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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of Study Prose or poetry is one of compulsory subjects for student of English Department Student of STKIP PGRI BLITAR. It is said that it becomes one of difficult courses. There are two reasons toward this judgment. First reason probably students lack of interest in literature in general and in prose (poetry). The second reason probably the students do not understand the meaning well because they lack of the vocabulary Mastery. Talking about written language, surely also talking about literature, as human beings that were crated by God with skills, they always want to express their feeling in every kind of expressions like song, poem, or prose. Sometimes people also express their feeling in the drama form. It shows that no limitation for human being to show their feeling or imagination to others, and know that the way is the best choice for self expression. Whenever someone wants to make art work, such as song, drama, prose or poetry, he does not lose from literature that gives guidance in making art work to be easier. Although most people said that literature is a difficult thing to study, but there are some people believe that letters can be created to be art work some successful people in art they had great name in

the world such as Shakespeare, Robert Burn, William Black, Charles Dickens, Sir Walter Raleigh, and so on. It shows that literature is enjoyable to be studied. As what Rene Wellek and Austin Warren (1956: 1), they said, Literature is a human creativity an art work. It means that trough literature people can crate everything that is suitable with their feeling in a current form of art. It can be in a poem, prose, and drama and also in a song form. Literature also shows values of factual an imaginative beauty. It makes peoples who read get consulate and spiritualisms satisfaction. Literature does not only teach human being to make appreciation for beauty values but also give spiritual contentment for the readers. Literature is divided into several forms such as novel, drama and poetry which are called imaginative literature or literature of power. As it is an imaginative literature, poetry is a work of literature written in verse which has things (material) to explain, to make clear, to understand, to shape the new mind, to give sense on the reality of life imaginative literature perfect the reality in the hope that man understands and act more in his reality of life. (Sumardjo, 1988: 112) Aminudin (2002: 134) defines poetry as make and a production because from poetry, the human being created an individual world. This has substance of message or description of certain atmosphere. Hudson said that, A poem is one of Literature branches that is using words as a message media to produce illusion an imaginative, like a portrayal

which is using line and color to describe painters idea. Aminudin (2002: 134) Studying poetry also discusses figurative languages that there are mostly used in every poetry. Because each author always chooses the best words that represent their feeling and ideas. It also makes their poems become beautiful and interesting ones. Besides figurative language, actually the author tries to show readers about what he thougt, idea and feeling. So in poetry there are some values that show the social condition, religion and ethnic of the author or the character of the poetry. The reason above makes the researcher interested in knowing more about poetry in analysis, and especially to know the figurative language that consist of the poetry as well as to know the value of the poetry. Because every sentence in poetry has intended meaning and have some values that want to be showed by the author to the readers. Based on backgrounds above researcher carried out research entitle An Analysis of Figurative Language and Values of everymans Poetry by Sir Walter Raleigh , because he is well known as a realist, naturalist, social, and nationalist poet. The writer has assumed that in the Sir Walter Raleigh poems there are also some figurative languages and values. Besides this poem is a classical poem that also used classical English language.

1.2 Problems of Study This research is concerning with figurative language and values in Everymans Poetry by Sir Walter Raleigh. According to the background of the study above, the problem in this research are classified into two questions below. 1. What kinds of figurative languages are found in the selected poems on Everymans Poetry by Sir Walter Raleigh? 2. What kinds of values are found in each selected poems on Everymans Poetry by Sir Walter Raleigh?

1.3 Purpose of Study The purpose studies are: 1. To describe the kinds of figurative language are found in the selected poems on Everymans Poetry by Sir Walter Raleigh. 2. To describe the kinds of value are found in the selected poems on Everymans Poetry by Sir Walter Raleigh?

1.3 Significance of Study The result of the study is supposed to be alternative reference for student or other peoples that have suitable data for their research. It is to be hoped that this scientific work can be additional of study literature that have relationship with this analysis and also useful for other researches who are interested in the same topic with this research, especially for student

Institute Of Teacher Training And Education PGRI Blitar Faculty Of Language And Art Education Department Of English Education. Actually, knowing the other researchers work can give some comprehension and some suggestion to make the research to be better.

1.4

Scope and Limitation of Study The writer just focuses on the analysis and tries to understand the poem in Everymans Poetry by Sir Walter Raleigh. The scope of this study is analyzing the kinds of figurative language and values that exist on Everymans Poetry by Sir Walter Raleigh. This analysis has limitation only eight selected poem of Sir Walter Relight poetry on Everymans Poetry.

1.5

Definition of Key Term To avoid misunderstanding and misperception the writer uses some terms that have relationship with the topic being discussion. They are:

1.6.1 Figurative Language Figurative language is a divination form what speakers of language apprehend as the ordinary or standard significance or sequence of words, in order to archive some special meaning or effect. Abram (1981: 45) 1.6.2 Values Values are the sense of the meaning in poetry that suitable with religion, moral, aesthetic. Muthmainah (1997: 47)

1.6.3 Everymans Poetry Everymans poetry is the title of poem that are some work of Sir Walter Raleigh 1.6.4 Sir Walter Raleigh Sir Walter Raleigh is one of the authors of Everymans Poetry book.

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITRATURE

In the second chapter of this thesis, there are several basic concepts, which are applied as foundation to solve the research problems. The reviews bellow cover discussion about literature, poem, figurative language, previous study, and biography of the author to be referred to support the data, basic concept, and statement obtained in this study.

2.1 Literature People can express their ideas, feeling, and desire through literary work. Jones (1968; I) stated that literature is a work of art that uses language as its media and implies another way we can experience the word around through imagination. It has broadest sense, literature includes all materials, such as history books, dictionaries, novels, magazines, and school text book. Some people define literature as the expression of beautiful thought and ideas in beautiful language. Literature can be used to express ones thought, feeling, ideas, emotion and experience. Because literature has the power to appear emotion and imagination and also literature gives the reader a certain pleasure and satisfaction.

Koesnobroto (1988: 2) said that Although literature does not intend to provide answers to the question, at least it does offer hints, suggestion, and flashes of insight, Literature offers these things in such a way as to refresh and encourage our own thinking, and so leads or to insight of our own. It is means that literature gives a comfort to human being, or makes us refresh. It can be conclude that literature is the human creativity deal with emotion, feeling, and imagination in expressing ideas through language.

