KDiu

sik w aJ bra kwJ thJJnk!

-kndhka bg. Rjudh

r_f ia cW bra jeho cs midJ gfY jukhd fia
bfhLf jHf muR rk flij mKfgLsJ. jidna f Ka
fUjhf bfhL fja VgL khwfis khztf vthW vbfhs brtJ
vgij fU bfhL jf nja ghll mik ( NCF ) 2005 flik
csthW f kW gf gahW Mafis csla tYe FGth
cUthfgLsJ.

fj vgJ f fyhd fUJfis f va thijfsh aitF
xU bkhahF. fj JiznahL jid w _yK 109 (Nano) nghw fa
vfis 10100 (Googolplex) nghw fbga vfis kj j fLghL gF
bfhzuKo. kof nghw ghl gbuL jiyfis bfhl xU
Ka bjhFghF. xbthU ghlgF f RUfkhd Kfiufis, v J
bfhSgoahd sffis bfhL Muwd. khztfis CFf bghUL
xbthU maha bjhlfY wj fj tYef Ka gf g
sfgLsJ. nkY RUfkhd tiuaiwf, Ka fUJf, njwf kW g
fzFf Mad ghl bfhLfgLsJ. xbthU maha WY
mghl khztf vbdd fwjd vgij RUfkhf idlgLwJ.
tHfkhd fzLfUJ khztf rW fodkhd fzLfis brtjF ghl
cj vd enwh.

fja njitia g bjJ bfhs, mjid vjhf J bfhs
thifnahL bjhlila fzFf ifahsgLsd. jifa thifnahL bjhlila
fzFf, Ka fUJf, tiuaiwf kW njwfis vjhf J bfhs VJthf
vLJfhLfSl f va mik bfhLfgLsd. jifa vLJfhLfis
J bfhtnjhL kLkyhk, tiuaiwf vfhuzfSfhf bfhLfgLsd vgij
bjthf mJbfhSj ntL. j _y fyhd fzFfis btntW tf
vjhf vthW gJ vgij ma J ttFF.

ghl fiz ftU tzfis bfhL mlgLsjh khztf
fj ghl mHif uf, jfsJ fUJfis kwtfSl gkhbfhs kW
a fUJfis cUthf ttif br vd enwh. xU khzt jh rF
xU ruhr kjDF, jh fw fjij vjhf aitfhj tiu mkhzt
fj bfhifia bjthf mJljhf eh fUj KoahJ. vdnt fj vgJ btW
fzLfis kLnk brtJ my mJ m rh gFia Kiwahf bragLj cjwJ
vgJ bjthwJ.

vdnt fj wig ghuhl mj kig bjJ bfhs
FlgLs mogil fjaiy ff ntL. ah fjij f MJ fwhnuh
mt fj KaJtij, gaghil mt.

fjij gogJ, gilgJ xUt th wgrkhF. ukhdJky,
ijahdJky fj. thifia wfitf cj xU irfU. mjid L
Phdij bgWnth, knth! kynth! tsnth!! thnth!!!.

Kidt V. runrfu
kW Ma FG

(iii)

FpLf
P(A)

A vw f fjf

(probability of the event A)

rk ahr

(symmetric difference)

a vf (natural numbers)

KGvf (whole numbers)

KGf (integers)

nr (union)

bkbaf (real numbers)

btL (intersection)

Knfhz (triangle)

midJ fz (universal Set)

nfhz (angle)

cW (belongs to)

brFJ (perpendicular to)

cWgy(does not belong to)

||

iz (parallel to)

jF cfz (proper subset of)

czJwJ (implies)

cfz (subset of or is contained in)

vdnt (therefore)

Y
1

jF cfzky (not a proper subset of)

Vbd (since (or) because)

cfzky

(not a subset of or is not contained in)

rk (equal to)

rkiy (not equal to)

lFiw (less than)

Fiw myJ rk (less than or equal to)

l mf (greater than)

mf myJ rk (greater than or equal to)

rkhdkhd (equivalent to)

Al (or) A c

A- ufz

(complement of A)

Q (or) { } btWfz myJ ik fz

jk (absolute value)

njhuhakhf rk

(approximately equal to)

| (or) : mjgo myJ vwthW (such that)

/ (or) ,

n(A)

Mv myJ brbt

(number of elements in the set A)

P(A)

A- mLF fz (power set of A)

|||ly

nj nghW (similarly)

(empty set or null set or void set)

(iv)

rtrk (congruent)

KbwhUik (identically equal to)

ig (pi)

if myJ Fiw (plus or minus)

njw Ko (end of the proof)

bghUslf
1.

fza

1-34

1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6

mKf
fzfis sFj
fzij FL Kiw
fzf gntW tiff
fz braf
fz brafis btglf _y FLj

mKf
jKW vfis jrkto FLj
jKwh vf
bkbaf
jKwh _yf
jKwh _yf jhd ehF mogil braf
jKwh _yf gFia jgLJj
tFj Kiw

2.

1
1
3
7
18
25

bkba bjhF
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8

35-69

bkbaf jhd ma FpLf

kW kliff
3.

3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

70-92

ma FpL
ma Fpil jrkFpo khWj
kliff
bghJ kliff

4.

afj

4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

5.

Mabjhiy totfj

5.1
5.2
5.3

35
38
45
46
55
60
63
67

70
73
75
84

93-128

mKf
afj nfhitf
gYW nfhitf
njw
fhu njw
afj KbwhUikf
gYW nfhitfis fhugLJj
nea rkghLf
xU kh cs nea mrkghLf

129-150

mKf
fhOa mRbjhiy Kiw
U fSF ilgl bjhiy
(v)

93
93
94
100
103
105
111
121
126

129
130
139

6.

Knfhza

6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5

151-172
mKf
151
Knfhza jf
151
y w nfhzf Knfhza jf
158
u nfhzf Knfhza jf
163
Knfhza mltizia gagLJ Kiw
166

7.

toa

7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5

173-193

mKf
toa mogil fUJf
ehfu
izfu
tlf

173
174
178
179
183

8.

msa

8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4

9.

brKiw toa

9.1 mKf
9.2 Knfhz rhj w nfhL JLf
9.3 xU t brY nfhLf

194-210

mKf
tlnfhzgF
fdrJuf
fdbrtff

211-223

10.

tiuglf

10.1 mKf
10.2 nea tiugl
10.3 tiuglf gaghL

11.

11.1
11.2
11.3
11.4
11.5

211
212
216

224-231
224
224
228

232-257

mKf
fbt gut tiugl tot
ruhr
iliy ms
KfL

12.

fjf

12.1
12.2
12.3
12.4

rahd ilia njbjL

ilf

194
195
203
206

232
232
239
248
253

258-275

mKf
mogil fUJf kW tiuaiwf
fjf
fjf - X mDgt Kiw (gl Kiw)

(vi)

258
259
261
261

276-288
289-300

fza
No one shall expel us from the paradise that
Cantor has created for us
- DAVID HILBERT

Kjik Fnfhf
fzij tiuaWj
tj Kiw, fzflik Kiw kW goa
Kiw fzfis FLj
gntW tifahd fzfis milahs fhz
fzbrafis J bfhSj
fzf kW fzbrafis btglf
Ff fWbfhSj
n (A , B) -fhd
Nuij
gagL
va
fzFfis brj

#h{ nfl
(1845-1918)
fza
mogilfUJf

1.1 mKf

#h{ nfl

fja Ka gfhWtJ midJ
fY gagLjgLtJ fz vw fUjhF.
midJ
totfis

fja
fzfshf fUj Ko vgjh, fja
fzFpL Kiw xU trahd mikghf
fUjgLwJ. fzbfhiffis J bfhtj
_y fja fUJfis X mikghf fU,
mtiw xGFgL fzfshf vGj, jf
ahf J bfhs Ko. d, tF
a vf, jKW vf kW bkbafis
vthW fzfshf vGjyh vd eh gof
cnsh. ghlgF, fzbfhiff g,
fza y mogilbraf g gofyh.

1.2 fzfis sFj

(Georg Cantor) vw
b#k ehL fja
mPuh cUthfglJ.
a bjhl vdgL
xU tif Ko bjhl
FJ mt Muhjh.
mjdogil
ed fja
gFghf
mogilahf fza
mikJsJ vd
bgUghyhd fja
mPf VW
bfhld. nfl

jff bjhF, khztf FG, xU
eho cs khyf goa, ehzaf
bjhF
nghwt
bjhF
myJ
FG
vw brhfis eh mofo gagLJnwh.
bghUf bjhF myJ FG vgtiw fj
Kiw FL Kiwna fzkhF.
1

gahdJ fhy
fLofgl
fja jf KiwF
mogilahf mikjJ.

maha 1

Ka fUJ

fz

eF tiuaWfgl bghUf bjhF fz vdgL.
fz cs bghUf mfz cWf vdgL.

xU fz eF tiuaWfglJ vgJ fja fz xU
Kakhd gghF. mjhtJ, bfhLfgl vjbthU bghUS mfz
xU cWghF myJ cWghfhJ vd bjthf FLtjhF.

nkY, xU fz cs cWf midJ btntwhdit. mjhtJ
vj U cWfS rkky.
tU bjhFf vit eF tiuaWfglit?

(1)

c tF cs M khztf bjhF.

(2)

2,4,6,10 kW 12 vw vf bjhF.

(3)

j eho cs midJ khtlf bjhF.

(4)

ey iuglf bjhF.

(1), (2) kW (3) Mait eF tiuaWfglit. Mfnt mit
fzfshF. (4) MdJ eF tiuaWfglJ my. Vbd, ey iugl
vw thij eF tiuaWfgliy. vdnt, (4) fzkhfhJ.

bghJthf, fzfis A, B, C nghw My bga vGJfsh Fngh.

fz cWfis a, b, c nghw My a vGJfsh Fngh.

Fpil goj
!

- xU cW myJ - csJ

x vgJ fz A- cW vgij x ! A vd vGJnth.

b

- xU cWgy myJ - iy

x vgJ fz A- cWgy vgij x b A vd vGJnth.

vLJfhlhf,
A = "1, 3, 5, 9 , vw fzij fUJf.
1 vgJ fz A- cWghF. jid 1 ! A vd vGjyh.
3 vgJ fz A- cWghF. jid 3 ! A vd vGjyh.
8 vgJ fz A- cWgy. jid 8 b A vd vGjyh.
2

fza

vLJfhL 1.1
A = "1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 , vf. fhlfis ! myJ g vw bghUjkhd FL
uf.

(i) 3 ....... A
(ii) 7 ....... A
(iii) 0 ...... A

(iv) 2 ...... A
(i)

3! A

( a 3 vgJ A- cWghF)

(ii) 7 g A ( a 7 vgJ A- cWgy)

(iii) 0 g A ( a 0 vgJ A- cWgy)

(iv) 2 ! A ( a 2 vgJ A- cWghF)

1.3 fzij FL Kiw (Representation of a Set)

xU fzid tU _W tf myJ Kiwf VnjD xwh

Flyh.

(i)
tj Kiw myJ tUzidKiw (Descriptive Form)

(ii) fzflik Kiw myJ Kiw (Set-Builder Form or Rule Form)

(iii) goa Kiw myJ mltiz Kiw (Roster Form or Tabular Form)
1.3.1 tj Kiw
Ka fUJ

tj Kiw

fz cs cWfis thijfsh bjthf tF

Kiw tj myJ tUzid Kiw vdgL.

vit fz cWf kW fz cWf my
vgij RUfkhf, bjthf bjgjhf tj Kiw
mika ntL.
vLJfhlhf,

(i)
midJ a vf fz.

(ii) 100 I l Fiwthd gfh vf fz.

(iii) midJ My vGJf fz.
1.3.2 fzflik Kiw
Ka fUJ

fzflik Kiw

xU fz cs cWf midJ iw br gf
mogil fzij FL Kiw fzflik KiwahF.
Fpil goj
|myJ : mjgo myJ vwthW
A = " x : x vgJ CHENNAI vw brh cs xU vGJ ,
fzid, x vgJ CHENNAI vw brh cs XU vGJ
vwthWs vyh x- fz A vdgofyh.
3

maha 1

vLJfhlhf,
(i)

N = " x : x xU a v ,

(ii)

P = " x : x vgJ 100I l Fiwthd xU gfh v ,

(iii)

A = " x : x xU My vGJ ,

1.3.3 goa Kiw

Ka fUJ

goa Kiw

xU fz cWfis { } vw xU nrho milF goaLtJ

goa Kiw myJ mltiz Kiw vwiHfgLwJ.
vLJfhlhf,

(i) A vgJ 11I l Fiwthf cs uilgil a vf
fz vf. fzid goa Kiw tUkhW vGjyh.
A = "2, 4, 6, 8, 10 ,

(ii) A = " x : x xU KG (Integer) kW - 1 # x 1 5 ,

fzid goa Kiw tUkhW vGjyh.

A = "- 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 ,

(i) goa Kiw fz xbthU cW xnubahU Kiw kLnk

goalgl ntL. tHfkhf xU fz Vfdnt tj
cWf L tuhJ.

(ii) COFFEE vw brh cs vGJf fz A vf.
mjhtJ, A={ C, O, F, E }. goa Kiw vGjgLs A vw
fz tU bjhFf bghUjkwit.

"C, O, E ,

(vyh cWfS goalgliy)

"C, O, F, F, E ,

(F vw vGJ UKiw goalgLsJ)

(iii) goa Kiw FLnghJ xU fz cWfis vj

tirY vGjyh. vdnt 2, 3 kW 4 Matiw cWfshf
bfhl fzid tUkhW bghUSila (bghUjkhd) goa
mikfshf vGjyh.

"2, 3, 4 ,

"2, 4, 3 ,

"4, 3, 2 ,

nkfl fzf xbthW xnu fzij Fwd.

(iv) xU fzkhdJ Koyh myJ KoW Mdh mf vifyhd
cWfis bgUjh, goal gl cWf mik bjhlJ
brY vgij "5, 6, 7, g , myJ "3, 6, 9, 12, 15, g, 60 , vgt
csJ nghW g vw _W bjhlfsh (ellipsis) FLnth.
4

fza

(v) xU fz cs cWf KG mikig J bfhS

tif nghJkhd tuf bfhLfglh kLnk g vw
bjhlahd _W fis gagLj ntL.
fzfis FL gntW Kiwf
tj Kiw
midJ My
cbuGJf fz

fzflik Kiw

goa Kiw

{ x : x xU My
cbuGJ}

{a, e, i, o, u}

15-F Fiwthfnth
{ x : x xU xiwgil
myJ rkkhfnth cs
v kW 0 1 x # 15 }
xiwgil vf fz
0-F 100-F il
{ x : x xU KG fd v
cs KG fd vf
kW 0 1 x 1 100 }
(Perfect Cube numbers) fz

{1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15}

{1, 8, 27, 64}

vLJfhL 1.2

tU fzf cWfis goa Kiw vGJf

(i)

7- klFfshf cs if KGf fz.

(ii)

20 I l Fiwthd gfh vf fz.

(i)

7- klFfshf cs if KGf fzij goa Kiw

{7, 14, 21, 28,g} vd vGjyh.

(ii) 20 I l Fiwthf cs gfh vf fzij goa Kiw

{2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19} vd vGjyh.

vLJfhL 1.3

A = { x : x xU a v # 8} vw fzij goa Kiw vGJf.

A = { x : x xU a v # 8 }.

fz cs cWf 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8.

vdnt, goa Kiw fzid tUkhW vGjyh.

A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}

vLJfhL 1.4

tU fzfis fzflik Kiw FLf.

(i)

X = {PhW, f, brth, j, ahH, bt, r}

(ii)

A = $1, 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , g .
2 3 4 5
5

maha 1

(i)

X = {PhW, f, brth, j, ahH, bt, r}

X vw fz thu vyh ehfis bfhLsJ.

vdnt, X vw fzij fzflik Kiw tUkhW Flyh.

X = {x : x thu xUeh}

(ii) A = $1, 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , g . . fz A- cs cWf gFf 1, 2, 3, 4, g

2 3 4 5
MF.
vdnt, A vw fzij fzflik Kiw tUkhW Flyh.

A = $ x : x = 1 , n ! N .
n
1.3.4 M v myJ brbt (Cardinal Number)
Ka fUJ

M v

xU fz cs cWf vif mfz M v

myJ brbt vdgL.
Fpil goj
n(A)

A vw fz cs cWf
vif

A vw fz M viz n(A) vd Fngh.

vLJfhlhf,
A = #- 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 - vw fzij vLJ bfhf.
fz A- 7 cWf csd.
vdnt, A vw fz M v 7 MF.
mjhtJ, n (A) = 7
vLJfhL 1.5

tU fzf M viz fhf

(i)

A = {x : x vgJ 12- xU gfhfhu}

(ii)

B = {x : x ! W, x # 5}

(i)

12- fhuf 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12. 12- gfh fhuf 2, 3.

goa Kiw fz AI tUkhW vGjyh. A = {2, 3} vdnt, n(A) = 2.
6

fza

(ii) B = {x : x ! W, x # 5}

goa Kiw fz BI tUkhW vGjyh. B = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}.

fz B- MW cWf csd. vdnt, n(B) = 6

1.4 fzf gntW tiff (Different kinds of Sets)

1.4.1 btWfz (Empty Set)
Ka fUJ

btWfz

cWf yhj fz btWfz myJ ikfz myJ

btWikfz vwiHfgL
Fpil goj
Q myJ { }

btWfz myJ ikfz

myJ btWikfz

btWfzij Q myJ { } vw Fplh Fngh.

vLJfhlhf,
A = # x : x < 1, x ! N - vw fzij fUJf.

1I l Fiwthd a v vJ iy.

vdnt, A vw fz cWf vJ iy.

id TJ
ila !
n (Q) = ?

` A ={ }
F

va a vw bkba Ka gF twJ. mij

nghynt fza, btWfz Q MdJ Ka gfhWwJ.

1.4.2 KoW fz (Finite set)

Ka fUJ

KoW fz

xU fz cs cWf vif a myJ KoW

(vifFgl) v v, mfz KoW fz vdgL.
vLJfhlhf,

(i)

8-F 9-F ilgl a vf fz A vf.

8-F 9-F il vj a vQ iy.

vdnt, A = { } ` n(A) = 0.

A vgJ KoW fzkhF.

7

maha 1

X = {x : x xU KG kW - 1 # x # 2 } vw fzij fUJf

(ii)

goa Kiw X vw fzij tUkhW vGjyh.

X = {- 1 , 0, 1, 2}.

vdnt, X xU KoW fzkhF.

