1
2006 IEEE PES Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition Latin America, Venezuela
Power Quality Site Survey Process
for Regulated Electricity Market
A. Abreu, and B. Castellano
Index Terms—Methodology, Power Quality, Regulated
Market, Site Survey.
I. INTRODUCTION
T he growing technological development in the last decades
have driven to the use of loads based in electronics, and
liable to electromagnetic disturbances such as: Harmonic
distortion, flicker, transients, Sags, Swell; which form the
different disturbances with which the Power Quality (PQ) is
measured. When these exceed, the compatibility levels can
cause the erratic functioning or failure of a load or equipment,
bringing up three fundamental problems: Non fulfillment of
the parameters of service quality agreed with the user, increase
in operational cost by the failure on industrial productive
processes, and a safety problem and integrity of persons
before the failure on equipment in important facilities such as
hospitals, airports, among others. Due to the fact of searching
for satisfaction of quality needs by the customer, the
distribution company invests resources in disturbance analysis,
evaluation of user’s installations, and distribution network,
with the purpose of determining under whose responsibility
relies the problem detected. Currently the Venezuelan´s laws
frame sets several duties and rights, where part of the PQ
parameters is regulated, which protect both the users and the
distribution companies. This paper develops the experience
through eight (8) years of the PQ process since the beginning
of the research, going through the stage of the attention of
claims, until reaching the stage of being into a regulated
A. Abreu and B. Castellano work in the electric utility “Energía Eléctrica
de Venezuela (ENELVEN)”, Maracaibo, Zulia State, Venezuela, Operational
Center “Teolindo Acosta – COTA”, (e-mail: aabreu@enelven.com.ve,
bcatellano@enelven.com.ve).
1-4244-0288-3/06/$20.00 ©2006 IEEE
electrical system. It is developed in the Electric Utility
“Energía Eléctrica de Venezuela (ENELVEN)”, which
distributes in networks of 23.9 kV of aerial typed line
construction area, and provides electrical power to part of the
Western Venezuelan Area. The scope of this paper is to
explain how the different aspects of the PQ are driven by a
distribution company, and to analyze the result of the 202 PQ
site surveys made in the different types of facilities.
II. POWER QUALITY PROBLEMS
When a disturbance exceeds the compatibility level a great
probability exist that the loads, specially the sensitive ones,
begin operating in an erratic way or with failures. These
disturbances can be originated from the electrical networks or
within the same facilities and installations of the users.
Environmental
Residential
Conditions
Voltage
Quality
Distribution Commercial
Network
PCC
Current Industrial
Disturbances of the
Quality
Transmission Network Types of
Users
Fig. 1. Lack of the PQ carried out in a distribution network.
In Fig. 1, the process where the distribution network is
involved, and the electrical installation of the users is shown.
The legal frame between the electrical distribution company
and the users is the power meter (invoicing) which it is
defined as a point of common coupling (PCC). Basically the
distribution company is the one responsible of the voltage
quality placed in the PCC, as this is the one responsible of
generating, transporting and distributing the electrical power.
The voltage quality can be affected specially by issues such
as: maintenance, design, location of the capacitors, grounding
systems, protection systems, regulating problems and low
short circuit level, among others.
Also, the user is responsible for not introducing
disturbances to the distribution network, which can interfere in
other users connected to the same network. Generally, the
customer when they see affected the normal functioning of
their loads and the problem is not an evident failure in some
mechanism of the equipment, or variations in the brightness of
the lighting system are observed, they put the responsibility
previous to a deficiency in the PQ given by the distribution

company. The user as the main affected due to the
deficiencies of power quality, can feel one or several of the
following symptoms: failures, erratic operation, decrease of
the useful live, fluctuation of the brightness of the lamps,
overheating in conductors, cables and motors, among others.
Due to this reason, the users, specially the ones in the
industrial and commercial sectors, which depend of the
productive processes, sometimes in continuous periods during
the 24 hours of the day during all year round, require from the
Electric Utility, a quality level in a way that their productive
processes are not affected.
III. POWER QUALITY REQUIREMENTS
From the beginning of the electrical systems, the Electric
Utility have seen the quality focused in time and frequency of
interruptions of the circuit feeders to a medium voltage, the
regulation of voltage and the fundamental frequency, which
for the Venezuelan case is of 60 Hz. No type of disturbance
was monitored, neither systematically studied, nor did control
limits legally required exist. The PQ surveys begin in the
electrical systems of ENELVEN in the year 1997, because of a
need of the petroleum sector due to the injection of current
harmonic current distortion caused by the power converters.
