtcg ausmuftkwfrsm;pGmwkdYudk Am&mPoDNrdKUodkY ,laqmifjyD;vQif uGdif;aumvdrf? 0&kemjrpf&Sd 'Gefuif
wHwm;blwm&kpH onfwu
Ydk kd aqmufvyk Mf uavonf/ 0&kemjrpf&dS a&umwHwidk ;f Mu;D ukv
d yk &f mvnf; bk&m;&kyyf mG ;
awmf wpfzufygaom ausmufpmaygif; 48-csyfESifhyef;ykyef;EG,fygaom ausmufcsyfaygif;rsm;pGmwkdYudk tokH;jyK
avonf/ ,ck uREkfyfwkdYacwfrSmyif uJhodkY tokH;csMuonfudk awGU&jcif;jzifh a&S;urnfa&GUrnfrQ tokH;cscJh
jyDenf;qkdwmudk awG;qp&mMuD;wpfckyif jzpfavonf/
rlqvifwYdk zsuq
f ;D jcif;aMumifh jyKd ysu?f usK;d yJv
h su&f adS om &kyw
f ak wmfrsm;? oydwu
f ?JG tk;d uG?J tk;d jcrf;rsm;
udk ,cktcg ausmufpmbufXmerS aqmufvyk x
f m;aom jywku
d x
f w
J iG f uREyfk w
f Ykd zl;jrifMu&onf/ xdjk ywku
d x
f J
tmaomuausmufpmwkid rf S ausmufjcaoh&F yk f ok;H yGiq
hf idk Mf u;D vnf;&S\
d / ausmufpmrsm;vnf; &S\
d / us,jf yefY
vsuf om,memaysmfzG,f&Sdaom ausmif;awmfMuD;rsm;um; tkwfeH&HMuD;rsm;? orHwvif;rsm;jzifh jydKvsuf&Sdav&m
vma&mufz;l ajrmfMuol Ak'b
mom0if olawmfpifwidk ;f a&S;acwfukd jyefvnf wovGr;f qGw&f avonf/ Xme
udk zl;jrif&olwkdif; uREkfyfwkdYoEmef x<uavh&Sdaom aomuwnf;[laom 'DvIdif;MuD;udk oHa0*w&m;jzifhum
qD;&ayownf;/
(From the report of a tour in the Gorakhpur District, By A.C.L.Cirlcyle in 1875-1876 and 18761877. Pages 62-63)
Kushinagar Temple
............In the inner doorway of the temple itself I made an interesting discovery, In two hollows on
each side at the lower part of the temple, I found the acient cupshaped iron pivots hinges. I found some
fragments of back charred wood which showed that the door had been destroyed by fire; and as numerous bones and various charred substances were found in the outer chamber as well as in both doorways.
It was evident that Buddhism had been destroyed by fire and sword.
rpwmuvdwf\ *dk&wfyl'dpMwdwf c&D;pOfpmtkyf pmrsufESm 62? 63wGif a&;om;xm;onfrSm51
ukodem&kHausmif;awmf
]]ukodem&kHbk&m;ausmif;awmfMuD;\twGif;wHcg;bufwGif uREkfyfonf pdwf0ifpm;zG,f&mwpfckudk awGU
&S&d ayonf/ ausmif;awmfMu;D \atmufwcH g; 2-bufwiG f tacgif;Mu;D 2-ck&adS vonf/ xkt
d acgif;rsm;xJ a&S;
a[mif;wHcg;rsm;wGif wyfqifcJhaom a&S;a[mif;ykHpH&Sdaom oHywmrsm;ESifhrD;aoG;tptersm;udk awGU&Sd&\/ xkdY
jyif rsm;pGmaom t&kd;rsm;ESifhrD;avmifuRrf;xm;aom t&m0wKrsm;udkvnf; tjyif&SdwHcg;0MuD;ESpfzufpvkH;wGif
awGU&S&d ao;\/ xdo
k aYkd wGU&S&d aom rD;aoG;rsm;? vl&;dk rsm;ESiahf vmifuRr;f xm;aomt&m0wKrsm;udk awGU&S&d jcif;jzifh
ausmif;awmfMuD;udk rD;&IdUzsufqD;avaMumif; xif&Sm;avonf/ Ak'bmomudk rD;ESifh"m;vufeufwkdYu tpwkH;
atmif zsufqD;ypfavownf;}}/
txufygpum;&yfrsm;t& ukoed m&kaH usmif;? apwD? ykx;dk rsm;udk rD;paom vufeufwjYdk zifh zsuq
f ;D av
aomaMumifh ysufpD;&aMumif; xif&Sm;avonf/ tb,folonf zsufqD;avoenf;[laom vufonfudk azmf
xkw&f ef vkad yonf/ xdo
k u
l m; r[mrufuw
k b
f 'G ed t
f b
J wf jzpfonf/ olonf c&pf 1197-ckEpS w
f iG f atmuf('f)
ESiw
hf &[kwef ,ftygt0ifjzpfaom ukoed m&kb
H ufoYkd csw
D ufwu
dk cf u
dk af v&m wpfvtwGi;f odr;f ydu
k rf ad vonf/
xdka&mtcgu ukodem&kHXme ausmif;MuD;i,faygif; 30? apwD 8-qlESifhoHCmawmfaygif; 300-cefY aexkdifoD
wif;ok;H Muavonf/ xdo
k o
l nf ausmif;&So
d C
H mawmfwt
Ydk m; 0g0gjriforQ vku
d v
f o
H wfjzwfavaomf &[ef;awmf
t&SifjrwfwkYdrSm bk&m;y&dedAmefjyK&m*lMuD;xJodkY 0ifajy;Muavonf/ xkdodkY0ifajy;aom&[ef;awmfwkdYtm; tjyif
bufrS wHcg;rsm;ukdydwfum rD;&IdUowfav&m oHCmawmft&SifjrwfwdkYrSm rD;ykHMuD;xJ wAkef;Akef;vJum aoyGJ
0ifMu&&Smavonf/ rpwmuvdwf wl;azmf&&Sdonfqkdaom t&kd;rsm;um; xkd&[ef;awmfrsm;t&SifjrwfwkdY\
t&k;d rsm;yifjzpfonf/ rpwmuvdwu
f ukoed m&kzH suq
f ;D ypfov
l ufonfukd xkwaf zmfra&;om;aomfvnf; r[m
aAm"dtoif;MuD;\pux&DcsKyfMuD; a'0jyd,url ukodem&kHudk zsufqD;olwdkYrSm rlqvifrsm;jzpfonf[k if;\
(Buddhist Shrines in India) ac:pmtkyw
f iG f a&;om;xm;avonf/ xkaYd Mumifh jrwfpmG bk&m;&Siu
f ,
kd af wmfjrwfMu;D
y&dedAmefjyK&mXmeMuD;wpfckyifjzpfaomfvnf; rlqvifwkdYpufuGif;rS rvGwfuif;Ekdifojzifh odkYjzpf&ygwum;[k
oHa0*,lMuygukef/
,cktxift&Sm; awGUjrif&aom taqmufttkHrsm;rS ausmif;awmfysufMuD;rsm;? apwDMuD;wpfql? y&d
edAmefvkdPf*lMuD;wpfck? rmx*l0ac:bk&m;wpfqlESifhawaZm"mwfavmifuRrf;&m ukef;awmfay:&Sd apwDawmfMuD;
wkdYjzpfonf/
om0wd
om0wdNrdKUawmfrSm yaoe'Daumovrif;MuD;\xD;eef;pkduf&m NrdKUawmfMuD;jzpf xkdacwfu vlOD;a&
7-uka#rQaexkdifMuavonf/ Ak'&Sifawmfbk&m;onf 18-0gumvywfvkH; oDwif;okH;awmfrlcJhaom ae&mjzpf
jcif;aMumifh Ak'bmomusrf;*efwkdY tvGefxifay:avonf/ om0wdjynfwGif xif&Sm;cJhaom taqmufttkH
MuD;rsm;um; temxydPfolaX;MuD;\aumif;rIawmfjzpfaom aZw0efausmif;awmfMuD; rd*g&rmwmbGJUxl;cH0dom
cg'g,dumrMuD;\aumif;rIawmf ykAm&kHausmif;awmfMuD;ESifhyaoe'Daumovrif;MuD;\eef;awmfrsm;jzpfonf/
rQausmfapmxifay:cJhaom om0wdjynfMuD;onf c&pfokH;&mtwGif; qkwf,kwf tdrfajc 200-rQom <uif;
usefjyD;vQif c&pf 6-&mpktwGif;usaom qmquFrif;vufxufwGif vkH;0ysufpD;oGm;&avonf/ rlqvifrsm;
zsufqD;csdefum; r&SdawmhjyD/ ,cktcg NrdKU\ta&SUbufrsufESmudk tpD&0wDjrpfa&pm;jcif;aMumifh rkdif0uf
cefY a&xJusomG ;avjy/D xkNd rKd U&Sd aZw0efausmif;awmfMu;D udk ausmufpmbufXmeuwl;azmf&mwGif ausmif;awmf
Mu;D ESiw
hf uG *Eu#k w
D u
dk af v;vk;H anmifapmif;awmfMu;D wpfck ay:xGuu
f ek o
f nf/ t&Sio
f m&dyw
k & m\"mwfawmf
apwDwpfq?l tmeEmaAm"dyifawmfEiS ahf &wGi;f ? a&uefrsm;vnf; ay:xGuu
f ek \
f / ,ckomG ;a&mufz;l ajrmfvo
kd w
l rYdk mS
tajctaeudkom jrif&awmhrnfjzpf a&S;acwfukd tm&kHjyKom zl;ajrmfMuygukef/
rlqvifwo
Ydk nf tdE,
d jynfwpf0ef;&Sd omoemawmfukd tESt
YH jym; &ufpufpmG zsuq
f ;D Muavonf/ xkd
okdYzsufqD;onfukd ca&aphwGif;us odEkdifzkdY&mum; rvG,fvSay/ &mZ0ifynmESifhtoufarG;jrLMuaom y&dkzuf
52
Bihar and Orissa District Gazetters(Patna)

By L.S.S.O., Malley, I.C.S., Page No.20
The Mohammed Conquest
The Buddhism of Magadha was finally swept away by the Mohammed invasion under Bakhityar
Khilji. In 1197, the capital, Bihar was seized by a small number of two hundred horse men, who rushed the
postern gate and sacked the twon. The slaughter of the "shaven headed Brahmins" as the Mohammed
chronicle called the Buddhist monks, was so complete that when the victor searched for someone capable
of explaining the contents of the monastic libraries, not a living man could be found who was able to do so,
"It was discovery," it was said, "that the whole place and city was a place of study" * A similar fate befell
the other Buddhist institution, against which the combined intolerance and rapacity of the invaders were
directed. The monasteries were sacked and monks slain. Many of the temples were idols were broken
and trodden underfoot. Those monks who escaped from the sword fled to Tibet, Nepal and southern
India, and Buddhism as a popular religion in Bihar, its last abode in northern India was finally destroyed.
Thence forward Patna passed under the Mohammedan rule.
rpwmrmav\bD[mESifhMo&dp*ZufwD,m pmrsufESm eHygwf 20-
r[mar'ifrsm; yg#vdjynfukd Ekid ef if;jcif;