2.2 Poetry One of the literary works is poetry. Poetry is rather difficult than the others such as drama and prose: it is rather difficult to define. Because poetry involves both basic versifications, symbolic meaning that are obtained through the uses of word, their meaning, sound position, etc. As stated by Alexander (1963) To find the meaning of poem and analyze it, we have to know general meaning, detailed meaning, and intention meaning. General meaning, it this should be expressive simply in one sentence, or at the most two sentences. It should be based on a reading of the whole poem. Every author has different opinions. In addition, several experts of poetry give definitions, which are viewed from several sides. Blair and Chandler that Poetry is spontaneous overflow of powerful feeling; it takes its origin from emotion recollected in tranquility. Tarigan (1967: 28)

It means that poetry is direct expression of feeling and emotion, which originates from the heart of each human being. Samson stated, Poetry is from of rhyme sound language which imaginative, and emotional intellectual experience. Waluyo (1987:3) As like Shelly said that: Poetry is the record of the best happiest moment in our life for example: the impression moments that raise the strong emotion, as the happiness, the cheerfulness, the love ness, and the sadness because of the death of the loves one. Tarigan (1967: 5) The idea about emphasizes the definition on the content that is the experience of human life. As stated by Dickinson If I read a book and make my body so cold no fine can ever warm me, I know that is poetry. If I feel physical as if the top of my head were taken off, I know that is poetry. These are the only ways I know it. Tarigan (197:7) From statement above, we can conclude that Dickinson give explanation about the definition of poetry such as; everything that is dealing with human feelings, than it express in to certain written, which the result can be read. Each poet or critic can develop his own concept of poetry. In order to get an idea of what a writer thinks of poetry. There are some reflections on poetry as stated by Frederick (1988:15) 1. The object of poetry is to act upon emotion; poetry addressed it self to the feeling; poetry does is work by moving; poetry act by offering interesting objects of contemplation to be sensibilities. Many of great

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poems are in narrative; and all good serious there is a true poetry. But there is radical distinction between the interest felt in the story, and in the interest is existed by poetry. The interest felt in a story is derived from accident; the interest existed by poetry, which is from the representation of feelings. 2. Poetry, which is the delineation of the deeper and more secret working of human emotion, in interesting only to those to whom is recalls what they could feel, or what they might have been able to feel, had their outward circumstance been different. 3. Poetry is truth, and also fiction is also truth; but they are different truth. The truth of poetry is to paint the human soul truly, and the truth of fiction is to give a true picture of life. 4. Greats poets are often ignorant of life. What they know has come by observation of them; they have found within them one highly delicate and sensitive specimen of human nature. Other knowledge of mankind is not indispensable to the poet. The discussion above shows that poetry is spontaneous overflow of powerful feeling and expression of happiness and sadness for certain human being.

2.2.1 Kinds of Poetry Every expert of poetry has been classified many ways. Basic types have classified poem. Some other scientists classify the

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poem several types. There are three major of poetry, narrative, dramatic, and lyric. Aminudin (2002: 135) describe about three kinds of poetry as follow: Narrative A narrative poem tells a story, whether it is simple or complex, long or short. There are many kinds of narrative poems. The most important are ballads, epics, and metrical romances. A ballad to be recite, present a single exiting episode in a simple narrative. It has had many literary imitations, but in its primary from it is folk poetry that depends on dialogue simple stanza patterns, and frequent repetition for its defect. An epic is a long narrative poem, in an elevated style that recounts the adventure of figure of heroic proportions. A metrical romance is a long romantic tale in verse, in which the chief figure are kings, knights, and act under impulse of love, religion faith or a search for adventure. Dramatic Dramatic poetry is poetry that employs dramatic form or some elements of dramatic technique as a mean of achieving poetic ends. A major of dramatic poetry is the dramatic monologue, perfected in the English poet Robert Browning.

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Lyric Lyrical is a poetry that has substance the expression of the individuals feeling and emotion rather than external events or attitudes. When we speak of a line of poetry, or a whole poem, as being lyrical, we mean that it seems to express the personal feeling of the poet. There are various forms of lyric such as the sonnet and the rounded. Some of Indonesian poets, which are often using lyrical poetry, they are: Chairil Anwar, Sapardi Djokodamono, Gunawan Mohammad, etc. 2.2.2 Components Poetry Poetry is composition, which concern with the rhythm, verse, rhyme, and sentences. Although a poem is short, it consists of many components. Jones (1968: 98) states that there are some elements of the poetry, as follow: 1. Title, usually the title of a poem gives us an idea of what the poem is about. It may tell name of person, place or thing. Title helps us in our understanding of the poem. For example, a New Jerusalem. 2. Theme, each poem is written to serve a particular purpose. It may entertain by telling story. It may set fourth the poets views on a subject, or it may enforce or teach a spiritual truth. Whatever is purpose, a poem is built upon emotion. The theme is actually a combination or synthesis of many ideas.

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3.

Rhythm, rhythm is the very basic of poetry. Rhythm is the wave like pattern of sound. It is the natural rise and fall of language. Most English words are spoken with stress in certain syllables. For example, in a word like tomorrow noticing how the more is stressed when we say the words. Rhythm is repetition of the pattern.

4.

Rhyme, rhyme is the repetition of the sound of the last word in two or more lines of poetry. For example, boat and float, hill and still, driving and striving, are rhyme words.

5.

Sounds, some sound gives us pleasure, some do not. Some we may all music other noise. For example, most of us heard a peace of chalk squeak a cross a blackboard. To most of us it not a pleasant sound.

6.

Diction, talking about diction we require the stylistic and tonal qualities of the word. Which are chosen by the poet? Diction is concerned with vocabulary of the poem.

7.

Tone, tone is the writers attitude to word the subjects, the mood created all elements in poetry. Tone in the authors evident attitude toward his works, his audience or himself. It is emotional coloring or the emotional meaning. Therefore it is the important part of the full meaning of work.

8.

Imaginary, all of us experience the world through our senses. An image is a sense experience, and imaginary is a representation in words of sense experiences.

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9.

