DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

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PRACTICAL: 1 INTRODUCTION TO CHAINING, RANGING AND OFFSET TAKING

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

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OBJECT: To measure horizontal distance between two points by chaining and to take perpendicular offsets INSTRUMENTS: Metric Chain, Tape, Ranging rods, Arrows, Cross Staff, Line ranger, Optical Square. PROCEDURE: Two chain men are required in this process. The chain men are called as Leader

and follower. The chain man at the forward end of the chain is called leader and chain man at the zero or rear end of the chain is called as follower. Fix station A and B at some distance by fixing wooden peg to determine Position of station A, and B is fixed by measuring their position from at least three The follower holds one handle of the chain in contact with peg at station A. The leader takes the other handle of the chain, arrows and ranging rod & After the chain is stretched completely along the line the follower steps on one The follower directs the leader to stand exactly in the line. The leader puts a horizontal distance between them. permanent objects and location sketch of station A and b are drawn.

walks in the forward direction dragging chain with him. side of the line with the ranging rod touching the handle. scratch at the position & inserts an arrow. He then moves forward with the chain handle with the remaining arrows and ranging rod till the follower reaches the next arrow point.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

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CHAINAGE DIAGRAM

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

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STATION A LOCATION SKETCH

STATION B LOCATION SKETCH

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

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During this procedure details which are along the side of the chain line are located by lateral measurement with the help of offset and tape. The points located are known as perpendicular offsets. All the perpendicular offsets are measured till station B is reached. All the measurements recorded in the field book.

CONCLUSION:

ASSIGNMENT: Q1). Explain various sources and nature of errors in chain surveying.

GRADE: SIGNATURE:

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

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PRACTICAL: 2
COMPASS SURVEY

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

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OBJECT: Study of Prismatic Compass & to determine fore and back bearing of survey line AB, BC, CA Included Angles. INSTRUMENTS: Tripod, Prismatic Compass, Ranging rods, Measuring Tapes, Wooden Pegs, Hammer. THEORY: Fore Bearing: The bearing of a line measured in the direction of progress of survey is called fore bearing. Back Bearing: The bearing of a line measured in the opposite direction of progress of survey is called fore bearing. PROCEDURE: TEMPORARY ADJUSTMENTS OF A PRISMATIC COMPASS The Prismatic Compass is set up at a point say station A. The following temporary adjustments are needed to be carried out at each set Up of Instrument Centering: Centering is the process of keeping the instrument exactly over the station. It is carried out by dropping a piece of stone so that it falls on the top of the pegs fixed at station point. Leveling: Prismatic compass is leveled by means of ball and socket arrangement so that the graduated ring may swing freely.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

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Focusing the prism: The reflecting prism is adjusted to the eye sight of the observer by rising or lowering then stud until the graduations are seen sharp and clear. CALCULATION OF FORE AND BACK BEARING Suppose the bearing of line AB, BC, CA of a triangle is to be observed. Set up the instrument at station A and carry out all the temporary adjustments. Fix the ranging rod at B. Turn the prismatic compass until the ranging rod at station B is bisected by the horse hair when seen through the vertical slit above the prism. When the needle comes to rest bisect ranging rod at B exactly and note the reading. The reading observed is the Fore bearing of line AB i.e. Angle measured with respect to north. Now shift the prismatic compass at station B perform all temporary adjustments and from station B bisect station A towards backward, the reading observed in prismatic compass is the Back Bearing of line AB. Now from the same setup of the instrument Bisect station C and note down the reading of prismatic compass as fore bearing of line BC. Transfer the instrument to station C to obtain back bearing of line BC. Similarly observe Fore Bearing and back bearing of line CA. Check the Difference of Fore bearing and back bearing of each line it should be equal to 180
0

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING B N FB BB A C

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OBSERVATION TABLE
LINE LENGTH F.B

STATION

B.B

DIFFERENCE

ANGLE

CORRECTION CORRECTED ANGLE

CALCULATION:

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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

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TO FIND INCLUDED ANGLES Included Angles of a triangle are calculated from observed FB and BB of line AB,BC,CA Included angle is determined by following formula = Back Bearing of Previous Line- Fore Bearing of next line i.e. for triangle ABC A= BB of CA FB of AB B=BB of AB FB of BC C=BB of BC FB of CA Check: Sum of all included angles Should be Equal to (2n-4) x 90
0

CONCLUSION:

ASSIGNMENT: Q1).What is local attraction? How it is detected?