t"dyg,f/
/]]rm*"wkdif; Ak'omoemawmfonf bwfwD,mcdv*sD trSL;&Sdaom r[mar'ifrsm;
0ifa&mufwkdufckdufjcif;aMumifh ysufpD;jcif;odkY a&muf&avonf/ olwkdYonf c&pf 1197-ckESpfwGif r*"wkdif;?
yg#vdyw
k Nf rKd UawmfMu;D ukd jrif;pD;ppfom; 200-rQjzifh NrKd UwHcg;Mu;D rS 0ifa&mufum odr;f ydu
k af vonf/ r[mar'if
rSwfwrf;rsm;wGif Ak'bmombkef;MuD;rsm;[k ac:qkdxm;aom OD;jynf;acgif;wkH;ykPm;(r[m,me&[ef;udk qkdvkd
onf/)udk tpaysmufatmif owfjzwfMuav&m ausmif;awmfrsm;&Sd yd#uwfwu
dk rf sm;wGif yg0ifaomtaMumif;
t&mrsm;udk ajymjyjcif;iSm pGrf;aqmifEkdifaomolrsm;udk &SmazGygaomfvnf; &[ef;awmfwpfyg;ukdrSvnf; rawGU
&awmhacs/ taMumif;ESifhpyfvsOf; uREkfyfwkdY od&Sd&oavmufrSm NrdKUawmfMuD;wpfckvkH;onf ynmoifMum;
&m XmeMuD;jzpfavonf/ csDwufwkdufcdkufolwkdY\a'got[kefaMumifh wjcm;aom Ak'bmomtaqmufttkHwkdY
onfvnf; txufygysupf ;D jcif;uHMurmESihf awGUMuKcH pH m;&avonf/ olwo
Ydk nf ausmif;rsm;wku
Yd kd odr;f ydu
k jf cif;?
&[ef;awmfrsm;tm; &ufpufpmG owfjzwfjcif;? apwDyx
k ;dk rsm;udk &ufpufMurf;MuKwpf mG zsuq
f ;D acsreI ;f jcif;? a&
wGufjcif;iSm rpGrf;Ekdifaom &kyfwkawmfrsm;tm; &kdufcsKd;jcif;? ajcESifheif;jcif;ponfwkdYudk jyKvkyfav&um; "m;
ab;rS vGwfajrmufMu&Smaom &[ef;awmfwkdYrSm wdAuf? edaygvfESifhtdEd,jynfawmifydkif;odkY xGufajy;Muav
onf/ ajrmufydkif;tdEd, aemufqkH;wnf&SdcJh bD[mac:r*"e,fwGif EkdifiHawmfbmomjzpfcJhzl;aom Ak'bm
omonf aemufqkH;ysufpD;jcif;odkYa&muf&avonf/ ,if;onfhtcgrSp y#em(yg#vdykwf)jynfonf r[mar
'ifwkdY tkyfcsKyfjcif;udk cH&avonf/}}
txufyg 0ifa&mufwu
dk cf u
dk f zsuq
f ;D rIwiG f taomurif;w&m;Mu;D \aumif;rIawmfrsm;jzpfaom r[m
apwD? taomum&kHausmif; paom taqmufttkHaygif;rsm;pGm yg0ifysufpD;&avonf/ ,ck uREkfyfwkdYoGm;
a&mufMunfh&Iaomtcg arm&d,NrdKUawmfjzpfaom yg#vdykwfNrdKU&mMuD;udk txift&Sm; rawGU&awmhacs/ a&S;
a[mif; yg#vdykwfjynfonf ,ck&Sdaeaom yg#emNrdKU\atmuf 24-aycefYwGif jrKyfvsuf&Sdonf[k ausmufpm
bufXmerS ,lqxm;avonf/ yg#empDwDta&SUbuf zmvkH0ufavmufwGif apwDMuD;wpfqlukd awGU&\/ if;
apwDMuD;\txufydkif;udk rlqvifwkdYu jzdKzsufjyD;vQif AvDwkdufMuD;wpfck aqmufvkyfxm;avonf/
0d[m&NrdKUac: bD[mNrdKUomoem
Page No. 202
(Bihar town)...........At the Mohammedan conquest, the city was sacked, the monastery burnt,
53
qmMu;D wko
Yd nfyifvQif ukepf ifatmifrodMuacs/ xdaYk Mumifh uREyfk o
f nf &SmazGpak qmif;&&St
d yfaom tud;k tum;
rsm;jzifh odoavmufukd a&;om;&ayonf/
burnt, and the monks slain by Bhakhliar Khilji; But Bihar was the place of residence of the Mohammedan
governors until 1541.
Page No. 230
In all directions are seed Mohammedan tombs, the smaller of brick. Larger or square and curved
stones taken from ruined Buddhist or Brahmanical Buildings.
t"dyg,f/
/]]r[mar'ifwkdYonf bD[mNrdKUudk atmifjrifpOf ausmif;awmfrsm;udk vk,ufzsufqD;jyD;vQif
bwfw,
D mcdv*so
D nf &[ef;awmfrsm;tm; owfjzwfypfavonf/ odaYk omf bD[mNrKd Uonf c&pf 1541-ESpw
f idk f
atmif r[mar'ifbk&ifcHrsm; tqufquf &kH;pkdufoGm;aomae&mjzpfonf/ (rSwfcsuf-AD,mNrdKUukd rlqvifwkdY
odrf;ykdufpOfu ausmif;ueftaqmufttkHrsm;udkom zsufqD;cJh wjcm;taqmufttkHrsm;udk rzsufqD;cJhacs/)
pmrsuEf mS 203]]bD[mNrKd U\ae&mwumwGif rlqvift&d;k *lMu;D rsm;udk awGUjrif&avonf/ xdt
k &d;k *lrsm;
wGifyg0ifaom tkwftMuD;ti,f av;axmifhrsm;ESifhyef;ykyef;EG,frsm; xkxm;aom ausmufrsm;udk Ak'bmom
odkYwnf;r[kwf [dELbmom0ifwkdY\taqmufttkHysufrsm;rS ,lMuavonf}}
Page No.204
...........In the centre of the dargah or towon of Kadir Kumaish, which is modern date, but it is
composed almost entirely of the remains of the ancient Vihara while its pavement is made up of ancient
Chaityas and Pillars.........and a little to the east of this place is the dargah of Makhdum Shah Ahmed
Chara mosh with an ancient gateway, eleven feet high and seven broad, which tradition says, once served
X as the entrance to great vihara in the old town.
pmrsufESm 204 t"dyg,frSm ]]bD[mNrdKUteD;&Sd um'Dulrpfac:rlqvifwpfOD;\t&kd;*ludk a&S;a[mif;Ak'bmom

ausmif;apwDrsm;rS <uif;useaf eaom ypn;f rsm;jzifh aqmufvyk x
f m;\/ xk*d o
l o
Ydk mG ;&mvrf;rSmrlum; apwDysu?f
ausmufwkdifysufwdkYrS ypnf;rsm;yg0ifavonf/ ae&mrS a&SUbufcyfvSrf;vSrf;ae&mwGif tjrifhtm;jzifh 11ay? tus,ftm;jzifh 7-ay&Sdaom *dwfaygufwHcg;MuD;wpfckESifhrku'rf&Smta[mruf&Sm&armpf\ocsKif;wpfck
&Sdjyefao;\/ if;wHcg;rMuD;\&mZ0ifrSm a&S;ya0oPDtcg Ak'bmomausmif;awmfMuD;odkY 0if0wHcg;aygufMuD;
jzpfonf[l\/}}
rSwfcsuf/
/ae&mum; *kwr if;rsm;vufxufwiG f pnfyifcahJ om aygwduoHCm&mrjzpfonf/ ausmif;
awmfMuD;onf c&pf 700-ESifh800avmufwGif oHCmawmfaygif; 1000-cefY oDwif;okH;aexkdifcJhavonf/
Xmeonfvnf; rlqvifwYdk vufcsuaf Mumifh tErd b0odq
Yk u
dk af &muf&aMumif; az:jyyg,kwrd sm;jzifh vkaH vmuf
ayjyD/
wDvm[&GmtaMumif;
Report Archaeological Survey of India
Vol.VIII By Sarat Chandra Dass
TELARHA
A village in the extreme south-west of Bihar subdivision, situated 13 miles south-east of Masaurhi
railway station on a narrow trip of land between the Katter and Sona, two branches of Phalgu river. Telar
-ha has been identified with Tailadhaka, the first place visited by Hiuen Tsiang in the seven century on his
journey south from Patna. It contained a great monastery, a magnificent pile of building in which were four
courtyards with numerous arcades and pavillions, lofty tower and pagoda. Here 1000 monks devoted
themselves to study and learned from distant countries flocked to its halls. The site of this splendid structure is now marked by a number of mounds, one of whcih called Bulandi or high mound, is literally covered
with Mohammedan graves. To the east of the village is a large mosque with a plat-form composed almost
entirely of pillars and stones quarried from the ancient Buddhist buildings. The ancient name of the place,
54
Tailadhaka, is found in written characters of the Pala time (800-1200)in an inscription on one of the stones
now used as lintel over the door. The Singi Masjid or stone mosque as it is popularly called, was built on
the site of Buddhist temple and nearly all the graves dug round it have yielded either figure, pillars, or
portion of cornices and moulding. The Musalmans of Telarlia refuge to bury their relations in any tomb
from which any idolatrous images or carving has been turned up, for this reason a grave has sometimes to
be dug three or four time over. Outside the door of the mosque is a second enclosure containing the dargah
or tomb, of Saiyid Yusuf Ekbal, a Mohammedan saint who lived in Telarha about 250 years ago. He and
his six brothers are greatly revered by Musalmans of neighbourhood. The tombs of the brothers are to be
found at the villages of Miawan, Man daj, Abdalpur. Frtepur. Pabalpur and Bibipur. Both mosque and
dargah stand on a high mound which apparently is in the site of some Buddhist building. Some remarkably
fine Buddhistic sculptures have been found in the village.
t"dyg,f/
/wD[mv&Gmonf zmvm*ljrpfqG,fESpfckjzpfaom uwmESifhqkHemjrpfMum;wGif wnf&Sdaom rql
&Dbw
l mrS 13-rkid u
f mG a0;aom bD[mqyf'0D ZH e,f\awmifbuftqk;H wGif wnf&adS vonf/ w&kwb
f ek ;f awmfMu;D
[la0qifonf c&pf(7)&mpkavmufu yg#vdyw
k Nf rKd Uawmf\'uP
d a'oodYk a&muf&cdS ahJ om c&D;pOfwiG f yxrqk;H
a&muf&SdcJhaomae&mjzpf trnfudk awvm"u[k a&;rSwfxm;cJhavonf/ xdkae&mwGif MuD;us,fcHhnm;aom
ausmif;awmfMuD;wpfckESifh0if;jcH (4)ck&Sdavonf/ xkdausmif;awmfMuD;wGif a[mvfac:aom cef;raqmifMuD;rsm;?
aexGufaqmifrsm;? jrifhrm;aom arQmfpifMuD;rsm;ESifhapwDrsm;pGm yg0ifavonf/ xkdausmif;awmfMuD; oHCm
wpfaxmifavmuf aexkid o
f w
D if;ok;H Muonft
h jyif a0;vHaom Ekid if w
H umrS ynm&SMd u;D wko
Yd nfvnf; vma&muf
pk&kH;Mu&avonf[l\/ ausmif;awmfMuD;udk ajruwkwfMuD;rsm;jzifh zkdYxm;av&m wpfckaomajrykHukd blvED
okw
Yd nf;r[kwf jrifah omawmify[
Ykd ak c:onf/ ajrykrH sm;um; r[mar'ifw\
Ydk ocsKi ;f &myifjzpfavonf/ &Gm\
ta&SUbufwGifvnf; a&SUAk'bmom taqmufttkHrsm;rS wl;azmf&&Sdaom ausmufwkdifausmufwkH;rsm; tvkH;pkH
yg0ifaom AvDMu;D wpfv;Hk &Sad o;\/ xkAd vDMu;D \wHcg;xkw?f ausmufcsyw
f iG yf g&Sad om ausmufpmtu&mrSm c&pf
8-&mpkrS 12-&mpktMum;jzpfaom ygvacwfu tu&mrsm;jzpf awvmau[k a&;om;xm;onfuakd wGU&S&d \/
qH*rD *spaf c:aom ausmufAvDMu;D udv
k nf; ausmif;awmf&m aqmufvyk x
f m;onf/ AvDMu;D \xuf0ef;usif
vljrK y&f ef wl;azmfMuav&m &kyyf mG ;awmfrsm;? ausmufwidk rf sm; yef;MuKd ;yef;EG,x
f iG ;f vkyx
f m;aom ausmufcsyrf sm;udk
awGU&S&d avonf/ xkad e&m&Srd q
l vifwo
Ydk nf rdrw
d \
Ydk aqGrsK;d wdukd vlrsm;ylaZmfcx
H u
dk af om &kyyf mG ;awmf ponf
ay:xGuaf om xko
d csK i;f wGif jrK yEf MHS u&ef jiif;y,favonf/ t&m0wKrsm; ay:xGujf cif;aMumifh wGi;f wpfwiG ;f udk
3-4Murd rf u wl;azmfMuavonf/ az:jyygAvDMu;D \tjyifbuf 0if;jcMH u;D xJ tESpf 250-avmufu xDvm[&Gm
wGif aexkid o
f mG ;aom q,dw,
f q
l w
G t
f ubmvf\t&k;d *lMu;D wpfck &Sad o;\/ ol\tpfukd ajcmufa,mufwu
Ydk kd
teD;tem;&Sd rlqvifrsm;u txl;&kad oMu\/ ol\tpfurkd sm;t&k;d *lwu
Ydk dk rD,0ef? ref'pf? t'gyl&?f zmawyk&?f
yg&mbmyl&?f bDbyD &l &f mG wkw
Yd iG f awGU&S&d avonf/ ,lpw
G t
f ubmvf\t&k;d *lEiS Afh vDMu;D rSm jrifrh m;aom awmifuek ;f
ay:wGif wnf&\
dS / xkjYd yif wDvm[&GmrS vSyoyg,faom &kyw
f ak wmftcsKUd vnf; ay:xGuu
f ek \
f /
rSwfcsuf/
/wDvm[&Gm&Sd awvm"uausmif;MuD;onf omoemawmfukefqkH;vkeD;tcgwGif emvE
wuokdvfMuD;xufyif ykdrkdpnfumm;cJhavonf/ ausmif;? apwDpaomtaqmufttkHwkdYonf xkdausmif;awmf
MuD;\tjyifbufrS 0dkif;&Hvsuf&Sd&m txl;wvnf yPm&cJhavonf/ ae&monfvnf; rlqvifwkdY\"m;? rD;
paom vufeuf'Pfudk rcHEkdifojzifh az:jyygtajctaeodkY a&muf&avonf/
&mZN*Kd[f
Page No. 228
The Rajgir has been occupied at different time by Mohammedans, by whom Buddhist structures
were pulled down to furnish materials for tomb.
pmrsufESm eHygwf 228-t"dyg,frSm ]]&mZN*Kd[fNrdKUudk r[mar'ifwkdYonf tMudrfMudrfwkdufckdufodrf;ydkuf