Symbol, a symbol is something that means more than what it is fact. A poet in his effort to heighten our emotion and broaden our experience often uses symbol.

2.3 Figurative Language One of the most basic and useful ways to analyze a poem is figurative language. When we read a novel, we can understand the message or the purpose directly, the other way we can understand the meaning of poem after we read the whole of poem and analyze it. Reaske (1966: 33) stated, Figurative language that employs various figures of speech. In general, figurative language is kind of language that depart from language employed in traditional, literal ways of describing person or object. Using figurative language is making imaginative description in fresh ways. It is usually immediately obvious whether a writer is using figurative or literal language. While another explanation has also given by Waluyo (1987: 83) Bahasa figurative ialah bahasa yang digunakan penyair untuk mengatakan sesuatu denganc ara yang tidak biasa, yakni secara tidak langsing mengungkapkan makna. Kata bahasanya bermakna kias atau makna lambang. (Figurative language is used by the poet to say something in an unusual way, or indirectly conveys meaning. The word or language has a connotative meaning or symbolizing something) 2.3.1 Kinds of Figurative Language Reaske (1966: 25-39) defines that there are, ten kinds of figurative language, as follow: 1. Personification

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Personification is to make lifeless thing as if they have an activity, intention, and passion that living creature has. That personification is the process of assigning human characteristic to non-human object. As an example, the phrase The soul selects her-own society On the above phrase of Emily Dickinson personification poem, the soul is personified to have the quality of human characteristics. Since the soul is not human that can do anything like human characters, select her-own society. 2. Metaphor Metaphor is figurative language that compares something with other things that have similar characteristic. When the poet uses metaphor he transfers the qualities and association of one object to another in order to make the letter more vivid in our mind. As an example like in the phrase My love is a bird, flying in all direction The poet is actually making the bird as a metaphor of the poets love. Because he thinks that bird could be implicated as his feeling that has aim to all direction. 3. Association The definition of association is like to be in the similar range with the metaphor, but association usually uses the word like, as if, etc. As an example is like She is like the candle in the blazing night

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The poet tries to associate her as the candle that impresses the idea of giving a light in darkness.

4.

Metonymy Metonymy is figurative language that uses the word-choice of well-known trademark or a brand that are common to public. Reaske is one choice again defines metonymy as, the substation of a word closely associated with another word in place of that other word. For an instance in phrase: She puts a Marlboro on his smooth fingers The phrase shows the common name of cigarette to replace the actual object.

5.

Euphemism Euphemism is ones kind of figurative language that uses politeness and norm. As Reaske (1966:34) stated that usually euphemism are employed to make some idea, concept or action more appealing-or as the case may be, less unappealing-than it would be if stated directly. For example: She is not the brightest girl in the class The phrase no the brightest is more polite than the phrase stupid girl.

6.

Hyperbole Hyperbole is the exaggerate comparison word that have more attractive meaning than the real condition. Reaske (1966:34) also stated that hyperbole is a figure of speech employed exaggeration. For example:

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For they thee a thousand errors note The phrase thousand errors has a meaning that there is much badness on thee. 7. Synecdoche It explain something partial that actually redefining a whole. Reaske defines, So does the poet sometimes choose to present only a small detail-but an important one- rather than a full description of something in this entirety. As an example: Galloping hooves is another term of galloping horses The phrase galloping hooves is another term of galloping horses. 8. Allusion Allusion is figurative language that uses idiom, connotation or another figurative language that commonly used by people to expressive their idea. Allusion is the process of referring to another thins and the particular figure, event, etc, as named in the poem is called allusion for example: Off him goes follow his nose The common idiom follow his nose is an allusion. Because follow his nose is one other expression of follow his desire.

9.

Litotes Litotes is mentioning something without any reduction of real condition in order to humiliate. Abram in Siti Masrifah (2002: 16) stated is

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litotes which deliberatively represents something as much less in magnitude or importance that it really is. For Example: Im a stupid girl to love you Actually she is not a stupid girl, so that phrase does not show the real condition of the subject. 10. Allegory Allegory is actually an extension of metaphor, it represents something and another thing and so on will represent it. It means that is a continuous metaphor. An allegory is a literary term statement presenting its meaning in a veiled way; the literal meaning is a metaphor for the real meaning. For example: May God help both of you crossing the ocean that filled with tides, winds, and storm. There are several metaphors in above phrase; the phrase crossing the ocean means the life after marriage that full of obstacles (tide, winds and storm).

2.3.2 Confirming Figurative Language There seems to be only one kind of this figure of speech that is available, that is parallelism. It simply repeats a particular word or phrase in every line in the poem. Reaske (1996:38) said, it is principle advocating that ideas of equal importance or significance should be treated at equal length within a poem. For example: The claw of earth The claw of sky

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The claw of horizon Take a mirror in your hand Take a mirror in your heart The repetition of the word the claw and take the mirror is the parallelism. In order to equality the poets personification ideas, which are important and significant?

2.3.3 The Satiric Figurative Language There are at least two sort of satiric figure of speech; they are the irony and sarcasm. 1. Irony Irony is used to negate the actual intention with the opposite expression. Atmazaki (1993:65) said, pengungkapan bahasa secara ironis memberikan arti yang berbeda dri pada yang diucapkan. (The ironical way of saying things in poetry gives a different meaning from the actual one). For example: What a decent man, barely unclothed The expression decant is somehow opposing the word unclothed, for there cannot be an unclothing decent man. 2. Sarcasm Sarcasm is the ruder form of irony, in directly opposed object. Tjahjono (1988:213) defines sarcasm as, Sarkasme merupakan gaya bahasa sindiran yang paling kasar. Kata-kata yang dipakai kadang kala kata-

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kata yang tidak sopan dan kotor. (Sarcasm is the harshest kind of figurative speech. It uses the polite words and sometimes the dirty ones). For example: She is indeed my favorite bitch of my life. The revealing of the dirty word (pardon) bitch is indeed reflecting sarcasm. It expresses impoliteness and direct intention.

