EECE 301 Signals & Systems Prof.

Mark Fowler
Discussion #6
Fourier Transform Examples

FT Examples
Example: Find FT of x(t) given below:
x(t )

A
2 -2

A
Solution: Note:

Ap2 (t ) A

So : x (t ) = Ap2 (t + 1) Ap2 (t 1)

Use Linearity : F{x (t )} = AF{p2 (t + 1)} AF{p2 (t 1)}

Use Time Shift : F{p2 (t + 1)} = P2 ( )e

F{p2 (t 1)} = P2 ( )e j

So... X ( ) = AP2 ( ) e

e e j e j = AP2 ( )2 j 2j

= A2 j sin( ) P2 ( ) From Table : P2 ( ) = 2sinc

X ( ) = A4 j sin( )sinc

Example Find FT of x(t)

B x(t )
t

2
Solution #1

2
B 2

1 p2 (t ) 1
t

Note: x (t ) = ( p2 (t ) p2 (t ) )

Verify it!!

1
B 2 X ( ) = P2 ( ) 2 2 = 2sinc P2 ( ) = 2sinc 2
2

Using Convolution Property:

From Table:

So... X ( ) = 2 Bsinc

Solution #2

dx(t ) dt B

dx(t ) Take to get dt

B 2 B 2

Take another derivative to get:

dx 2 (t ) B dt

2 2 B

Now by Linearity and

F{ (t )}

& time shift:

dx 2 (t ) B B F = F{ (t + 2)} BF{ (t )}+ F{ (t 2)} 2 dt 2

1 j 2 1 j 2 = B(cos(2 ) 1) = 2 B sin 2 ( ) = B e 1+ e 2 2
Euler! cos(2)

Now by derivative property:

d 2 x (t ) 1 d 2 x (t ) 2 F = ( j2) X ( ) X ( ) = 2 F 13 dt dt = 2 X ( ) = 1

[ 2 B sin ( )]
2 2

2 sin sin( ) = 2B = 2B
2

X ( ) = 2 Bsinc Same Result!!

Semi-real-world example -We want to wirelessly send binary data -Suppose FCC has allocated the band centered at 50MHz with bandwidth of 20kHz

o = 2f o Freq. Response = [49.99 50.01]MHz

= f1 = f2

= fo

1 = 2f1 2 = 2f 2

SupposeFCC Rule: No more than 2% of energy outside band -Suppose you wish to use a positive, rect. pulse to send a 1 and a negative, rect. pulse to send a 0

x(t ) A
A

Clearly, the smaller you make T the faster you can send data: Q: How fast can you send data while adhering to FCC Rule?

T = Data Rate

Rough Solution Build x(t) from shifted rect. pulses:

x (t ) = An pT (t nT ) cos(ot )
n =0

An = A for 1 on 0

By linearity of FT, modulation prop., & time shift property:

Pt ( + o ) + Pt ( o ) jnT X ( ) = An e 2 n =0
N

Modulation prop. To get a rough ideal of the answer: Look at energy of one pulse pT (t ) cos(ot )

Delay prop.

We seek to ensure no more than 2% of energy of pt (t ) cos(ot ) itself lies outside the band. (In EECE 377/477) youll learn more precise ways to do this) Total energy of pulse: E =

T /2

T / 2

( A) 2 cos 2 (ot )dt

let

x = o t t = T A
2 2

t=

dt =

dx

x=
2

oT
2
2

A 1 1 2 E= 2oT cos ( x)dx = o 4 sin(2 x) + 2 x oT o

2

oT

oT

2 A2 1 oT 1 oT E= 4 sin 2 + 2 2 o

So 98% of this must be in band: 0.98E

Okayset that result aside. Look at FT of one pulse (Note: since delay does not affect the magnitude of the FT it does not affect energy)
P ( + o ) + PT ( o ) P( ) = F{ApT (t ) cos(ot )} = A T 2

 P ( + o ) + PT ( o ) P( ) F{ApT (t ) cos(ot )} = A T 2
PT ( + o ) 2 PT ( o ) 2

o
2 Band 1
2

o
1
Band

A2 [PT ( + o ) + PT ( o )]2 P( ) = 4 (Ignore because it is small) A2 2 A2 2 1 = PT ( + o ) + PT ( o ) + PT ( + o )PT ( o ) 4 4 8

( PT ( o ) 0 where PT ( + o ) 0 and vice versa)
+2 2

Now:

Eband =

+1

P( ) d +
2

P ( ) d
2

Parseval!!

But by even symmetry of magnitude of FT these two terms are the same!

EBand = 2 2 A2 4

1
2

P( ) d
2 2

2
1

[P

( + o ) + PT ( o ) d

over [1 , 2 ]

let = 1 0 d = d

= 1 = 1 0 < 0 because 1 < 0 = 2 = 2 0 < 0 because 2 > 0

A2 = 2 A2 = 2

2 0 = 1 0 =

PT ( )d
2 2

Just re-write again in who cares

T T sinc 2 d
2

both just dummy variables!

Now

T sin 2 T sinc = T 2 2 T sin 2 A2T 2 2 = T 2 d 2 2

EBand

Then resort to numerical integration

Nasty Integral!! Note: We want Eband/E = 0.98 A2 in top and bottom cancels! Ignore A (A = 1)

1. Compute E =

2 1 oT 1 oT 4 sin 2 + 2 2 o for o = 2 50 106 as a function of T

2. Compute Eband ( using numerical integration - use Matlab)

Eband vs. T E

3. Plot
1 .98

Smallest T value you can use! Sets max rate at which you can send bits

Tmin