55

cJ
h if;olwo
Ydk nf Ak'b
momtaqmufttkrH sm;udk t&k;d *lrsm; jyKvyk &f ef NzKzd sucf sMuavownf;}} bk&m;vuf
xuftcgu twGi;f 9-uka#? tjyif 9-uka#rQaom vlO;D a&udk vufcEH idk af om a0blv? a0bm&? od*v
d ?d
yP0? *dZs u#k [
f q
k t
dk yfaom awmifMu;D ig;vk;H wk\
Yd cHwyfMu;D ozG,f umqD;xm;jcif;aMumifh obm0tusq;Hk aom
NrdKUawmfMuD; &mZN*Kd[fum; rlqvifwkdY\txyfxyftzefzef 0ifa&mufzsufqD;ypfrIaMumifh ,cktcg awmMuD;
aovm[dr0EmuJhodkY jcKHEG,ftxyfxyf &pfywfzkH;tkyfvsuf &Sdavonf/ &mZN*Kd[fNrdKUonf c&pf 1197-ck
ESpw
f iG f r[mrufa*:&D\vufaxmufAv
dk rf LS ;wpfa,mufjzpfol tuw,
d m&k'ed -f r[mrufbif\zsuq
f ;D rIaMumifh
aemufqkH; ysufpD;jcif;odkY a&muf&avonf[k qGm&Djyq'f\tdEd,&mZ0ifopf 164-pmrsufESmwGif zwf&I&
avonf/
Ikhtiyaruddin Muhammad Bin conquered Bihar (1197)with only 2000 soldiers and destroyed the
Buddhist temples and Libraries at Rajgir.
t"dyg,frSm ]]tuwd,m&k'defrl[rbifonf ppfom;taygif; 2000-ESifh1197-ckESpfwGif bD[me,fukd

odrf;ydkufav&m &mZN*Kd[fNrdKU&Sd ausmif;awmfrsm;ESifhyd#uwfwkdufrsm;ukd zsufqD;ypfavonf}}/
txufyg om"ut& rlqvifrsm; zsufqD;jcif;aMumifh ysufpD;av&aMumif; xif&Sm;ygaomfvnf; xkd
rwkid rf u
D yif rsm;pGmqkw,
f w
k v
f su&f adS vonf[\
l / c&pf 250-avmufwiG f NrKd Uawmfa[mif; &mZN*K[
d w
f iG f wku
d ?f
tdrf ponf vkH;0jywfpJcJh tZmwowfNrdKUawmfjzpfaom &mZN*Kd[fom tdrfajc 400-avmuf&Sdonfqkd\/
,cktcg &mZN*Kd[fNrdKU\xuf0ef;usift&yfrsm;wGif a&S;a[mif;tkwfausmufwkdYjzifh aqmufvkyfxm;aom AvD
MuD;i,fwkdYudk awGUjrif&avonf/ if;tkwfausmufrsm;udk a0VK0efausmif;awmfpaom &mZN*Kd[fNrdKUwGif;NrdKUjyif
&Sd ausmif;awmfwkdYrS ,lavonf/ [kwf r[kwfqkdwmudk xkdAvDrsm; eH&H&Sdausmufpmygaom ausmufcsyfrsm;u
oufaocHxm;avonf/ xkdYjyif ydyvd*l[mac: t&Sifr[muyukd,fawmfjrwfMuD; psmef0ifpm;awmfrlcJhaom
vkP
d *f Ml u;D tay:vnf; rlqvift&k;d *l 5-ck&adS vaom vkP
d *f Ml u;D tay:vnf; rlqvift&k;d *l 5-ck&adS vao;
\/ teD;tem;aeol ukvm;rsm;xHrS uREkfyfod&Sd&ao;onfrSm a0VK0efausmif;awmfMuD; ,ckuJhodkY tkwfjym;
tkwfcsyfrsm; enf;yg;ae&jcif;rSm rlqvifwkdYonf tvkd&Sdwkdif; tokH;jyKMu&ef ,laqmifoGm;MuavaomaMumifh
jzpfonfqkd\/
emvE
Ak'& iS af wmfb&k m;\ vufxufawmftcgu emVu&Gm ,ck emvEac:aomae&monf Ak'* ,m rd*'g
0kefpaom ae&mwkdYuJhodkY t0dZ[dwXme r[kwfjim;vnf; c&pf 1-&mpkavmufup urmausmfAk'omoemh
wuokdvfMuD;wpfck wnf&SdcJhjcif;aMumifh urmwpfcGifrSm ay:xifcJhavonf/
emvEXmeonf bD[m,dwf&xm;vkdif;i,fay:&Sd ]]b&m*Gef}}ac:aom&Gm\teD;wGif wnf&Sdavonf/
xkdXmeonf &xm;vrf;qkH;&m &mZN*Kd[fNrdKUESifh 4-rkdifuGma0; yg#em(yg#vdykwf)NrdKUrS 55-rkdifcefYa0;uGmav
onf/ emvEXmeokYd oGm;vko
d w
l o
Ydk nf ta&SUtdE,
d &xm;vrf;ay:&Sd buw,
D myl&f blwmrSqif; az:jyyg
vdwaf &;vfa0;ac:&xm;i,fuav;jzifh oGm;a&muf&avonf/ odaYk omf &mZN*K[
d Nf rKd UodYk a&S;OD;pGm oGm;jy;D rS wzef
tqkdyg&xm;i,fuav;jzifh emvEodkY oGm;a&muf&ef taumif;qkH;jzpfayonf/
(1)
(2)
(3)
emvEwGif atmufygpdwf0ifpm;zG,f&mrsm;udk awGU&Sd&onf/

apwDMuD;rsm;wkdYonf ausmif;awmfMuD;rsm;a&SUrsufESm pDwef;vsuf&Sdjcif;/
ausmif;awmfMu;D rsm;ESi,
fh el AD mpwDtaqmifrsm;wko
Yd nf jrifah om uke;f awmfay: nDnn
D mnm&Sad ejcif;/
emvE,leDAmpwDMuD;rS wl;azmf &orQaom t&m0wKrsm;udk crf;em;MuD;us,faom jywkdufMuD;wpfck
xJ xdef;odrf;apmifha&Smufxm;ojzifh bk&m;zl;om;wkdYtzkdY txl;auseyfpzG,fjzpfjcif;/
56
emvEwuokdvfMuD;udk ausmufpm0efrif;MuD; blcseef[mrDvwefonf b&m*Gefac:&Gm\teD; wl;

azmf &&SdcJhavonf/ blcseef[mrDvwefxuf a&SUusaom ausmufpm0efrif;MuD; umeif*efonf ausmif;
awmf&mudk wl;azmf tenf;i,fcefY ay:xGufcJhaomfvnf; rnfonfhae&m[kyif trnfrrSnfhcJhEkdif/ blcseefrD
[mvwefurl ausmif;awmfysufMuD;xJrS &&SdcJhaom tudk;tum; ausmufpmrsm;ygonfhtwkdif; emvEwu
okdvfMuD;jzpfaMumif;ESifhwpfxpfcs tpD&ifcHpmukd qkdif&modkYwifoGif;cJhavonf/
emvEausmif;awmfMuD;um; pwk&ef;wpfrkdifcefY us,f0ef; xkdwpfrkdifcefY&Sdaomae&mudk tjyifbufrS
ckdifcHhaom tkwfwHwkdif;MuD;rsm;jzifh um&Hxm;vsufxm;&m oGm;a&mufzl;ajrmfolwkdif; cyfvSrf;vSrf;uyif jrifEkdif
avonf/ &Sad eaom taqmufttkrH sm;rSm apwDwef;Mu;D ESiw
hf pfzufrS ausmif;awmfMu;D rsm; pDwef;vsu&f o
dS nf/
if;ae&mrsm;\ wpfzufwGifum; aumvdyfausmif;MuD;rsm;ESifhpwk'domZ&yfMuD;rsm; &Sdavonf/ taqmuf
ttkHrsm;teuf wcsKdUwav taqmufttkHwkdYrSm txyfaygif;rsm;pGm&Sdojzifh tvGefyifjrifhrm;vSayonf/ xkdY
jyif taqmufttkHa[mif;MuD;rsm;tay: tMudrfaygif;rsm;pGm xyfrHaqmufvkyfcJhaom taqmufttkHrsm;udk
vnf; awGU&Sd&avonf/ odkY&mwGif a&S;tusqkH;aom taqmufttkHrsm;um; ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm Mumanmif;av
jyDjzpfaomaMumifh ajrxJ jrKyfvsuf&Sdavonf/
bk&m;zl;om;wkdYonf vuf0Jbuf*dwfaygufMuD;rS p0ifcJhonf&Sdaomf yxra&SUOD;pGm ausmif;awmfeHygwf
1- if;\vuf,mbuf&Sd eHygwf 4-5ausmif;awmfMuD;rsm;odkY a&mufvdrfhrnf/ ausmif;awmfeHygwf 1-ywf0ef;
usif cHhnm;aomausmufwkdifMuD;rsm;&Sdonf/ ausmif;awmfMuD;\tay:xyfodkY cdkifrmus,fjyefYoyf&yfvSaom
avSum;MuD;rsm;jzifh wufoGm;jyD;vQif tay:qkH;rS Munfhrnfqkdygu txl;0rf;ajrmufpzG,f 0rf;vnf;enf;pzG,f
jzpfaom ausmif;awmftysuftpD;rsm;\tajctaeudk aumif;pGm jrif&avonf/
ausmif;awmfMuD;\ywf0ef;usif &Sdaeaom apwDMuD;i,faygif;rsm;pGmwkdYrS rif;olaX; ol<u,fwkdY\
tqifhqifhvSL'gef;xm;cJhaom aumif;rIawmfrsm;jzpfonf/ xkdtxJwGif *kwacwfrSvmaom taqmufttkHwkdY
rSm tvSqkH; tckdifrmqkH;jzpfonf/ ausmif;awmfMuD;\ta&SUajrmufbufwGif&Sdaom opfom;vkdPf*lMuD;txJ
t0avmudawqGm&ac:aom bk&m;avmif;&kyfwkawmfwpfql&Sdonf/ &kyfwkawmfMuD;rSm emvEausmif;
awmfMuD;xJ&Sd &kyfwkawmfrsm;teuf tMuD;qkH;aom &kyfwkawmfjzpfonf/
&kyfwkawmfMuD;\ta&SUawmifbufvnf; wuokdvfMuD;wGifyxra&S;OD;pGm]]y&ifpDy,f}} (Principal) jzpfco
hJ l em*Zkeac: r[m,mefbek ;f awmfMu;D \t&kyv
f nf; &S\
d / ausmif;awmfMu;D &Sd taqmufttkrH sm;
ESi&hf yk yf mG ;awmfrsm;taMumif;udk tus,0f w
d m &tm;jzifh a&;om;&ef rvG,v
f aS y/ xkaYd Mumifh tusO;f oacFyrQom
a&;om;Ekdifayrnf/
ausmif;awmfMuD;rS ta&SUbufpl;pl;ae&mwGif tcef; 9-cef;yg0ifaom ausmif;awmfMuD;wpfaqmif
&Sdao;\/ ausmif;awmfMuD;okdY ajrmufbuf*dwfaygufrS 0if&avonf/ ausmif;awmfMuD;odkY 0ifa&mufzl;
ajrmfolwkdYonf tjyif0&efwmtcef;em;wGif pDwef;um pdkufxlxm;aom ausmufwkdifMuD;rsm;udk awGU&Sd&ayvdrfh
rnf/ ausmif;awmfMuD;rSm rlqvifwkdY\rD;'PfaMumifh ysufpD;jcif;odkY a&muf&av&m ,ckwkdifatmif avmif
uRr;f xm;aom t&m0wKrsm;udk awGUjrif&avonf/ ausmif;awmfMu;D udk c&pf 815? 854-ckEpS jf zpfaomygv
rif;vufxuf *s0gESifhokrw&muRef;&Sif bk&ifAvykMwa'0onf oHwrefwpfOD;tm; apvTwf aqmufvkyf
vSL'gef;cJhavonf/
ausmif;awmfMu;D ESiq
hf ufpyfvsuf a[mvfac:aomcef;raqmifwpfcv
k nf; &Sad o;\/ if;cef;raqmif
wGif q&mrsm;aexkdif&mESifhausmif;om;rsm;aexkdif&m[l ESpfrsKd;ESpfpm; cGJjcm;xm;avonf/ cef;rMuD;\
taemufajrmufbufaxmifh a&wGif;MuD;wpfckudk awGU&Sd&avonf/
ausmif;awmfMuD;udk wl;azmf&mwGif &Spfyg;oDvudk ausmufurnf;xkd;xm;aom ausmufcsyfrsm;ESifh
&kyfyGm;awmfaygif;rsm;pGm ay:xGufaMumif;ESifhemvEvrf;nTefac: pmtkyf rpwmataCmqfu a&;om;xm;
avonf/ if;t&m0wKrsm;udk ,cktcg jywkdufMuD;xJ odrf;qnf;xm;\/
ausmif;awmf 4-5-6wku
Yd kd wpfcEk iS w
hf pfck tkwef &H rH sm;jzifh qufpyfvsuf aqmufvyk x
f m;avonf/
ausmif;rsm;\ykHrSm ,ckacwf jrefrmjynf&Sd rnfonfhausmif;rsm;ESifhrS EIdif;,SOfp&m r&Sdacs/ tvsm;wpfzufvQif
57
apwDrsm;ESifhausmif;awmfMuD;rsm;