GRADE: SIGNATURE:

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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

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PRACTICAL: 3
LEVELLING

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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

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OBJECT: To find reduced level of various points by using Dumpy level. INSTRUMENT: Dumpy level, Tripod, leveling staff, pegs, Hammer PROCEDURE: Simple leveling: - It is the simplest method of leveling used, when it is required to find the difference in elevation between 2 points. TEMPORARY ADJUSTMENT OF DUMPY LEVEL: The Dumpy Level is fixed on the tripod at station say O. Setting up the level The tripod legs are adjusted at a convenient height. Any two legs of the tripod are fixed on the ground by pressing the tripod into the ground. The movement of the third leg is made in such a way that the bubble remains in the center. Leveling The actual leveling is then done by moving foot screw on the leveling head. Instrument s telescope is kept Parallel to two foot screws and both the foot screws are either moved inward or outward till the longitudinal bubbles is in the centre of its run. The telescope is then turned through 90 so that the telescope is now parallel to third foot screw. Now move third screw inward or outward till bubble is in center. Then the telescope is brought in its original position. The procedure is carried out till the bubble remains in the center in both the position.
0

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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

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15

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

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OBSERVATION TABLE
STATION
B.S I.S F.S H.I R.L. REMARK

B.S. - F.S=

LAST R.L. FIRST R.L=

CHECK: - B.S. - F.S. = RISE- FALL= LAST R.L. FIRST R.L. CALCULATION:

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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

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Removal of parallax Focusing the eye piece To focus so that the cross hairs for distinct vision hold a sheet of white paper in front of objective glass, and move the eye piece till the image of cross hair are seen distinct and sharp. Focusing of objective glass The telescope is then directed towards the staff held vertically at bench mark (B.M.) say station A and by turning the focusing screw. Parallax is removed by moving focusing screw till the image of staff is seen distinct and clear. HEIGHT OF INSTRUMENT METHOD In this method the height of instrument is calculated for each setting by adding Back sight to the elevation of bench mark i.e. = Reduced Level (R.L.) of B.M. + B.S. The R.L. of Intermediate points is calculated by subtracting the HI- IS (Intermediate sight). The process is continued till the R.L. of last point is obtained by subtracting the staff reading from height of last setting of instrument. i.e. HI FS

Apply the arithmetic check to verify the calculation by height of Instrument

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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

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RISE & FALL METHOD In rise & fall method, the height of Instrument is not at all calculated but the difference of level between consecutive points is found by comparing the staff readings on the two points for the same setting of the instrument. Rise and fall is calculated using following formula. BS-IS or BS-FS if +ve then Rise and if BS-IS or BS-FS is ve then fall i.e. If the reading is positive then it is rise and if the reading is negative then the reading is called fall. The figure for rise & fall worked out thus for all the points give the vertical distance of each point above or below the preceding one, and if the level of any one point is known then the level of the next will be obtained by adding its rise or subtracting its fall, as the case may be.

CONCLUSION:

ASSIGNMENT: Q1) .What are the different types of leveling?