For research purposes, and meeting other kind of requirements
from industries and from the commercial sector, a
methodology for the attention of claims was developed by PQ.
80
I II
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0 technical regulations by supervisions. For the Venezuelan
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Fig.2 Amount of PQ site surveys carried out during the period from 1998 to
2005.
In Fig 2, the evolution of the amount of PQ Surveys carried
out to the installations of the customer and the distribution
networks is shown. In the same, three (3) stages are shown.
One first stage between the years 1998 – 2001, during this
period the approach of surveys was focused to the research
area and to identify large industrial users, who are possible
generators of PQ problems. During year 1998, the distribution
circuits of a sub - station with petroleum load and other one
with industrial load where evaluated. In the year 2000 an
aleatory assessment of the installations of the residential and
commercial users was made. A second stage, during the years
2002 – 2004, where what was learned in this previous stage
was implemented, including the assistance to big industries.
Finally, the third stage begins in the year 2005, where an
increase of the amount of surveys resulting from optimizing
works in the methodology defined for the execution of the
same, was observed. In this stage it is started to get to the
sectors of the smaller commercial and industrial users, and in
2
some cases to the residential ones. During the eight (8) years
of research, 202 PQ surveys were developed.
During the second period of year 2003, the technical
regulations [9] and [10] at National wide (Regulated Market),
where the rules about the duties and rights related to the
disturbances set forth for the PQ are stipulated. The concept
of the quality of the Technical Product (TP) where the levels
voltages, harmonic voltages and flicker is introduced. In this
stage, it is stipulated that the users have the right to claim due
to TP problems, and the distribution company shall make an
aleatory assessment of the different users supported in the
measuring of the electrical parameters.
A. Customer Requirements
During more than 100 years that ENELVEN has been
distributing electrical power, claims where the user gives
complaints due to fluctuations of the electric service and
damages of the appliances have been attended, which have
been managed through teams of electric technicians that
standardally were limited to check the condition of the
connections from the distribution transformer to the power
meter, and sometimes, voltage recorders with paper and ink
where installed until the time when the voltage registers
appeared at the beginning of the 90’s. It is as of the year
1997, added to the increase in the use of non linear and
sensitive loads, when at ENELVEN began to study that some
other causes might have been giving origin to said problems,
and to look for solutions in a timely and successful way. This
III
is why the engineering personnel are dedicated to see about
the cases that the crew of workers cannot solve.
B. Government Regulation Requirements
The Government to prove that the power utilities are
investing in works and maintenance of the networks
establishes mechanisms to supervise the technical product
quality. This is made through a government utility regulation
office which is responsible to look after the compliance of the
2005
case the supervision is only directed or based in the voltage
level, voltage harmonic and flicker. In the present time this
requirement of the government utility regulation office is in
the introductory stage at National wide. In Venezuela,
Technical Product Quality supervising experience only exists
in a distribution company located in the Eastern area of
Venezuela [13] specifically in the tourist area, there aren’t any
flicker or harmonic voltage problems. They also have the
experience in the capital area of Venezuela [14], where flicker
of harmonic voltage problems exist, but in a small amount.
This shows that the PQ problems depend in a combination of
factors such as the short circuit level, type load among other. It
should be pointed out that the supervising mechanism, even
though it is a requirement of the government regulation, shall
be seen by the distribution company as a preventive
mechanism to detect problems in the network which have not
been detected through the claims of the users. Therefore, this
supervision shall be seen as a mechanism proper of the
operation of the network.

C. Electric Utility Requirements
The new trend is to keep the customer satisfied with the
service given, not only selling power but also offering
additional services especially to the big customer with high
invoicing levels, which represent a strategy of improvement of
customer’s satisfaction. This also helps to know the
characteristic of the load and in a preventive way, problems
can be detected and the technical product quality that it is sold
to them can be certified. With this strategy of the distribution
companies toward the big customers, valuable alliances can be
established and strategic partners are obtained.
Therefore, the PQ Process can be differentiated from three
(3) different points of view: Claims, Supervisions and
Certification. Next, the three types of processes identified
from different points of view are described, describing the
requirements of the customer, and government regulation
towards the distribution company, and from this one to the
customer.