9-cef;ESifhteHtm;jzifh 4-cef;pD&Sdavonf/ oHCmawmfaygif; wpfausmif;vQif 100-cefYavmufaexkdifEkdifvdrfh
rnf[k cefrY eS ;f &avonf/ ausmif;awmfMu;D rsm;udk c&pf 413-jzpfaom *kwr if;rsm; vufxuf aqmufvyk f
cJhavonf/
ausmif;awmfrsm;rS ta&SUajrmufbufwiG f ae&meHygwf 7-ESi2hf -wk&Yd adS vonf/ ausmif;awmfrsm;\
tjyifbufrS cdkifcHhaom tkwfeH&HMuD;rsm;jzihf um&Hxm; xkdtkwfeH&Htay:u ykxkd;i,faygif; 211-qlcefYwnf
aqmufxm;avonf/ eHygwf 8-9-10-11-ae&mwkdYum; ynmoifMum;&m aumvdyfaqmifMuD;rsm;om jzpf
ausmif;om;aygif; 10000-cefq
Y efEY idk rf nf[k cefrY eS ;f &avonf/ emvEausmif;awmfMu;D um; az:jycJjh y;D onfh
twkdif; c&pf 1-&mpkrSp rlqvifwkdY0ifa&mufzsufqD;cJhaom 12-&mpkxd urmausmf ,leDAmpwDMuD;b0ESifh
wnf&SdcJhjcif;aMumifh rif;pdk;&mZmrsm;ESifholaX;ol<u,ftqufqufwkdY\aumif;rIawmfrsm;jzpfMuaom ausmif;
apwDykxkd;wkdYrSm rnfrnfrQ[k a&wGufjcif;iSm rwwfEkdifavmufatmif rsm;jym;vSayonf/
w&kwb
f &k m;zl;om; ,efacsmif\rSww
f rf;rS od&o
dS nfrmS c&pf 6-&mpkavmufp Ak'b
momonf tdE,
d
jynf odoo
d momMu;D qkw,
f w
k v
f su&f adS omfvnf; emvE,el AD mpwDMu;D um; tvGepf nfum;vsu&f adS o;onf/
taMumif;qkdrl rif;pOfrif;quf wuokdvfMuD;\ynma&;ukd tm;ay;ulnD&aomaMumifh jzpfavonf/
,leDAmpwDMuD;\tusKd;tvkdYiSm &Gmaygif; 100-rS aumufcH&&Sdtyfaom b@mawmfudk tokH;jyKavonf[l
\/ w&kwjf ynf rGe*f v
dk ;D ,m;jynfwrYkd S vma&mufynmoifMum;Muaom ausmif;om;wkt
Yd m; aea&;xkid af &; ynm
oifMum;a&;p&dww
f u
Ydk kd tcvGwaf y;xm;avonf/ tdE,
d jynfwiG f ynm*kP&f nftcReq
f ;Hk aomolonf ,leD
AmpwDMuD;odkY vma&mufum y&kdzufqmvkyf&avonf/
ausmif;awmfMuD;udk ]]Ak'omoemwuokdvf}}[kyif ac:a0:Muapumrl tjcm;bmomrS pmaywkdYudk
vnf; txl;ojzifh *&kpu
dk u
f m oifMum;ay;avonf/ tcsi;f csi;f aqG;aEG;wkid yf ifjcif;? ynmoifMum;jcif;wku
Yd kd
aeYa&mnOfhyg tcgra&G; cGifhjyKxm;avonf/
emvE&mZ0if
uREkfyfa&;om;cJhonfhtwkdif; emvEonf t0dZ[dwXmexJwGif ryg0ifapumrl Ak'bmomESifhwjcm;
bmomrsm;\pmayusr;f *efwu
Ydk kd avhvmusurf w
S Mf u&m urmausm,
f el AD mpwDMu;D wpfck jzpfavonf/ vuf,m
awmf&Hom&dykw&mudk,fawmfjrwfMuD;onf &GmteD;rSmyif rD;&I;oefYpifzGm;jrifawmfrlavonf/ jrwfpGmbk&m;
&Sif udk,fawmfjrwfMuD;onfvnf; &mZN*Kd[fNrdKUrS <ua&mufawmfrljyD;vQif tMudrfaygif;rsm;pGm w&m;a'oem
awmfukd xkwjf yefred q
Yf adk [mMum;awmfrcl ahJ vonf/ r*"wkid ;f &Sib
f &k ifrsm;\avnif;cH&mjzpfaom O,smOfawmf
MuD;wpfckrSm ausmif;awmfMuD;ESifhreD;ra0;aomae&mwGif &SdcJhavonf/ emvEausmif;awmfMuD;rSm bk&m;&Sif
\vufxufawmftcgu txl;tm;jzifh *kPfxifay:jcif;r&SdcJhaomfvnf; y&dkzufqmq&mMuD;wkdY\oifMum;jyo
rI uRrf;usifvdrmjcif;aMumifhvnf;aumif;? urmt&yf&yfrS ausmif;om;aygif;rsm;pGm vma&mufynmoifMum;
&jcif;aMumihfvnf;aumif;? c&pf 1-&mpkrSp urmwpfcGifrSm ausmfMum;vmavawmhonf/
wjcm;aom Ak'Xmersm;rSmuJhodkY oD&d"rmaomurif;MuD;onf ausmif;yk&0PfxJ cefYnm;MuD;us,f
aom ausmif;awmfMu;D wpfaqmifEiS o
hf m&dyw
k & mapwDawmfwpfqu
l v
kd nf; aqmufvyk v
f LS 'gef;cJah vonf/ w&m
emxac:q&mMuD;wpfOD;u a&;om;xm;aom &mZ0ifwGifum; emvEausmif;awmfMuD;udk rnfonfhckESpfu
aqmufvkyfwnfaxmifcJhonf[k wpfxpfcs rajymEkdifaomfvnf; c&pf 1-&mpktpavmufu jzpfwef&monf
qk\
d / taMumif;qkad omf ausmif;awmfMu;D udk ,leAD mpwDtjzpf tok;H csco
hJ nfrmS c&pf 2-&mpktpavmufu
jzpf r[m,mef*kdPf;udk wnfaxmifcJhol em*Zkeonf a&S;OD;pGm ausmif;tkyfMuD;jzpfcJhavonfqkd\/
*kwr if;wko
Yd nf Ak'b
mom0ifrsm; r[kwMf uaomfvnf; Ak'o
moemhwuov
kd Mf u;D udk axmufy&hH av
onf/ trsm;qkH;axmufyHhcJholrsm;rSm 0dMumrm'dMuHrif;jzpf olonf ynma&;udk txl;0goemygaomrif;wpf
yg;jzpfonf/ [la0qif\pmtkyrf S od&&dS onfrmS olonf oHCmawmfrsm; aexkid o
f w
D if;ok;H &eftvkiYd mS ausmif;
awmfMuD;wpfaqmifudk aqmufvkyfvSL'gef;cJhonf[l\/ olUaemuf pkd;pHMuukefaom Ak'*kw? wuxm*x*kw?
bmv'dMw? ukrm&*kwpaom rif;wdkYonfvnf; ausmif;awmfMuD;ESifhaygif;pyfvsuf ausmif;aygif;rsm;pGmwkdY
ukd aqmufvkyfvSL'gef;cJhao;onf[l\/ [la0qif a&muf&SdcJhaom c&pfESpf 7-&mpkwGif ,leDAmpDwDMuD;ukd
58
oDvb'rnfaom r[m,mef&[ef;awmfwpfyg; tkycf sKyaf vonf/ [la0qifonf a[wk0Zd m (pdwyf nm)? o'g
0dZm(o'gynm)? pdupm0dZm(aq;ynm)paom ynmwkdYudk ckepfESpfwkdifwkdif oif,loGm;avonf/
xkjYd yif c&pf(8)&mpkavmufwiG f r*"wkid ;f udk pk;d pHawmfral om bk&ifa'0ygvrif;onf emvEwuov
dk f
Mu;D \ynma&;twGuf &Gm 5-&Gmudk tydik pf m;ay;cJo
h nf[\
l / [oQ0'eoDvm'dMwrif;Mwm;Mu;D vufxufawmf
tcgu teD;tem;&Sd &Gmaygif; 100-wku
Yd kd wuov
kd Mf u;D odYk tydik pf m;ay;vSLcJah v&m &Gmaevltaygif;wdo
Yk nf
vnf; qef? Ek?Yd axmywf? [if;oD;[if;&Gupf aom ypn;f wkjYd zifh axmufyMhH uavonf[\
l /
urmausmfuxdursm;
emvEwuov
dk Mf u;D rS xGuaf om ynm&Syd *k K v
d w
f rYkd mS (1)tbd"rmq&m? (2) Asmu&Pq&m? (3) pdwf
ynmyg&*lrsm;? (4) aq;ynmq&m? (5) euwaf A'ifq&mrsm; tp&So
d jzifh urmausmyf nm&SMd u;D wku
Yd kd arG;xkwf
cJah vonf/ xkq
d &mMu;D wkYd a&;om;pD&ifcahJ om usr;f wku
Yd m; ,aeYtxd uREyfk w
f t
Ydk zkYd txl;avhvmoifMum;zG,f
&m jzpfavonf/ r[m,mefomoemonf wpfurmvkH;okdYvkdvkd ysHUESHYvsuf&Sdaomfvnf; r[m,meftbd"rmukd
um; wuokdvfMuD;uom jynfhpkHaygufajrmuf yg&*lwpfa,mufjzpfatmif oifMum;ay;Ekdifavonf/ emvE
wuokdvfMuD;udk xifay:atmif aqmif&GufcJhaom yk*Kdvfrsm;rSm atmufygurmausmfuxdursm;yif jzpfav
onf/
em*Zkeac: r[m,mefomoemudk a&S;OD;pGm wnfaxmiforl mS wuov
kd Mf u;D yxrqk;H ausmif;tkyf
MuD;jzpfcJhavonf/ t&d,a'0ac: ynm&SdMuD;rSm rZsdrduaumvdyfwGif uxdurSL;jzpf tod*Fac:yk*KdvfrSm
a,m*gpm&ausmif;wGif tawmfqkH;aom uxdujzpfonf/ 0gokAEKtrnf&Sdaom yk*KdvfrSm euwfaA'ifynm
rsm;twGuf txl;uxduwpfa,muf jzpfonf/ aemuf 'DCem*grnfaom uxduq&monf pdwa A'aum
vdyu
f kd wnfaxmifcahJ vonf/ olonf em*ZkeuJo
h Ykd awmifyikd ;f tdE,
d om;jzpfavonf/ xkaYd emuf ausmif;tkyf
Mu;D rSm oDvb'ac:aom "rygvyifjzpfavonf/ xkyd *k K v
d o
f nf emvEwuov
dk Mf u;D ausmif;tkyMf u;D jzpfae
pOf [la0qifESifh*&dwfausmif;om;aygif;rsm;pGmwkdYonf vma&mufynmoifMum;avonf[l\/ xkdYaemuf "r
&uw
d trnf&aSd om urmausmt
f bd"rmq&mMu;D onf qufvuftyk cf sKyjf yefav&m uREyfk af z:jycJah om ukrm &D
vb'ac: [dELykPm; tbd"rmq&mMuD;wpfa,muf ay:aygufvmcJhojzifh "r&udwESifhtMudrfaygif;rsm;pGm
0g'jydKifcJhMuavonf/ aemufqkH; xkdykPm;onf "r&udwxH qkH;&IH;jcif;odkY a&mufav&um; r*"wkdif;MuD;rS
xGufcGmoGm;&avonf/ aemuf oE&udwrnfaom r[m,mefbkef;MuD;u qufvuftkyfcsKyfavonf/
yk*Kdvfonf wdAuf&Sifbk&if\yifhzdwfcsuft& wdAufjynfodkY<uoGm;jyD;vQif r[m,mefyd#uwfawmf
rsm;udk wdAufbmomjzifh jyefqkda&;om;cJhjyD; c&pf 762-ckESpfwGif emvEwuokdvfMuD;txJ tedpa&muf
oGm;avonf/ olaY emuf qufvuf tkycf sKyo
f rl mS y'kror0trnf&
dS olonfvnf; wdAufjynfoYkd ud,
k w
f idk f
<ujref;awmfrjl y;D vQif vm;rm;omoemawmfukd wnfaxmifxm;cJah vonf/ ,ck wdAufjynf vm;rm;omoem
awmfonf wpfckwnf;aom *kdPf;tjzpfjzifh pnfum;vsuf&Sdavonf/
az:jyyg yk*K v
d w
f \
Ydk oDv*kP?f orm"d*P
k ?f ynm*kPw
f aYdk Mumifh emvEwuov
dk Mf u;D rSm [dak cwfwek ;f
u urmwpfcGifrSm pmwifcJh&onfomru ,ckacwf&mZ0ifq&mwkdYuvnf; (Ancient Oxford) a&S;a[mif;
atmufpzkdY'f[k trnf*kPfxl;ay;um a&;om;Mu&avonf/
Bihar and Orissa District Gazetter
by L.S.S.O Malley, I. C.S
Page No.28
The monastery of Nalanda, the Oxford as it has been called Buddhist India, was the centre from
which the Buddhist philosophy and teaching were diffused over southern India; and it continued to be a
great Buddhist University till the Mohammedan conquest.
t"dyg,f/
/]]tdE,
d jynfwiG f atmufpzk'Yd b
f UJG xl;ukd &&Scd jhJ y;D aom emvE,el AD mpDwMD u;D onf tbd"rmynm
udk oif,l&mXmeESifhawmifbuftdEd,odkY ynmjzefYa0&mXmeMuD;jzpf r[mar'ifrsm; 0ifa&mufwkdufckduf
59
atmifjrifonfhwkdifatmif Ak'wuokdvfMuD;tjzpfjzifh qufvuftokH;jyKcJh[ef vuPm&Sdonf/}}