KoW fz M v KoW vzhF.

` n(X) = 4

1.4.3 Koyh fz (Infinite set)

Ka fUJ

Koyh fz

xU fz cs cWf vif KoW v my

v, mfz Koyh myJ Kowh fzkhF
vLJfhlhf,

tU fzij fUJf.

KG vf fz W I goa Kiw W = {0, 1, 2, 3, g }vd vGjyh.

KG vf fz Koyh vifs cWfis
bfhoUgjh, W Koyh fzkhF.

Koyh fz M v KoW v my.

vLJfhL 1.6

tU fzf KoW kW Koyh fzf vit vd TWf.

(i)

A = {x : x vgJ 5- klF, x ! N }

(ii)

B = {x : x xU uil gfhv}

(iii)

50 I l bga if KGfis bfhl fz.

(i)

A = {x : x xU 5- klF, x ! N }. goa Kiw fzij vGj,

A = {5, 10, 15, 20, ...}

` A vw fz Koyh fzkhF.

(ii) B = {x : x xU uil gfhv}.

gfh vf 2 kLnk uil gfhv MF.

goa Kiw B vw fzij tUkhW vGjyh

B = { 2 }. vdnt, B KoW fzkhF.

8

fza

(iii) X vgJ 50 I lbga if KGf fz vf.

goa Kiw X vw fzij tUkhW vGjyh.

X = {51, 52, 53, ...}

fz X vzw cWfis bfhLsJ. vdnt, X Koyh fzkhF.

1.4.4 XUW fz (Singleton set)

Ka fUJ

XUW fz

xnubahU cWig kL bfhLs fz XUW fz

vwiHfgL.
vLJfhlhf,

A = {x : x xU KG kW 1 < x < 3} fzij goa Kiw vGj, A = { 2 }
vd ilF.
fz A xnubahU cWig bfhLsJ.
Mfnt, A XUW fzkhF.

u
i

tUtd midJ
aikahjjhF.

xnu

fzky

vgij

bfhtJ

(i) btWfz Q

(ii) btW fzij kL xU cWghf bfhl fz {Q }

(iii) aij kL xU cWghf bfhl fz {0}

1.4.5 rkhd fzf (Equivalent sets)

Ka fUJ

rkhd fz

A, B vw U fzf cs cWf vif rk v,

mit rkhd fzf vdgL.
A, B vw fzf rkhd fzf v, n(A) = n(B) MF.
Fpil goj

rkhdkhd

A, B vgd rkhdkhdit v, A c B vd vGjyh

vLJfhlhf,
A = { 7, 8, 9, 10 } kW B = { 3, 5, 6, 11 } vw fzfis fUJf.
F n(A) = 4 kW n(B) = 4.
` A.B
9

maha 1

1.4.6 rk fzf (Equal sets)

Ka fUJ

rk fz

A, B vw U fzf cs cWf mit vGjgLs

tiria bghUgLjhk rahf mnj cWfis
bfhoUjh, mit rk fzf vdgL.
mthW
iyba, mit rkkw fzf vdgL.
A, B vw fzf rk v,
(i) fz A- xbthU cW fz B- cWghf UF.
(ii) fz B- xbthU cW fz A- cWghf UF
Fpil goj

rk

A, B vw fzf rk v, A = B vd
vGjyh.
rkky

A, B vw fzf rkkwit v,
A ! B vd vGjyh.

vLJfhlhf,
A = { a, b, c, d } kW B = { d, b, a, c } vw fzfis fUJf.
A, B vw fzf rahf mnj cWfis bgWsd.
` A = B
A,
B vw fzf rk v, n(A) = n(B) MF. Mdh n(A) = n(B)
F
v A, B vw fzf rkkhf Uf ntoa mtaiy.

vdnt, rk fzf midJ rkhd fzfshF. Mdh, rkhd

fzf midJ rk fzfshf Uf ntoa mtaiy.

vLJfhL 1.7

bfhLfgl A = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14} kW

B = {x : x vgJ uo klF, x ! N kW x # 14 }

Mad rkfzfsh vd TWf.

A = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14} kW

B = {x : x vgJ uo klF, x ! N kW x # 14 }

goa Kiw vGj, B = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14}

A, B vw U fzfS rahf mnj cWfis bgWsjh, A = B MF.

10

fza

1.4.7 cfz (Subset)

Ka fUJ

cfz

fz A- cs xbthU cW fz B- cWghf
UFkhdh, A MdJ B- X cfzkhF. jid Fpo
A 3 B vd vGjyh.
Fpil goj
cfz myJ cslaJ

A 3 B vgij A vgJ B- cfz myJ A vgJ B-

cslaJ vd gongh.

cfzky myJ cslfhjJ

A M B vgij A vgJ B- cfzky myJ A vgJ B-

cslfhjJ vd gongh.
vLJfhlhf,

A = {7, 8, 9} kW B = { 7, 8, 9, 10 } vw fzfis fUJf. F fz A-
xbthU cW fz B- cWghf Ugij fhnwh.
vdnt, A vgJ B- cfzkhF. mjhtJ, A 3 B .
(i) xbthU fzK jdFjhnd cfzkhF. mjhtJ, A vw

vjbthU fzF A 3 A MF.

F

(ii) btWfz vjbthU fzJF cfzkhF. mjhtJ, A vw
vjbthU fzF Q 3 A .

(iii) A 3 B kW B 3 A v, A = B MF.

j kWjiy cik. mjhtJ, A = B v, A 3 B kW B 3 A
MF.

(iv) xbthU fzK (Q Iju) Fiwjgr mfzij,
Q ia U cfzfshf bfhoUF.

1.4.8 jF cfz (Proper subset)

Ka fUJ

jF cfz

A 3 B kW A ! B vwthW U, fz A MdJ fz B- jF
cfz vdgL. jid Fpo A 1 B vd vGjyh. B vgJ
A- if fz (Super set) vdgL.
Fpil goj
1

jF cfz

A 1 B vgij A vgJ B- jF cfz vd gongh.

11

maha 1

vLJfhlhf,
A = {5, 7, 8} kW B = { 5, 6, 7, 8 } vw fzfis fUJf.
F, A- xbthU cW B- cWghF. nkY A ! B .
vdnt, A vgJ B- jF cfzkhF.
(i) jF cfz, if fzijl Fiwjgr xU cWigahtJ
F

Fiwthf bgUF.

(ii) vjbthU fzK mfznf jF cfzkhfhJ.

(iii) btWfz

Q MdJ

mfzijju

kw

vyh

fzfSF jF cfzkhF. [btWfz Q -F jF

cfz iy] mjhtJ, Q I ju kw vjbthU fz
A-F Q 1 A MF.
(iv) ! kW 3 vw FpLfSfhd ntWghil J bfhtJ
mtakhF. x ! A vw FpL, x vgJ A- cW vgij
FLwJ. A 3 B vw FpL, A vgJ B- cfz vgij
FLwJ.

vdnt, Q 3 {a, b, c} vgJ rahdJ. Mdh, Q ! {a, b, c} vgJ ray.

x ! {x}, vd vGJtJ rahdJ.

vGJtJ ray.

Mdh, x = {x} myJ x 3 {x} vd

vLJfhL 1.8

tU TWfis cikahf, fhlf 3 myJ M vw Ffis

bfhL uf.

(b) {a, b, c} ----- {b, e, f, g}

(a) {4, 5, 6, 7} ----- {4, 5, 6, 7, 8}

(a) {4, 5, 6, 7} vw fz cs xbthU cW {4, 5, 6, 7, 8} vw

fz cWghf csJ.

vdnt, fhl 3 vw Fia Lf.

mjhtJ, {4, 5, 6, 7} 3 {4, 5, 6, 7, 8}

(b) a! {a, b, c} Mdh, a g {b, e, f, g}

vdnt, fhl M vw Fia Lf.

mjhtJ, {a, b, c} M {b, c, f, g}

12

fza

vLJfhL 1.9

tU TWfis cikahf 1, 3 vw FpLf vij fhlf

lntL vd khf.

(i)

{8, 11, 13} ----- {8, 11, 13, 14}

(ii)

{a, b, c} ------, {a, c, b}

(i) {8, 11, 13} vw fz xbthU cW {8, 11, 13, 14} vw fz

cWghf csjh, fhl 3 vw Fia lntL.

` {8, 11, 13} 3 {8, 11, 13, 14}

nkY 14 ! {8, 11, 13, 14}. Mdh 14g {8, 11, 13}

vdnt, {8,11, 13} vw fz {8,11,13, 14} vw fz jF cfzkhF.

Mjyh, fhl 1 vw Fia lyh.

` {8,11, 13} 1 {8,11,13, 14}

(ii) { a, b, c} vw fz xbthU cW, {a, c, b} vw fz

cWghf csJ.

vdnt, U fzfS rk fzfshF. {a, b, c} vgJ {a, c, b} vw

fz jF cfzkhfhJ.

vdnt, fhlij 3 vw Fia bfhL kLnk ug Ko.

1.4.9 mLFfz (Power Set)

Ka fUJ

mLFfz

A vw fz midJ cfzfis bfhl fz,

mfz mLFfz vdgL.
Fpil goj

P(A)

A- mLFfz

A- mLFfz P(A) vd FfgLwJ.

vLJfhlhf,
A = {- 3, 4 } vw fzij vLJbfhf.
fz A- cfzf
Q, {- 3}, {4}, {- 3, 4} MF.

vdnt, A- mLF fz
P (A) = "Q, {- 3}, {4}, {- 3, 4} ,
13

maha 1

vLJfhL 1.10

A = {3, {4, 5}} vw fz mLFfzij vGJf.

A = {3, {4, 5}}

A- cfzf, Q, "3 ,, ""4, 5 ,,, {3, {4, 5}}

` P (A) = "Q, "3 ,, ""4, 5 ,,, {3, {4, 5}} ,

xU KoW fz cfzf vif

f mf ms cWfis bfhLs fzfSF cfzfis vG

mt vifia fhgJ fodkhF. vdnt, bfhLfgl xU KoW

fz vjid cfzfis bfhoUF vgij fhz xU ia fhngh.
(i)

A = Q vw fz mfzij kLnk cfzkhf bfhoUF.

(ii)

A = {5} vw fz cfzf Q kW {5} MF.

(iii)

A = {5, 6} vw fz cfzf Q, {5}, {6} kW {5, 6} MF.

(iv)

A = {5, 6, 7}

vw

fz

cfzf Q, {5}, {6}, {7}, {5, 6}, {5, 7}, {6, 7}

kW {5, 6, 7} MF.

tuf tU mltid fhlgLsJ.

cWf
vif
cfzf
vif

1 = 20

2 = 21

4 = 22

8 = 23

nkfl mltiz, xU fz cs cWf vif xiw
mff, cfzf vif U klfhwJ vgij fhLwJ.
mjhtJ, xbthU iyY cfzf vif 2- mLfhf csJ
vgij bjwJ. vdnt, fl bghJia eh bgWnwh.
m cWf bfhl xU fz

n (A) = m & n [P (A)] = 2 m

cfzf vif 2 m MF.

vdnt, m cWf bfhl xU fz jF cfzf vif

j 2 m cfzf bfhLfgl fzK cslsJ.

2 m - 1 MF.
14

fza

vLJfhL 1.11

tU fzf xbth cfzf kW jFcfzf
vifia fhf.

(i) A = {3, 4, 5, 6, 7}

(ii) A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 9, 12, 14}

(i) A = {3, 4, 5, 6, 7} . vdnt, n (A) = 5 .

cfzf vif = n 6 P (A) @ = 25 = 32 .

jF cfzf vif = 25 - 1 = 32 - 1 = 31

(ii) A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 9, 12, 14} . n (A) = 8 .

cfzf vif = 28 = 25 # 23 = 32 # 2 # 2 # 2 = 256

jFcfzf vif = 28 - 1 = 256 - 1 = 255

g 1.1
1.

tUtdt vit fzfshF? ckJ ilF fhuz TWf.

(i)

ey jff bjhF

(ii)

30 I l Fiwthf cs gfhvf bjhF

(iii)

f wikahd gJ fj Maf bjhF

(iv)

c gYs khztf bjhF

(v)

midJ uilgil vf bjhF

2.

A = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5} vf. fhlfis ! myJ g vw FpLf rahd

FL uf.

(i)

0 ----- A

(ii) 6 ----- A

(iv)

4 ----- A

(v) 7 ----- A

3.

tU fzfis fzflik Kiw vGJf.

(i)

midJ if uilgil vf fz

(ii)

20I lFiwthf cs KG vf fz

(iii)

3- klFfshf cs if KGf fz

(iv)

15I l Fiwthf cs xiw a vf fz

(v)

TAMILNADU vw brh cs vGJf fz

4.

tU fzfis goa Kiw vGJf.

(i)

A = {x : x ! N, 2 1 x # 10}

(ii)

B = $ x : x ! Z, - 1 1 x 1 11 .
2
2
15

(iii) 3 ----- A

maha 1

(iii)

C = {x : x xU gfh v kW 6- xU tFv}

(iv)

X = {x : x = 2 n, n ! N kW n # 5}

(v)

M = {x : x = 2y - 1, y # 5, y ! W}

(vi)

P = {x : x xU KG, x2 # 16}

5.

tU fzfis tj Kiw vGJf.

(i)

A = {a, e, i, o, u}

(ii)

B = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11}

(iii)

C = {1, 4, 9, 16, 25}

(iv)

P = {x : x vgJ SET THEORY vw brh cs xU vGJ}

(v)

Q = {x : x vgJ 10-F 20-F ilgl xU gfhv }

6.

tU fzf M vfis fhf.

(i)

A = {x : x = 5 n, n ! N kW n 1 5}

(ii)

B = {x : x xU My bkbaGJ}

(iii)

X = {x : x xU uil gfhv}

(iv)

P = {x : x < 0, x ! W }

(v)

Q = { x: - 3 # x # 5, x ! Z }

7.

tU fzf vit KoW fzf kW vit Koyh fzf

vd fhf.

(i)

A = {4, 5, 6, ...}

(ii)

B = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, ... 75}

(iii)

X = {x : x xU uil av}

(iv)

Y = {x : x vgJ 6- klF kW x > 0}

(v)

P = KARIMANGALAM vw brh cs vGJf fz.

8.

tU fzf vit rkhd fzfshF?

(i)

A = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}, B = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}

(ii)

X = {x : x ! N,1 1 x 1 6}, Y = {x : x xU My cbuGJ}

(iii)

P = {x : x xU gfhv kW 5 1 x 1 23 }

Q = {x : x ! W, 0 # x 1 5 }

9.

tU fzf vit rkfzfshF?

(i)
(ii)

A = {1, 2, 3, 4}, B = {4, 3, 2, 1}

A = {4, 8, 12, 16}, B = {8, 4, 16, 18}
16

fza

(iii)

X = {2, 4, 6, 8}

Y = {x : x xU uil KG 0 < x < 10}

P = {x : x vgJ 10- klF, x ! N }

(iv)

Q = {10, 15, 20, 25 30, .... }

10.

nH bfhLfgLs fzfUJ rkfzfis nj brf.

A = {12, 14, 18, 22}, B = {11, 12, 13, 14}, C = {14, 18, 22, 24}

D = {13, 11, 12, 14}, E = {- 11, 11 }, F = {10, 19}, G = {11, - 11 }, H = {10, 11}

11.

Q = {Q} MFkh? fhuz TWf.

12.

tU fzf vit rkfzf? fhuz TWf.

0, Q, {0}, {Q}

13.

nfhol lfis 3 myJ M vw FpLfis bfhL uf.

(i) {3} ----- {0, 2, 4, 6}

(ii) {a } ----- {a, b, c}

(iii) {8, 18} ----- {18, 8}

(iv) {d} ----- {a, b, c}

14.

X = {- 3, - 2, - 1, 0, 1, 2} kW Y = {x : x xU KG kW - 3 # x 1 2} vf.

(i) X vgJ Y- cfzkhFkh?

15.

A = {x : x vgJ 3 M tFgL if KG} vw fz

B = {x : x vgJ 5- klF, x ! N } vw fzF cfzkhFkh vdnrhf.

16.

tU fzf mLFfzfis vGJf.

(i) A = {x, y}

17.

tU fzf cfzf kW jF cfzf vifia

(ii) X = {a, b, c}

(ii) Y vgJ X- cfzkhFkh?

(iii) A = {5, 6, 7, 8}

(iv) A = Q

fhf.

(i)

A = {13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18}

(ii)

B = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g}

(iii)

X = {x : x ! W, x g N}

18.

(i)

(iii)

A = Q v, n 6 P (A) @ fhf

(iv) n 6 P (A) @ = 1024 v, n(A) fhf.

19.

(ii) n (A) = 3 v, n 6 P (A) @ fhf

n 6 P (A) @ = 512 v, n(A) fhf.

n 6 P (A) @ = 1 v, A vw fzij g vd TwKo?

17

maha 1

20.

A = {x : x vgJ 11I l Fiwthf cs xU a v}

B = {x : x xU uilgil v kW 1 < x < 21}

C = {x : x xU KG kW 15 # x # 25 } v

(i)

A, B, C vw fzf cWfis goaLf.

(ii)

n(A), n(B), n(C) Matiw fhf.

(iii)

tUdtiw r (T) myJ jtW (F) vd TWf.

(a) 7 ! B

(c) {15, 20, 25} 1 C

(b) 16 g A

(d) {10, 12} 1 B

1.5 fz braf (Set Operations)

1.5.1 btgl (Venn Diagram)

toa fUJf myJ ffis
sf, y rkaf fzFf f
fhz glf myJ tiuglfis eh
gagLJnwh.

fja fzfSF ilnaahd
bjhlfis Ff kW fzbrafis
ghJ J bfhs eh gagLJ
glf btglf MF.

#h bt
(1834-1883)

#h bt vw oZ ehL
fj nkij fzfSF fz
brafSF cs bjhlfis
fzh fhgjF cj
tiuglf tiu Kiwia
gagLdh.

1.5.2 midJfz (Universal Set)

bfhLfgl

thjF

bghUjkhd

midJ

cWfis

csla xU fzid fUJtJ y neuf gaDsjhwJ.

Ka fUJ

midJfz

xU Fl thjF vLJ bfhl midJ

cWfis csla fz midJfz vdgL.
midJfz U vw Fplh FlgL.
vLJfhlhf,

jrka eh thjF vLJ bfhl cWf KGf v,
midJ fz U vgJ midJ KGf fzkhF. mjhtJ, U = {n : n d Z}

F

xbthU fzF midJfz khWglyh.