IV. POWER QUALITY PROCESS
As a result of combination of the customer’s requirement,
the government and the same distribution companies to cover
the needs of its customers, conclude that the PQ in a
distribution company has three (3) processes: answer claims,
quality certify and supervise technical product quality. Next,
each one of them is described.
A. Certification
This kind of survey can be requested by the customers
when they require installing a reactive compensation in their
system, to make extensions or to confirm the technical product
quality delivered to their facility by the distribution company
is within the national and international regulations. Also, this
type of survey is made by the initiative of a distribution
company, especially towards the big industrial customers as a
mechanism to approach and get to know the kind of load.
B. Claim
This is requested by the customer when he declares to have
problems in the electric supply. This process does not only
consist in measuring the electrical parameters and to capture
the disturbances, but also in determining the cause that arises
such disturbance, to investigate if the same comes from the
distribution network or from the customers installation, as it is
shown in the methodological process shown in Figure 3. The
importance of this process is that it shows directly the
existence of some problems or a disturbance out of limit,
shown in a “non normal” behavior of the loads.
C. Supervising
This is a PQ application area, where an aleatory sampling
of different points of the distribution system is made, with the
purpose of detecting disturbance values, out of what it is set
forth in the government regulations. Not all the disturbances
are regulated, there are only brought up the voltage level, the
harmonic of voltage and flicker. This kind of measurement
campaign requested by the government utility regulation
office has as a goal to take a sample of the power sales points
3
of several customers, in order to asses the quality of the
technical product delivered.
The difference between a claim and supervision is that in
the claim the customer already declares to have a problem and
in the supervision a search to see if a problem exists will be
carried out. The certification and supervision processes are
very similar, as in the first one the distribution company
chooses the customers, and in the second one is the
government utility regulation office the one that chooses them.
The measuring campaigns are a tool, where through the
monitoring; they can plan the maintenance in the distribution
network such as it was demonstrated in [13].
V. POWER QUALITY INDICATORS
During the eight (8) years of PQ development in
ENELVEN, technical standards such as IEEE 1159 [1], IEEE
1100 [2] and IEEE 519 [3] and the series of the IEC 61000 [5]
and [6] were used for the analysis. In Venezuela they only had
the COVENIN 159 [8], were limits are stipulated for the levels
of low, medium and high voltage. The need to have a National
standard with the purpose that the other Electric Utility of the
country can make evaluations in their distribution networks
under the same reference.
One of the PQ parameter that has suffered changes has been
the flicker with the Pst indicator. Before the curves described
in [3] were used, then the “Flickermeter” measurement
method set forth in the regulation IEC 61000-4-15 [6] appears.
This same regulation undergoes changes in the measurement
methodology, which makes that the registries give different
Pst values when being injected by the same signal, such as it
was demonstrated in [12]. This is solved in the year 2003
with the publication of a new version of this standard, being
in-force up to date.
In relation to the harmonic ones the procedure set forth in
the standard IEC 61000-4-7 [6] is used, through the THDv
(Total Harmonics Distortion of Voltage), THDi (Total
Harmonics Distortion of Current) and the TDD (Total
Distortion Demand) indicators. Additionally the voltage
unbalance indicators are evaluated with the calculation
methodology set forth in the standard IEEE 1159 [1].
The indicator of the power factor is handled, that, even
though it is not a disturbance, it is an important factor in the
regulation of the voltage and in the amplification of the
harmonic current. For this reason it is assessed through the
limit (0.9 inductive) stipulated in the technical regulation [9].
Additional to the limits of the parameters to evaluate its
impact the duration in time of the non compliance of the same
shall be calculated. Currently, at the level of the technical
regulations and standards only the THDv, THDi, TDD [7] and
Pst [10] indicators are required that the limits should not be
exceeded in a 95% of the measurement period. For the case of
the voltage regulation in Venezuela a 97% is required through
what it is set forth in the technical regulation [10].
For the case of the Power Factor Indicators, Voltage
Unbalance and Current, there does not exist any reference,
National or International, where the compliance time is
stipulated. In the present time, in order to evaluate its impact,
the 95% of the compliance is used as a reference. With respect
to the Transient, Sags and Swell no indicator is handled. At

world’s level it does not exist uniformity on an indicator for
this parameter and the ones that exist are based in the
measurement period of one year. The practice, especially in
the case of the surveys for claims, is to evaluate if the
registered Transient, Sags or Swell is the responsible of causes
the failure or erratic operation, studying its origin.