Page No. 219
Naland, Site No.1............Indicating that from time to time as the monastery was destroyed by
fire. New structure were erected on the ruins of the old.
(Note, unmistakable trace of burning are evident and in the places charcoal is lying even now)
t"dyg,f/
/emvEausmif;awmf&m eHygwf 1-onf rD;&IdU cPcPzsufqD;cHcJh& ysufpD;aeaom t
aqmufttkHa[mif;ay:u taqmufttkHopfrsm; aqmufvkyfcJhaMumif;udk nTefjyxm;avonf/
rSwfcsuf/
/rrSm;Ekdifavmufaom oufaoom"urSm ,ckwkdif rD;aoG;rsm; &Sdaejcif;yifjzpfonf/
(Buddhist Shrines in India by Deva Priya Valisinba)
Page No. 154
Whatever a fame place may win for itself, it cannot escapes from the working of law of Anicca
which is a cardinal doctrine of Buddhism. Nalanda too came within this enexorable law. By about 8th
century. Nanlanda bagan to decline partly as a result of the vasi political and other changes that were taking
place in India. At the same time there was a revival movement among. Hindu who were able to proudce
philosophers of the rank of Sankra charya.
rpwma'0jyd, 0gvdqif[\Ak'pfwf&S&deftif tdEd,ac:pmtkyf pmrsufESm 154-wGif a&;om;xm;

onfrmS atmufyguJo
h Ykd t"dyg ,f&onf/
]]tMuift&yfonf rnfa&GUrnfrQyif ausmMf um;atmifjrifrI &Sad pumrl xkt
d &yfonf Ak'w
&m;awmft&
tedpp ufuiG ;f Mu;D rS rvGwu
f if;Ekid af y/ emvE,el AD mpDwMD u;D onfvnf; rNraJ om vuPm&S
d oabmw&m;
odkYqkdufa&muf&avonf/ tdEd,jynfwGif EkdifiHa&;ESifhwjcm; trsKd;rsKd;aom tajctaersm; ajymif;vGJvsuf&SdcJh
aom c&pf 8-&mpkavmufrSm emvE,leDAmpDwDonf ododomomMuD; qkwf,kwfvmavonf/ xdktcsdefyif
vQif [dELvlrsKd;rsm;txJrS tbd"rm*kPfxl;ESifhxGufay:vmaom qHMumus&,onfvnf; if;wkdYudk;uG,f&m
[dELbmomudk tjydKiftqkdif wnfaxmifjyefavonf/}}
The final blow was delivered by the Mohammedan invaders who were no respectors of the other
forms of religion. They not only drove away or killed the monks but also it a point to set fire to the
monasteries, thus destroying even the sites of Buddhistic importance. Minhaj, a Moslen hisorian, gives an
account of Bhakhtiar Khilji's conquest. It was latter who invaded Magadha and destroyed the last vestiges
of Buddhism. Tara Nath, a Tibetian historian say, "The Turks conquered the whole of Magadha and
destroyed many monasteries; at Nalanda they did much damage and monks fled abroad.
t"dyg,f/
/aemufqkH;ysufpD;&jcif;rSm wjcm;bmomudk vkH;0r,kHMunfrvkdvm;aom rlqvifusL;ausmf0if
a&mufwu
dk cf u
dk o
f w
l \
Ydk zsuq
f ;D rIaMumifh jzpfonf/ olwo
Ydk nf &[ef;awmfrsm;tm; owfypfonfomru ausmif;
awmfrsm;udkvnf; rD;&IdUypfavao;\/ xkdYjyif Ak'bmomwkdY\ta&;MuD;aom usrf;*efrsm;ESifhwjcm;t&m0wKrsm;
ukdvnf; zsufqD;ypfavonf/ rif[m(*s)trnf&Sdaom rlqvif&mZ0ifq&mMuD;wpfOD;u bwfwD,mcdv*sD\
taMumif;udk a&;om;az:jy&mwGif]]olonf r*"wkdif;udk aemufqkH;0ifa&mufwkdufcdkufoljzpf Ak'bmomwkdY\trSwftom;rsm;jzpfaom
t&m0wKrsm;udk zsufqD;ypfavonf/ w&memxrnfaom wdAuf&mZ0ifq&mMuD;u a&;om;xm;jyefonfrSm
wl&uDvlrsKd;wkdYonf r*"wkdif;wpfckvkH;udk odrf;ydkuf ausmif;aygif;rsm;pGmwkdYudk zsufqD;ypfavonf/ emvE
rlum; tajrmuftjrm;zsufqD;cJhonf/ &[ef;awmfwkdYrSm ae&mtESHYtjym;odkY xGufajy;Mu&avonf}}
uJo
h Ykd taMumif;wkaYd Mumifh emvEwuov
kd Mf u;D rSm vuf&t
dS ajctaeodYk usa&muf&avonf/ emvE
ausmif;awmfMu;D onf ,ckvdk ysucf &hJ jcif;aMumifh Ak'b
mom0ifwt
Ykd zko
Yd m epfemqk;H &I;H cJ&h avonfr[kw/f [dEL
60
taygif;wkdYtzkdYrSmvnf; ynma&; a&aomufjrpfMuD; jywfoGm;onfESifhwl&um; epfemqkH;&IH;&onfomwnf;/
Ak'&Sifawmfbk&m;onf r,fawmfrdewfom;trSL;xm;aom ewfa'0gaygif; xyfavmif;oacsFwkdYtm;

wkow
d mewfjynf 0gwGi;f ok;H vumvywfv;Hk tbd"rma'oemawmfukd a[mMum;awmfrjl y;D 0guRwv
f Qif vlU
jynfodkY<uqif;awmfrlav&m ouFNrdKUrSyif qif;oufawmfrlavonf/ xkdYjyif oD&d0'\om;awmfjzpfaom
araw,stavmif;awmfuv
kd nf; ae&mrSmyif arG;zGm;awmfral vonf/ Xmeonf awmifyikd ;f tdE,
d Ak'b
mom
0ifwkdYtzdkY rnfodkYyif ta&;rMuD;[k ,lqapumrl r[m,mef*kdPf;om;wkdYonf ae&mawmfukd tjrwfwEkd;
apmifha&SmufcJhavonf/ Ak'0ifusrf;rsm;t& Xmeonfvnf; bk&m;&SiftqlqlwkdY\rpGefYaumif; rpGefYxkduf
rpGefYtyfaom t0dZ[dwXmeMuD;wpfck jzpfavonf/
a&S;a[mif;ouFonf ta&SUtdEd,&xm;vrf;ay:&Sd &kdukd[mb'fESifhz&kumb'fNrdKUtMum;&Sd ycem
blwmrS 5-rkdifa0;aom AqEdyl&f&Gm\teD;wGif wnf&Sdavonf/ XmeodkY 5-rkdifrQoma0;aom rkdwmblwmrS
vnf; oGm;a&mufEidk o
f nf/ toGm;tvm vrf;c&D;rSm armfawmfum; vefcsm;ponf r&&SEd idk jf cif;aMumifh tqkyd g
blwmrS 5-rkid w
f idk af tmif uke;f aMumif;avQmuf&avonf/ xkXd me wnf;ck&d ef ausmif;-Z&yfponfwYdk r&Sjd cif;
aMumifh bk&m;zl;om;wkdYonf &xm;blwmyif pcef;csum csufjyKwfpm;aomufjyD;rS oGm;&avonf/
bk&m;zl;om;wko
Yd nf t<uif;r& ysupf ;D aeaom taqmufttkrH sm;udk zl;jrif&ayvdrrhf nf/ AqE&d mG ol
&Gmom;wkdYonf xkdae&mrsm;rSm tkwfausmif;wdkYudk tvkd&Sdoa&GU,ljyD;vQif tdrfrsm;aqmufvkyfxm;Muavonf/
xkAd qE&d mG uav;rSm tdE,
d jynf&dS wjcm;aom &Gmrsm;uJo
h Ykd ajrnufjzifh tdrrf sm;udk aqmufvyk jf cif;rjyKbJ xl;
uJpGm tkwfausmufwkdYjzifh aqmufvkyfxm;onfudk tuJcwfMunfhvQif xkdypnf;rsm;rSm ausmif;apwDwkYdrS jzpf
aMumif;udk jiif;qefEidk pf &mr&Sad cs/ XmewGif wjcm;aomXmersm;avmuf xl;xl;qef;qef; Munf&h pI &mr&Sad wmh
jyD/ ausmufwkdifMuD;wpfckESifh ausmufqpf&kyfwpfcktjyif ajrMuD;xJrS tenf;i,fcefY ay:aeaom ausmif;ysuf
rsm;om &Sdawmhonf/
ausmif;awmfMu;D rsm; ysupf ;D cJ&h ykt
H aMumif;ESiphf yfvsO;f uREyfk o
f nf txl;MuKd ;yrf;um &SmazGygaomf
vnf; rnfonfph mtkyrf mS rS txift&Sm;rawGU&S&d acs/ odaYk omf c&pf 1183-ckEpS w
f iG f Z,csE& rif;onf ykPm ;wkYd
\pum;udk vdu
k ef mvsuf t0dZ[dwXmeMu;D udk xGew
f ;Hk jzifh xGeyf pfavonf[\
l / xkad &mtcgu ay:xGucf ahJ om
ausmuftw
k f tusK;d tyJt
h ptersm;udk pkyx
Hk m;cJah v&m ,cktcg wmwrH&;kd Mu;D ozG,jf zpfvsu&f adS vonf [l\/
(umeif*ef\tqkd)
zsufqD;rIonf ,cifu &efolrsm;\vufcsufaMumifh ysufpD;cJhjyD;onfhaemuf tenf;i,fcefY <uif;
useaf eaom taqmufttkw
H u
Ydk kd tkwaf usmufwt
Ydk vkiYd mS xGe&f av[efw\
l / odaYk omf XmeMu;D ukd zsuq
f ;D
olwkdYrSm rlqvifwkdYyif jzpfayvdrfhrnf/
qHcsD
qDcsDXmeonf [dkacwftdEd,? yef;csDyef;ykq&mMuD;wkdY\vufpvufersm;udk qef;Mu,fpGm jrifEkdifaom
Xmewpfcjk zpfonf/ XmewGif taomuvufxufu aqmufvyk cf ahJ om apwDMu;D rsm;? bk&m;&Scd ;dk ausmif;rsm;?
yef;MudK;yef;EG,frsm;xkxm;aom ausmuf*dwfaygufMuD;rsm;wkdYyg0ifavonf/ qHcsDXmeonf a'vDESifhbkHabNrdKU
odYk oGm;&m *s-D tkid -f yD-tm&f (G.I.P.R) &xm;vrf;ay:wGif &Sad vonf/ Xmeonf bd;k ygvfapmfbmG ;Mu;D ykid ef ,f
xJwiG f &Sad vonf/ pmyd&Yk xm;Mu;D onf blwmwGif &yfavhr&Sad cs/ odaYk omf txufwef;pD;c&D;onfwu
Ydk bk&m;
zl;qif;vkdaMumif; qkdif&m*wfAkdvftm; taMumif;Mum;ygu &xm;udk t&yfckdif;apvdrfhrnf/ odkYr[kwfygu a&SU
wGi&f adS om (Bhilsa) NrdKUodkYygoGm;jyD; if;rSwpfzef a0;vHpGm jyef ukef;aMumif;avQmufMu&ayvdrfhrnf/
ausmif;paom taqmufttkyH suw
f o
Ydk nf awmifuek ;f i,fwpfc\
k &kyv
f ;Hk ay:pGmjzifh wnf&adS eavonf/
&xm;blwmrS wpfzmvkcH efo
Y m a0;ojzifh Munf
h jrifEifdk af vonf/ taqmufttkt
H m;vk;H wku
Yd kd ausmufww
H idk ;f
MuD;jzifh vuf,m&pfywfvsuf xm;avonf/ ,cktcg bdkygvftpkd;&onf xkdae&mwGif bk&m;zl;om;wkdYonf
61
ouFe*kd&f
wnf;ckdEkdif&ef Z&yfMuD;wpfckudk aqmufvkyfxm;ojzifh wpf&ufvQif vlwpfa,muftwGuf aiGwpfusyfay;um

wnf;ckdEkdifonf/
pdwf0ifpm;zG,faumif;aom ae&mrsm;
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
taomu ausmufvuf&ef;Mu;D um&Hxm; vSyaom yef;MuKd ; yef;EG,rf sm;jzifh wefqmqifxm;aom