18

fza

btglf _y FL nghJ bghJthf
midJfzij xU brtfkhf, mj jF
cfzfis tlf myJ tlfshf
Fngh. mt cWfis gl cns
vGJnth.

U
A

3
1 5 6
4 7
8

gl 1.1

1.5.3 xU fz ufz (Complement of a Set)

Ka fUJ

ufz

fz A- yhj Mdh midJ fz U- cs cWfis

bfhl fz, A- ufz vdgL. A vw fz
ufzij Al myJ A c vd Fngh.
Fpil goj
Fpo, Al = {x : x ! U kW x g A}
vLJfhlhf,

U = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h} kW A = {b, d, g, h} v.

Al
A

Al = {a, c, e, f}

btgl, fz A- ufz Al I gl

Al (HlgF)

1.2- csJ ngh Flyh.

(i) (Al )l = A

gl 1.2

(ii) Ql = U

(iii) U l = Q

1.5.4 U fzf nr (Union of Two Sets)

Ka fUJ

nrfz

A, B vw U fzf nrfz vgJ A myJ B myJ

uoY cs cWfis bfhl fzkhF. jid A , B
vd vGjyh.
Fpil goj
nr

A , B vgij A nr B vd gongh.
Fpo, A , B = {x : x ! A myJ x ! B}
19

maha 1

vLJfhlhf,

A = {11, 12, 13, 14} kW

B = {9, 10, 12, 14, 15} v,

A , B = {9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15}

U fzf nrid btgl

gl 1.3- csthW Flyh.

F

(i)

A , A = A

A , B (HlgF)
gl 1.3

A , Q = A

(ii)

(iii)

A , Al = U

(iv) A vw fz midJfz U- cfz v, A , U = U

(v)

A 3 B v, v kLnk A , B = B

(vi)

A,B = B,A

vLJfhL 1.12

tU fzf nrid fhf.

(i)

A = {1, 2, 3, 5, 6} kW B = {4, 5, 6, 7, 8}

(ii)

X = {3, 4, 5} kW Y = Q

id TJ
ila !
A 1 (A , B) kW
B 1 (A , B) vd
TwKokh?

(i) A = {1, 2, 3, 5, 6} kW B = {4, 5, 6, 7, 8}

1, 2, 3, 5, 6 ; 4, 5, 6, 7, 8

(5, 6 Ug tJsd)

` A , B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}

(ii) = {3,4,5}, Y = Q . Y- cWf vJ iy.

` X , Y = {3, 4, 5}
1.5.5 U fzf btL (Intersection of Two Sets)
Ka fUJ

btLfz

A, B vw U fzf btLfz vgJ A kW B uoY

bghJthf cs cWfis bfhl fzkhF. jid A + B vd
vGJnth.
Fpil goj
btL

A + B vgij A btL B vd gofyh.

Fpo, A + B = {x : x ! A kW x ! B} vd vGJnth.
20

fza

vLJfhlhf,
A

A = {a, b, c, d, e} kW B = {a, d, e, f} vf.

` A + B = {a, d, e}

U fzf btLfzij gl 1.4-
fhosthW btgl _y Flyh.
F

(i) A + A = A
(iii) A + Al = Q

(ii)

A+Q = Q

(iv)

A+B = B+A

A + B (HlgF)
gl 1.4

(v) A vgJ midJfz U- cfz v A + U = A

(vi) A 3 B v, v kLnk A + B = A
vLJfhL 1.13

(i) A = { 10, 11, 12, 13}, B = {12, 13, 14, 15}

(ii) A = {5, 9, 11}, B = Q v, A + B fhf.

id TJ ila!

(i) A = {10, 11, 12, 13} kW B = {12, 13, 14, 15}.

(A + B) 1 A kW
(A + B) 1 B vd TwKokh?

12, 13 vgd A kW B uoF bghJthdit.

` A + B = {12, 13}

(ii) A = {5, 9, 11} kW B = Q .

A kW B-F bghJthd cW vJ iy vgjh, A + B = Q

Fiu

B 3 A vwthW cs A, B vw fzf nr kW btL

Matiw btglf _y Kiwna gl 1.6 kW gl 1.7-
fhosthW Fngh.
A
B

B3A
gl1.5

A
B

A , B (HlgF)
gl1.6

A + B (HlgF)
gl1.7

1.5.6 btlhfzf myJ nruhfzf (Disjoint Sets)

Ka fUJ

btlhfz

A kW B vw U fzfSF bghJthd cW iyba,

mU fzfS btlhfzf
myJ nruhfzf
vdgL.
A kW B vw fzf btlhfzf v, A + B = Q MF.
21

maha 1

vLJfhlhf,
A = {5, 6, 7, 8} kW
fzfis fUJf.

= {11, 12, 13} vw

U
A

nghJ A + B = Q . vdnt, A kW B vgd

btlhfzfshF.

A, B vw U btlhfzfis gl 1.8-
fhosthW btgl _y Flyh.
F

(i) A kW B vw U btlhfzf
nrig gl 1.9- fhosthW btgl
_y Ffyh.
(ii) A + B ! Q v, A kW
UfzfS
btL
(overlapping sets) vdgL.

btlhfzf
gl1.8

B vw
fzf

U
A

A , B (HlgF)
gl1.9

vLJfhL 1.14

bfhLfgl A = {4, 5, 6, 7} kW B = {1, 3, 8, 9} vw U fzfSF A + B
fhf.
A = {4, 5, 6, 7} kW B = {1, 3, 8, 9}. F A + B = Q .

vdnt, A kW B vgd btlhfzfshF.
1.5.7 U fzf ahr (Difference of Two sets)
Ka fUJ

fzf ahr

A kW B vw U fzf ahr fzkhdJ, A- cs

Mdh B- yhj cWfis bfhl fzkhF. U fzf
ahrkhdJ A - B vd FfgL.
Fpil goj
A-B

A ahr B

Fpo, A - B = {x : x ! A kW x g B}
njngh, B - A = {x : x ! B kW x g A} .
vLJfhlhf,
A = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11} kW B = {5, 7, 9, 11, 13} vw fzfis fUJf.
A - B Ifhz A-UJ B- cs cWfis eh Fnwh.
` A - B = {2, 3}
F

(i) bghJthf, A - B ! B - A .
(iii) U - A = Al
22

(ii) A - B = B - A + A = B
(iv) U - Al = A

fza

A kW B vw U fzf ahrkhdJ gl 1.10 kW gl 1.11
Mat fhlgLsthW btglf _y FfgL. HlgF U
fzf ahrij FwJ.
B

U
A

BA

AB
gl 1.10

gl 1.11

vLJfhL 1.15

A = {- 2, - 1, 0, 3, 4}, B = {- 1, 3, 5} v (i) A - B (ii) B - A fhf.

A = {- 2, - 1, 0, 3, 4} kW B = {- 1, 3, 5} .

(i) A - B = {- 2, 0, 4} (ii) B - A = { 5 }
1.5.8 fzf rk ahr (Symmetric Difference of Sets)
Ka fUJ

U fzf rk ahr

A kW B vw U fzf rk ahrkhdJ mt
ahrf nrghF. jid A D B vdFLnth.
Fpil goj
A rkahr B
ADB
Fpo, A D B = (A - B) , (B - A)
vLJfhlhf,
A = {a, b, c, d} kW B = {b, d, e, f} vw fzfis fUJf.
A - B = {a, c} kW B - A = {e, f } vd eh bgWnwh.
` A D B = (A - B) , (B - A) = {a, c, e, f}

U
A

A kW B vw U fzf rk

ahrkhdJ

gl

1.12-

fhlgLsthW

btgl _y FfgL. HlgF A kW B

fzf rk ahrij FwJ.

(i) A 3 A = Q

(ii) A 3 B = B 3 A

B-A

A-B

A 3 B = (A - B) , (B - A)
gl1.12

(iii) btgl 1.12- UJ A 3 B = " x: x g A + B , vd vGjyh. vdnt

A kW B uoF bghJthf yhj cWfis goaLtj
_y eh A 3 B - cWfis neuoahf fhzKo.
23

maha 1

vLJfhL 1.16

A = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11} kW B = {5, 7, 9, 11, 13} v, A 3 B fhf.

A = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11} kW B = {5, 7, 9, 11, 13}

A - B = {2, 3} kW B - A = {9, 13}.

Mjyh, A 3 B = (A - B) , (B - A) = {2, 3, 9, 13}

g 1.2
1.

tU fzfSF A , B kW A + B fhf.
(i) A = {0, 1, 2, 4, 6} kW B = {- 3, - 1, 0, 2, 4, 5}
(ii) A = {2, 4, 6, 8} kW B = Q
(iii) A = {x : x ! N, x # 5} kW B = { x : x vgJ 11I l Fiwthd gfhv}
(iv) A = {x : x ! N, 2 1 x # 7} kW B = {x : x ! W, 0 # x # 6}

2.

A = {x : x vgJ 5- klF, x # 30 kW x ! N },
B = {1, 3, 7, 10, 12, 15, 18, 25} v, (i) A , B (ii) A + B fhf.

3.

X = {x : x = 2n, x # 20 kW n ! N} kW
Y = { x : x = 4n, x # 20 kW n ! W } v, (i) X , Y (ii) X + Y fhf.

4.

U = {1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 12, 17, 21, 35, 52, 56},

P = {7 M tFgL vf}, Q = {gfhvf} v,
{x : x ! P + Q} vw fz cWfis goaLf.

5.

tU fzf vituL btlhfzf vd TWf.

(i) A = {2, 4, 6, 8}, B = {x : x xU uilgil v < 10, x ! N }
(ii) X = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}, Y = {0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10}
(iii) P = {x : x xU gfhv < 15} ; Q = {x : x vgJ 2- klF kW x < 16}
(iv) R = {a, b, c, d, e}, S = {d, e, a, b, c}

6.

U = {x : 0 # x # 10, x ! W} kW A = {x : x vgJ 3- klF} v,

Al I fhf.
(ii) U vgJ a vf fz kW Al vgJ midJ gFvf
fz v, A I fhf.

7.

8.

9.

(i)

U = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h} , A = {a, b, c, d} kW B = {b, d, f, g} v, tU

fzfis fhf.
(i) A , B
(ii) (A , B)l
(iv) (A + B)l
(iii) A + B
U = {x :1 # x # 10, x ! N} , A = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9} kW B = {2, 3, 5, 9, 10} v,
tU fzfis fhf.
(i) Al
(ii) Bl
(iii) Al , Bl
(iv) Al + Bl
U = {3, 7, 9, 11, 15, 17, 18}, M = {3, 7, 9, 11} kW N = {7, 11, 15, 17} v,
tU fzfis fhf.
24

fza

(i) M - N

(ii) N - M

(v) M + (M - N)

(vi) N , (N - M) (vii) n (M - N)

10.

A = {3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18}, B = {4, 8, 12, 16, 20}, C = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12} kW
D = {5, 10, 15, 20, 25} v, tUtdtiw fhf.

(i) A - B (ii) B - C

11.

U = {x : x vgJ 50 I l Fiwthd if KG},

A = {x : x vgJ 4 M tFgL},

B = {x : x I 14 M tFjh 2 ilF}

v, (i) U, A kW B Mat cWfis goaLf.

(iii) C - D

(iii) N l - M

(iv) D - A

(iv) M l - N

(v) n (A - C)

(ii) A , B , A + B , n (A , B) , n (A + B) Matiw fhf

12.

tU fzf rk ahr fhf.

(i)

(ii) P = {x : 3 1 x 1 9, x ! N}, Q = {x : x 1 5, x ! W}

(iii) A = {- 3, - 2, 0, 2, 3, 5}, B = {- 4, - 3, - 1, 0, 2, 3}

13.

btgl 1.13I gagL tU dhfSF ila.

(i) U, E, F, E , F kW E + F t
cWfis goaLf.

14.

X = {a, d, f, g, h}, Y = {b, e, g, h, k}

U
F

(ii) n (U) , n (E , F) kW n (E + F) Matiw

fhf.

(i) U, G kW H t cWfis goaLf

(ii) G l ,
H l , G l + H l , n (G , H)l kW n (G + H)l
Matiw fhf.

11
10

gl 1.13

btgl 1.14I gagL tU dhfSF

ila.

U
H

G
1

10

gl 1.14

1.6 fz brafis btglf _y FLj

bghGJ nkY y fz brafis btglf _y FLnth.

(a)

A , B

(b)

^ A , Bhl

gl 1.15

gl 1.16
25

maha 1

(c)

Al , Bl

go 1 : Al gFia HLf
U

U
A

go 2 : Bl gFia HLf
U
A

Al , Bl (HlgF)
gl 1.17

njngh, fhQ glf HlgFf xbthW tU
fzbrafis Fwd.
A

U
A

^ A + Bhl (HlgF)
gl 1.19

A + B (HlgF)
gl 1.18

U
A

A + Bl (HlgF)
Al + B (HlgF)
gl 1.20.
gl 1.21
Fiu
fzf kW fz brafis
U
btglf _y Fl tU Kiwia eh 1
B
gagLjyh.
A

fzf A kW B vgit midJ
2
3
4
fzij gl 1.22- csthW ehF gFfshf
wJ. ehF gFfS milahsfhf
vlgLwd. j vLj Ug
gl 1.22
ngh (arbitrary)mikayh.
gF 1 A kW B vw UfzfSF btnas cWfis bfhoUF.
gF 2 A- cs Mdh B- yhj cWfis bfhoUF.
gF 3 A kW B vw U fzfSF bghJthd cWfis bfhoUF.
gF 4 B- cs Mdh A- yhj cWfis bfhoUF.
26

fza

vLJfhL 1.17

U
A

mUYs glij nghw btglf tiuJ

tU fzfis FF gFfis HLf

(i) Al (ii) Bl

(i)

Al

(ii)

(iii) Al , Bl

(iv) (A , B)l

(v) Al + Bl

U
A

Hl F

fz

Hl gF

Al

1 kW 4

Al (HlgF)
gl 1.24
Bl

U
A

Hl F

fz

Hl gF

Bl

1 kW 2

Bl (HlgF)
gl 1.25
(iii)

Hl F

Al , Bl

U
A

Al , Bl (HlgF)
gl 1.26
(iv)

gl 1.23

(A , B)l

U
A

(A , B)l (HlgF)
gl 1.27
27

fz

Hl gF

Al

1 kW 4

Bl

1 kW 2

Al , Bl

1, 2 kW 4

Hl F
fz

Hl gF

A,B

2, 3 kW 4

(A , B)l

maha 1

(v)

Al + Bl

Hl F

U
A

Al + Bl (HlgF)
gl 1.28

Ka Kof

fz

Hl gF

Al

1 kW 4

Bl

1 kW 2

Al + Bl

A kW B vw KoW fzfSF tU gaDs y Kofis eh
fhngh.
U

(i)
n (A) = n (A - B) + n (A + B)
A
B

(ii)
n (B) = n (B - A) + n (A + B)

(iii)

n (A , B) = n (A - B) + n (A + B) + n (B - A)

(iv)

n (A , B) = n (A) + n (B) - n (A + B)

(v)

A + B = Q vD nghJ, n (A , B) = n (A) + n (B) .

(vi)

n (A) + n (Al ) = n (U)

B-A

A+B

A-B

gl 1.29

vLJfhL 1.18

bfhLfgl btglUJ tUtdtiw fhf.

(i) A

nkY n (A , B) = n (A) + n (B) - n (A + B) vd rghf.

(ii) B

(iii) A , B

(iv) A + B

btglUJ (i) A = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}

gl 1.30

(ii) B = {3, 6, 9,}

bghGJ, n (A) = 8, n (B) = 3, n (A , B) = 8, n (A + B) = 3 .

n (A) + n (B) - n (A + B) = 8 + 3 - 3 = 8

(iii) A , B = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} (iv) A + B = {3, 6, 9}

vdnt, n (A) + n (B) - n (A + B) = n (A , B)

U

vLJfhL 1.19

A a

bfhLfgLs btglUJ

(i) A (ii) B (iii) A , B (iv) A + B Matiw
fhf. nkY n (A , B) = n (A) + n (B) - n (A + B) vd
rghf.
28

d
g

b
e
h

f i
j

gl 1.31

fza

btglUJ
(ii) B = {b, c, e, f, h, i, j}

(i)

A = {a, b, d, e, g, h}

(iii)

A , B = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j } (iv) A + B = {b, e, h}

vdnt, n (A) = 6, n (B) = 7, n (A , B) = 10, n (A + B) = 3 .

n (A) + n (B) - n (A + B) = 6 + 7 - 3 = 10

vdnt, n (A) + n (B) - n (A + B) = n (A , B) MF.

vLJfhL 1.20
n (A) = 12, n (B) = 17 kW n (A , B) = 21 v, n (A + B) fhf.

n (A) = 12, n (B) = 17 kW n (A , B) = 21

n (A , B) = n (A) + n (B) - n (A + B) vw Nuij gagLj,

n (A + B) = 12 + 17 - 21 = 8

vLJfhL 1.21
xU efu cstf 65% egf j iuglfis 40% egf

My iuglfis fhwhf. 20% egf j kW My

iuglf uil fhwhf. U bkh iuglfis
ghfhjtf vjid rjj vdfhf.
ef cs bkhj egf 100 ng vf. T vgJ j iugl fhngh
fz kW E vgJ My iugl fhngh fz vf.
wF n (T) = 65, n (E) = 40 kW n (T + E) = 20 .

U iuglf VnjD xU bkh iuglijahtJ fhQ
kf rjj
n (T , E) = n (T) + n (E) - n (T + E)

= 65 + 40 - 20 = 85

vdnt, U iuglf vj xU iuglij ghfhjt rjj

100 - 85 = 15

khWKiw

btglUJ,
U
iuglf
VnjD xU iuglijahtJ fhQ kf
rjj = 45 + 20 + 20 = 85

vdnt, U bkhiuglf vj xU
iuglij ghfhjt rjj = 100 - 85 = 15
29

T
45

20

20

gl 1.32

maha 1

vLJfhL 1.22

1000 FLgf eljgl X M, 484 FLgf rhu
mLig, 552 FLgf vth mLig gagLJtjhf flaglJ.
midJ FLgfS U mLf Fiwjgr VnjD xU mLig
gagLJwhf v, uL tif mLfis gagLJ FLgf
vjid vd fhf.
E vgJ rhu mLig gagLJ FLgf fz kW G vgJ
vth mLig gagLJ FLgf fz vf.

n (E) = 484, n (G) = 552, n (E , G) = 1000 .

uL tif mLfis gagLJ FLgf vif x vf.
d, n (E + G) = x

n (E , G) = n (E) + n (G) - n (E + G) vw Nuij gagLj,

1000 = 484 + 552 - x

& x = 1036 - 1000 = 36

vdnt, 36 FLgf uL tif mLfis gagLJwd.

khWKiw

484 - x

552 - x

gl 1.33

x = 36

btglUJ,
484 - x + x + 552 - x = 1000
&
1036 - x = 1000
&
- x = - 36

vdnt, 36 FLgf uL tif mLfis gagLJwd.

vLJfhL 1.23

50 khztf cs xU tF, xbthU khztD fj myJ ma
myJ uoY nj bgWsd. 10 khztf uL ghlfY nj
bgWsd kW 28 khztf ma nj bgWsd. fj
nj bgw khztf vjid ng?
M = fj nj bgw khztf fz vf.