VI. DEVELOPED METHODOLOGY
The methodology proposed mainly includes five stages,
initial data collecting, and inspection to the electric installation
of the customer, inspection to the distribution circuit,
measurement of the PQ parameters and analysis of the case;
this latter allows to propose several recommendations, and to
stipulate the causes that can minimize the presence of the
disturbance.
As it is observed in Fig. 3, the supervision and certification
processes are the simpler ones, as in these ones, only a
measurement in the point of power sale is made (PCC) and the
results are compared with the technical regulations and
standards. If the deviated values result to the stipulated values,
the methodology of the claim is applied with the purpose of
determining the cause.
Power Quality Site Survey
Certification Claim Supervising
Initial Data Collection
Inspection of the Customer
Electrical Installation
Inspection of the
Distribution Network
Measurement of the
Electrical Parameters in the
Point of Power Sale
Comply with
Cumple con lasthe N To Stipulate Recommendations
and the carry out the Solution of
Regulation?
Normas ? the Problems
Yes
It is Certified that the Feeding of the
Installation or Network does not have
Power Quality Problems
Fig 3. PQ process in a Distribution Company.
When a claim is received, the first thing that it is done is to
exhaust the site survey stage, with operative units that make a
checking or revision to the installations of the Electric Utility
(e.g., a loose connection, and oil leak in the TX, etc), once that
the emergency unit determines that it has not found any sign
that relates the customer’s complaint, then the execution of the
PQ survey is activated.
4
A. Initial Data Collection
The basic information that shall be collected by the PQ
Engineer begins by knowing the problem and type of loads
that the electrical installation has. Therefore, the subscriber is
given a form to be filled out with the help of their electrical
maintenance personnel. Also an interview is made where
unknown issues are explained and which the PQ Engineer
shall make:
x What kind of equipment has problems?.
x Is it a sensitive load?.
x What sensitivity do those equipment present?.
x Does the equipment present problems from the time it
was installed?.
x When do these disturbances occur (time/date)?.
x Are they recurrent or not?.
x Recently they have made changes in the grounding
system of the installation?.
x Do the installations have motors of great power?.
x Does it observe falls in the brightness of the
incandescent light bulbs?.
B. Inspection of the customer’s electrical installation
The three more common main issues that shall be checked
in an electrical installation are:
1) Distribution Transformer Inspection
x Visual inspection of the connections.
x “TAP” position.
x Type of connection (Delta or Star).
x Capacity of the transformer.
x Type of transformer.
x Impedance.
x Temperature measurement.
x Existence of vibrations.
x Hum detection (possible arching, bad connection).
2) Low Voltage Electrical Panel Inspection
x Visual inspection of connections.
x Measurement of the impedance of the neutral and
grounding conductor.
x Verification of the phases rotation.
x Is the size of the conductor adequate?.
x Hum detection (possible arching, bad connection).
x To determine the presence of burning smell (possibly a
bad connection or an overload of the conductor).
3) Wiring and Grounding System Inspection
x To validate if the grounding design is suitable for that
installation as is set forth in the National Electric
Code.
x Visual inspection of the electrodes and connections,
looking for corrosion signs, or possible disconnection.
x See visual inspection of the connection adjustments.
x Current measurement in the electrode grounding
conductor.
x Measurement of the grounding impedance.
4) Equipment
x True RMS hand held with oscilloscope and calculate
THDv, THDi, power factor.
x Heat Tracer.
 5

x Grounding test devices. medium installations, up to buildings with great computer

x Digital Camera. concentrations. Within the typical loads found in the
ENELVEN network, in the industrial area, it includes melting
C. Distribution Network Inspection
furnaces by electrical arch, power converter AC/DC and
It consists in revising the environmental and physical AC/AC of small and great power.
elements that can influence the primary distribution network In this section the analysis of the results of the PQ surveys
of the Electric Utility. The elements that might cause voltage will be developed. That the 83% of the totality of the cases
disturbances from the distribution network are: studied are focused in industrial (43%) and commercial (40%)
x Banks of switchable capacitors. customers. A 10% of the cases analyzed distribution network
x Adjacent loads with high potency motors. and only a 7% of the cases in residential installation.
x Bad condition of the conductor insistent fractures.