2.3.4. Contradictory Figurative Language There are two kinds of figurative language of contradiction, they are: 1. Paradox Paradox is the result when a poet presents a pair of ideas, words, images, or attitudes which are, or appear to be, self-contradictory. Paradox is employed in poetry primary as a device of emphasis, drawing attention to something. Reaske (1966:38). For example: With her true weaknesses, she conquers every man. The phrase is presenting a contradiction, although there is a true possibility. 2. Antithesis Antithesis is the result when a pair or more of strongly contrasting terms are presented together. Reaske, (1966: 27). For example: In doubt to deem him self a God, or Beast. The words God and Beast are considered antithesis because both of them are contradiction.

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2.4

Value Actually value is not in the artwork, only but it is also in every real object or imagination object. According to David L Sills, value is may refer to interests, pleasures, likes, preferences, duties, moral obligation, desires, wants, needs, aversions and attraction, and many other modalities of selective orientation. David L. Sills (Volume 15: 283) While Edgar and Marie, stated that, Value indicated preferences people share for certain types of outcomes in their lives and for certain types of conduct. Edgar and Marie (Volume 4: 2222). In the work of art, values are the essential one especially in the poetry. To know more about poetry we should know the value. Ralph Barton Perry in Siti Masrifah (2002: 19) Stated that: Setiap obyek yang ada dalam kenyataan maupun dalam pikiran. Setiap perbuatan yang dilakukan, yang dipikirkan, dapat memperoleh nilai jika pada suatu ketika berhubungan dengan subyek-subyek yang mempunyai kepentingan. ( Every object is in fact and also in brain, every behavior that was done and also thought, can got value, if when it relate with subjects that have importance). While Mutmainah Mustopa, devided value into four chatagories, they are: 1. Religius Value Mangun Jaya in Muthmainah (1977: 49) stated that in the first time literature is a religious. It means that people used the religious activities with the work art like song before praying, sholawat song, and others. While Dojo Santoso said tat Religious value is value in which connected with a man and God. Muthmainah, (1997:49).

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2.

Philosophy Value Philosophy value is concept about relation ship between human being with life essence. Welek and Warren (1990) stated that, Philosophy and thinking add the artistic value of work art. Muthmainah (1997:50)

3.

Ethical Value Muthmainah, (1997:55) stated that, Ethical is knowledge in which team of human being how can wise be about beautiful. It means that human being can get the truth of life if they know the ethic of life, that consist of the ethic relationship, the ethic of culture, the ethic with their God and so on. About ethical value in work art, Suyitno in Muthamainah, (1997:57) said that: Sastra tidak saja memuat nilai-nilai personal tetapi juga nilai mengenai kehidupan manusia dalam arti keseluruhan. Karya sastra tidak jarang dapat mewakili secara pas kerinduan manusia akan keadilan, kemerdekaan, ptriotisme, semangat pengorbanan, nilai keagungan, kebenaran, dan nilai kemanusiaan yang lain. (Work art do not write the personal value, but also the human life value in whole meaning. Some time work art can represent about justice, freedom, patriotism, sacrifice, grandeur value, truth, and the others of human values).

4.

Esthetical Value According to Muthmainnah, (1997:57), esthetical value is talk about beautiful. It is important think in our life, without it our life will lose happiness. Everything can be said has esthetical value if in it consist of harmonious and consideration. Amir in Muthmainah (1997:57) stated that: Jika seni itu mencapai tujuan akhirnya, maka ia sebenarnya akan brjalan dengan agama dan filsafat. Dan sesuatu itu dikatakan mempunyai nilai estetika bila didalamnya terdapat unsur keselarasan dan keseimbangan. (If the art achieve the last purpose, actually they

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are in the some way with the religion and philosophy. It has esthetical value if there are harmony element and balance element). It is mean that esthetical value is support the work art be come beautiful and interesting one because it have balance element and harmony element with our life.

2.5 Some Related Study 2.5.1 Robert Burns Poem (2002), found out the kind of figurative language and the most figurative language that usually use in Robert Burns poems. She also found out the value that exists on these poems. The writer has the same analysis with her about kinds of figurative language that are mostly used by author and the values that exist on these poems. The difference between the writer and the previous study is the object of the study. The writer focuses on the Sir Walter Raleigh poems although the previous study focuses on Robert Burns Poems. 2.5.2 Henyk Indyung W. in her thesis An analysis on figurative language used the Collection of poem Under the Tittles Aku Tandai Tahi Lalatmu Poem by Isbedy Setiawan ZS (2003). She found out the kind of figurative language and the most figurative language that uses in Aku Tandai Tahi Lalatmus poems by Isbedy Setiawan ZS The similarity between the writer and the previous study is they try to find out the kinds of figurative language that uses in the poems. The differences are; firstly, the writer also finds out the values but the previous study does not find out about it. Secondly is the object of

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study, the writer focuses on The Sir Walter Raleighs Poem although the previous study focused on the Isbedy Setiawan ZSs poem. 2.6 Biography of The Author Sir Walter Raleigh or Raleigh was born in a Protestant family in Devon, the son of Walter Raleigh and Catherine Champernowne. Little is known for certain of his early life, though he spent some time in Ireland, in Killua Castle, Clonmellon, County Westmeath, taking part in the suppression of rebellions and participating in two infamous massacres at Rathlin Island and Smerwick, later becoming a landlord of lands confiscated from the Irish. He rose rapidly in Queen Elizabeth Its favor, being knighted in 1585, and was involved in the early English colonization of the New World in Virginia under a royal patent. In 1591 he secretly married Elizabeth Throckmorton, one of the Queen's ladies-in-waiting, without requesting the Queen's permission, for which he and his wife were sent to the Tower of London. After his release, they retired to his estate at Sherborn, Dorset. In 1594 Raleigh heard of a "City of Gold" in South America and sailed to find it, publishing an exaggerated account of his experiences in a book that contributed to the legend of El Dorado. After Queen Elizabeth died in 1603, Raleigh was again imprisoned in the Tower, this time for allegedly being involved in the Main Plot against King James I, who was not favorably disposed toward him. In 1616, however, he was released in order to conduct a second expedition in search of El Dorado. This was

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unsuccessful and the Spanish outpost at San Thom was ransacked by men under his command. After his return to England he was arrested and, after a show trial held mainly to appease the Spanish after Raleigh's attack of San Thom, he was beheaded at Whitehall. Raleigh lived with his wife and servans, and wrote his story of the world (1614). He was realese in 1616 to seach for gold in South America and he was death on October 29, 1618

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CAPTER III RESERCH METHOD

Five related discussions from the technique to the expression of final comment on the prose are includ in this chapter. Basically they deals with how the writer gathers the data, and has much importance with how she studied the prose. 3.1 Research Design Here, the researcher uses qualitative research because she tries to describe and analyze the kinds of figurative languages and values. As Ary et all in Henyk (2003: 23) stated that descriptive studies are designed to obtain information concerning the current status of phenomena, and directed toward determining future present facts or current condition concerning the nature of group of person, a group of object, a class, etc Lexy J. Moloeng (1988: 2), stated that qualitative research is research which is no count, but shows to natural and quality that contradicts with quality.

3.2 Object The object of this analysis is the poems that were selected from Everymans Poetry by Sir Walter Raleigh. Here, the researcher analyzes the kinds of figurative language and values that found in the Everymans Poetry by Sir Walter Raleigh. Because this study just focuses on the analyzing of

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figurative language and values that found in the Everymans Poetry by Sir Walter Raleigh.

3.3 Data Sources The data of this analysis were taken from poems in Everymans Poetry by Sir Walter Raleigh that has correlation and present for this analysis. There are fifty eight poems in that book, forty one poems are belonging to Sir Walter Raleigh and the others are from other poets. The researcher just takes twelve poems to be analyzed.

3.4 Data Collection To collect the data, the writer carries out some steps. They are; Reading all of the poems in Everymans Poetry by Sir Walter Raleigh, collecting the poems of Sir Walter Raleigh that wants to be analyze, and the last arranging the poems that are representative for all of the poems as a data systemically.

3.5 Data Analysis After the data have been collected, they are analyzed in the following steps; first off all, the researcher categorizes the data into eight categories. Data of each category are presented, analyzed, and concluded.

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After presenting, analyzing, concluding data of the whole categories, the researcher makes tentative conclusion. After that the researcher makes final conclusion.

3.6 Triangulation Triangulation is supposed to support the finding by showing that independent measure of it agrees with it or, at least, does not contradict it. Matthew and Michael Huberman (1994:266). Beside that triangulation is aimed to make the study of the data investigated become more comprehensive. Henyk (2003:24) As Denzim in Mattew and Michael Huberman (1994: 267) stated that triangulations are divided into four kinds; data sources (which can conclude persons, times, places, etc), method (observation, interview document), researcher (investigator), and theory. Furthermore, from triangulation we can expect to get collaboration, more typically, confidence interval and event then we only get reliability rather than validity informant.

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CHAPTER IV RESULT AND DISCUSSION

This chapter presents the data obtained from the data sources. The data presentation is categorized into eight categories in accordance with the number of the poems used as the data. Then the data of each category are followed by discussion and tentative conclusion. 4.1. Data Presentation 4.1.1 A Farewell to False Love

A Farewell to False Love Farewell, false love, thou oracle of lies A mortal foe, an enemy to rest, An envious boy from whom all cares arise, A bastard born, a beast with rage possessed, A way of error, a temple full of treason, In all effects contrary unto reason; A poisond serpent; coverd all with flowers, Mother of sighs and murderer of repose, A sea of sorrows, from whence are drawn such showers As moisture lends to every grief that grows; A school of guile, a nest of deep deceit, A gilded hook that holds a poison'd bait;

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A fortress foild whom reason did defend, A siren song, a fever of the mind, A maze wherein affection finds no end, A ranging cloud that runs before the wind, A substance like the shadow of the sun. A goal of grief for which the wisest run. The poem above tells us about guile love between the poet with a beautiful girl. He feels the girl plays her love with him. It makes him say good bye for his love. It is supported in the first line /Farewell, false love, thou oracle of lies/. Besides that he uses a beautiful language or figurative language such as personification, hyperbole and association. Line 1 5 9 11 12 14 16 17 context Farewell, false love, thou oracle of lies a temple full of treason A sea of sorrows, from whence are drawn such showers A school of guile, a nest of deep deceit A gilded hook that holds a poisons bait A siren song, a fever of the mind A ranging cloud that runs before the wind Substance like a shadow of the sun, Figurative Language personification personification personification Hyperbole personification Hyperbole personification Association

Besides figurative languages, the writer also finds the value. This poem contains philosophy value, because the poem tells an individual concept of life when he (poet) gets badness in his life. The principle that he had when he got a false love is that. He leaves his love at that time. It is supported by all lines of

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the poem that show his principle of life and his action for what that happened in his life. It can be concluded that in that poem there are three kinds of figurative languages, they are personification, hyperbole and association, and personification is the dominant one. The value in this poem is philosophy value. 4.1.2 If Cynthia be A Queen, A Princess, and Supreme If Cynthia be A Queen, A Princess, and Supreme If Cynthia be A Queen, A Princess, and Supreme, Keep these among the rest, or say it was a dream; For those that like, expound, and those that loathe, express Meaning according as their minds are moved more or less. For writing what thou art, or showing what thou were, Adds to the one disdain, to the other but despair. Thy mind of neither needs, in both seeing it exceeds. Line 1 2 3 4 context If Cynthia be A Queen, A Princess, and Supreme Keep these among the rest, or say it was a dream For those that like, expound, and those that loathe, express For those that like, expound, and those that loathe, express Figurative Language Allusion Allusion Antithesis Antithesis

The poem above tells us that a dream of someone or imagination of someone to Cynthia that she becomes a queen, a princess and supreme. But it is

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impossible one because it is just a dream and just and expression of expound and loath. It is supported in the first till fourth line: /If Cynthia be A Queen, A Princess, and Supreme,/./Keep these among the rest, or say it was a dream;/. /For those that like, expound, and those that loathe, express/. /Meaning according as their minds are moved more or less./. The value can be found by the writer is an esthetical value because it describes about imagination of beautiful virgin Cynthia if she become a queen. It can be seen in the first line that is supported by the all of the lines of the poem. From the data above it can be concluded that there are two kinds of figurative language they are; allusion and antithesis. The value in this data is esthetical value.

4.1.3 What is Our Life? It is a play of Passion What is Our Life? It is a play of Passion What is our life? It is a play of passion. What is our mirth? The music of division. Our mothers, they the tiring-houses be, Where we are dressed for time's short tragedy. Earth is the stage, heaven the spectator is Who doth behold whoer doth act amiss. The graves that hide us from the parching sun Ae but drawn curtains till the play is done.

The poem above tells us that the poet wants to say that the life is passion and music of division. It means that our lives are very difficult. People can do

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everything for their happiness in life because they have passion, but also beautiful like music of division because of mirth is beautiful. In other word life is difficult but enjoyable thing. Line 1 2 5 7 context What is our life? It is a play of passion What is our mirth? The music of division Earth is the stage, heaven the spectator is The graves that hide us from the parching sun Figurative Language Allusion Allusion Assosiation personification

The value that writer finds in that poem is an esthetical value, because the poem show the harmonious and consideration in life. There are some happiness in life and also sadness that stand together and have balance between each other, and it is written in this poem. From the data above it can be concluded that there are three kinds of figurative language, they are allusion, association and personification. The value that is found by the writer is an esthetical value,

4.1.4 Even Such Is Time, Which Takes in Trust Even Such Is Time, Which Takes in Trust Even such is time, which takes in trut Our youth, our joys and all we have, And pays us but with age and dust; Who in the dark and silent grave When we have wander'd all our ways Shuts up the story of our days. And from which earth and grave and dust

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The Lord shall raise me up, I trust.

The poem above tells us that God is the glorious one and no one can do what He does, no one knows His secret. Here the poet wonders about the glory of God. The writer does not find the kind of figurative language in this poem, because the poet uses a simple word to make his poem more interesting for all people. The value that is found by the writer is religious value, because the poem is showing the connection between human and God. It shows in all of the lines but the most essential is in the eighth line: /The Lord shall raise me up, I trust. /. It can be concluded that there is no figurative language found, and the value can be found is religious value.

4.1.5 As You Came From The Holy Land'

As You Came From The Holy Land'

As you came from the Holy Land Of Walsingham, Met you not with my true love By the way as you came? How shall I know your true love, That have met many one, As I went to the Holy Land, That have come, that have gone? She is neither white nor brown,

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But as the heavens fair; There is none hath a formso divine In the eart or the air. Such an one did I meet, good sir, Such an angelic face, Who like a queen, like a nymph, did appear, By her gait, by her grace. She hath left me here all alone, All alone, as unknown, Who sometimes did me lead with herself, And me lov'd as her own. What the cauce that she leaves you alone And a new way doth take, Who lov'd you once as her own, And her joy did you make? I have lov'd her all my youth, But know ald, as you see. Love likes not the falling fruit From the wither'd tree. Know that love is a careless child, And forgets promise past; He is blind, he is deaf when he list, And in faith never fast. His desire is a dureless content, And a trustless joy;

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He is won with a world of despite, And is lost with a toy. Of womankind such indeed is the love, Or the word `love' abus'd, Under which many childish desires And conceits are excus'd. But true love is a durable fire, In the mind ever burning, Never sick, never old, never dead, From it self never turning.

This poem tells us that there is a man that always laments his life in the past because of his bad love story. He is an old man when he knows that he needs that love, and now he just laments his love. It is supported by the phrase: /She hath left me here all alone,/ and also in the phrases: /I have lov'd her all my youth,/, /But now old, as you see./. He also still feel his love till know because he can not wipe his love to her (his beloved girl) from his heart. It is proved in the line forty one till forty four: But true love is a durable fire,/, /In the mind ever burning,/, /Never sick, never old, never dead, /.from it self never turning./. Beside that the writer also finds two kinds of figurative language that exist in this poem, they are; personification and metaphor. Line 28 29 41 42 43 context Know that love is a careless child And forgets promise past But true love is a durable fire In the mind ever burning Never sick, never old, never dead Figurative Language Personification Personification metaphor metaphor metaphor

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44

From it self never turning

metaphor

It can be concluded that there are two kinds of figurative languages exist in this poem. They are personification and metaphor in the last part of the poem. But the most of poems use a simple language without any figurative language. The value of this poem is a philosophy value, because it is a concept of human with his life. And he has a principle of life in his way of life especially in his way of love.

4.1.6. The Advice The Advice Many desire, but few or none deserve To win the fort of thy most constant will; Therefore take heed; let fancy never swerve But unto him that will defend thee still. For this be sure, the fort of fame once won, Farewell the rest, thy happy days are done. Many desire, but few or none deserve To pluck the flowers and let the leaves to fall; Therefore take heed; let fancy never swerve But unto him that will take leaves and all. For this be sure, the flower once pluck'd away, Farewell the rest, thy happy days decay.

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Many desire, but few or none deserve To cut the corn not subject to the sickle, Therefore take heed; let fancy never swerve But constant stand, for movers' minds are fickle; For this be sure, the crop being once obtained, Farewell the rest, the soil will be disdained.

The poems tell us that in our life are many desires, but there are a few or none deserve. So that, as human beings which need good life have to work hard for their own lives. Here the writer just finds one kind of figurative language.

Line 1 7 13 3 5 9

context Many desire, but few or none deserve Many desire, but few or none deserve Many desire, but few or none deserve Therefore take heed; let fancy never swerve Therefore take heed; let fancy never swerve Therefore take heed; let fancy never swerve

Figurative Language parallelism parallelism parallelism parallelism parallelism parallelism

It can be concluded that in this poem, there is just one kind of figurative language. It is parallelism. In this poem, the writer also finds the value, it is the ethical value.

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4.1.7. Now We Have Present Made `Now We Have Present Made' Now we have present made To Cynthia, Phoebe, Flora. Diana and Aurora, Beauty that cannot fade, A flower of love's own planting, A pattern kept by Nature For beauty, form and stature When she would frame a darling. She is the valley of Peru Whose summer ever lasted. Time conquering all she mast'reth By being always new. As elemental fire Whose food and flame consumes not, Or as the passion ends not Of virtue's true desire So her celestial frame And quintessential mind, Which heavens together bind, Shall ever be the same. Then to her servants leave her, love, Nature and Affection,

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Princess of world's perfection. Our praises but deceive her. If love could find a quill Drawn from an angel's wing, Or did the muses sing That pretty wanton's will, Presence he could indict To please all other sense; But love and woe's expanse Sorrow can only write.