S = ma nj bgw khztf fz vf.

d, n (S) = 28, n (M + S) = 10 , n (M , S) = 50
n^ M , S h = n^ M h + n^ S h - n^ M + S h

&

50 = n^ M h + 28 - 10
n^ M h = 32
30

fza

khWKiw

btglUJ,

x + 10 + 18 = 50

M
x

x = 50 - 28 = 22

10

18

gl 1.34

fj nj bgw khztf vif = x + 10 = 22 + 10 = 32

g 1.3
1.

tU fzf cWfis bfhLfgl btgl rahd

l Ff.

U
M

U = {5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13}

M = {5, 8, 10, 11}, N = {5, 6, 7, 9, 10}

2.

A, B vw U fzf, A vgJ 50 cWfis B vgJ 65 cWfis

kW A , B vgJ 100 cWfis bfhoUjjh, A + B vgJ vjid
cWfis bfhoUF?

3.

A, B vw Ufzf Kiwna 13 kW 16 cWfis bgUjh, A , B

bgWs Fiwjgr kW mfgr cWf vifia fhf

4.

n (A + B) = 5, n (A , B) = 35, n (A) = 13 v, n (B) fhf.

5.

n (A) = 26, n (B) = 10, n (A , B) = 30, n (Al ) = 17 v, n (A + B) kW n (,)

fhf.

6.

n (,) = 38, n (A) = 16, n (A + B) = 12, n (Bl ) = 20 v, n (A , B) fhf.

7.

n^ A - Bh = 30, n^ A , Bh = 180, n^ A + Bh = 60 vwthW cs uL KoW

fzf A kW B v, n^ Bh I fhf.

8.

xU efu kf bjhif 10000. tf 5400 ng brjh A I 4700

ng brjh B I gowd. 1500 ng uL brjhfis
gowd. U brjhf xiw Tl gofhj egf vjid
ng vd fhf.

9.

xU g cs midJ khztfS fhgJ myJ ifgJ

myJ uL isahLwhf. mtf 300 khztf fhgJ,
270 khztf ifgJ, 120 khztf uL isahLfis
isahLwhf v,

(i)

(ii) ifgJ kL isahL khztf vif

(iii) g cs bkhj khztf vif Matiw fhf.

gl 1.35

fhgJ kL isahL khztf vif

31

maha 1

10.

xU nj, 150 khztf My myJ fj Kj tF

kbgf bgWsd. tf 50 khztf My kW
fj uoY Kj tF kbgf bgWsd. 115 khztf
fj Kj tF kbgf bgWsd. My kL Kj
tF kbg bgw khztf vjid ng?

11.

30 egf cs xU FG, 10 ng nj mUJthf Mdh fh

mUjkhlhf. 18 ng nj mUJthf. FG cs xbthU egU
uo Fiwjgr xiwahtJ mUJthf v, fh mU
nj mUjhjtf vjid ng vd fhf.

12.

xU uhk 60 FLgf csd. t 28 FLgf j kL

ngRwhf . 20 FLgf cUJ kL ngRwhf. j kW cUJ
uoid ngR FLgf vjid vd fhf.

13.

xU g 150 khztf gjh tF nj nj bgWsd.

tf nkiy tF 95 khztf I-F zjhf.
82 khztf II-F zjhf 20 khztf U f
vjF zfiy v, uL fSF zj
khztf vjid ng vd fhf.

14.

rhjd gaghL Wtd xU ca mfh u. tUila

cs gahsf caukhd kufis btLthf myJ
fg VWthf. mik, u mtUila WtdF jdJ
rhghd tu mifia tUkhW mDdh.

vDila g 100 gahsf, 55 ng caukhd kufis

btLthf, 50 ng fg VWthf, 11 ng ulil brthf, 6
ng uo vij bra khlhf. mt mDa tu rahdjh?

15.

A kW B vgd n (A - B) = 32 + x, n (B - A) = 5x kW n (A + B) = x
vwthW cs U fzf vf. tufis btgl_y sFf.
n (A) = n (B) vd bfhLfgoU (i) x- k (ii) n (A , B) Matiw
fzLf.

16.

xU g eilbgw ngR kW Xa nghof gF bgw khztf

rjjij tU mltiz fhLwJ.
ngho
khztf rjj

ngR

Xa

uL

55

45

20

32

fza

tufis Ff btgl tiuf kW mjid gagL

(i)
ngR ngho kL gFbgw
(ii) Xa ngho kL gF bgw
(iii) vjbthU nghoY gFbgwhj

17.

khztf rjj fhf.

xU uhk bkhj kf bjhif 2500. tf 1300 egf A

tif nrhig, 1050 egf B tif nrhig 250 egf uL
tif nrhfis gagLJwhf.
U tif nrhfis
gagLjhjtf rjj fhf.

id bfhf

eF tiuaWfgl bghUf bjhF fz vdgL.

xU fzid tU _W tf VnjD xwh Flyh

(i)

tj Kiw myJ tUzid Kiw (Descriptive Form)

(ii) fzflik Kiw myJ Kiw (Set-Builder Form or Rule Form)

(iii) goa Kiw myJ mltiz Kiw (Roster Form or Tabular Form)

xU fz cs cWf vif mfz M v myJ

brbt vdgL.

cWf yhj fz btWfz vwiHfgL.

xU fz cs cWf vif a myJ KoW

(vifFgl) v v, mfz KoW fz vdgL.
mthW iyba, mJ Koyh fz vdgL.

A, B vw U fzf cs cWf vif rk v, mit

rkhd fzf vdgL.

A, B vw U fzf cs cWfmit vGjgLs tiria

bghUgLjhk rahf mnj cWfis bfhoUjh, mit
rk fzf vdgL.

fz A- cs xbthU cW fz B- cWghf UFkhdh, A

MdJ B- X cfzkhF.

A 3 B kW A ! B
cfz vdgL.

A vw fz midJ cfzfis bfhl fz, mfz

mLFfz vdgL. A- mLFfz P(A) vd FfgLwJ.

m cWf bfhl xU fz cfzf vif 2 m MF.

vwthW U, fz A MdJ fz B- jF

33

maha 1

m cWf bfhl xU fz jF cfzf vif 2 m - 1

MF.

fz A- yhj Mdh midJfz U- cs cWfis bfhl

fz, A- ufz vdgL. A vw fz ufzij Al
vd Fngh.

A, B vw U fzf nrfz vgJ A myJ B myJ uoY

cs cWfis bfhl fzkhF.

A, B vw U fzf btLfz vgJ A kW B uoY

bghJthf cs cWfis bfhl fzkhF.

A kW B vgd btlhfzf v, A + B = Q

A kW B vw U fzf ahr fzkhdJ, A- cs Mdh

B- yhj cWfis bfhl fzkhF.

A kW
B vw U fzf rk
A 3 B = (A - B) , (B - A) vd tiuaWfgLwJ.

A kW B vw KoW fzfSF tU gaDs y Kofis eh

fhngh.

(i)

n (A) = n (A - B) + n (A + B)

(ii)

n (B) = n (B - A) + n (A + B)

(iii)

n (A , B) = n (A - B) + n (A + B) + n (B - A)

(iv)

n (A , B) = n (A) + n (B) - n (A + B)

(v)

A + B = Q vD nghJ, n (A , B) = n (A) + n (B)

34

ahrkhdJ

bkba bjhF
Life is good for only two things, discovering mathematics and
teaching mathematics
- SIMEON POISSON

Kjik Fnfhf

avf, KG vf kW KGfis id
Tj.

jKW vfis KoW /

jrkvfshf tifgLJj.

Kowh kW RH jikaw jrk vf Ugij

J bfhSj.

r blof

KoW kW Kowh jrk vfis vnfho

Fj.

r blof

jKwh vf ehF mogil brafis J

bfhSj.

jKwh v gFia jgLJj.

2.1

RH

jiks

(1831-1916)
(Richard Dedekind)
vgt fbgw
fja mPf
xUtuhth. t khbgU
fja mP

mKf

fh ul fh vgt

mwhl
thif
rhjhuzkhf
eh
gagLJ bjhiy, neu, ntf, gugs, yhg,
el, btgiy nghw msitfis Fl
gagLJ
vf bkbaf MF. a
vf
bjhFig
njitnfg
bknkY
tha isthf bkbaf bjhF
njhaJ. kj Kj vz bjhla nghJ
a vf tHfF tjd. .K 1700 M
MLf vaf dfis gagLd.
.K 500 M Mo nuf fj mPf
jhfu jiyik MuhJ jKwh vf
njitia czjd. . 1600M MLf
Fiw vfis VWbfhs bjhld. . 1700
M MLf Efj bkbaf
fz bjthf tiuaWfglhk gagLjglJ.
. 1871- #h{ nfl vgt bkbafSF
Kj Kj rahd tiuaiwia mjh.
35

khztuhth. t E
afj, afj
va Mat
Kakhd Muhfis
nkbfhL bkba
fUjhfF
mojsij mikjh.
nfl vgtuh
cUthfgl fza
KaJtij czJ
gagLatf tU
xUtuhth. bjh Eg
f Efjij
nghj nghJ cUthd
blof JL
(Dedekind cut) ga
tiuaiw bkbaf
Kakhd nfhghL MF.

maha 2

ghl bkbaf y gfis g eh fhzyh. K tFf

eh fW bfhl gntW v bjhFfis g Kj id Tnth.
2.1.1 a vf (Natural Numbers)

nfhL 1- tyw
vQtjF gagL 1, 2, 3, g vgd a vf kL Koyhk
L brY.
vdgL.

a vf fzij N vd Fngh.
i.e., N = {1, 2, 3, g}

gl 2.1

a vf fa v 1 MF. btf Koyhk

bjhlJ brtjh fbga v vJ vd TwKoahJ.

Fiu

2.1.2 KG vf (Whole Numbers)

a vfSl a nrjJ KG vf
fzkhF.
KG vf fzij W vd Fngh.

nfhL 0-
tyw kL
Koyhk wJ.

W = { 0, 1, 2, 3, g }
0

gl 2.2

KG vf fa v 0 MF.
1) xbthU a vQ xU KG vzhF.

Fiu

2) xbthU KG vQ xU a vzhf Uf
ntoa mtaiy. Vbd, 0 d W Mdh

W
N

0gN

3) N 1 W
2.1.3 KGf (Integers)
a vf kW mt Fiw vf tWl a nrj fz
KGf vdgL.
Z vgJ Zahlen, v w

nfhL 0- U
wK Koyhk
brwJ.

KGf fzij Z vd
b#k thijUJ
Fngh.
bgwglJ. vQj
vgJ j bghUshF. Z = { g - 3, - 2, - 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, g}
-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

gl 2.3

36

bkba bjhF

1, 2, 3, g vgd if KGf vdgL.

- 1, - 2, - 3 , g vgd Fiw KGf vdgL.
vdnt,
"g - 3, - 2, - 1, 1, 2, 3, g ,
akw KGf fzkhF.
Fiu

vgJ

id TJ ila !

0 vgJ if KGth myJ

Fiw KGth?

1) xbthU a vQ xU KG MF.

Z
W

2) xbthU KG vQ xU KG MF.

3) N 1 W 1 Z
2.1.4 jKW vf (Rational Numbers)

p
vw to mik v KW
p kW q KGf, nkY q ! 0 v,
q
v vdgL.
vLJfhlhf, 3 = 3 , - 5 , 7 vgd jKW vfshF.
6 8
1
U KGfSF
jKW vf fz Q vd FlgL.
il vfis
p
fhnwh.
Q = ' : p ! Z, q ! Z, kW q ! 0 1
q
-2

-1 43 12 41 0

1
4

1
2

3
4

gl 2.4

Fiu

1) xU jKW v if, Fiw myJ akhf

Ufyh.
n
2) xU KG n -I 1 vw to vGjyh. vdnt,
xbthU KG xU jKW vzhF.

W
Q

3) N 1 W 1 Z 1 Q
Ka Kof
1)

uL btntW jKW vf a kW b vgtF ilna

a < a + b < b vwthW a + b vw xU jKW v mik.
2
2

2)

bfhLfgl
uL
vfSilna vzw
vf UF.

jKW
jKW

vLJfhL 2.1
1 kW 3 Ma vfSilna cs
4
4
VnjD uL jKW vfis fhf.
37

id TJ ila !
j vgij jKW
vfSl bjhl
gLj Kokh?

maha 2

1 kW 3 tF ilna mik xU jKW v

4
4
1 1 + 3 = 1 (1) = 1

2`4 4j 2
2
1 kW 3 tF ilna mik jKW v 1 1 + 3 = 1 # 5 = 5
2
4
2`2 4j 2 4
8

1 kW 5 vw jKW vf 1 , 3 -F ilna mikJsd.

4 4
2
8

1 kW 3 tF il vzw jKW vf csd.

4
4
vLJfhL 2.1- ekF ilj 1 , 5 vgit mthwhd uL
2 8
vfshF.

g 2.1
1.

tU TWf vit r myJ jtW vd TWf.

(i) xbthU a vQ xU KG v MF.

(ii) xbthU KG vQ xU a v MF.
(iii) xbthU KG xU jKW v MF.
(iv) xbthU jKW vQ xU KG v MF.
(v) xbthU jKW vQ xU KG MF.
(vi) xbthU KG xU KG v MF.

2.

a vgJ xU jKW v MFkh? cf ilF fhuz TWf.

3.

- 5 kW - 2 vw vfSF ilna cs VnjD uL jKW

7
7
vfis fhf.

2.2 jKW vfis jrkto FLj

p
vw jKW v jrk totij tFj Kiw eh bgwyh.
q
p vw viz q M tFF nghJ y gofSF d akhF
myJ viyY akhfhJ kW L L tU v bjhF
ahf ilF.

iy (i) y gofSF d akhF

Kj, 7 -I jrk tot vGJnth. F 7 = 0.4375

16
16
38

bkba bjhF

0.4375
nkfl vLJfhoUJ, 7 - jrktotij tFj
16
Kiw fhQ nghJ y gofSF d akhtij 16 7.0000
64
fhnwh. nkY jrk Ko bgWwJ.
60
48

ijnghynt, tFj Kiwia gagL tU
120
jKW vfis jrk to vGjyh.
112
1
7
8
9
527
80
= 0.5, = 1.4, = - 0.32,
= 0.140625,
= 1.054

2
5
25
64
500
80
0

j vLJfhLf jrk fshdJ y gofSF

d KWbgWtij fhnwh.
Ka fUJ

KoW jrk

p
, q ! 0 vw to cs v jrk thdJ Ko bgW
q
p
v,
- jrk KoW jrk (Terminating decimal
q
expansion) vdgL. KoW jrk idbfhl v KoW
jrk v vdgL.
iy (ii) viyY akhfhJ

xbthU jKW vQ KoW jrk id bgUFkh?

dhF ilaFK, 5 , 7 kW 22 Ma jKW vf

11 6
7
3.142857 142857g
jrk fis fhngh.
7 22.00000000
1.1666g
0.4545g
21
6 7.0000
11 5.0000
10
60
44
7
10
30
60
6
28
55
20
40
50
14
36
44
60
40
60
56
36
55
40
50
40
35
36
j
50
40
49
j
10
j
5
7
22
`
= 0.4545g ,
= 1.1666g ,
= 3.142857 1g
11
6
7

vdnt, midJ jKW vf jrk fS KWbgW Uf
ntL vw mtaiy.

39

maha 2

nkfl vf jrk fis tFj Kiw fhQ nghJ
viyY akhfiy. nkY Fl ilbtf ilw
f tir khwhk L L tUtij fhnwh. Mjyh < L
L tU yff bjhFia (repeating block of digits) eh bgWnwh.
Ka fUJ

Kowh RH jrk

p
, q ! 0 vw v jrk fhQ nghJ viyY
q
akhfiy v, < L L tU
p
yff bjhF ilF. iy - jrk
q
Kowh RH jrk myJ Kowh tU jrk (Nonterminating and recurring decimal expansion) vdgL. Kowh RH
jrk id bfhl v Kowh RH jrk v vdgL.

jrk v yff bjhF L L tUtijFf,
mj bjhF J nfhoL (bar) fho, kw v bjhFfis lyh.
vLJfhlhf,
5 , 7 kW 22 - fis tUkhW vGjyh.
11 6
7
5
7 = 1.16666g = 1.16
= 0.4545g = 0.45 ,

11
6
22 = 3.142857 1452857 g = 3.142857

7

n vw v jiy 1 MF. nkY avf jiyf
n
jKW vfshF. Kj gJ abyf jiyf jrk totfis
tU mltiz fhLwJ.

jiy

jrk v tif

1.0

KoW jrk v

0.5

KoW jrk v

0.3

Kowh RH jrk v

0.25

KoW jrk v

0.2

KoW jrk v

0.16

Kowh RH jrk v

0.142857

Kowh RH jrk v

0.125

0.1

Kowh RH jrk v

10

0.1

KoW jrk v

KoW jrk v

40

bkba bjhF

Mfnt,
xU jKW viz KoW jrk thfnth myJ Kowh
RH jrk thfnth Flyh.

j kWjiy cikahF. mjhtJ,

KoW jrk myJ Kowh RH jrk it bgWs xU v
jKW vzhF.

jid tU vLJfhLf _y sFnth.