GRADE: SIGNATURE:

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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

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PRACTICAL: 4
STUDY OF PLANIMETER

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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

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PLANIMETER

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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

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OBJECT: To Study Planimeter and to find constants of the Planimeter. THEORY: A Planimeter is used by engineers for measuring area of any figure which has been plotted to scale particularly when the boundaries are irregular or curved. Planimeter is largely used for finding the area of contours in determining the capacity of storage reservoirs. CONSTRUCTION OF PLANIMETER: The Planimeter consists of two arms, the tracing arm and anchor arm. The tracing arm is of adjustable length and has a tracing point which is moved round the periphery of the area to be measured. The amount by which tracing arm is moved is known on the wheel or roller which has its axis parallel to the tracing arm. The wheel has a roller divided into 100 equal parts and 1/100
th

of drum division is read from the vernier

having graduations from 0 to 9. The complete revolution of the wheel is recorded from 0 to 9. While taking the reading on the planimeter, the reading will be in 4 digits. Let the reading be 4.375 The 1 digit (4) is read on the disc. The second digit (3) is read on the rolling wheel (main scale). The third digit (7) is read on the rolling wheel (main scale). And the last digit (5) is read on the vernier scale besides the main scale of rolling wheel. Setting of tracing arm: The setting arm has calibrations on it and which facilitates the setting of tracing arm to given scale of the plan or map.
st

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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

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The adjustment which is to be made on the tracing arm as per scale of figure is given by the manufacturer. The multiplying and additive constants are also provided by manufacturer. While rotating the tracing arm round the periphery of the plan, the anchor point may be kept inside or outside the plan depending on the size of the figure. For large area the anchor arm is kept inside the figure for small area the anchor arm is placed outside the area. PROCEDURE: Make the adjustments of the tracing arm as per scale of the plan. The anchor is placed inside or outside of figure such that the tracing point can be conveniently moved on the periphery of the plan. Any point on the periphery of the plan can be taken as the starting point and from where the tracing point moves along the periphery and closes back. Before the start of tracing work the initial reading (I.R) is recorded and the final reading (F.R) at the end of tracing is noted down. While moving the tracing point around the periphery it is necessary to note down the number of times the zero of the counting disc has passed the fixed index mark in clock wise (+ve) and anticlockwise (-ve) directions Compute the area by using the formula: A=M (F.R I.R 10 N +C)

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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

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Where, A= Area of the plan to be computed. M=Multiplying constant. F.R= Final reading on the disc. I.R=Initial reading on the disc. N= No of times the zero mark of the dial or disc crosses the fixed index mark .Positive sign should be used if in clockwise and negative sign if it crosses in anticlockwise direction. C= Constant to be added if the anchor point is inside the plan of figure. C=0, if the anchor point is outside the figure.

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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

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OBSERVATION TABLE WHEN ANCHOR POINT IS OUTSIDE THE FIGURE SNO. I.R F.R N M WHEN ANCHOR POINT IS INSIDE THE FIGURE SNO. I.R F.R N M

CALCULATION:

RESULT: M= C =

24

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

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CONCLUSION:

ASSIGNMENT: Q1) what is meant by zero circle? Describe various methods of determining it area.

GRADE: SIGNATURE:

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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

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PRACTICAL: 5
DESIGNING A SIMPLE RESIDENTIAL BUILDING.

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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

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OBJECT: To Design a 2BHK residential building based on the various aspects of planning.

Bed room

Kitchen

Bath Drawing room WC Bed room

Verandah

INSTRUCTIONS: All external walls are 30 cm thick All internal walls are 20 cm thick Walls of bath and W.C are 10 cm thick Locate doors and windows as per the requirement Draw plan, section, elevation, and schedule of doors and windows for the given line plan. Assume suitable dimensions (Draw in a separate sheet)

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CONCLUSION:

ASSIGNMENT: Q1). Explain various Principles of planning?

GRADE: SIGNATURE:

PRACTICAL: 6 LAYOUT OF INDUSTRAIL BUILDING

OBJECT: LOCATION: DESCRIPTION

CONCLUSION:

ASSIGNMENT: Q-1 What is basic requirements of Industrial Building? Explain it.

GRADE: SIGNATURE:

PRACTICAL: 8
SITE VISIT

OBJECT: LOCATION: DESCRIPTION

CONCLUSION:

ASSIGNMENT:

GRADE: SIGNATURE: