Fluid Mechanics

Dr Farid Khan
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Types of flow
Steady flow Unsteady flow Uniform flow Non-Uniform flow Laminar flow Turbulent flow

Steady flow
A steady flow is one in which the characteristics (velocity, pressure and temperature) may differ from point to point but DO NOT change with time The rate of change of these characteristics is zero e.g. dV 0 dt
A A

A
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Unsteady flow
In unsteady flow the characteristics (velocity, pressure and temperature) change with time The rate of change of these characteristics is not zero e.g.
dV 0 dt
A A

A
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Steady and unsteady flow

Q1

Q1

Q1

Uniform flow
Is one in which the velocity is the same in both magnitude and direction at a given instant at every point in the fluid

Ideal flow

Real flow
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Non-uniform flow
Is one in which the velocity is not same in both magnitude and direction at a given instant at every point in the fluid

Ideal flow

Real flow
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Laminar flow
Also known as streamline flow Fluid appears to move by the sliding of laminations of infinitesimal thickness relative to adjacent layers Particles move in definite and observable paths or streamlines Path of individual particles do not cross each other

Laminar flow
Also known as streamline flow Fluid appears to move by the sliding of laminations of infinitesimal thickness relative to adjacent layers Particles move in definite and observable paths or streamlines Path of individual particles do not cross each other

Turbulent flow
Path of individual particles are irregular curves crossing each other

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Volume flow rate

Volume of fluid flowing per unit time Generally denoted by Q Units are (m3/sec) or ft3/sec or lit/sec

Q AV
A = Area of flow V = Average velocity of flowing fluids (at section)

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Continuity equation
Based on the principle of conservation of mass In case of steady flow: Mass of fluid passing section 1-1 per unit time = mass of fluid passing section 2-2 per unit time

m1 m2

1Q1 2Q 2
For incompressible fluids

1 2

Q1 Q 2 A v1 A2 v2 1
2 1
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Continuity equation
Based on the principle of conservation of mass In case of steady flow: Mass of fluid passing section 1-1 per unit time = mass of fluid passing section 2-2 per unit time

A v1 A2 v2 1
v1 A2 v2 A1
1 2

1 v A
1

2
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Continuity equation
Q1 Q 2 Q 3
3

A v1 A2 v2 A3 v3 1
1

2 1
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Project
Dead weight tester Differential manometer Venturimeter Pitot tube Hydraulic jack (demonstration model) Hydraulic turbine (demonstration model) Submersible propulsion system Submersible robot (meso scale) Artificial fish etc
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Project
Main features Low cost Development from scrape Reliability Efficiency performance

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