This poem tells us about the poet who gives are advice to some girls that something we have will go from our lives. For that, we must always have desire. Then the beautiful girls of Peru lose their love, nature and affection. It is proved by sentence in the twenty two, twenty three, and twenty four: /Then to her servants leave her,/, /love, Nature and Affection./, /Princess of world's perfection./

Line 25 26

context If love could find a quill Drawn from an angel's wing,

Figurative Language Personification Personification

The writer finds an ethical value in this poetry, because the poet tells about what human must be do in their lives, suitable with the role of life. It is proved in all lines of the poem.

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It can be concluded that in this poem at least one kind of figurative language, it is personification. Besides that, the value in this poem is an ethical value that can be seen in all of the lines of poem.

4.1.8. What Else is Hell but Loss of Blissful Heaven? What Else is Hell but Loss of Blissful Heaven? What else is hell but loss of blissful heaven? What darkness but lacks of lightsome day? What else is death but things of life beriv'n? What winter else but pleasant spring's decay? Unrest what else but fancy's hot desire, Fed with delay and followed with despite? What else mishap but longing to aspire, To strive against earth, water, fire, and air? Heaven where my state and happy sunshine day, And life most blest, to joy one hour's desire; Hap, bliss and rest and sweet spring time of May Were to behold my fair consuming fire. But lo, I feel, by absence from your sight, Mishap, unrest, death, winter, hell, dark night. The poet tells us about that is a hell and what is the heaven. From that the poet wants, people can think what they do in their life, because after our death we will find the hell or heaven. The writer does not find figurative language in this poem, because the author just uses simple's word in his poem. The value that be found by the writer

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is a religious value, because this poet just discuss about the hell and heaven, and it shows the connection between human being and God. It can be concluded that there is no figurative language in this poem and the value in this poem is a religious value, because it is tell about the hell and the heaven that teach human being about the connection of God with human being. 4.1.9. The Lie The Lie. Go, soul, the body's guest, Upon a thankless errand; Fear not to touch the best; The truth shall be thy warrant: Go, since I needs must die, And give the world the lie. Say to the court it glows And shines like rotten wood, Say to the church it shows What's good, and doth no good: If church and court reply, Then give them both the lie. Tell potentates, they live Acting, by others' action; Not lov'd unless they give; Not strong, but by affection. If potentates reply, Give potentates the lie.

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Tell men of high condition, That manage the estate, Their purpose is ambition; Their practice only hate. And if they once reply, Then give them all the lie. Tell them that brave it most, They beg for more by spending, Who in their greatest cost Like nothing but commending. And if they make reply, Then give them all the lie. Tell zeal it wants devotion; Tell love it is but lust; Tell time it meets but motion; Tell flesh it is but dust: And wish them not reply, For thou must give the lie. Tell age it daily wasteth; Tell honour how it alters; Tell beauty how she blasteth; Tell favour how it falters: And as they shall reply, Give every one the lie. Tell wit how much it wrangles In fickle points of niceness;

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Tell wisdom she entangles Herself in over-wiseness: And when they do reply, Straight give them both the lie. Tell physic of her boldness; Tell skill it is prevention; Tell charity of coldness; Tell law it is contention: And as they do reply, So give them still the lie. Tell fortune of her blindness; Tell nature of decay; Tell friendship of unkindness; Tell justice of delay: And if they will reply, Then give them all the lie. Tell arts they have no soundness, But vary by esteeming; Tell schools they want profoundness, And stand too much on seeming. If arts and schools reply, Give arts and schools the lie. Tell faith it's fled the city; Tell how the country erreth; Tell manhood, shakes off pity; Tell virtue, least preferred. And if they do reply,

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Spare not to give the lie. So when thou hast, as I Commanded thee, done blabbing; Because to give the lie Deserves no less than stabbing: Stab at thee, he that will, No stab thy soul can kill! The poem is written in 13 stanzas in an ababcc rhyme scheme. Ralegh begins with an energetic determination to expose the truth, especially in the socially elite, although he knows his doing so will not be well-received. Go, Soul, the body's guest, Upon a thankless errand; Fear not to touch the best; The truth shall be thy warrant: From there the poem moves quickly through a variety of scenes and situations of falsehood and corruption, all of which Ralegh condemns. The second and third stanzas declare accuse the court of being arrogant and yet wholly rotten, the church of being inactive and apathetic despite its teachings, and accusing those in government of favoritism and greed, respecting only those in large numbers. 4.1.10 Farewell the Court Farewell to the Court Like truthless dreams, so are my joys expir'd, And past return are all my dandled days;

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My love misled, and fancy quite retir'd Of all which pass'd the sorrow only stays. My lost delights, now clean from sight of land, Have left me all alone in unknown ways; My mind to woe, my life in fortune's hand Of all which pass'd the sorrow only stays. As in a country strange, without companion, I only wail the wrong of death's delays, Whose sweet spring spent, whose summer well-nigh done Of all which pass'd only the sorrow stays. Whom care forewarns, ere age and winter cold, To haste me hence to find my fortune's fold. This poet tells us about piece of literature written by the poet in meter or verse expressing various emotions which are expressed by the use of variety of techniques including metaphors, similes and onomatopoeia. The emphasis on the aesthetics of language and the use of techniques such as repetition, meter and rhyme are what are commonly used to distinguish Dark poetry from Dark prose. Poems often make heavy use of imagery and word association to quickly convey emotions. The structural elements might include the line, couplet, strophe and stanza. Poets and Dark Poetry combine the use of language and a specific structure to create an imaginative and expressive poem such as Farewell To The Court by Sir Walter Raleigh.