2.2.1 KoW jrk vfis P to Fj
q
p
(p, q ! Z kW q ! 0) vw tot

KoW jrk viz vjhf
q
Flyh. mthW FL Kiwia
tU vLJfho _y
sFnth.
vLJfhL 2.2
p
to vGJf. F p, q vgd KGf kW q ! 0.
q

(i) 0.75
(ii) 0.625
(iii) 0.5625 (iv) 0.28
(i) 0.75
= 75 = 3
100
4

(ii) 0.625 = 625 = 5
1000
8

(iii) 0.5625 = 5625 = 45 = 9
10000
80 16

(iv) 0.28
= 28 = 7
100
25
fhQ jrk vfis

2.2.2 Kowh RH jrk viz P to Fj

q
p
(p, q ! Z kW q ! 0) vw totF khW

Kowh RH jrk viz
q
p
Kiw vjhd bra my. Kowh RH jrk viz
totF khW
q
Kiwia tU vLJfho _y sfyh.
vLJfhL 2.3
p
, to vGJf. F p, q KGf kW q ! 0.
q
(ii) 0.001
(iii) 0.57
(iv) 0.245
(v) 0.6
(vi) 1.5

tUtdtiw

(i) 0.47

(i) x = 0.47 vf. x = 0.474747g

F uL yf bjhF 47 L L tUtjh, UwK 100 M

bgUFf.

100 x = 47.474747g = 47 + 0.474747g = 47 + x

99 x = 47
x = 47
99

` 0.47 = 47
99
41

maha 2

(ii) x = 0.001 vf. x = 0.001001001g

_W yff L L tUtjh, U wK 1000 M bgUFf.

1000 x = 1.001001001g = 1 + 0.001001001g = 1 + x

1000 x - x = 1

999 x = 1

` 0.001 = 1
x = 1
999
999
(iii) x = 0.57 vf. wF x = 0.57777g

UwK 10 M bgUf,

10 x = 5.7777g

= 5.2 + 0.57777g = 5.2 + x

9 x = 5.2

x = 5.2
9
52

x =

` 0.57 = 52 = 26
90
90 45

(iv) x = 0.245 vf. wF x = 0.2454545g

UwK 100 M bgUf,

(v)

100 x = 24.545454g = 24.3 + 0.2454545g

99 x = 24.3

= 24.3 + x
vLJfhL 2.3 (vi)
khWKiw

x = 24.3
99
0.245 = 243 = 27
990
110

x = 0.6 vf. d x = 0.66666g

x = 1.5 vf.
mjhtJ, x = 1.55555g

UwK 10 M bgUf,
10 x = 15.5555g

UwK 10 M bgUf,
` 10 x x = 14

10 x = 6.66666g = 6 + 0.6666g = 6 + x
9 x = 14

9x = 6
= 14 = 1 5
x
9
9
6
2
2
= ` 0.6 =

x =
vLJfhL2.3- cs
9
3
3
vyh fzFfis

(vi) x = 1.5 vf. d x = 1.55555g
p
, p, q KGf kW

UwK 10 M bgUf,
q
q ! 0 to vGj,

10 x = 15.5555g = 14 + 1.5555g = 14 + x
khW
Kiwia

9 x = 14
gagLjyh.

x = 14 ` 1.5 = 1 5
9
9

42

bkba bjhF

p

vdnt, Kowh RH jrk id bgWs xbthU viz , ( p, q
q
KGf kW q ! 0 ) vw to vGj KowJ.

xU jKW v jrk tot Kowjh myJ Kowhjjh vgij
fla tU ia gagLJnwh.
p
p
, q ! 0 to cs jKW viz m
, ( p ! Z kW m, n ! W )
q
2 # 5n
vw to vGj Kokhdh, mj jKW v KoW jrk
idbgUF. mthiyba, mj jKW v Kowh RH
jrk id bgUF.

jrk vf 10- mLFfis d gFfsh bfhoUF kW
2,5 vgit 10- gfh fhuf vw cikf mogil KothdJ
mikJsJ.
vLJfhL 2.4

tFj Kiwia gagLjhk, tU vf jrk f
vitbait KoW jrk myJ Kowh RH jrk it bgUF vd
tifgLJf.

(i) 7
16

(ii) 13
150

(iii) - 11
75

(iv) 17
200

(i)

16 = 24

7 . vdnt, 7 vgJ KoW jrk it bgUF.

7 = 7 =
4
4
16
16
2
2 # 50

(ii) 150 = 2 # 3 # 52
13 =
13

150
2 # 3 # 52
p

J m
, vw to iy. vdnt, 13 vgJ Kowh RH jrk it
150
2 # 5n
bgUF.
(iii) - 11 = - 112
75
3#5
p

J m
, vw to iy. vdnt, - 11 vgJ Kowh RH jrk
75
2 # 5n
it bgUF.

17 =
17
= 317 2 .
200
8 # 25
2 #5
bgUF.

(iv)

vdnt, 17 vgJ KoW jrk it

200

vLJfhL 2.5

0.9 I jKW vzhf khWf.

43

maha 2

x = 0.9 vf. d x = 0.99999g

UwK 10 M bgUf

10x = 9.99999g = 9 + 0.9999g = 9 + x

( 9x = 9
( x = 1. mjhtJ, 0.9 = 1

cf
jidF

(a 1 vgJ jKW v)

eh 0.9 = 1 vd Unjh. J aLtjhf iyah?

0.9999g vgJ 1-I lFiwthdJ vd bgUghyhndh

fUJwd.
Mdh
cik
mJty.
nkfl
thjUJ 0.9 = 1 vgJ bjthwJ. nkY KothdJ
3 # 0.333g = 0.999g kW 3 # 1 = 1 vw cikfis iw
3
brwJ. njngh, xbthU KoW jrkid
Koyhj 9-f bjhFahf vGJtj _y Kowh
RH jrk thf Flyh.
vLJfhlhf,6 = 5.9999g ,
2.5 = 2.4999g .

g 2.2
1.

tU jKW vfis jrk vfshf kh mit xbthW

vtif jrk id bgWsJ vd TWf.

(i) 42
100
(v) 1
11

2.

(ii) 8 2
7
(vi) - 3
13

(iii) 13
55
(vii) 19
3

(iv) 459
500
(viii) - 7
32

tFj Kiwia gagLjhk, tU jKW vf vit

KoW jrk id bgUF vd fhf.
(ii) 11
(iii) 27 (iv) 8
(i) 5
64
12
40
35

3.

fl jrk vfis jKW vfshFf.

(i) 0.18

(ii) 0.427

(iii) 0.0001

(iv) 1.45

(v) 7.3

(vi) 0.416

4.

1 I jrk to vGJf. L L tU v bjhF vjid

13
yff csd?

5.

1 kW 2 Mat jrk fis tFj Kiw fhf.

7
7
tFj Kiwia gagLjhk 1 - jrk id gagL
7
3 , 4 , 5 , 6 Mat jrk fis bgWf.
7 7 7 7
44

bkba bjhF

2.3

jKwh vf (Irrational Numbers)

K tFf gw v nfhL ga ghlfUJfis L id

Tnth. jKW vfis v nfho Ff Ko vgij eh mJnsh.
nkY
vj
uL
jKW
vfSilna vzw jKW vf
csd vgij mJnsh. cik
jKW vf myhj vylfh nkY
jhfu
gy vf v nfho csd. mjhtJ, Kowh
(.K 569 - .K 479)
kW RH jikaw jrk fis bfhl
vzw vf vnfho csd. Mfnt
jKW vf bjhFig nkY gLj
.K 400 M MLf,
ntoaJ mtakhwJ.
nuf
ehL
fj
mP
tU jrk id vLJbfhf.
0.808008000800008g

(1)

J Kowh jrk thF. j jrk RH

jhfu t tjtf Kj
Kj d to vGj Koahj
vfis
fLojd.
mtif vf jKwh vf
vwiHfggld.

jikilajh?
jrk (1) MdJ xU Fl mikid bgWsJ vgJ
cik. Mdh, vj xU yff bjhF L L
fhzglhjjh jrk RH jikawJ.
Mfnt, jrk Kowh kW RH jikaw ( tU jikaw) (nonterminating and recurring) jrkthF vdnt, J xU jKW viz FfhJ.
tif vf jKwh vf vdgL.

Ka fUJ

jKwh v

Kowh kW RH jikaw jrk id bfhl v

p
xU jKwh v MF. vdnt, xU jKwh viz
q
(F p ,q KGf kW q ! 0 ) vw to vGjKoahJ.
2 , 3 , 5 , e, r, 17 , 0.2020020002g nghwit jKwh vfSF nkY
y vLJfhLfshF.
F

(1)- vLJbfhl jrk v cs vQU 8-F gyhf

e Ug ngh vjbthU a viz gagL vzw
Kowh kW RH jikaw jrk fis bgwKo.

r I g mJ bfhf: 18 M who gF fja mPf

yhg, by#l Mnah r xU jKwh v vd Ujhf.
22 ( xU jKW v) vgij r (xU jKwh v)- njhuha kghf
7
vLJ bfhtJ tHf.
45

maha 2

jrk f tifghL
jrk
KoW
(jKWv)

KotwJ
RH
RH
jikawJ
jikilaJ
( jKW v) ( jKwh v)

2.4 bkbaf (Real Numbers)

Ka fUJ

bkbaf

bkbaf fzkhdJ jKW kW jKwh vf nr fzkhF.

Mfnt, xbthU bkbaQ xU jKW vzhfnth myJ jKwh
vzhfnth UF.
mjhtJ, xUbkba jKW v my v, mJ xU Kwh vzhF.

midJ bkbaf fzij R vd Fngh.

b#k ehL fja mPf #h{ nfl kW r blof
UtU jjna Mfis nkbfhL xbthU bkbaQ v
nfho xU jj ah FfgL vd, v nfho Js xbthU
xU jj bkbazh FfgL vd Ujd.
v nfho Js xbthU xU jj bkbaid FF.

mnjngh, xbthU bkbaQ v nfho Js xU jj ah
FlgL.

bkbaf fz csls fzfSF ilnaahd bjhlfis
tU gl sFwJ.
bkbaf R
jKW vf Q
KGf Z
KG vf W
a
vf
N

jKwh vf

gl 2.5

46

bkba bjhF

2- tf _yij jrk thf fhngh.

1.4142135g
1 2.00 00 00 00 00
1
24 100
96
281
2824
28282

400
281
11900
11296
60400
56564

282841

383600
282841

2828423
10075900
8485269
28284265
159063100
141421325

` 2 = 1.4142135g
17641775
h

tFj braiy bjhlJ br nghJ ilF jrk thdJ Kowh
kW RH jikaw yffis bfhoUgij fhzyh. 2 - jrk
Kowh kW RH jikawJ. vdnt, 2 xU jKwh vzhF.

F

(i)

3 , 5 , 6 ,g vgt jrk f Kowh kW RH

jikawit. vdnt 3 , 5 , 6 ,g vgd jKwh vfshF.
(ii) xU ifKG tf_y vbghGJ jKwh vzhF
vgJ cikay.

vLJfhlhf, 4 = 2, 9 = 3,
vgd jKW vfshF.

25 = 5 g. vdnt

4,

9,

25 ,

(iii) KG tfv myhj vjbthU ifKG tf _yK xU

jKwh vzhF.

2.4.1 jKwh vfis vnfho Fj

2 kW

(i)

2 I v nfho Fj.

3 vw jKwh vfis v nfho Ffyh.

v nfhil tiuf. O vgJ a vw viz, A vgJ 1 vw
viz FLkhW O kW A vw fis v nfho Ff. mjhtJ,
OA = 1 myF.
47

maha 2

AB = 1 myF vd UFkhW AB=OA I tiuf. OB I nrf.

brnfhz Knfhz OAB-, jhfu njwgo,

OB2 = OA2 + AB2

= 12 + 12

OB2 = 2

B
2

1

OB = 2
3
2
1
2
0
1
2
3

gl 2.6

O- tyw C vw vnfhil btLkhW O I ikakhf OB I
Mukhf bfhl xU tl tiuf.

bghGJ, glUJ OC = OB =

2 vgJ bjthwJ.

vdnt, vnfho Js C vw
(ii)

2 I FwJ.

3 I v nfho Fj.

v nfhil tiuf. O vgJ a vw viz C vgJ 2 I
FFkhW O kW C vw fis (i)- csthW v nfho Ff.

` OC =

2 myF. CD = 1 myF csthW CD= OC I tiuf. ODI nrf.

brnfhz Knfhz OCD- jhfu njwgo,

2

= ^ 2 h + 12 = 3
` OD =

OD2 = OC2 + CD2

3

A
1

C E
2 3 2

gl 2.7

O- tyw E vw v nfhil btLkhW OI ikakh
ODI Mukhf bfhl xU tl tiuf. glUJ OE = OD = 3 vgJ
bjthwJ. vdnt, v nfho Js E vw 3 I FwJ.
vLJfhL 2.6

tUtdt vit jKW myJ jKwh vf vd tifgLJf.

(i) 11

(ii) 81

(iii) 0.0625

(iv) 0.83

(v) 1.505500555g

(i)

81 = 9 = 9 , xU jKW v .
1
(iii) 0.0625 xU KoW jrk .

11 xU jKwh v. (11xU KGtf v my)

(ii)

` 0.0625 xU jKW vzhF.

48

bkba bjhF

(iv) 0.83 = 0.8333g

j jrk Kowh kW RH jiksJ.

` 0.83 jKW vzhF.

(v) 1.505500555g jrk Kowh kW RH jikaw jrk

thF. ` 1.505500555g xU jKwh vzhF.
vLJfhL 2.7
5 kW 9 MatF ilgl VnjD _W jKwh vfis fhf.

7
11
0.714285g
7 5.000000
49
10
7
30
28
20
14
60
56
40
35
50
j

0.8181g
11 9.0000
88
20
11
90
88
20
j

5 = 0.714285
7

9 = 0.8181g = 0.81
11

5 kW 9 tWF ilna (mjhtJ 0.714285... kW 0.8181... MatWF

7
11
ilna) _W jhKwh vfis fhz, eh Kowh kW RH jikaw jrk
fis bfhl _W vfis fhz ntL. cik, 5 -F 9 -F
7
11
il J nghw vzw vf csd. mt _W vf,

0.72022002220002g

0.73033003330003g
0.75055005550005g

vLJfhL 2.8

tU rkghLf

x, y, z

vgd jKW myJ jKwh

vfis Fwdth vgij khf.

(i) x3 = 8

(ii) x2 = 81

(iii) y2 = 3
49

(iv) z2 = 0.09

maha 2

(i)

x3 = 8 = 2

& x = 2 , xU j KW v.

(8 vgJ xU KG fd v)

(ii) x2 = 81 = 92

(81 xU KG tf)

& x = 9, xU jKW v.

(iii) y2 = 3 & y = 3 , xU jKwh v.

2

(iv) z2 = 0.09 = 9 = ` 3 j
100
10

& z = 3 , xU jKW v.
10

g 2.3
1.

5 I vnfho Ff.

2.

3 kW

5 tF ilna VnjD _W jKwh vfis fhf.

3.

3 kW 3.5 tF ilna VnjD uL jKwh vfis fhf.

4.

0.15 kW 0.16 tF il VnjD uL jKwh vfis fhf.

5.

4 kW 5 tF ilna VnjD uL jKwh vfis fhf..

7
7

6.

3 kW 2 tF ilna VnjD uL jKwh vfis fhf.

7.

1.1011001110001g kW 2.1011001110001g tF il xU jKW

viz, xU jKwh viz fhf.

8.

0.12122122212222g kW 0.2122122212222g tF ilna VnjD

uL jKW vfis fhf.

(F : 2 Kj 8 Koa cs fzFfSF vzw f UF. mthwhd

f VnjD uL myJ _W f nghJkhdJ.)
2.4.2 bkbafis vnfho Fj

vjbthU bkbaiz jrkthf Flyh vd fnlh. J
xU bkbaiz v nfho Ff cjwJ.

3.776 I eh v nfho Fngh. 3.776 vgJ 3-F 4-F il
csJ vgJ ekF bj.

v nfho 3 kW 4 tF ilgl gFia f mU fhngh.

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

3.1

3.2

3.3

3.4

3.5

3.6

3.7

3.8

3.9

gl . 2.8

50

bkba bjhF

3-F 4-F ilgl gFia 10 rkghffshf J, gl 2.8-
fhosthW FLnth. 3- tyw cs Kj FpL 3.1, ulhtJ
3.2 vd bjhlJ FfgLsJ. 3-F 4-F ilgl FpLfis
bjthf fhz cUbgUF fzhoia gagLJnth. j cUbgUf
gl 2.8- csthW UF.

bghGJ 3.776 MdJ 3.7-F 3.8-F il Ugij fhnwh.
vdnt eKila ftdij 3.7 kW 3.8 tF ilgl gF(gl 2.9)
nk brYJnth.
3

3.1

3.2

3.3

3.4

3.5

3.6

3.7

3.8

3.9

3.7 3.71

3.72

3.73

3.74

3.75

3.76

3.77

3.78

3.79

3.8

gl. 2.9

3.7 kW 3.8 tF ilgl gFia L 10 rkghffshf
ngh. Kj FpL 3.71,ulhtJ 3.72 vd bjhlJ FlgLsJ.
FpLfis bjthf fhz, 3.7-F 3.8-F ilgl gF gl 2.9-
fhosthW cUbgUf bragLsJ.

nghJ 3.776 vgJ 3.77-F 3.78-F il Ugij fhnwh.
Mfnt, 3.77-F 3.78-F ilgl gFia L 10 rkghffshf J
gl 2.10- fhosthW bgjh fhngh.
3.7

3.71

3.72

3.73

3.74

3.75

3.76

3.77

3.78

3.79

3.8

3.77 3.771 3.772

3.773

3.774

3.775

3.776

3.777

3.778

3.779

3.78

gl. 2.10

Kj FpL 3.771, mLj FpL 3.772 vd bjhlJ FlgLsJ.
3.776 vgJ Fpo Mwhtjhf Ugij fhnwh.

thW,cUbgUF fzho_y Uvf ilbtia bgjh
vfis vnfho FF Kiw bjhl cUbgUf Kiw (process of successive
magnification) vdgL.

