Review Part I Lngua Inglesa II

Prof Ms. Pedro Lazaro dos Santos

Phonetics is a branch of linguistics that comprises the study of the sounds of human speech, orin the case of sign languages the equivalent aspects of sign.

To describe speech sounds, it is necessary to know what an individual sound is, and how each sound differs from all others.

When we speak, the sounds seem to run together and it isnt at all obvious where one sound ends and the next begins. However, when we know the language we hear the individual sounds in our minds ear and are able to make sense of them. When we learn a language, knowing the sounds help us improve our speech and pronunciation in that language.

In English we do NOT normally pause between the words and the sounds come together. grade A I scream Uranus get up late gray day ice cream your anus get a plate

The Roman alphabet is not enough. International Phonetic Association in 1888 created the International Phonetic Alphabet IPA. They created symbols to represent the fundamental sounds of all languages. Using the phonetic alphabet we can unambiguously represent the pronunciation of words.

Spelling though thought rough bough through would

Pronunciation [o] [t] [rf] [ba] [ru] [wd]

Articulatory phonetics: the study of the

production of speech sounds by the articulatory and vocal tract by the speaker

Acoustic phonetics: the study of the physical

transmission of speech sounds from the speaker to the listener and perception of speech sounds by the listener

Auditory phonetics: the study of the reception

Consonants

Place of Articulation: We classify consonants according to where in the vocal tract the airflow restriction occurs, called the place of articulation. Movement of the tongue and lips creates the constriction, reshaping the oral cavity in various ways to produce the various sounds

The vocal tract. Places of articulation: 1. bilabial; 2. labiodental; 3. interdental; 4. alveolar; 5. (alveo)palatal; 6. velar; 7. uvular; 8. glottal.

Bilabial Labiodental Interdental Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal

p f t k h

b v d g

n t

s d

Consonants
Manner of Articulation: Speech sounds also vary in the way the airstream is affected as it flows from the lungs up and out of the mouth and nose. It may be blocked or partially blocked; the vocal cords may vibrate or not vibrate.

Voiceless: when the vocal cords are apart so that air flows freely through the glottis into the oral cavity. Voiced: the vocal cords are together, the airstream forces its way through and causes them to vibrate. Oral: Sounds produced with the velum up, blocking the air from escaping through the nose, the air can escape only through the oral cavity. Nasal: When the velum is not in its raised position, air escapes through both the nose and the mouth.

Voiced Voiceless

Oral bdg ptk

Nasal mn *

*Nasal consonants in English are usually voiced. Both voiced and voiceless nasal sounds occur in other languages.

Stops: consonants in which the airstream is completely blocked in the oral cavity for a short period Fricatives: In the production of some continuants, the airflow is so severely obstructed that it causes friction Affricates: a stop closure followed immediately by a gradual release of the closure that produces an effect characteristic of a fricative. Liquids: In the production of the sounds there is some obstruction of the airstream in the mouth, but not enough to cause any real constriction or friction. Glides: The sounds are produced with little obstruction of the airstream. Approximants: the articulators approximate a frictional closeness, but no actual friction occurs. Trills and Flaps: a flick of the tongue against the alveolar ridge. Clicks: are made by moving air in the mouth between various articulators.

FROMKIN, Victoria; RODMAN, Robert ; HYAMS, Nina. An introduction to language. 9th edition. Boston: Wadsworth, 2011.