A. Electrical Parameters which are a Responsibility of the
x Continuous presence of electrical storms.
Electric Utility
x High impedances in the primary network (non
adequate conductor gauge). In Fig. 4, the four parameters which are responsibility of
x It is convenient to obtain the circuit failure during the the Electric Utility are observed, it was found that for the
year is advisable. voltage level case the compliance degree of more than 70%
followed of a 80% related to the voltage unbalance of the
D. PQ Parameters Measurements studied cases. The voltage harmonic and flicker exceed more
The first measurement that shall be made is in the common than 90% of the survey cases.
natural point of common coupling (PCC) between the 100% 202 PQ Site Survey
distribution company and the customers, which is the power 90%
sales point. Based in the results to make measurements to the 80%
head of the distribution network is evaluated or to make them
70%
directly in the load that is having problems. As a standard, it
60%
is convenient to use a measurement period of seven (7) days,
with the purpose of obtaining a behavior profile during a week 50%

with an interval of 10 min. A great variety of PQ recorders 40%

exist in the market. In the present, there are 2 types of 30%
recorders the A and B set forth in the IEC 61000-4-30 [6] 20%
standard. The class A recorders have unique features for all 10%
the manufacturers, but the class B ones leave a space for the
0%
manufacturers to include the parameters features to be
Voltaje Level Voltage Voltage Flicker (Pst)
measured. This makes that a great variety of class B exist, Unbalance Harmonics
which in average can cost one third compared with the ones of
Complies With Does Not Comply With
class A. When a case is presented, a class B recorder is
installed and out of regulation parameters are measured, or the Fig 4. Responsible parameters of the Electric Utility.
problem that this is causing, the erratic operation of the load is
The problem with the voltage harmonics appeared in case
not being detected, then, the installation of the equipment class
A is made. This allows the optimization of the resources. of petroleum installations that use power converters connected
to rural distribution network which present low level of short
E. Case Analysis circuit. For the Flicker case, it only appears in case of arc
The last step, previous to reporting the result, consists in furnaces, crushing machines, basically with industrial user.
analyzing all the collected information. This analysis may
B. Electrical Parameters Customers´ Responsibility
consist mainly in confirming the limits of the indicators
mentioned above in accordance to the applicable standards In Fig. 5, the three parameters which are responsibility of
and regulations. Also, and not least important, it is necessary the customers are observed, it was found that for the current
to analyze the result of the inspection made which give several unbalance case the compliance was of a 20% followed of a
hints in order to find the origin of the problem, this analysis 30% related to the power factor and the current harmonic ones
can be simple on the contrary it may be complex according to only reaches a 40% of compliance degree of the survey cases.
the load characteristics and to the process that the customer The current balances and the power factor impact directly in
manages. It is important to remind that each case is specific. the voltage regulation. Additionally, it is observed how at the
western Venezuela area, because of the type of load used, the
VII. RESULT OF THE POWER QUALITY SURVEY harmonic currents have a higher impact at the distribution
FOR THE YEARS 1998 - 2005 networks.
The distribution network where the surveys were made is an
extraordinary sample as there are different kinds of loads. In
the industrial area from the petroleum loads, carboniferous,
cement makers, siderurgical ones, as also in the light and
medium industries. In the commercial area, from small and to

202 PQ Site Survey
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Current Unbalance Power Factor Total Demand of
Harmonic Distortion
Complies With Does Not Comply With
Fig 5. Parameters Customers´ Responsibility.
C. Responsibility of the PQ Claims Issued by the Customers
Of the 202 cases 121, were evaluated claims, the 82%
represent problems at the PQ parameters under the
responsibility of the customer, and an 18% of the cases are
associated to problems in the distribution company. This data
gives a trend in the surveys of PQ survey where the results
direct to a responsibility proportion of 20-80 between the
distribution company and the customers. Additionally, at
electrical installations level, only a 88% of the inspected cases
with section 408 regarding to board and an 90% of
performance at section 250 regarding to grounding system
referred at the CEN [15] (National Electrical Code of
Venezuela).
VIII. CONCLUSION
The PQ site surveys have allowed us to establish a more
effective communication between the customer and the
Electric Utility. When claims have been presented we
dedicated hours/man in order to find and present the customer
not only the origin of the problem but also the possible
solutions that might be applied and the optimum use of the
service.
