FOUBERG CH 8 POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY Organized Space political geography - study of political organization of the world state: politically organized

d state: politically organized territory w/ permanent pop, defined territory, gov - must be recognized by other states states on a map represents way of politically organizing space that is fairly rescind - made, shaped, refined by ppl, actions, and history territoriality: attempt by a group to affect, influence, control ppl, phenomena, relationships by delimiting and having control over a geo area sovereignty: having control over a territory - politically/militarily international law - states are sovereign and have the right to defend their territorial integrity against other states American Indian brutes behaved territorially - rules held sway over ppl but no collective agreement on how land would be organized European state idea influenced modern state system - Brandenburg, Papal States, etc emerging political state w/ mercantilism - led to accumulation to wealth and market protection beginning of the modern state = Peace of Westphalia - recognizing rights of rules w/in defined territories - define societies money and influence increasingly concentrated in urban areas, revolts began to change sociopolitical face of Europe to political authority w/ citizenry state - legal term nation - culturally defined term; group of ppl who think of themselves as one based on a sense of shared culture and history, who want some degree of poli-terri autonomy; sharing a religion, language, ethnicity, or history; ex) France national is identified by its own membership nation-state - politically organized area in which nation and state occupy the same space French Revolution - promoted democracy - idea that ppl are ultimate sovereign - each national should happen w/in the state rise in nationalism in Europe in 1800s - ppl have loyalty to the nation/belief in it state doesnt have a strong sense of nationalism - the govt is nationalistic nation states - integrated pop into cohesive whole w/in territory; brought together ppl w/ shared cultural characteristics into a state; separatist movements and got independence state support education, infrastructure, health care, military - ppl can identify themselves as French, Dutch, etc multinational state: state w/ more than one national inside its borders: ex) former Yugoslavia multistate nation: when a nation stretches across borders/states: ex) Transylvania is in Hungary and Romania stateless nations: some nations dont have a state: ex) Palestine - have control of Gaza Strip but dont have recognition as a state; Kurds in Kurdistan, doesnt have consent of Turkey Europe exported concepts of state and desire for nation states through colonialism colonialism - imperial powers experienced control over domains - organized flows of raw materials political organization of space stayed after colonization effects: globalized econ order where Europe state dominated by European migrants emerged as center of econ/poli activity; ex) US dominated by European settlers tied together econ of separated areas - uneven distribution of wealth world-systems theory: view world as more than sum total of worlds states: 1) world econ has one market and global division of labor; 2) almost everything takes place w/in context of the world econ; 3) world econ ha a three-tier structure 1) capitalism: world econ, ppl, corporations, states produce goods and exchange them w/ goal of profit

Commodification: placing a price on a good and then buying, selling, trading it 2) colonialism set up this system - econ of world are tied together 3) core: higher levels of education, more tech, more wealth; periphery: lower levels of education, less wealth; semi periphery: where both core and periphery process are occurring - cheap labor, core exploits the periphery econ power can bring political power not all states have same ability to influence others or achieve their political goals Africa - challenge has been building nation-states out of divergent ppl centripetal : force that unifies ppl centrifugal: force that divide ppl govts attempt to unify through national-building, by structuring the govt that meld nations w/in unitary govts: high centralized, w/ capital city as focus on power federal system: organizing state territory into regions, substances, etc - regions have control over govt politics and funds, balance between state and national; accommodates regional interests by giving power to provinces devolution: movement of power from central to regional govts w/in the state devolution can be from ethnocultural, economic, and spatial reasons: Czechoslovakia, ethno cultural reasons ethno cultural differences can lead to conflict heart of most devolutionary movements is strong sense of econ or ethno differences ex) Italy - Sardinia - islands econ circumstances devolutionary events most often occur on the margins of states; ex) Hawaii partitioning of state territory into electoral districts - states internal political geography US Constitution - territorial representation in House of Reps reapportionment - districts are moved according to population shifts so each districts has about the same number of people splitting - process minority voters are diluted 1965 Voting Rights Act amendment outlawed redistricting to have effect of weakening monitary voting power majority-minority districts: packet districts which minority outnumbers majority gerrymandering - redistricting for advantage boundaries - between states is a vertical plane that cuts through rocks below and airspace above conflicts over boundaries and resources w/in those boundaries states define the boundary through legal documents; cartographers delimited the boundary by drawing on a map; can demarcate the boundary by fences, etc; administrate the boundary determine who itll be maintained and how goods/ppl will cross it geometric boundaries: boundaries drawn using grids systems physical-political boundaries: follow a feature in the physical language, such as a mountain rage: Rio Grande separates US and Mexico boundary disputes: focus on the legal language of boundary agreement - ex) may say that the medina line of a river marks the boundary and river levels change locational boundary disputes: center on delimitation and demarcation of the boundary: ex) Yemen and Saudi Arabia, oil rich boundary area is not covered by a treaty operational boundary disputes: involve neighbors who differ over the way border should function: ex) one state wants to limit migration but the other doesnt allocation disputes: international boundaries at sea, etc geopoliticians: 1) German - sought to explain why certain states are powerful and how to become; Brit/American school - offer strategic advice for states and explain why countries interact at global scale the way that they do territory is key to power = German school said that a land based power would rule the world - heartland theory - who rules east Europe commands the heartland, who rules the heartland commands the world island, rules the world

critical geopolitics: statecraft construct ideas about places, influence their political behaviors and politic choices, affect how we process ideas of places and politics geopolitical order used to be bipolar - USSR and US; USSR died; debates about the new geopoli world order unilateralism: US in a position of hard power dominance w/ allies of the US following rather than joining in discussion challenges come from globalization, rise of China, etc supranational organization: entity composed of three or more states that forge an association and form an administrative structure for benefit and shared goals - etc) NATO, NAFTA UN!!! states commit to standards of behavior; League of Nations -> UN states organize into supranational organizations: ex) Belgium, Netherlands, and Luxembourg WWI, created common tariffs and eliminated import license and quotas EU - shared currency concern: loss of state power role of religion in global affairs