Mfnt, vnfho J KoW jrk it bgWs xU bkba
iyia nghJkhd ms bjhl cUbgUf brJ fhzyh.

nghJ, Kowh kW RH jiks jrk id bfhl xU
bkbaiz vLJbfhL v nfho J mj iyid fhz
KgLnth.
51

maha 2

vLJfhL 2.9

4.26 I v nfho J 4 jrk lUjkhf mjhtJ, 4.2626 Koa

bgjh fhf.
vnfho J 4.26 - iyia bjhl cUbgUf Kiw fhngh.
KiwahdJ gl. 2.11- fhlgLsJ.

go 1: 4.26 vgJ 4-F 5-F il Ugijfhnwh.

go 2: 4-F

5-F

10

ilglgFia

rkghffshfJ,

cUbgUF fzhoia gagL 4.26 vgJ 4.2-F 4.3-F

il Ugij fhnwh.

go 3: 4.2-F 4.3-F ilglgFia 10 rkghffshf J,

vgJ 4.26-F

cUbgUF fzhoia gagL, 4.26

4.27-F il Ugij fhnwh.

go 4: 4.26-F 4.27-F ilglgFia 10 rkghffshf J

cUbgUF fzhoia gagL, 4.26 vgJ 4.262-F
4.263-F il Ugij fhnwh.

go 5: 4.262-F

4.263-F ilglgFia 10

rkghffshf J,

cUbgUF fzhoia gagL, 4.26 vgJ 4.2625-F

4.2627- F il Ugij fhnwh.
-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9

4.2 4.21 4.22 4.23 4.24 4.25 4.26 4.27 4.28 4.29 4.3

4.26 4.261 4.262 4.263 4.264 4.265 4.266 4.267 4.268 4.269 4.27

4.262 4.2621 4.2622 4.2623 4.2624 4.2625 4.2626 4.2627 4.2628 4.2629 4.263

gl. 2.11

52

bkba bjhF

glUJ, 4.26 vgJ 4.262I l 4.263-F beUfkhf mikJsij
fhnwh.

njKiwia gaL v nfho J Kowh kW RH jikaw
jrk id bfhl xU bkba iyia njitahd ms Jakhf
fhzyh.

nkfl thjfUJ, xbthU bkbaiz vnfho J
xU jj ah Ffyh vw KoF tUnwh. nkY v nfho Js
xbthU xnu xU bkbaiz kLnk FF vd Ko brayh.

g 2.4
1.

bjhl cUbgUf Kiwia gagL

(i) v nfho J 3.456- iyia fhf.
(ii) v nfho J 6.73- iyia 4 jrk lUjkhf fhf.

2.4.3 bkbaf gf

a , b vw VnjD uL bkbafSF, a = b myJ a > b myJ

a < b MF.

uL bkbaf TLj, fj kW bgUf L xU bk

vzhF.

xU bkbaiz, akyhj bkbazh tFf ilgJ xU

bkbazhF.

jKW vfis nghynt bkbafS mil , nr , gkhW

, Tl kW bgUf gL fis iw brwd.

xbthU bkbaQ mjDila vkiw bkbaiz

bgWsJ. a jdFjhnd v kiwahF. nkY a vgJ
FiwvQ my ifvQ my.

U jKW vf TLj, fj, bgUf kW tFj (ajh
tFgij ju) xU jKW vzhF. UD, U jKwh vf
TLj, fj, bgUf kW tFj y neuf jKW vzhf khW.

jKW vf kW jKwh vf bjhlghd y cikfis fhngh.

Ka fUJ

1. xU jKW v kW xU jKwh v t TLj myJ

fj vbghGJ xU jKwh v MF.

2. xU akw jKW v kW xU jKwh v t

bgUf myJ tFj xU jKwh v MF.

3. uL jKwh vf TLj, fj, bgUf kW tFj

vbghGJ xU jKW vzhF vd TwKoahJ. J jKW
vzhfnth myJ jKwh vzhfnth Ufyh.
53

maha 2

Fiu

a xU jKW v kW

b xU Kwh v v,
(i) a + b xU jKwh v (ii) a - b xU jKwh v
(iv) a xU jKwh v
(iii) a b xU jKwh v
b
b
xU jKwh v
(v)
a

vLJfhlhf,

(i) 2 + 3 xU jKwh v

(iii) 2 3 xU jKwh v

(ii) 2 - 3 xU jKwh v
(iv) 2 xU jKwh v
3

2.4.4 bkbaf tf_y

a > 0 xU bkba vf.

a = b vg bghU b2 = a kW b > 0 vgjhF.

2 # 2 = 4 vgjh 2 vgJ 4- xU tf _ykhF. Mdh (- 2) # (- 2) = 4

vgjh - 2 vgJ 4- xU tf _ykhF. uLF ilna cs

FHgij jf,
vw FpL Kjik myJ if tf _yij
FwJ vd tiuaWngh.

tf _y bjhlghd y gaDs KbwhUikfis FLnth.

a, b vgd if bkbaf v,
1

ab =

a =
b

a
b

^ a + b h^ a - b h = a - b

4
5

a b

^a + b h^a - b h = a2 - b
^ a + b h^ c + d h =

ac + ad + bc + bd

^ a + b h = a + b + 2 ab
2

vLJfhL 2.10

uL jKwh vfis, mt

(i)

TLj xU jKwh v

(ii) TLj xU jKwh v my

(iii) fj xU jKwh v

(iv) fj xU jKwh v my

(v) bgUf xU jKwh v

(vi) bgUf xU jKwh v my

(vii) tFj xU jKwh v

(viii) tFj xU jKwh v my

vUFkhW fhf.
54

bkba bjhF

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

(v)

3 - 2 , xU jKwh v.

3 kW

5 vw uL jKwh vfis vLJbfhf.

mt bgUf

(vi)

18 kW

(vii)

15 kW

18 #

2 =

36 = 6, xU jKW v.

3 vw uL jKwh vfis vLJbfhf.

mt tFj

(viii) 75 kW

3 # 5 = 15 , xU jKwh v.

2 vw uL jKwh vfis vLJbfhf.

mt bgUf

2 vw uL jKwh vfis vLJbfhf.

mt fj (5 + 3 ) - ( 3 - 5 ) = 10, xU jKW v.

3 kW

(iv) 5 + 3 kW 3 - 5 vw uL jKwh vfis vLJbfhf.

2 + (- 2 ) = 0, xU jKW v.

mt fj

3 - 2 = 2 3 , xU jKwh v.

2 kW - 2 vw uL jKwh vfis vLJbfhf.

mt TLj

3 - 2 vw uL jKwh vfis vLJbfhf.

mt TLj2 + 3 +

2 + 3 kW

15 =
3

15 =
3

5 , xU jKwh v.

3 vw uL jKwh vfis vLJbfhf.

mt tFj

75 =
3

75 = 5, xU jKW v.
3

2.5 jKwh _yf (Surds)

2,

3,

5 vgd

jKwh

vf

vgij

ehknth.

vjbthU jKW v tffshf vGj KoahJ.

2,

tiw
3

3,

vgd jKW vf fd_yf. tiw vjbthU jKW v

fdfshf vGjKoahJ. tif jKwh vf jKwh _yf (surds
or radicals) vdgL.
55

maha 2

Ka fUJ

jKwh _yf

a xU if jKW v kW n xU ifKG vf.

jKwh v v,

a xU

a vgJ jKwh _y vdgL.

Fpil goj

xU jKwh _y bghJ tot

vgJ _yFpL
n vgJ _y tir
a vgJ mokhd vdgL.

_yFpL

tir
n

mokhd

2.5.1 jKwh _y mLFF tot

n

id TJ ila !
1
a 3 kW a3 uL

1
n

a vw jKwh _y mLFF tot a MF.

vLJfhlhf,

btntwhdit V?
1

8 vgj mLFFtot ^8 h5 MF.

y jKwh _yf mLFF tot, tir kW mokhd Mait

tU mltid bfhLfgLsd.
jKwh
_y

mLFF
tot

52

14

^14h3

74

50

^50h2

11

^11h5

Fiu

tir

mokhd

14

50

11

a vgJ xU jKwh _y v

(i) a vgJ xU if jKW vzhF.

(ii)

a vgJ xU jKwh vzhF.

56

bkba bjhF

tU mltiz A kW B Ma uL ufY cs vf jKwh

vfshF.

2+ 3

3
3

5+ 7

100

10 - 3 3

12

15 + 5

nkfl mltiz A vw u cs vf j Kwh _yfshF.
B vw u cs vf jKwh vf. Mdh, jKwh _yf my.

Mfnt, xbthU jKwh _yK jKwh vzhF, Mdh, xbthU
jKwh vQ xU jKwh _ykhf Uf ntoa mtaiy.
2.5.2 xU jKwh _yij va to(Simplest Form) vGJj

xU jKwh _yij mj va totkhf RU vGjKo.
vLJfhlhf,

50 vw jKwh _yij vLJbfhnth.

50 =

Mfnt, 5 2 vgJ

25 # 2 =

25

2 =

52

2 =5 2

50 va totkhF.

2.5.3 xj kW xth jKwh _yf (Like and Unlike Surds)

va to cs uL jKwh _yf tir kW mokhd rk
v, mit xj jKwh _yf (like surds) vdgL. mthW iyba,
mit xth jKwh _yfshF.
vLJfhlhf,

(i)
5 , 4 5 , - 6 5 vgd xj jKwh _yf.

(ii)

10 ,

3,

5,

81 vgd xth jKwh _yf.

2.5.4 KGikahd jKwh _yf (Pure Surds)

xU jKwh _y jKW v Fzf myJ bfG 1 v, mJ

KGikahd jKwh _y vdgL.

vLJfhlhf,

3,

5 , 4 12 ,

80 vgd KGikahd jKwh _yfshF.

2.5.5 fy jKwh _yf (Mixed Surds)

xU jKwh _y Fzf myJ bfG 1-I ju ntW jKW
vzhf U, mJ fy jKwh _y vdgL.
57

maha 2

vLJfhlhf, 2 3 , 5 3 5 , 3 4 12 vgd fy jKwh _yfshF.

xU fy jKwh _yij KGikahd jKwh _ykhf khwyh,
Mdh, midJ KGikahd jKwh _yfis fy jKwh _yfshf
khw KoahJ.

(i)

80 = 16 # 5 = 4 5

(iii)

17 xU KGikahd jKwh _y. Mdh, jid fy jKwh

(ii) 3 2 =

32 # 2 =

9 # 2 = 18

_ykhf khw ayhJ.

_yFpL f
m, n vgd if KGf kW a, b vgd if jKW
vf v,
n

(i)

^n ah = a =

(iii)

a=

mn

an

a =

n m

a
2

(i) I gagL ^ a h = a ,

(ii)

a#n b =

(iv)

a =
b

ab

a
b

a3 = ^ 3 a h = a vd bgwyh.

vLJfhL 2.11

tU jKwh _yfis mLFF to vGJf.

(i)

(ii)

bfhLfgl
vGJnwh.

(i)

(iii)

jKwh

7 =7 2

(ii)

_yfis
1

8 = 84

(iii)

(iv) 8 12

mLF

Fto

6 = 63

tUkhW
1

(iv) 8 12 = ^12h8

vLJfhL 2.12

tU jKwh _yfis va to vGJf.

(i) 3 32

(i) 3 32

(ii)
=

63

8#4 =

(iii)
8#3 4 =

(ii)

63 = 9 # 7 = 9 # 7 = 3 7

(iii)

243 =

(iv)

256 =

81 # 3 =
3

64 # 4 =

(iv)

256

23 # 3 4 = 2 3 4

81 # 3 =
3

243

64 # 3 4 =

92 # 3 = 9 3
3

43 # 3 4 = 4 3 4

vLJfhL 2.13

tU fy jKwh _yfis KGikahd jKwh _yfshf vGJf.

(i) 16 2

(ii) 3 3 2

(iii) 2 4 5
58

(iv) 6 3

bkba bjhF

(i)

16 2

27 # 2 =

(iii) 2 4 5

162 # 2

162 # 2 =

(ii) 3 3 2

= 4 16 # 5 =

(iv) 6 3

^a 16 = 162 h

256 # 2 =

512

33 # 2
3

^a 3 = 3 33 h

54

24 # 5
4

^a 2 = 4 24 h

80

62 # 3

^a 6 = 62 h

36 # 3 = 108

vLJfhL 2.14

32 vgJ jKW vzh myJ jKwh vzh vd fhf.

32 = 16 # 2 = 4 2

4 xU jKW v kW

` 4 2 vgJ xU jKwh v. mjhtJ 32 xU jKwh vzhF.

2 xU jKwh v

vLJfhL 2.15

tU vf jKW vfsh myJ jKwh vfsh vd fhf.

(i) 3 + 3

(ii) ^4 + 2 h - ^4 - 3 h

(v) 2
3

(vi) 12 # 3

(i)

3+ 3

3 xU jKW v kW
jKwh vzhF.

(iii)

18
2 2

(iv) 19 - ^2 + 19 h

3 xU jKwh v. vdnt, 3 + 3 xU

(ii) ^4 + 2 h - ^4 - 3 h

= 4 + 2 - 4 + 3 =

(iii)

18 =
2 2

(iv)

(v)

(vi)

9#2 =
2 2

2 + 3 , xU jKwh v.
9 # 2 = 3 , xU jKW v.
2
2 2

19 - ^2 + 19 h = 19 - 2 - 19 = - 2 , xU jKW v.
2 F 2 xU jKW v kW
3
xU jKwh v.
12 # 3 = 12 # 3 =

3 xU jKwh v. Mfnt,

36 = 6, xU jKW v.
59

2
3

maha 2

2.6 jKwh _yf jhd ehF mogil braf

2.6.1 jKwh _yf TlY fjY

xj jKwh _yfis Tl ff Ko.

vLJfhL 2.16

RUFf :

(i) 10 2 - 2 2 + 4 32

(ii)

(iii) 3 16 + 8 3 54 - 3 128

48 - 3 72 - 27 + 5 18

(i) 10 2 - 2 2 + 4 32

= 10 2 - 2 2 + 4 16 # 2

= 10 2 - 2 2 + 4 # 4 # 2

= ^10 - 2 + 16h 2 = 24 2

(ii)

48 - 3 72 - 27 + 5 18

16 # 3 - 3 36 # 2 - 9 # 3 + 5 9 # 2

16 3 - 3 36 2 - 9 3 + 5 9 2

= 4 3 - 18 2 - 3 3 + 15 2

= ^- 18 + 15h 2 + ^4 - 3h 3 = - 3 2 + 3

(iii)

16 + 8 3 54 - 3 128

8 # 2 + 8 3 27 # 2 - 3 64 # 2

8 3 2 + 8 3 27 3 2 - 3 64 3 2

= 2 3 2 + 8 # 3 # 3 2 - 4 3 2

= 2 3 2 + 24 3 2 - 4 3 2

= ^2 + 24 - 4h 3 2 = 22 3 2

2.6.2 jKwh vf bgUf

uL xj jKwh _yf bgUfgyid fhz tU ia
gagLjyh.

a#n b =

ab
60

bkba bjhF

vLJfhL 2.17
RUFf : (i) 3 13 # 3 5

(ii)

32 # 4 8

(i)

13 # 3 5 = 3 13 # 5 =

(ii)

32 # 4 8 =

32 # 8

2 5 # 23 =

65

28 =

24 # 24 = 2 # 2 = 4

2.6.3 jKwh _yf tFj

xj jKwh _yf tFjiy tU ia gagL fhzyh.

n
n

a =
b

a
b

vLJfhL 2.18

(i) 15 54 ' 3 6

RUFf :

(ii) 3 128 ' 3 64

(i)

15 54 ' 3 6

(ii)

= 15 54 = 5
3 6

54 = 5 9 = 5 # 3 = 15
6

128 ' 3 64
=

3
3

128 =
64

128 =
64

jKwh _yf tirf btntwhf U, mtiw

xnutir bfhl Kwh _yfshf kha d bgUf

myJ tFj braiy nkbfhs ntL.

Ko:
vLJfhlhf,

a =

(i)

5 =

m
n

12

12

53 =

12

54

(ii) 4 11 =

11 4 =

112

2.6.4 jKwh _yfis xLj

xnu tir bfhl Kwh vfis xl Ko. xnu tir bfhl
jKwh vf fbga mokhd bfhl jKwh v bgaJ MF.

jKwh vf tirf rkiy v, mt tirfis
rkgLa wF mokhdfis xl ntL.
61

maha 2

vLJfhL 2.19
3,

4,

5 vw jKwh vf tirfis rkkhFf.

bfhLfgl jKwh vf tirf 2, 3 kW 4.

2, 3 kW 4- . . k 12. vdnt, xbthU jKwh viz tir 12
bfhl jKwh vzhf khWnth.

3 = 12 36 = 12 729

4 = 12 44 =

5 = 12 53 = 12 125

12

256

vLJfhL 2.20

vJ bgaJ?

5 myJ

bfhLfgl jKwh vf tirf 3 kW 4.

bfhLfgl jKwh vf xbthiw rk tir bfhl jKwh
vfshf khw ntL.
3 kW 4 t ..k 12. vdnt, xbthU jKwh viz tir 12

bfhl jKwh vzhf khWnth.

5 = 12 53 = 12 125

4 = 12 44 =

12

256 >

12

12

256

125

&

4 >

vLJfhL 2.21

2,

4,

3 vw jKwh vfis

(i) VWtir vGJf

(ii) wF tir vGJf.

2 , 4 4 and 3 vw jKwh vf tirf Kiwna 3, 4 kW 2.

2, 3 kW 4- ..k 12.

vdnt, xbthU jKwh viz tir 12 bfhl jKwh vzhf
khWnth.

2 = 12 24 =

12

16

4 = 12 43 =

12

64

3 = 12 36 =

12

729

` VWtir:

2,

4,

wFtir:
62

3,

4,

2 .

bkba bjhF

g 2.5
1.

tUtdtW vit jKwh _yf kW vit jKwh _yf

my vgij fhuzJl TWf.

(i)

2.

RUFf.

(i) ^10 + 3 h^2 + 5 h

(iii) ^ 13 - 2 h^ 13 + 2 h

3.

tUtdtiw RUFf.

(i) 5 75 + 8 108 - 1 48
2
(iii) 4 72 - 50 - 7 128

4.

tU jKwh _yfis va to vGJf.

(i) 3 108

5.

tUtdtiw KGikahd jKwh _yfshf vGJf.

(i) 6 5

6.

tUtdtiw RUFf.

(i)

(v) 3 35 ' 2 7 (vi)

7.

tUtdt vJ bgaJ?

(i)

8.

wFtir kW VWtir vGJf.

(i)

8 # 6 (ii)

98

(ii)

3 (ii)
(ii)

7 #3 8

(v)

4 # 3 16

(ii) ^ 5 + 3 h
(iv) ^8 + 3 h^8 - 3 h

(ii) 7 3 2 + 6 3 16 - 3 54
(iv) 2 3 40 + 3 3 625 - 4 3 320

(iii) 192

(ii) 5 3 4

2 myJ

5 , 3,

(iii) 180 # 5 (iv) 4 5 ' 8

(ii)

5 # 18

90

(iv)

625

(iii) 3 4 5

(iv) 3 8
4

(iii)

(iv)

8 # 4 12

3 #6 5

48 ' 8 72

3 myJ

2, 3 4 , 4 4

4 (iii)
(iii)

3 myJ 4 10

2, 9 4, 6 3

2.7 jKwh _yf gFia jgLJj

jgLJ fhu
xU nfhit gF cs cW tf_y myJ
_yFpLF cs if vzhf U gFia jKW
vzh rkkhd nfhitahf khW Kiw, gFia jgLJ
Kiw vdgL.

uL jKwh vf bgUf xU jKW v
v, xW kbwh jgLJ fhu (rationalizing factor)
MF.
63

maha 2

(i)

a , b vgd KGf kW x , y vgd if KGf vf. wF

^a + x h kW ^a - x h vgd xW bfhW jgLJ fhufshF.