ausmuf*dwfaygufMuD;av;ayguf&Sdaom apwDMuD;/
om&dykw&mESifharm*vmef"mwfawmfrsm; &&Sd&mapwDMuD; (trSwf-2)
apwDeHygwf-3
apwDeHygwf-4
pBujrifhay:&Sdaom taomuausmufwkdifrsm;/
ausmif;awmfESifhbk&m;&Sdckd;ausmif;awmfMuD;rsm;/
apwDrMu;D
(Great Stupa)
apwDMu;D udk Mu;D rm;aom awmifypl mwpfcak y:wGif wnfaqmufxm;jzifh vSyoyf&yfvaS om awmif
buf&Sd avSum;MuD;ESpfcku aumif;pGmwufa&mufzl;ajrmfEkdifonf/ awmifylpmuav;wpfckvkH;udk taomu
ausmufvuf&ef;MuD;jzifh 0ef;&Hxm;avonf/ apwDMuD;ESifhausmufvuf&ef;rsm;udk ]]usLem}}ac:aomausmuf
rsm;jzifh aqmufvkyfxm;avonf/ ta&mifwzdefYzdefY awmufyvsuf&Sd&m apwDMuD;taetxm;ESifhausmufvuf
&ef;rsm;aeykHrSm txl;wvnf yPm&vSayonf/ apwDESifhausmufvuf&ef;rsm;rSm wpfa,mufwnf;aom yef;
&efq&m\vufpjzpf[efwo
l nf/ obm0tusq;Hk tvSq;Hk tajctaeudk ta&SUawmifbufrS aumif;pGmjrifEidk f
avonf/
xkdapwDMuD;ESifhausmufvuf&ef;MuD;rsm;udk taomurif;w&m;MuD;\aumif;rIawmfrsm;[k trsm;tm;
jzifh,kHMunfMuonf/ odkY&mwGif uREkfyfod&oavmufrSm ]]a&S;usaom Ak'bmom0ifrif;wkdYonf ae&mwGif
apwDi,fudk tkwfjzifhwnfaqmufxm;cJh taomurif;MuD;onf if;tkwfapwDi,fukdrsKd;jyD; ,ckvuf&SdapwD
Mu;D udk wnfaqmufcahJ vonf}}[l\/ rlvblwjzpfaom apwDMu;D rSm taomurif;Mwm;\aumif;rIawmfr[kwf
apumrlvnf; Xmeonf taomurif;MuD;\aumif;rIawmfaygif;rsm;pGm yg0ifaeaomaMumifh ausmfapmxif
&Sm;cJhonfudkum; jiif;qefEkdifp&m r&Sdacs/ ausmufvuf&ef;rsm;rSmvnf; taomuykHtwkdif;csnf;omjzpfonf/
*dwfaygufMuD;rsm;rSmrlum; taomu'DZkdif;rsKd;ESifhvkH;0rwljcif;aMumifh aemufrS aqmufvkyfcJhonf[k ,lqEkdif
p&m&Sdonf/ wpf&Ha&mtcgu apwDMuD;udk ta&mifwifcJh[efwlonf/ todkYqkdrl ,ckxd wcsKdUwavaom
ausmufcsyfwkdYwGif arS;rSdefaomta&mifrsm;udk awGU&Sd&ao;\/ apwDMuD;\tvkH;rSm ay-120cefY&Sd tjrifhtm;
jzifh 54-aycefY&Sdavonf/
om&dykw&mESifharm*vmef"mwfawmfrsm;udk &&Sd&mapwDysuf
apwDMuD;rS ta&SUajrmufbufwGif apwDi,fwpfql&Sdavonf/ xkdapwDi,frS tvGeftzkd;xkdufwef
aom om&dykw&mESifharm*vmefudk,fawmfjrwfMuD;\"mwfawmfrsm;udk &&Sdavonf/ "mwfawmfMuD;rsm;udk
rnfonft
h csed ?f rnfonfu
h mvu ae&modYk ,laqmifvmcJo
h nfuu
dk m; ckid v
f aHk om tud;k tum;jyp&mwpfpHk
wpfckrQ r&Sdacs/ odkYaomf OD;pGmyxr apwDi,fwpfqludk wnfaqmufcJhpOfumvjzpfaom Ak'acwfuyif jzpf
aumif;jzpfayvdr/hf qmtvufZEm;eif*efEiS u
hf ywed t
f uf(z)pDrq
J ,fwo
Ydk nf ausmufaowmMu;D 2-vk;H jzifx
h nfh
xm;aom "mwfawmfrsm;udk wl;azmf&&Scd ahJ vonf/ xk"d mwfawmfMu;D rsm;udk 0dw&kd ,
d ESit
hf v
J b
f wfjywku
d Mf u;D xJ
wGif ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm xnfhxm;cJhjyD; if;ae&m jyefvnfXmyem&ef tdEd,tpkd;&rif;wkdY\awmif;cHcsuft&
r[maAm"dtoif;MuD;odkY ay;tyfcJhavonf/ apwDodkY0ifa&muf&ef *dwfaygufwpfaygufom &Sd\/ xkd*dwf
aygufwGif Ak'0ifudk &kyfjym;rsm;xkvkyfxm;avonf/ odkYaomf &kyfjym;awmfrsm;avmuf oyf&yfjcif;r&Sday/ a&S;
acwfvw
l \
Ydk rsupf jd zifu
h m; tvSq;Hk toyf&yfq;Hk yif jzpfayvdrrhf nf/ apwDtrSwf -2 (Stupa Marked No.2)
62
apwDonfvnf; om&dykw&mESifharm*vmefukd,fawmfjrwfMuD;wkdY\"mwfawmfrsm;udk &&Sd&mapwDuJhokdYyif t

a&;Mu;D aom apwDMu;D wpfqjl zpfayonf/ taMumif;qkad omf taomurif;Mu;D vufxufawmftcgu urmt&yf
&yfodkY omoemjyKoGm;a&mufawmfrlcJhaom &[Emt&SifjrwfwkdY\"mwfawmfrsm;udk &&Sdjcif;aMumifhjzpfonf/
apwDMuD;rS tjcm;taqmufttkHrsm;ae&mESifh udkufaygif; 100-cefY a0;aomae&mwGif wnf&Sdaeavonf/
,cktcg *Refrm&S,f(vf)ac:aom ausmufpm0efMuD;u xkdae&mudk oD;oefYapmifha&Smufxm;avonf/
apwDESifhuREkfyfa&S;OD;pGmazmfjycJhaom apwDrMuD;rSm ykHoPmeftm;jzifhvnf;aumif;? tvkH;t&yftm;
jzifhvnf;aumif; rnfokYdrS uGmjcm;rIr&Sday/ odkY&mwGif 0ifayguf*dwfMuD; r&Sdjcif;onfomvQif xl;jcm;rIjzpfay
onf/ qmumeif*efonf apwDMu;D udk wl;azmfavaomf Xmyemwku
d Mf u;D xJrS tvsm;tm;jzifh 11-vufr? t
eHtm;jzifh 9-vufrcG&J adS om oJausmufMuKww
f pfcx
k w
J iG f atmuftrnfyg yk*K v
d w
f \
Ydk "mwfawmfrsm;udk &&Sad v
onf[l\/
(1) uy*kw
(2) 0dpDok0dZmw
(3) rZsrax&
(4) [&dwykMwax&f
(5) r[m0de,ax&f
(6) ty*d&ax&f
(7) aum'deDykwax&f
(8) aumodudykwax&f
(9) a*gwdykMwmax&f
(10)arm*vdykwax&f wkdYjzpfonf/
yk*KdvfwkdYonf omoemhrsKd;aphrsm;udk urmt&yf&yfodkY oGm;a&mufpdkufysKd;cJhMuavaMumif;ESifhausmuf
pmrsm; awGU&S&d avonf/ txufyg trnfww
Ydk iG f tcsKUd aomtrnfwrYdk mS r[m0ifusr;f r&Sjd cif;aMumifrh [kwf
[k rqkdEkdif/ ausmufpmonfomvQif ckdifvkHaomoufaoMuD;wpfckjzpfjcif;aMumifh uREkfyfwkdYrSm rnfodkYrs a0zef
&ef rvkad wmhay/ "mwfawmfrsm;um; ,cktcg rnfonfah e&mwGif &Sad eonfukd rod&&dS acs/ aysmufu,
G v
f suf
&Sad vonf/ tus,u
f o
kd v
d rdk l (Sir Marshalls A Guide to Sanchi) ac:pmtkyu
f dk zwf&MI uyg/
taomuausmufwkdifESifhtjcm;ausmufwkdifrsm;
qHcsXD me pdu
k x
f x
l m;aom ausmufwidk rf sm;rSm wjcm;Xme&Sad usmufwidk rf sm;ESiv
hf ;Hk 0rwlonfudk awGU
&S&d avonf/ todq
Yk rdk l Xme&Sd ausmufwidk rf sm;rSm trsm;tm;jzifh *kwa cwfrv
S maom ausmufwidk rf sm;jzpf
taomuvufxufrv
S maom ausmufwidk rf sm;xuf acwfro
D nf[k qk&d ayrnf/ ,ckwidk &f adS o;aom ausmuf
wkdifi,frsm;txJwGif ausmufwkdifMuD;(4)wkdifrSm a<ua&mifwrQawmufyjyD;vQif wjcm;ausmufrsm;\tpfrMuD;
rsm;ozG,f jzpfaeavonf/ apwDrMuD;\awmifbuf*dwfaygufem;wGif taomurif;MuD;onf jrifhrm;aom
ausmufwidk Mf u;D wpfcu
k kd pdu
k x
f x
l m;cJah vonf/ odaYk omfvnf; xkad usmufwidk Mf u;D \yuwdtajctaeudu
k m; ,ck
tcg uREkfyfwdkY rawGU&Sd&awmhacs/ ESpfydkif;usKd;vsuf&Sd&m wpfydkif;udk teD;&Sdajrydkif&SifwpfOD;u MuHMudwfpuf\
atmufcHckH vkyf&ef ,lxm;avjyD/ ausmufwkdifMuD;onf axmifvsuf&SdcJhpOfu tjrifhtm;jzifh 42-ay&Sdav
onf/ wjcm;ausmufwkdifrsm;uJhodkY tqifhqifhrxm;yJ ajrMuD;rS txuftqkH;xd wpfwkH;wnf;aomausmufjzpf
onf/ ausmufwkdifMuD;tay:rSm&SdcJhaom jcaoFh&kyfMuD;um; jywkdufxJrSma&mufaeavonf/ xkda&GUxkdrQ&Snfvsm;
aomausmufwidk Mf u;D udk tb,fae&mrS&&S
d tb,fuo
hJ rYkd ysupf ;D atmif ae&modYk aqmif,cl MhJ uonfudk cs;D rGr;f
p&mMu;D wpfcyk if/ ta&SUbufrmS &Sad eaom ausmufwidk Mf u;D uku
d m; qk*H acwfrv
S maom ausmufwidk [
f k qkMd uuke\
f /
ausmufwkdifrSm tajrmifh&Spfajrmifh&Sdjcif;aMumifh taomuacwfrS vmaomausmufwkdifrsm;ESifh vkH;0uGmjcm;
avonf/ atmufccH MHk u;D rSm 6-ajrm if&h
dS txufq;Hk wGif acgif;avmif;yko
H Pmefwyfqifjy;D vQif wd&pmef&yk rf sm;
xkvkyfxm;avonf/ xkdt&kyfrsm;um; ,cktcg rxif&Sm;awmhay/
63

azmfjyyg ausmufwidk rf sm;ESiu
hf yfvsuf tjcm;ausmufwidk v
f nf; &Sad o;\/ ausmufwidk rf mS tjrif2h 2ay? 6-vufr&Sdavonf/ ,ckum; tydkif;ykdif; usKd;yJhvsuf&Sdonf/ ta&miftqif;tm;jzifh c&rf;a&mifoPmef
&Sd wzdwfzdwfawmufyvsuf&Sdavonf/ ausmufwkdifudk *kwacwfu 0ZD&ygedrnfaom 'g,umwpfOD;u
vSL'gef;cJhonf[l\/ apwDrMuD;\ajrmufbuf*dwfem;wGif tjcm;ausmufwkdifwpfck&Sdao;\/ ausmufwkdifMuD;
rSm wjcm;ausmufwidk x
f uf tvk;H Mu;D aomfvnf; tjrift
h m;jzifh 9-ayrQom &Sad vonf/ ausmufwidk rf mS vnf;
*kwa cwfuvmaom ausmufwidk [
f k ,lqMuavonf/ 0ZD&yged'g,um\ausmufwidk t
f eD;rSm 0ZD&ygedrnfaom
bk&m;avmif;&kyfwpf&kyf wl;azmf&&Sdavonf[k umeif*efq&mMuD;u qkd\/ 0ZD&ygedbk&m;avmif;&kyfwkawmf
udk rdrdESifhtrnfwlojzifh rdrd\ausmufwkdifteD;rSmyif wnfxm;udk;uG,fav[ef vuPm&Sdonf/
ausmufwidk rf sm;rSwpfyg; rsm;pGmukeaf om ausmif;awmfrsm;ESi0hf wfausmif;awmfrsm;vnf; &Sad o;onf/
xkad usmif;awmfrsm;rSm tcsKUd ajrxJwiG f jrK yv
f suyf if&adS o; tcsKUd vnf; ay:vsu&f o
dS nf/ ausmif;awmfMu;D rsm;
\ tajctaeudk b,fob
Ykd ,fyo
Hk Pmef&o
dS nf[k uREyfk w
f rYdk cefrY eS ;f Ekid af wmhay/ odaYk omf qHcsaD e&monf Ak'
acwfu trSeyf if pnfyifcahJ Mumif;udu
k m; rnforl qkd axmufc&H ayrnf/ tcsKUd aom&mZ0ifq&mwku
Yd Xme
onf r[m,mewkdY yg0gvTrf;rkd;cJhaom *kwacwfu rxif&Sm;cJh[k a&;om;cJhMuonf/ xdkq&mwkdYum; r[m0if
paom usrf;rsm;udk zwfzl;ykHray:acs/
qHcsD\twdwf&mZ0if
Ak'b
momusr;f *efrsm;wGif Ak'b
&k m;&Sio
f nf Xmeodv
Yk nf;aumif;? XmeteD;tem;odv
Yk nf;aumif;
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csyfaygif;rsm;pGmudk &&Sdavonf/ apwDi,ftenf;i,fcefY edrfhaomawmifeHab; ausmif;wpfaqmif&Sd\/
67