Through the claim for PQ, it can give you an idea of the
condition of the distribution networks Technical Product
Quality.
The knowledge of the results of the PQ Surveys made in
Venezuela provide a valuable information to the government
utility regulation office as it gives an approximation to the
quality level of the technical product that is provided to the
customers before making the supervisions through
measurement campaigns. At knowledge of the areas or types
of loads where problems already exist, through the claim
attention and the effort of the measurement campaign, the
resources can be directed to areas where a high claim
incidence rate doesn’t exist, and in this way the equipment,
and man-hours can be reduced for the supervision of the
Technical Product Quality.
The PQ Engineer has obtained a very important role as he
is the responsible for looking after the Technical Product
Quality that is sold to the customers.
6
It is recommended to the rest of the distribution companies
to collect the results of the PQ Surveys in order to obtain
attendance at National level that will be useful as a base to
estipulate the technical regulations and standards in order to
satisfy the quality requirements requested by the customers in
accordance to the reality of the electrical sector of each
country.
IX. REFERENCES
[1] IEEE Recommended Practice for Monitoring Electric Power Quality,
IEEE Standard 1159-1995.
[2] IEEE Recommended Practice for Powering and Grounding Sensitive
Electronic Equipment Emerald Book, IEEE Standard 1100-1999.
[3] IEEE Recommended Practices and Requirements for Harmonics Control
in Electrical Power Systems, IEEE Standard 519-1992,
[4] IEEE Recommended Practice for Measurement and Limits of Voltage
Flicker on AC Power Systems, IEEE Standard 1453-2004.
[5] IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) Standards, IEC
61000-2-1 (Electromagnetic Compatibility, Part 2: Environment, Section
1: Description of the environment), IEC 61000-2-2 1990.
[6] IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) Standards, IEC
61000-4 (Electromagnetic Compatibility, Part 4: Testing and
Measurement Techniques) Section 7: IEC 61000-4-7, 1991. Section 14:
IEC 61000-4-15, 2003. Section 30: IEC 61000-4-30.
[7] COVENIN Harmonic Control in Electrical System, COVENIN
3842:2004,
[8] COVENIN Standardalized Voltages, COVENIN 159:1997
[9] Technical Regulation, “Service Regulation”, (November 2003), Official
Gazette # 37.825.
[10] Technical Regulation “Quality of the Power Distribution Service”,
(August 2004), Official Gazette # 38.004.
[11] Abreu A, Ochoa C, Villalobos J, “Industrial Loads: PQProblem Sources
in the Electrical System of ENELVEN”, work Published in congress
IEEE ANDESCON, 1999.
[12] Abreu A, Kermendy E, “Comparative Analysis of Flicker Measurement
with Different Makes of Recorders with Certification IEC 61000-4-15”,
Published in the First Conference Cycle on Technical Product Quality ,
Program Organized by the Ministry of Energy and Petroleum of
Venezuela, 2004.
[13] Salazar L, Hernández I, “Quality Control of the Electrical Service as a
Tool in Investment Planning”. CIER – International Seminar on
Distribution Systems Planning and Quality, 2001, Argentina.
[14] Ascanio C., Alves R., “Power Service Quality Evaluation in the AES –
ELEGUA Distribution system”.
[15] “CEN National Electrical Code of Venezuela”, CODELECTRA 2004.
X. BIOGRAPHIES
Augusto Abreu M., Electrical Engineer graduated
from the Rafael Urdaneta University, in 1997. His
professional experience goes from planning Network
Transition and Distribution, PQ Survey, Forensic
Engineering, Distribution Network Maintenance,
Materials Technical Specifications, and Evaluations of
Material Quality. Currently he works as a Conceptual
Engineer in the Distribution Engineering area in
“Energía Eléctrica de Venezuela (ENELVEN)”. He
belongs to the team that is preparing the technical PQ
standards for CODELECTRA. E-mail: augustoabreu@cantv.net
Benita Castellano., Electrical Engineer graduated
from the University of Zulia in 2001. Her professional
experience goes from the electrical maintenance of the
industrial installations specifically on telephone central
systems, and the execution of PQ Surveys. Currently
she works as a Conceptual Engineer in the
Transmission Engineering area in “Energía Eléctrica
de Venezuela (ENELVEN)”. E-mail:
bcastellano@enelven.com.ve