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4.2. Discussion After presenting the data, the writer finds five kinds of figurative languages that exist in these poems that were discussed in the data presentation. The seventh kinds of figurative languages in the selected poems of "Every Man's Poetry by Sir Walter Raleigh" are; metaphor, personification, allusion, parallelism, antithesis, hyperbole and association. The poems which consist of figurative language are: the first poem, A Farewell to False love", there are three kinds of figurative language, and they are; personification, hyperbole and association. The second is "If Cynthia be A Queen, a Princes and a Supreme", there are two kinds of figurative languages, they are; allusion and antithesis. The third poem is "What is Our Live? It is a play of Passion", there are three kinds of figurative languages, and they are; allusion, association and personification. The fifth poems "As You Came From The Holy Land", there are two kinds of figurative language, they are; personification and metaphor. The sixth poem, under title, " The Advice", there is a kind of figurative language, it is parallelism. The last is the seventh poem is "Now We Have Present Made", there is also one kind of figurative language, it is personification. The dominant figurative language that is used by Sir Walter Ralegh here is personification. There is also poem that does not have figurative language, because the author him self always writes the reality of his environment with a simple language. These poems are, the fourth poem under title "Ev'n Such is Time, which

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Takes in Trust", and the eighth poem under title "What Else is Hell But Loss of Blissful Heaven". The values that are found in these selected poems are Religious value, ethical value, philosophical value, and esthetical values. Four kinds of values can be found in the Sir Walter Ralegh because he is a naturalist poet that shows what happening in his environment. The religious values are found in the poem under tile; "Ev'n such is Time, which takes in Trust", "What Else is Hell But Loss of Blissful Heaven". The esthetical value can be found in the poems under title; "If Cynthia Be A Queen, A Princess, and Supreme", What is Our Life? It is A Play Of Passion". The ethical Values can be found in the poems under title; "The Advice" and "Now We Have Present Made". The last is Philosophical values, it can be found in the poems under title; "A Farewell to False Love", and in the poem under title; "As You Came From the Holy Land".

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CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

This chapter presents conclusion and suggestion based on the discussion in the last chapter as below:

5.1 Conclusion Based on the data presentation and the discussion in the previous chapter the following conclusion can be drown that there are eight categories of poems to be analysis. After discussion these eight poems from "Every Man's Poetry by Sir Walter Raleigh, the writer can conclude that the kinds of figurative language that are used in the "Every Man's Poetry by Sir Walter Ralegh" are; Metaphor, personification, allusion, parallelism, and antithesis, and the dominant figurative language is personification. Besides that, there is poem that has no figurative language. Actually in each poem, not all of sentences use figurative language but just some parts of the poem. Because the author of these poems is a naturalist poet that always write the actual action and condition that he known in his environment with simple words. The kinds of value that can be found are the religious value, ethical value, esthetical value and the philosophical value. So the four kinds of values exist in the poems of Sir Walter Ralegh.

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5.2. Suggestion This study just focuses on the kinds of figurative language and values that used in "Every Man's Poetry by Sir Walter Ralegh". After knowing that not all of sentences in the poems use figurative language, it shows that the author of these poems is a naturalist poet that likes using the simple language to show what he wants in the written form, it is the poem. About the all kinds of values that exist in these poems, makes the writer thinks that the author of these poems can look everything from any sight, such as religious sight, ethical sight, esthetical sight and also philosophical sight. It also shows that the author is a survival one. For that the writer suggests that readers should try to understand more about the characteristic of the author that likes using a simple word in his poems. Finally, the writer also suggests to the next researcher that have the same theme of study, to give more complete data and collection of the poems.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Abrams, M. H., 1971, A Glossary of Literary Terms. Cornell University. USA. Adiwardoyo, W. and Hayati, A., 1990. Latihan Apresiasi Sastra. Malang.Y A 3. Alexander, LG., 1979. Poetry and Prose Appreciation For Overseas Students. London. Longman Group Ltd. Aminuddin, Drs., 2002.Pengantar Apresiasi Karya Sastra. Sinar Baru Algensindo. Borgatta, E. F. and Borgatta, M. L. Encyclopedia of Seciology. Fourth Edition. New York. Micmillan Publishing Company. Frederick, J. T. Dra., 1988. English Poetry In Introduction to Indonesian Students. Jakarta. Departemen Kebudayaan dan Pendidikan. Hamlyn. 1998. Humlyn History I,iteranire. China. Toppan. Koesno Subroto, S. B. Drs. M.A., 1988. The Anatomy of Prose Fiction. Jakarta. DepDikBud Dirjen Dikti. Masrifah, Siti., 2002. Descriptive Analysis on Figurative Language And Value in Robert Burns Poems. Malang. STAIN. Miles, M. B. and Huberman, A. M., An Expanded Sourcebook Qualitative Data Analysis. Second Edition. International Educational and Professional Publisher Thousand Oaks. London. New Delhi. Sage Publication. Moleong, L. J. DR. M.A., 1988. Metodologi Penelitiun Kualitative. Bandung. PT. Remaja Rosdakarya. Mustofa, Muthmainnah., 1977. Thesis. Expresi Nilai Budaya Dalam Teks Mamaca Nabi Joesoep.Malang. IKIP. Ralegh, S. W., 1999. Every Mans Poetry. London..J.M. Dent. Reaske, R. C. 1966. How to Analyze Poetry. Department of English Harvard University. Monarch Press. Saini, K. M. and Sumardjo, J., 1988. Apresiasi Kesustraan. Jakarta. PT. Gramedia.

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Sills, D. L., International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. Fifteenth edition. Tarigan, H. G. DR. Prof., 1993. Prinsip-Prinsip Dasar Sastra. Bandung. Angkasa. Waluyo, H. J., 1987. Theory Dan Apresiasi Puisi. Jakarta. Airlangga. Welek, R., and Warren, A., 1956. Theory of Literature. Third Edition. New York. A Harvest Book Harcourt, Brace and World. INC. Wulaningsih, H. I., 2003. Thesis. An Analysis On Figurative Language In The Collection of Poems Under Title "Aku Tandai Tahi Lalatmu" Poems By Isbedy Setiawan ZS. Malang. UIIS.

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CURRICULUM VITAE

A.

Identity
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. name Place/date of birth Address Sex Religion Nationality : Listyani Laras Wulan : Jakarta, April 14th 1981 : BTN GEDOG BLOK M 13 BLITAR : Female : Islam : Indonesian

B.
1. 2. 3.

Education
Graduate from elementary school, SDN Gedog 1 (1993) Graduate from Junior High Scool, SMPN 2 Blitar (1996) Graduated from Vocational school, SMKN 2 Blitar (1999)

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