ausmif;awmfodkY 0if0rkcfaqmifwGif t*Fawjzifh oGef;vkyfxm;aomt&kyfrsKd;pkH&Sd\/ t&kyfrsm;teuf tcsKdU
aomt&kyw
f u
Ydk kd ,cktcg jywku
d Mf u;D xJwiG f xnfx
h m;avonf/
ausmif;awmfMu;D rS &&Sad om t&m0wKrsm;teuf wpfpw
d rf Qr;D avmifuRr;f xm;aom bm(&)csf (Birch)
ac:opfom;ay:wGif jA[Dtu&mjzifh a&;xkd;xm;aompmrSm txl;tqef;jzpfonf/ pmrSm ouwbmomjzifh
"ry'ygVdtcsKdUudk a&;om;xm;[efwl\/ opfom;wGif a&;xkd;xm;aompmrsKd;udk ae&mrSmom awGU&\/ w
jcm;ae&mwkdYum; ausmufrSmom a&;xkd;xm;Muonf/ opfom;rSm rsm;pGmysufpD;aejyDjzpfaomaMumifh a&;
xkd;xm;aompmukd zwfr&awmhay/
7/ b'gvf y l & f
ab&m&Gm\teD;wGif b'gvfyl&fwkdayrnfaomapwDMuD;wpfql &Sdao;\/ apwDrSm ulemvapwDESifh
wpfykHpHwnf;jzpfavonf/ XmyemazmufxGif;orm;wkdY\zsufqD;rIaMumifh rsm;pGmysufpD;,kd,Gif;vsuf&Sdonf/ ap
wDMu;D rSm tjrift
h m;jzifh ay 20-cef&Y o
dS nf/ apwDEiS w
hf pfqufwnf; ausmif;awmfMu;D wpfaqmifvnf; &Sad o;
onf/ *sLvD,HtaqmufttkHrsm;avmufum; rxif&Sm;vSacs/
8/ vmvf t aqmuf t tk H r sm;
*g[D-qm,m'efrnfaom &GmokYd oGm;&mvrf;wGif vmvfcsuaf c:aom taqmufttkrH sm;pGm &Sad vao;
\/ ae&mwGif c&pf 5-&mpkavmufu apwDrsm;ESifhausmif;awmfrsm; &Sdavonf/
9/ Av m apwD M uD ;
AvmapwDMu;D onf wuov
dk jf ynfrS 5-rkid af 0;aom qm&'gawmifwef;ay:wGif &Sad vonf/ tvGeMf u;D
rm;ay:vGiaf om apwDBu;D jzpfjcif;aMumifh ta0;uyifjrif&avonf/ [la0qif\rSww
f rf;rS od&&dS onfrmS jrwf
pGmbk&m;tavmif;awmfonf EkpOfb0u rdrd\OD;acgif;awmfudk qmavmifrGwfodyfaom usm;wpfaumiftm;
ae&mwGif ay;vSLcJhzl;ojzifh taomurif;MuD;onf xkdtxdrf;trSwfjzifh apwDudk wnfxm;cJhavonf[l
\/
apwDMu;D rSm ulvmeapwDEiS yhf pHk t
H m;jzifh wl\/ vufpvuferSmum; ydrk o
dk yf&yfvaS yonf/ apwD
MuD;\xuf0ef;usif ausmif;awmfMuD;wpfaqmifESifhapwDaygif;rsm;pGm&Sd\/ [la0qif\rSwfwrf;rS od&Sd&onfrSm
ausmif;awmfMuD;onf okwEduausmif;udk wnfaxmifcJhol ukrm&v'rnfaom r[m,mebkef;MuD;\tbd
"rmusrf;pmrsm;udk a&;&mXmejzpfonf qkd\/
az:jyyg taqmufttkrH sm;rSwpfyg; rsm;pGmaom taqmufttkMH u;D i,fwv
Ydk nf; &Sad o;\/ tus,u
f kd
odvrdk l "John Marshall's Guide to Taxila" ac:pmtkyu
f kd zwf&MI uyguke/f
wuokdvf&mZ0if
a&S;ya0oPDumvor,u wuokdvfjynfMuD;rSm ynm*kPf&nfcRefjcif;aMumifh urmwpfcGifrSm ay:
vGifcJhonfr[kwfao;/ taemufEkdifiHodkY oGm;a&mufum ul;oef;a&mif;0,fMuaom ukefonfrsm;ESifhtaemuf
EkdifiHrS usL;ausmf0ifa&muf wkdufckdufvmaomppfonfawmfwkdYonfvnf; wHcg;0ozG,fjzpfaom NrdKUawmfMuD;
rSyif jzwfoef;oGm;vm&jcif;aMumifh ykdrkdxif&Sm;ao;onfomwnf;/ wpf&Ha&mtcgu vlpnfum; ypnf;Opm
tvGef<u,f0cJhaom wuodkvfNrdKUMuD;um; usL;ausmf0ifa&mufwkdufckdufolwdkY\zsufqD;rIaMumifh ausmufykHtkwf
ykHtwdom usefaeawmh\/
wuodkvfjynfonf Ak'bmomusrf;*efrsm;wGif xif&Sm;bdouJhodkY ouwusrf;*efwkdY tvm;wlxif
&Sm;avonf/ ouwbmomjzifh pD&ifa&;om;xm;aom r[mbm&wusr;f Mu;D wGif wuov
dk jf ynfonf Z,arZ,
rif;MuD;\&mZXmeDjzpfaMumif; rif;nDrif;om;[lorQwkdY pk&kH;ynmoifMum;&mt&yfjzpfaMumif;ESifh a&;om;xm;
jyefavonf/
c&pf 3-&mpkavmufu tdE,
jynfukd 0ifa&mufwu
dk cf ahJ om *&dwpf pfoMl u;D tvufZEm;onf wuov
dk f
NrdKUMuD;udk a&S;OD;pGm odrf;ydkufrd NrdKUawmfMuD;\vrf;[lorQwkdYudk ausmufcsyfrsm;jzifh cif;xm;cJhjyefavaom
68
aMumifyh rdk
dk wifw
h ,fvmavonf/ xkpd Oftcgwke;f u wuov
dk jf ynf&h iS rf mS trt
D rnf&
dS tvufZEm;\vuf
atmufodkY usa&muf&onfjzpfvifhupm; NrdKUawmfrsm;udk vSyaocsmatmif cif;usif;jyD;onhfaemuf jynfvnf
tyfESif;avonf[l\/ tvufZEm;\zsufqD;rIaMumifh *Em&wkdif; NrdKUjyEkdifiHtcsKdUrSm ysufpD;&avaomfvnf;
wuokdvfNrdKUum; vkH;0rysufpD;/ *&d? yef;&H? yef;yk? yef;csDpaom ynmrsm;udkyif &xm;avonf/
*&dppfAkdvfMuD;tm; pE*kwrif;MuD;onf oufpGefYMudK;yrf;wkdufcdkufav&m ppf&IH;jcif;okdY a&mufavojzifh
rdrXd meD*&dwjf ynfoYkd jyef&avonf/ if;aemuf pE*w
k r if;Mu;D onf wuov
dk Nf rKd Uudk rdryd u
dk ef ufxo
J Ykd aygif;pyf
,lavonf/ om;awmfAEd L om&rif;vufxufwiG f wuov
dk jf ynfojl ynfom;wko
Yd nf vGwv
f yfa&;ppfyMJG u;D udq
k if
EGjJ cif;jzifh awmfveS Mf uavonf/ xkaYd Mumifh om;awmftaomurif;om;i,ftm; olyek w
f u
Ydk kd ESrd ef if;apavojzifh
jird ;f at;rIudk jyefvnf&&Sad vonf/ taomurif;om;i,fu,
kd w
f idk f ESpt
f enf;i,fcefaY vmuf bk&ifct
H jzpfjzifh
tkyfcsKyfcJhavonf/ xkdYjyif pE*kwrif;MuD;vufxufawmfu twkdifyifcHtrwfMuD;Zeu(ouwrSm psmeus)
ykPm;MuD;\arG;zGm;&mZmwdonfvnf; wuokdvfjynfomvQif jzpf\/
arm&d,rif;qufjywfjyD;onfhaemuf wuokdvfjynfrSm quvlrsKd;wkdY\vufatmufodkY usa&mufcJh&jyef
avonf/ c&pf 60-ESi6hf 4-ckEpS w
f iG f ulqefvrl sK;d wko
Yd nf wuov
kd jf ynfMu;D odYk 0ifa&muford ;f yku
d jf yefavonf/
ulqefrif;MuD;onf Ak'bmomukd ouf0if,kHMunfoljzpfjcif;aMumifh olUacwfwGif Ak'bmomESifhoufqkdif&m t
aqmufttkHaygif;rsm;pGmwkdYudk wnfaxmifxm;cJhavonf/ taomurif;MuD; ewf&GmpHjyD;onfhaemuf omoem
jrwfMuD;tm; wu,fwrf;axmufyHhcJholrSm ued&Surif;MuD;yif jzpfavonf/ wuokdvfjynfoljynfom;wkdYonf
aygif;oif;qufqHrIt&mwGif txl;uRrf;usifvdrmjcif;aMumifh ulqefvlrsKd;wkdYomru *&dwfvlrsKd;ESifhquvlrsKd;
aygif;rsm;pGmwkdYudk Ak'bmomodkY qGJoGif;cJhavonf[l\/
Ekid if jH cm;rS 0ifa&mufwu
dk cf u
dk o
f l taygif;wkw
Yd iG f [ke;f jzL (White Huns) vlrsK;d wko
Yd nfomvQif Ak'b
m
omudk rvkdvm;aomvlrsKd;jzpfavonf/ ,kwfrmaom[kef;jzLvlrsKd;wpfpkwkdYonf ynma&;wGif a&uefMuD;o
zG,fjzpfaom wuokdvfXmeMuD;udk zsufqD;ypfavonf/ xkda&mtcgrSp tdEd,jynfMuD;\ynmwnf;[laom
&wemokdufMuD;\wnf&mjzpfaom wuokdvfjynfMuD;rSm ododomomMuD;qkwf,kwf&avonf/ [kef;jzLvlrsKd;wkdY
onf c&pf 450-jynfhESpfwGif 0ifa&mufzsufqD;avonf/
zm[D,efonf c&pf 440-jynfhESpfwGif wuokdvfNrdKUodkYa&muf&SdcJh [la0qifrSm c&pf 7-&mpkavmuf
wGif a&muf&cdS ahJ vonf/ zm[D,efum; MuufysrH uspnfum;vSaom wuov
dk Nf rKd UMu;D udk jrifz;l oGm;\/ [la0qif
um; ysupf ;D ,k,
d iG ;f vsu&f adS om ausmif;paom taqmufttkw
H u
Ydk kd jrifomG ;&avonf/ odaYk omf taemufajrmuf
e,f\omoemawmfukd ed*kH;csKyfzsufqD;olwkdYrSm rkda*gvfrif;(rlqvif)rif;wkdYomjzpfaMumif;ESifh a'0jyd,\
(Buddhist shrines India by Deva Priya Valisinlha) ac:pmtkyw
f iG f a&;om;xm;avonf/
Buddhism disappeared altogether from north-western India after Moghul invasion and today we
have only these wonderful ruins to speak of it's golden day.
t"dyg,f/
/rdak *gvfrif;wd\
Yk usL;ausm0f ifa&mufwu
dk cf u
dk jf y;D onfah emuf taemufajrmufe,f&dS Ak'
omoemawmfrmS aysmufu,
G o
f mG ;&avonf/ ,cktcgrSmrlum; a&S;vGeaf vjy;D aom a&TacwfMu;D \taMumif;udk
ajymjyp&m tHhzG,fcref;xl;qef;aom taqmufttkHysufrsm;om usefvsuf&Sdavawmhonf/
a0zefjycJjh y;D onft
h wkid ;f rolawmfrif;wk\
Yd tqufquf zsuq
f ;D rIaMumifh Ak'o
moemawmfMu;D rSm ,ck
uJhodkY tEdrb0odkYusa&muf&avonf/ odkYr[kwfygu rnfonfhenf;ESifhrS uG,faysmufEkdifrnf r[kwfay/ a&S;
a&S;aom 'ge&Sit
f aygif;olawmfaumif;wk\
Yd aumif;rIawmfrsm;jzpfaom aZw0ef? emvE? eE,
d mrpaomausmif;
apwDtaqmufttkw
H u
Ydk m; txl;yif oyf&yfvaS yonf/ ckid cf v
hH aS yonf/ tu,f rolawmfrif;wku
Yd om r
zsufqD;cJhqkdygu urmESifhomtwl ysufpD;&ayrnf/ urmxuftvsif ysufpD;Ekdifrnf rxifaMumif;/
[dELonf omoemtiftm;udk ,kwfaponf

Ak'omoemawmfudk zsufqD;cJhaom vlrsKd;um; [dELESifhrlqvifvlrsKd;wkdYyif jzpfavonf/ [dELwkdYonf
jrwfpGmbk&m; y&dedAmefpHvGefawmfrljyD;rS omoemawmfudk apmfum;cJhonfr[kwfao;/ Ak'bk&m;&Sifvufxuf
awmftcguyif omoemawmfMuD;udk tMudrfaygif;rsm;pGm apmfum;cJhykHudk usrf;*eftapmifapmifwkdYwGif zwf&I&
69

avonf/ oD&"d rmaomurif;Mu;D aemufyikd ;f omoemawmfukd ud,
k x
f v
d ufa&muf zsuq
f ;D cJo
h rl mS vnf; [dEL
jAm[PrsK;d EG,jf zpfaom yk&rS Md wyifjzpfonf/ xdaYk emufwpfzef orkj'*kw? qquFm? qMumus&,? ukrm&Dvbw
trSL;&Sad om yk*K v
d w
f o
Ydk nfvnf; [dEL vlrsK;d rsm;yifjzpfavonf/ olwo
Ydk nf tdE,
jynfMu;D wGif vlxb
k momjzpf
cJhaom(0g)trsm;qkH;aom vlOD;a&&Sdaom Ak'omoemawmftm; tiftm;qkwf,kwfatmif zsufqD;Muavonf/
if;wkYdzsufqD;jcif;aMumifh vkH;0epfjrKyfroGm;EkdifcJh[kqkd&apumrlvnf; tvGefYtvGeftiftm;MuD;rm;vSaom om
oemawmfMuD;rSm toufukefvkeD; vlrrmwrQ tiftm;qkwf,kwf&avonf/
t<uif;r&zsufqD;ol rlqvif
az:jycJjh y;D onht
f wkid ;f [dEL onf bk&m;&Siv
f ufxufawmfrpS omoemawmfudk enf;trsK;d rsK;d jzifzh suf
qD;cJhaomfvnf; omoemawmfMuD;um; vkH;0repfjrKyfEkdifcJhaMumif;? odkYaomf wpfaeY 5-Mudrf taemufbufodkY
a&SU&I &dSckd;jcif;jzifh tvmocif\EIwfuygXfawmfudk cH,lvsuf&SdaomolwdkYrSm omoempm;ykd;aumifMuD;rsm;jzpf
avonf/ if;vlrsKd;rsm;txJrS rl[rufa*:&D? rkd[mruf *gZeD? rkd[mrufukwfbG'def? rkd[mrufbwfwD,mcDv
*sDESifhtduwd,m&kwf'defwkdYonf tMuD;qkH;aom vufonfMuD;rsm;jzpfaMumif;udk uREkfyfaz:jycJhjyD;aom &mZ0if
tudk;tum;rsm;udk zwf&Ijcif;jzifhodEkdifayjyD/ tu,f yk*dKvfrsm;uom rzsufqD;cJhqkdygu ,aeYtxd Ak'
omoemwnf&Sdae&ayOD;rnf/ xkdolwkYd\udk,fcsif;pmw&m;uif;rJhpGmjzifh igwkdY\omoemawmfudk &rf;cJhMurf;cJh
,kwrf mcJjh cif;aMumifh urmay:wGif tat;jrqk;H aom zk;d a&Tvrif;Mu;D xuf tqt&mtaxmiftaomif;tode;f
ru at;jrvSpGmaom Ak'omoemhvrif;MuD;rSm vkH;pkHuG,fycJh&avawmhonf/ um; 0rf;enf;aMuuGJp&mMuD;
yif jzpfawmhonf/
'eD,Xmeav;yg;
pwm&drmed tmeE o' ukvykw 'eD,med oHa0ZeD,med Xmemed/ uwrmed pwm&d/
(1)]]" wxm*awm Zmawm}}wd tmeE o' ukvykw
'eD, oHa0ZeD,H XmeH/
(2)]]" wxm*awm tEkw& H ormoarm" tbdorKa'g}}wd tmeE o' ukvykw
'eD,H oHa0
ZeD,H XmeH/
(3)]]" wxm*awe tEkw& H "rpuy0ww
d }}Ed tmeE o' ukvykw
'eD,H oHa0ZeD,H XmeH/
(4)]]" wxm*awm tEkyg'daoo edAme"gwk,m y&dedAKawm}}wd tmeE o' ukvykw 'eD,H
oHa0ZeD,H XmeH/
r[my&dedAmeokwfygVdawmf ESm-116(pwkoHa0ZeD,Xme)
t"d y g ,f
tdk tmeEm-MunfnKd jcif;? o'gw&m;ESijhf ynfph aHk om trsK;d aumif;om;tm; ynmrsupf jd zifh &Ijcif;iSmxku
d f
ukeaf om aMumufvefjY cif; oHa0*wku
Yd v
kd nf; jzpfapwwfaom 4-yg;aomt&yfXmewko
Yd nf &Su
d ek \
f / tb,f
4-yg;wkdY[lrlum;(1) tkd tmeEm? ]]t&yf jrwfpmG bk&m;udzk mG ;jrifawmfrjl y}D }[l MunfnKd jcif;? o'gw&m;ESijhf ynfph aHk om trsK;d
aumif;om;tm; ynmrsupf jd zifh &Ijcif;iSm xku
d af omaMumufvefjY cif; oHa0*ukd jzpfapwwfaom t&yfXmeonf
jzpf\/
(2)tkd tmeEm? ]]t&yf jrwfpmG bk&m;onf twkr&Sad om ormoarm"dPfukd xk;d xGi;f odawmfr\
l }}[l
MunfnKd jcif; o'gw&m;ESijhf ynfph aHk om trsK;d aumif;om;tm; ynmrsupf jd zifh &Ijcif;iSmxku
d af om aMumufvefY
jcif;oHa0*ukd jzpfapwwfaom t&yfXmeonf jzpf\/
(3) tkd tmeEm? ]]t&yf jrwfpmG bk&m;onf twkr&Sad om "rpMumw&m;awmfukd a[mMum;awmfral omtm;
jzifh jzpfapjyD}}[l MunfndKjcif;o'gw&m;ESifhjynfhpkHaom trsKd;aumif;om;tm; ynmrsufpdjzifh &Ijcif;iSmxkduf
aom aMumufvefYjcif;oHa0*udk jzpfapwwfaom t&yfXmeonf jzpf\/
(4) tkd tmeEm? ]]t&yf jrwfpGmbk&m;onf tEkyg'daooedAmef"mwfjzifh y&dedAmefjyKawmfrljyD}}[l Munf
70
ndKjcif;o'gw&m;ESifhjynfhpkHaom trsKd;aumif;om;tm; ynmrsufpdjzifh &Ijcif;iSmxdkufaom aMumufvefYjcif;

oHa0*udkjzpfapwwfaom t&yfXmeonf jzpf\/
tk.d ..tmeEm? MunfnKd jcif;o'gw&m;ESijhf ynfph aHk om &[ef;a,musmf ;wko
Yd nfvnf;aumif;? &[ef;rde;f r
wkdYonfvnf;aumif;? oDwif;onfa,musfm;wkdYonfvnf;aumif; oDwif;onfrdef;rwdkYonfvnf;aumif; t
&yf jrwfpGmbk&m;udk zGm;jrifawmfrlzl;\/
t&yf jrwfpmG bk&m;onf twkr&Sad om ormoarm"dPfukd xk;d xGi;f odjrifawmfrzl ;l \/ t
&yf jrwfpGmbk&m;onf twkr&Sdaom "rpMumw&m;awmfudk a[mMum;awmfrlzl;\/ t&yf jrwfpGmbk&m;
onf tEkyg'daooedAmef"mwfjzifh y&dedAmefjyKawmfrlzl;\}}[l toD;oD;vma&muf zl;ajrmfMuukefvwHU/
'eD,medukd okwfr[m0gt|uxm okwftzGifh 'eD,med-'e&[med? 'ewm,*EAm
ed[l zGifhjyxm;\/ 'em&[med=zl;ajrmfjcif;iSm xkdufukefaom/ 'ewm,=zl;ajrmfpdrfhaomiSm/ *EAmed=
oGm;tyfukefaom/ Xmemed=t&yfwkdYwnf;/ odkYvQif t|uxmq&mMuD;u zGifhjyawmfrljcif;aMumifh txufyg
vkrdeDXme? Ak'*,mXme? rd*'g0kefXmeESifhukodem&kHXmewkdYodkY Ak'bmom0ifolawmfpiftaygif;wkdYonf rcRwfr
vGJ tNr{J uef oGm;tyfa&muftyfonf rSe\
f /
Oa&myomoemorkdif;
aumif;cs;D Mobm usuo
f a&r*FvmtjzmjzmESijhf ynfph aHk wmfral om &Siaf wmfa*gwrjrwfA'k \
"rac:aom
w&m;awmfonf Oa&mytwGif;odkY csOf;eif;0ifa&muf Ak'Zif;[laom omreftrnfrQudk &&SdcJhonfrSm 19&mpktv,f rwkdifrDavmuf jzpfavonf/
yxrOD;pGm [m'Dac: ynm&SdMuD;wpfOD;onf vufpGJAk'0g'ac:pmtkyfuav;udk ygVdbmomrS t*Fvdyf
bmomodkYjyefqkda&;om;cJhaom ou&mZfrSm 1860-jynfhESpfjzpfonf/ if;aemuf rMumrD ruqpfrlvmonf
ta&SUwkdif;\t,ltqjzpfaom bmoma&;qkdif&mpmtkyfrsm;ukd jyefqkda&;om;cJhav&m xkdtxJwGif]]qJu&uf
bkuf(cf)atmfhzftD;pfwfac:pmtkyfrSm trGefjrwfqkH;aom Ak'0g'udk jyefqkda&;om;aom pmtkyfyifjzpfawmhonf/
1879-ckESpfwGif qmtD'GiftmEkdonf ]]at&Stvif;a&mif}}ac:pmtkyfudk a&;om;jyefav&m xkdpmtkyfrSm zwf&I
&olwkdif;tm; taumif;qkH;aom todPfudk zGifhay;EkdifcJhonf/ 1881-ckESpfwGif ygVdpmaytoif;MuD;\tzGJU
0ifwpfO;D jzpfol y&dzk ufqm wD'AvsL&kid af ';Apfonf az:jyygyk*K v
d w
f Ykd ysK;d xm;aom Ak'0 g'rsK;d aphut
kd jrefayguf
yGm;&ef MudK;pm;tm;xkwfaeavonf/
t,fvifbifeuf
at&Stvif;a&mifac:pmtkyfonf Ak'omoemhvrif;MuD;\tvif;a&mifukd rcHpm;Muukefaom(0g)c&pf
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72
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73
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rsm;&SEd iS jhf y;D [k od&adS wmfral omtcg csucf si;f yif jyifopfjynfoYkd xGucf mG oGm;avonf/ jyifopfjynf Ak'0 g'udk
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jcif;atmifjrifrnfjzpfaom "Les Amis Bouddhisme" ac:toif;wpfcu
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74
avmu"mwfynmESifhc&pfawmf0g'D xGef;um;&mjzpfaom Oa&mywkdufMuD;\ajray: Ak'0g'wnf;[l

aom rsKd;aphrGefukd ysKd;ay;cJhaom txufyg aus;Zl;&SifMuD;wdkY\vuf&majc&mrsm;um; ,cktcg aygufyGm;vsuf
&SdacsjyD/ Ak'0g'onf vlYavmuwpf&yfvkH;\wkd;wufpnfyifrI? ,Ofaus;vdrmrI? 'kp&dkufw&m;yaysmufrI ponf
wkdYudk zefwD;ay;Ekdifaom 0g'aumif;0g'rGefwpf&yf jzpfaMumif;ukd urmu axmufcHvkdufavjyD/ ,ckuJhodkY t
nTefYwvlvl oef;vsuf&Sdaom Ak'0g'awmfudk Oa&mywkduf xyfrHjyKpk&m uREkfyfwdkY jrefrmEkdifiHolEkdifiHom;wkdY
onf vspv
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arC0wD-OD;em&'
16-7-1951
jyD ; jyD /
75
aus;Zl;&Sifrsm;

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a&mufavonf/ if;&Gmae udkrJwkwf? ratmifomESifhukdxGef;vSjzL? r0if;pdefOD;wkdYu oDwif;uRwfvQif ykHESdyf

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bmomMuD; 4-bmomESifhtjrwfqkH;ae&m 4-&yf

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earmw b*0awm t&[awm ormorK'

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\bk;d ab;rsm;jzpfMuukeaf om uG,v

]]tdEd,jynfMuD;onf rGwfqvifwkdYvufatmufodkY tvkH;pkHusa&mufjyD;onfaemuf arm*kdvfrif;wkdYonf

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