(ii)

^a + b x h

Fiu

kW
fhufshF.

(iii)

^a - b x h

vgd

xW

bfhW

jgLJ

x + y kW x - y vgd xW bfhW jgLJ fhufshF.

(iv)

a + b vgJ a - b - iz myJ Jiza (conjugate) v vd

miHfgL. njngh a - b iz v a + b MF.

(v)

xU v gFia jgLj, mbt bjhF kW gFfis

jgLJ fhuah bgUf ntL.

(vi) xU jKwh _yF xW myJ xWF nkgl jgLJ

fhuf Ufyh.
vLJfhL 2.22
2 - gFia jgLJf.

3
bfhLfgl v gF kW bjhFia

3 M bgUf

2 = 2 # 3 = 2 3
3
3
3
3

vLJfhL 2.23
1
- gFia jgLJf.

5+ 3
gF cs v 5 + 3 . j iz v myJ jgLJ fhu
5- 3.

1
1
=
#5- 3
5- 3
5+ 3
5+ 3

= 25 - 3 2 = 5 - 3 = 5 - 3
25 - 3
22
5 -^ 3h
vLJfhL 2.24
1
- gFia jgL RUFf.

8-2 5
gF cs v 8 - 2 5 . vdnt, j jgLJ fhu 8 + 2 5
MF.

1
1
=
# 8+2 5
8-2 5 8+2 5
8-2 5

8+2 5
2
8 - ^2 5 h
2

= 8 + 2 5
44

= 8+2 5
64 - 20
=

64

2^4 + 5 h 4 + 5
=
22
44

bkba bjhF

vLJfhL 2.25
1
- gFia jgL RUFf.

3+ 5
gF cs v
MF.

3 + 5 . vdnt, j jgLJ fhu

1
=
3+ 5

3- 5
3- 5

1
#
3+ 5

3- 5
3-5

3- 5 =
2
2
^ 3h -^ 5h
3 - 5
-2

3- 5

5- 3
2

vLJfhL 2.26

7 -1 +
7 +1

7 + 1 = a + b 7 v, a kW b t kfis fhf.
7 -1

7 -1 +
7 +1

7 +1 =
7 -1

7 -1 #
7 +1

7 -1 +
7 -1

7 +1 #
7 -1

^ 7 - 1h
^ 7 + 1h
+
2
2
^ 7h - 1 ^ 7h - 1

= 7+1-2 7 + 7+1+2 7
7-1
7-1

= 8-2 7 + 8+2 7
6
6

= 8-2 7 +8+2 7
6
= 16 = 8 + 0^ 7 h
6
3

` 8 + 0^ 7 h = a + b 7 ( a = 8 , b = 0.
3
3
vLJfhL 2.27

x = 1 + 2 v, ` x - 1 j - kig fhf.
x
x =1+ 2

1
( 1 =
x
1+ 2

1
#1- 2
1+ 2 1- 2
65

7 +1
7 +1

maha 2

= 1 - 2 = 1 - 2 = -^1 - 2 h
1-2
-1
` x - 1 = ^1 + 2 h - "-^1 - 2 h,
x

= 1 + 2 + 1 - 2 = 2
2

vdnt, ` x - 1 j = 22 = 4.
x

g 2.6
1.

tUtdt jgLJ fhufis fhf.

(i) 3 2

(ii)

(iii)

75

(iv) 2 3 5

(v) 5 - 4 3

(vi)

2 + 3

(vii)

5 - 2

(viii) 2 + 3

2.

tUtdt gFfis jgLJf.

(i) 3
5

3.

gFia jgL RUFf.

(i)

4.

(ii)

2
3 3

(iii)

1
1
(ii)
(iii)
11 + 3
9+3 5

2 . 1.414,

3 . 1.732,

1
12

(iv) 2 7
11

1

11 + 13

5 . 2.236,

(iv)

3
(v) 33 5
9

5 + 1 (v) 3 - 3
5 -1
2+5 3

10 . 3.162 v, tUtdt

kfis 3 jrk lUjkhf fhf.

(iii) 5 - 3
3

10 - 5
2

(i) 1
2

(ii) 6
3

(v) 3 - 5
3+2 5

(vi)

5.

5 + 6 = a + b 6 v, a kW b t kfis fhf.
5- 6

6.

^ 3 + 1h

7.
8.
9.
10.

5+ 2
5- 2

(vii)

3 + 1
3 -1

(iv)
(viii)

1
10 + 5

4-2 3
5 +1 +
5 -1

= a + b 3 v, a kW b t kfis fhf.
5 - 1 = a + b 5 v, a kW b t kfis fhf.
5 +1

4 + 5 - 4 - 5 = a + b 5 v, a kW b t kfis fhf.
4- 5
4+ 5
x = 2 + 3 v, x2 + 12 - k fhf.
x
2

x = 3 + 1 v, ` x - 2 j - k fhf.
x
66

bkba bjhF

2.8 tFj Kiw (Division Algorithm)

xU fz fhz gagL eF tiuaWfgl bjhlahd
gof Kiw myJ tKiw (algorithm) vdgL. ghlgF tFj
Kiw vdgL KGf f Kakhd gid fhzyh.

xU KGit akw kbwhU KGth tFF nghJ, xU KGit <thf
kbwhU KGit ahf bgWnwh vgij K tFf mJnsh.
vdnt,

vLJfhlhf,

d =
13
5

<
2

tFv
3
+
5
+

j tFjiy, tFj braiy fz
cWfshf bfhL tUkhW kh vGjyh.

bfhshk

(1)
KGfis

13 = 5(2) + 3

nfhitahdJ, (1)I tF v 5M bgUFtj _y ilwJ. kh

vGjgL KGf tFjiy tFj Kiw (Division Algorithm) vnwh.

a kW b vgd VnjD uL if KGf v, a = bq + r ,
0 # r 1 b vwthW q kW r vw uL Fiwaw KGf UF.

nkfl T q myJ r akhf Ufyh.
vLJfhL 2.28

tFj Kiwia gagL, tU nrhof < kW fhf.

(i) 19, 5

(ii) 3, 13

(iii) 30, 6

(i)

19, 5

bfhLfgl nrhoia a = bq + r , 0 # r 1 b tot tUkhW vGjyh.

19 = 5(3) + 4

[19I 5M tFf < 3, 4 ilwJ]

` < = 3;

= 4

(ii) 3, 13

bfhLfgl nrhoia a = bq + r , 0 # r 1 b tot tUkhW vGjyh.

3 = 13(0) + 3

` < = 0;

= 3
67

maha 2

(iii) 30, 6

bfhLfgl nrhoia 30, 6I a = bq + r , 0 # r 1 b tot

tUkhW vGjyh.

30 = 6(5) + 0

[30I 6M tFf < 5, 0 ilwJ]

` < = 5;

= 0

g 2.7
1.

tFj Kiwia gagL tU nrhof < kW fhf.

(i) 10, 3

(ii) 5, 12

(iii) 27, 3

id bfhf

p
p
, q ! 0 vw to cs v jrk thdJ Ko bgW v, -
q
q
jrk KoW jrk (Terminating decimal expansion) vdgL. KoW
jrk idbfhl v KoW jrk v vdgL.
p

q , q ! 0 vw v jrk fhQ nghJ viyY

akhfiy v, < L L tU yff bjhF
p
ilF. iy
- jrk Kowh RH jrk myJ
q
Kowh tU jrk (Non-terminating and recurring decimal expansion)
vdgL. Kowh RH jrk id bfhl v Kowh RH jrk v
vdgL.

xU jKW vid KoW jrk thfnth myJ Kowh RH jrk

thfnth Flyh.
p
p
, q ! 0 to cs jKW viz m
, ( p ! Z kW m, n ! W )
q
2 # 5n
vw to vGj Kokhdh, mj jKW v KoW jrk id
bgUF. mthiyba, mj jKW v Kowh RH jrk
id bgUF.
Kowh kW RH jikaw jrk id bfhl v xU jKwh
p
v MF. vdnt, xU jKwh viz , (F p, q KGf kW
q
q ! 0) vw to vGjKoahJ.
bkbaf fzkhdJ jKW kW jKwh vf nr
fzkhF.
68

bkba bjhF

xbthU bkbaQ xU jKW vzhfnth myJ

jKwh vzhfnth UF.

xUbkba jKW v my v, mJ xU Kwh vzhF.

xU jKW v kW xU jKwh v t TLj myJ

fj vbghGJ xU jKwh v MF.
xU akw jKW v kW xU jKwh v t bgUf
myJ tFj xU jKwh v MF.
uL jKwh vf TLj, fj, bgUf kW tFj
vbghGJ xU jKW vzhF vd TwKoahJ. J jKW
vzhfnth myJ jKwh vzhfnth Ufyh.
a xU if jKW v kW n xU ifKG vf.
v v,

a xU jKwh

a vgJ jKwh _y vdgL.

m, n vgd if KGf kW a, b vgd if jKW vf v

n
(i) ^ n a h = a = n a n
(ii) n a # n b = n ab
(iii)
xU

a =

mn

a =

nfhit

n m

a
gF

a = n a
b
b
cs
cW

(iv)

tf_y

myJ

_yFpLF cs if vzhf U gFia jKW

vzh rkkhd nfhitahf khW Kiw, gFia jgLJ Kiw
vdgL.
uL jKwh vf bgUf xU jKW v v, xW
kbwh jgLJ fhu (rationalizing factor) MF.
a kW b vgd VnjD uL if KGf v, a = bq + r , 0 # r 1 b
vwthW q kW r vw uL Fiwaw KGf UF.

69

bkbaf jhd ma
FpLf kW kliff
Seeing there is nothing that is so troublesome to mathematical practice,
nor that doth more molest and hinder calculators, than the multiplications,
divisions, square and cubical extractions of great numbers....I began therefore to consider in my mind by what certain and ready art I might remove
those hindrances
- JOHN NAPIER

Kjik Fnfhf

#h nea

ma FpL Kiw vfis Fj.

mLFF mikid klif mikid
xiw kbwhwhf khWj.
klif fis J bfhSj.
klif mltiz
gagLJj.

kW

klif

fis

(1550 - 1617)
#h nea (John Napier)
1550- bklh lt
vD l wjh. J
jnghJ mt bganyna
mikJs nea

3.1 ma FpL (Scientific Notation)

gfiy fHf

fbga kW fa vfis ifahS
nghJ ma mPf, bghahsf kW
bjh tYef Mnah ma Fpoid
gagLJwd.
x ntf dhoF
29,900,000,000 br.., UJ NaDFs u
92,900,000 ikf, vyuhDila vil 0.000549
mQ vil myFf. thwhd vfis RUfkhd
Kiw Flyh. jid ma FpL vg.
j _y afis mf vif
vGJj kW lkhW iHfis jfyh.

bklh tshf
ikagF csJ.
klifia fLoj
#hnea fjij
bghGJnghfhf
Muhjt.
MoUJ
jnghija

vLJfhlhf,

29,900,000,000 = 299 # 108 = 2.99 # 1010

92,900,000 = 929 # 10 = 9.29 # 10
5

0 $ 000549 = 549 = 5.49

1000000
10000

= 5.49 # 10- 4
70

fjtYef l
kW Io tir

#h neaU l
bgWwh.

bkbaf jhd ma FpLf kW kliff

mjhtJ, fbga myJ fa viz xU jrk v 1 # a 1 10 kW
10- KG mLF Mat bgUf gydhf vGjyh.
Ka fUJ

maFpL

xU v N I ma Fpo 1-UJ 10-F cs jrk v

kW 10- KG mLF Mat bgUf gydhf vGjyh.
n

mjhtJ, N = a # 10 , F 1 # a 1 10 kW n xU KG.

vfis jrkFpoUJ ma Fpo khw mLFF f

mogilah mikwJ. m, n vgd a vf kW a bkba vf.

mLFF f tUkhW bfhLfgLwd.

(i)

(ii)

am # an = am + n

am = am-n
an
(iii) ^a mhn = a mn

(iv) a m # b m = ^a # bhm

(bgUf )
(tFj )
(mLF )
(nrif )

a ! 0 -F a- m = 1m vd a0 = 1 vd eh tiuaWnwh.
a
3.1.1 xU viz ma Fpo vGJj

xU viz ma Fpo khWtjfhd gof tUkhW.

go 1: jrkia mj lJgf th akw xnu xU yf

csthW efJ.
go 2: giHa kW a jrkF ilna cs yffis vQf.
J 10- mLF n I FF.
go 3: jrk lJw khdh mLF n MdJ if v, jrk
tyJw khdh mLF n MdJ Fiw v.

vLJfhL 3.1

9781 I ma Fpo FLf.

bghJthf KGfis vGJ nghJ jrk Fgiy.

9 7 8 1 .
3

jrk lJw _W lf giHa iyUJ efwJ. vdnt
10- mLF 3 MF.

` 9781 = 9.781 # 103

71

maha 3

vLJfhL 3.2

0 $ 000432078 I ma Fpo FLf.

0 . 0 0 0
1

4 3 2 0 7 8
4

jrk tyJw 4 lf giHa iyUJ efwJ. vdnt 10-

mLF -4 MF.

` 0.000432078 = 4.32078 # 10- 4

xU viz ma Fpo kh vGJ nghJ, bfhLfgl

v cs jrkid lJgf th p lf
efdh mij <Lbra 10 p M bgUFnwh. mnjnghW, jrkid
tyJgf th r lf efdh mij <L bra 10- r M bgUFnwh.
Fiu

vLJfhL 3.3

tU vfis ma Fpo vGJf.

(i) 9345

(ii) 205852

(iii) 3449098.96

(iv) 0.0063

(v) 0.00008035

(vi) 0.000108

(i)

5 . = 9.345 # 10 , n = 3 Vbd, jrk lw 3

(ii) 205852 = 2

8 5

9345 = 9 3

lf efwJ.

2 . = 2.05852 # 105 , n = 5 Vbd, jrk

lw 5 lf efwJ.

(iii) 3449098.96 = 3 4 4 9 0 9 8 . 9 6 = 3.44909896 # 106 , n = 6 Vbd,

6

jrk lw 6 lf efwJ.

(iv) 0.0063 = 0 . 0

3 = 6.3 # 10- 3 , n = 3 Vbd, jrk tyw

.

3 lf efwJ.

(v) 0.00008035 = 0 . 0

0 3 5 =8.035 # 10- 5 , n = 5 Vbd,

jrk tyw 5 lf efwJ.

(vi) 0.000108 = 0 . 0 0 0 1 0 8 = 1.08 # 10- 4 , n = 4 Vbd, jrk

1

tyw 4 lf efwJ.
72

bkbaf jhd ma FpLf kW kliff

3.2 ma Fpil jrkFpo khWj

ma Fpo cs vfis jrk vf tot mofo Ff
ntoajhwJ. ma FpL vfis jrk vfshf khWtjfhd gof
tUkhW.

go 1: jrk viz (a) vGJf.

go 2: jrkia 10- mL cs vF (n) Vg efJ. if v
tywK, Fiw v lwK efJ. njit v afis nrf.

go3: vfis jrk to vGJf.

vLJfhL 3.4

tU vfis jrk to vGJf.

(i) 5.236 # 105

(i)

(iii) 6.415 # 10- 6

3

1 .7

5.236 # 105 = 523600

1.72 # 10 = 1720000000
9

-6

6.415 # 10

= 0.000006415

(iv) 9.36

(iv) 9.36 # 10- 9

5.2

(iii) 6.415

5.236

(ii) 1.72

(ii) 1.72 # 109

6 . 4 1 5

9 . 3

9.36 # 10- 9 = 0.00000000936

3.2.1 ma Fpo bgUf kW tFj

fbga (googolplex)myJ fa vf bgUf myJ tFjiy

ma Fpo vjhf brayh.

vLJfhL 3.5

tUtdtiw ma Fpo vGJf.

(i) ^4000000h3

(ii) ^5000h4 # ^200h3

(iii) ^0.00003h5

(iv) ^2000h2 ' ^0.0001h4

(i)

Kj vfis (mil FF csij) ma Fpo vGJf.

4000000 = 4.0 # 106

nghJ, UwK mLF 3-F caj ilgJ,
73

maha 3

^4000000h3 = ^4.0 # 106h = ^4.0h3 # ^106h

= 6.4 # 101 # 1018 = 6.4 # 1019

= 64 # 1018

(ii) ma Fpo,

5000 = 5.0 # 103 kW 200 = 2.0 # 102 vd vGjyh.

` ^5000h4 # ^200h3 = ^5.0 # 103h # (2.0 # 102) 3

= ^5.0h4 # ^103h # ^2.0h3 # ^102h

= 625 # 1012 # 8 # 106 = 5000 # 1018

= 5.0 # 103 # 1018 = 5.0 # 1021

(iii) ma Fpo, 0.00003 = 3.0 # 10- 5 vd vGjyh.

` ^0.00003h5 = ^3.0 # 10- 5h = ^3.0h5 # ^10- 5h

= 243 # 10- 25 = 2.43 # 102 # 10- 25 = 2.43 # 10- 23

(iv) ma Fpo,

2000 = 2.0 # 103 kW 0.0001= 1.0 # 10- 4 vd vGjyh.

` ^2000h2 ' ^0.0001h4 =

^2.0 # 103h

(1.0 # 10- 4) 4

^2.0h2 # (103) 2
4
^1.0h4 # ^10- 4h

6
= 4 #-10
= 4.0 # 106 -^- 16h = 4.0 # 1022
10 16

g 3.1
1.

tU vfis ma Fpo vGj.

(i) 749300000000

(ii) 13000000

(iii) 105003

(iv) 543600000000000

(v) 0.0096

(vi) 0.0000013307

(vii) 0.0000000022

(viii) 0.0000000000009

2.

tU vfis jrk vGj.

(i) 3.25 # 10- 6

(ii) 4.134 # 10- 4

(iii) 4.134 # 104

(iv) 1.86 # 107

(v) 9.87 # 109

(vi) 1.432 # 10- 9

3.

tU vfis ma Fpo Fl.

(i) ^1000h2 # ^20h6

(ii) ^1500h3 # ^0.0001h2

(iii) ^16000h3 ' ^200h4

(iv) ^0.003h7 # ^0.0002h5 ' ^0.001h3

(v) ^11000h3 # (0.003) 2 ' ^30000h

74

bkbaf jhd ma FpLf kW kliff

3.3 kliff (Logarithms)

f fyhd fzLfis f vikahFtjfhfnt kliff
cik njhWfgld. mit bgUffis Tlfshf khWtjfhf
mikfgld. fghf fLogjF Kng f mf yffis
bfhl vfis bgUFtjF myJ tFgjF kliff cjd. Vbd,
vfis bgUFtij l klif bra mt mLFfis TLnwh.
aa bgUghyhd f midJ mLFF to miktjh
mQfU rgjkhd f R Fiwf, fhkh c kW xU iyahd fhy
ms mQfU ciy r VgL khwf Mat fzLf
klif f aikahjjhwJ.

klifFpil mKfgLJtjF bkbaf mLFFpil
Kj mKfgLJnth.
3.3.1 mLFFpL (Exponential Notation)
a xU if v vf. x xU KG v a x vgij g
Kdnu mJnsh.
1
n
xU if v n MtJ mLF a v mJ a vd ekF bj. p xU

KG kW q xU if KG v, a q vgij vthW tiuaWgJ vgij g F

fhngh.
p

= p # 1 vgij ftf, mLFF cikahf Uf ntLbk,
q
q
1 p

p
q

vdnt, a q = ^ a h vd eh tiuaWngh. vLJfhlhf, 8 5 = ^5 8 h kW

p
a = ` a q j = ^ a hq

-7
3

-7

= ^3 5 h

thW a > 0 v, midJ jKW vf x-F a x - bghUis
bfhLJnsh. nkY a > 0 v, midJ jKwh vf x-F a x -
tiuaiwia mLFF f bghUJkhW gLj Ko. eh F
a x - tiuaiwia jKwh v x-F tiuaWf nghtiy. Vbd, mjF
fj caghlf fhzgL fUjhff njitahwJ.
3.3.2 klifFpL (Logarithmic Notation)

a > 0, b > 0 kW a ! 1 v, a- vj mLF b-F rkkhwnjh mj
mLfhdJ a I mokhdkhf bfhl b- klif MF.
Ka fUJ

klifFpL

a vgJ 1 I jj xU if v kW x xU bkba
(if, Fiw myJ a) vf. a x = b v, mLF x MdJ
mokhd a I bghWj b- klif vd miHngh. jid
x = log a b vd vGJnth.
75

maha 3

x = log a b vgJ b = a x vw mLFF mik klif mik MF.

U mikfY mokhd xnw MF.

vLJfhlhf,
mLFF mik

klif mik

24 = 16

log2 16 = 4

log8 2 = 1
3
1
log4 ` j =- 3
8
2

83 = 2
3
-2

=1
8

vLJfhL 3.6

tU klif mikid mLFF mikghf khw.

(i) log4 64 = 3

(ii) log16 2 = 1
4

(iii) log5 ` 1 j =- 2 iv) log10 0.1 =- 1

25

log4 64 = 3 ( 43 = 64

(i)

(ii) log16 2 = 1 ( (16) 4 = 2

4
1
(iii) log5 ` j =- 2 ( ^5 h- 2 = 1
25
25
-1
(iv) log10 0.1 =- 1 ( ^10h = 0.1

vLJfhL 3.7

tU mLFF mikid klif mikghf khw.

(i) 3 = 81

(iv) (216) 3 = 6

(ii) 6- =

1
1296

(v) ^13h- 1 = 1
13

(i)

1 ( log
1
=4
6 ` 1296 j
1296
3
(iii) ` 1 j4 = 1 ( log 1 ` 1 j = 3
81
27
4
81 27
1
(vi) (216) 3 = 6 ( log216 6 = 1
3
(v) ^13h- 1 = 1 ( log13 ` 1 j = - 1
13
13

3 = 81 ( log3 81 = 4
4

(ii) 6- =

76

(iii) ` 1 j4 = 1
81
27

bkbaf jhd ma FpLf kW kliff

vLJfhL 3.8

kLf (i) log8 512 (ii) log27 9 (iii) log16 ` 1 j

32

(i)

x = log8 512 vf.

x

vdnt, 8 = 512

` log8 512 = 3
x = log27 9 vf.

(ii)

(mLFF mik)

8 x = 83 ( x = 3

(mLFF mik)

vdnt, 27 = 9
3 x

^3 h = ^3 h2 (UwK mokhd 3 Mf khWf)

3x
2
3 = 3 ( 3x =2 ( x = 2
3
2

` log27 9 =
3

(iii)
x = log16 ` 1 j vf.
32
x
vdnt, 16 = 1 (mLFF mik)
32
4 x
^2 h = 1 (UwK mokhd 2 Mf khWf)

^2h5

2 = 2- ( 4x = - 5 ( x = - 5
4x

` log16 ` 1 j = - 5
4
32
vLJfhL 3.9

tU rkghLfis f.
1

(i) log5 x =- 3 (ii) x = log 1 64 (iii) log x 8 = 2 (iv) x + 3 log8 4 = 0 (v) log x 7 6 = 1
3
4

(i)

(ii)

log5 x =- 3
3

(mLFF mik)
5- = x
x = 13 ( x = 1
125
5
x = log 1 64
4

x
` 1 j = 64
(mLFF mik)
4
x
1x = 43 ( 4- = 43 ( x = - 3
4

77

maha 3

(iii) log x 8

=2

x2

= 8

8 =2 2

x + 3 log8 4 = 0

(iv)

- x = 3 log8 4 = log8 4

x = log8 64 ( ^8 h- x = 64

(mLFF mik)

^8 h- x = 82

( x = -2

log x 7 6 = 1
3

(v)
1
6

(mLFF mik)

( x 3 = 7 6

1 1

(mLFF mik)

1 1

1
3
3
7 = `7 2 j vd vGJf. d, x 3 = `7 2 j

` x = 72 =

klif f
1.
bgUf : xnu mokhdij cila U if vf
bgUfgy klifahdJ, mU vf kliff
TLjYF rkkhF. mjhtJ,

log a (M # N) = log a M + log a N ; a, m, n if vf, a ! 1
2.
tFj : xnu mokhdij cila U if vf
tFj klifahdJ, bjhF klifUJ gF
klifia fjYF rkkhF.mjhtJ,

log a ` M j = log a M - log a N ; a, m, n if vf, a ! 1
N
3.
mLF : xU v mL klifahdJ mj
v klifid mLfh bgUFtjF rkkhF. mjhtJ,

log a ^ M hn = n log a M ; a, m if vf, a ! 1

mokhd khw : M, a, b vgd if vf kW a ! 1 ,

b ! 1 v,

log a M = ^log b M h # ^log a bh
4.

iu:

(i)

a xU if v kW a ! 1 v, log a a = 1.

(ii) a xU if v kW a ! 1 v, log a 1 = 0.

(iii) a kW b if vf
kW log a b = 1 .
log b a

a ! 1 , b ! 1 v, ^log a bh # ^log b ah = 1

(iv) a kW b if vf kW b ! 1 v, blogb a = a .
78

bkbaf jhd ma FpLf kW kliff

(v) a > 0 v, log a 0 tiuaWfgliy.

(vi) b,x kW y if vf, b ! 1 kW log b x = log b y v, x = y MF.

j kWjiy cik.

(vii) vyh kliffY mokhd 1 Mf yhk ghJ bfhsntL.

Vbd, mokhd 1 cila klifia fUdh, vLJfhlhf,
log1 9 I fUdh, j k x v, x = log1 9 myJ 1 x = 9 vd
ilwJ. Mdh vj bkba x -F 1 x = 9 vd ilfhJ.

vLJfhL 3.10

(ii) log5 4 + log5 ` 1 j

100

RUFf (i) log5 25 + log5 625

(i) log5 25 + log5 625 = log5 ^25 # 625h

(a log a ^ M # N h = log a M + log a N )

= log5 ^52 # 54h = log5 56 = 6 log5 5 (a log a ^ M hn = n log a M )

= 6^1 h = 6

(a log a a = 1)

(ii) log5 4 + log5 ` 1 j = log5 `4 # 1 j

100
100

(a log a ^ M # N h = log a M + log a N )

= log5 ` 1 j = log5 c 12 m = log5 5- 2 = - 2 log5 5

25
5
= - 2^1 h = - 2

(a log a ^ M hn = n log a M )

(a log a a = 1)

vLJfhL 3.11

RUFf log8 128 - log8 16

log8 128 - log8 16 = log8 128

16

(a log a ` M j = log a M - log a N )

N

(a log a a = 1)

= log8 8 = 1

vLJfhL 3.12

log10 125 = 3 - 3 log10 2 vd %.

3 - 3 log10 2 = 3 log10 10 - 3 log10 2 = log10 103 - log10 23

= log10 1000 - log10 8 = log10 1000

8
= log10 125

` log10 125 = 3 - 3 log10 2

79

maha 3

vLJfhL 3.13
log3 2 # log4 3 # log5 4 # log6 5 # log7 6 # log8 7 = 1 vd %.
3
log3 2 # log4 3 # log5 4 # log6 5 # log7 6 # log8 7

= ^log3 2 # log4 3h # ^log5 4 # log6 5h # ^log7 6 # log8 7h

= log4 2 # log6 4 # log8 6 = ^log4 2 # log6 4h # log8 6 (a log a M = log b M # log a b )

= log6 2 # log8 6 = log8 2 =

1
1
3 = 3 log 2
log2 2
2
1
=
(a log2 2 = 1)
3

1
log2 8

(a log a b =

1 )
log b a

(a log a ^ M hn = n log a M )

vLJfhL 3.14

25- 2 log5 3 - kig fhf.

25- 2 log5 3

= ^52h- 2 log5 3 = 5- 4 log5 3

=5

log5 3-4

(a n log a M = log a M n )

= 3- 4 = 14 = 1
81
3

(a blogb a = a)

vLJfhL 3.15

f log16 x + log4 x + log2 x = 7

log16 x + log4 x + log2 x = 7

1
+ 1 + 1 = 7
log x 16 log x 4 log x 2

1 + 1 + 1 =7
log x 24 log x 22 log x 2

1
+ 1
+ 1 = 7
4 log x 2 2 log x 2 log x 2

(a log a b =

1 )
log b a

(a n log a M = log a M n )

1 1
7
1
1
8 4 + 2 + 1 B log 2 = 7 ( 8 4 B log 2 = 7
x
x
1 = 7# 4
log x 2
7
1 )
log b a
(mLFF mik)

log2 x = 4 (a log a b =

24 = x
`

x = 16
80

bkbaf jhd ma FpLf kW kliff

vLJfhL 3.16

1
= 1
2 + log x 10 3

1
= 1
2 + log x 10
3

FWF bgUf bra, eh bgWtJ

2 + log x 10 = 3

( log x 10 = 3 - 2 = 1

x1 = 10

(mLFF mik)

` x = 10

vLJfhL 3.17

f log3 ^log2 xh = 1
(1)

log2 x = y vf.

wF, log3 y = 1
31 = y

(mLFF mik)

` y = 3
y = 3 vd (1)- gl log2 x = 3 vd ilwJ.

vdnt, 23 = x

` x = 8

(mLFF mik)

vLJfhL 3.18

f log2 ^3x - 1h - log2 ^ x - 2h = 3

log2 ^3x - 1h - log2 ^ x - 2h = 3

( a log a ` M j = log a M - log a N )
log2 ` 3x - 1 j = 3
N
x-2

(mLFF mik)
23 = 3x - 1
x-2

8 = 3x - 1
x-2

FWF bgUf bra, eh bgWtJ

8^ x - 2h = 3x - 1 ( 8x - 16 = 3x - 1
8x - 3x = - 1 + 16 ( 5x = 15
` x =3
81

maha 3

vLJfhL 3.19
log5 1125 = 2 log5 6 - 1 log5 16 + 6 log49 7 vd %.
2
2 log5 6 - 1 log5 16 + 6 log49 7
2

= log5 6 - log5 (16) 2 + 3 # 2 log49 7 = log5 36 - log5 4 + 3 log49 7

= log5 ` 36 j + 3 log49 49 = log5 9 + 3^1 h

4
= log5 9 + 3 log5 5 = log5 9 + log5 ^5h3
= log5 9 + log5 125 = log5 ^9 # 125h = log5 1125
` log5 1125 = 2 log5 6 - 1 log5 16 + 6 log49 7
2
vLJfhL 3.20
f log5 7x - 4 - 1 = log5 x + 2
2
log5 7x - 4 - 1
= log5 x + 2
2

log5 7x - 4 - log5 x + 2 = 1
2


log5 c 7x - 4 m = 1
2
x+2

log5 ` 7x - 4 j2 =
x+2
1 log 7x - 4 =
2 8 5 ` x + 2 jB

1
2
1
2

( a log a M = n log a M )

log5 ` 7x - 4 j = 1
x+2
1
5 = 7x - 4 (mLFF mik)
x+2

( a log a ` M j = log a M - log a N )

N

7x 4 = 5(x + 2)

FWF bgUf bra,

7x - 4 = 5x + 10 ( 7x - 5x = 10 + 4

2x = 14

` x = 7

g 3.2
1.

tU TWf vit r myJ jtW vd fhf.

(i) log5 125 = 3

(ii)

(iii) log4 ^6 + 3h = log4 6 + log4 3

log2 25
(iv) log2 ` 25 j =

log2 3
3

(v) log 1 3 = - 1

(vi) log a ^ M - N h = log a M ' log a N

log 1 8 = 3
2

82

bkbaf jhd ma FpLf kW kliff

2.

tUtdtF rkkhd klif mikid fhf.

(i) 24 = 16

= 1
(v) 25 2 = 5
(vi) 12- 2 = 1
4
144
tUtdtF rkkhd mLFF mikid fhf.

3.


4.

(ii) 35 = 243

(iii) 10- 1 = 0.1

-2
3

(iv) 8

(ii) log9 3 = 1
2
1
(v) log64 ` j = - 1
(iv) log 3 9 = 4
2
8
tUtdt kid fhf.
(i) log6 216 = 3

(i) log3 ` 1 j
81
(iv) log 1 8
2

(iii) log5 1 = 0
(vi) log0.5 8 = - 3
5

(ii) log7 343

(iii) log6 6

(v) log10 0.0001

(vi) log 3 9 3

5.

tU rkghLfis f.

(i) log2 x = 1
2
(iv) log x 125 5 = 7

6.

tUtdtiw RUFf.

(i) log10 3 + log10 3

(iii) log7 21 + log7 77 + log7 88 - log7 121 - log7 24 (iv) log8 16 + log 52 -

(v) 5 log10 2 + 2 log10 3 - 6 log64 4

7.

tU xbthU rkghoid f.

(i) log4 ^ x + 4h + log4 8 = 2

(ii) log6 ^ x + 4h - log6 ^ x - 1h =1

(iii) log2 x + log4 x + log8 x = 11

6

(iv) log4 ^8 log2 xh = 2

(v) log10 5 + log10 ^5x + 1h = log10 ^ x + 5h + 1

(vi) 4 log2 x - log2 5 = log2 125

(vii) log3 25 + log3 x = 3 log3 5

(viii) log3 ^ 5x - 2 h - 1 = log3 ^ x + 4 h

2

8.

log a 2 = x , log a 3 = y kW log a 5 = z v, tU xbth kid

x , y kW z t _y fhf.

(i) log a 15

(ii) log a 8

(iii) log a 30

(iv) log a ` 27 j
125

(v) log a `3 1 j
3

(vi) log a 1.5

(ii) log 1 x = 3

(iii) log3 y = - 2

(v) log x 0.001 = 3

(vi) x + 2 log27 9 = 0

(ii) log25 35 - log25 10

1
log13 8
(vi) log10 8 + log10 5 - log10 4
8

83

maha 3

9.

tUtdtiw %f.

(i) log10 1600 = 2 + 4 log10 2

(ii) log10 12500 = 2 + 3 log10 5

(iii) log10 2500 = 4 - 2 log10 2

(iv) log10 0.16 = 2 log10 4 - 2

(v) log5 0.00125 = 3 - 5 log5 10

(vi) log5 1875 = 1 log5 36 - 1 log5 8 + 20 log32 2

2

3.4 bghJ kliff (Common Logarithms)

fzLfSF jrk vQU mogil vzhd 10 I mokhdF
jf ahd vzhf vLJ bfhsgLwJ. mokhd 10 Mf cs kliff
bghJ kliff vdgL.
vdnt, tU fzFf klifahdJ
mokhd yhk gagLjgLwJ. mjhtJ, log N vgJ log10 N vd bghU
bfhsgLwJ. tU mltizia fUJf.
v N

0.0001 0.001 0.01

N mLF
F mik

10-

log N

0.1

10- 3 10- 2 10- 1

10

10
0

100

10

10

1000
10

10000
10

vdnt N vgJ 10- KG v mLF v, log N vgJ xU KG MF.
3.16- myJ 31.6- myJ 316- klif vd?
nghJ, 3.16 = 10

0.4997

1.4997

; 31.6 = 10

; 316 = 10

2.4997

` log 3.16 = 0.4997 ; log 31.6 = 1.4997 ; log 316 = 2.4997 .

1- UJ 10 tiu cs xU v klif 0- UJ 1 tiu cs xU
v MF; 10- UJ 100 tiu cs xU v klif 1- UJ 2 tiu
cs xU v MF. Jnghnw kw vf kliffS mik.

xU klif KGv gF neTW (characteristic) vd jrkd
gF gkhdTW (mantisa) vd miHfgLwJ. vLJfhlhf,

log 3.16 = 0.4997 ; neTW 0 kW gkhdTW 0.4997

log 31.6 = 1.4997 ; neTW 1 kW gkhdTW 0.4997

log 316 = 2.4997 ; neTW 2 kW gkhdTW 0.4997

xiw l Fiwthd vf klif xU Fiw v MF. xU v
klif Fiw vzhf Uj nghY, mj gkhdTid vnghJ if
vzhfnt vLJ bfhnwh.

neTid fhgjF ma FpL xU wghd
2
bfhLwJ. ma Fpo, 316 = 3.16 # 10 . vdnt, eh bgWtJ

Kiwia

log 316 = log (3.16 # 10 )

= log 3.16 + log 10

= 0.4997 + 2 = 2.4997 .
vdnt, 10- mLF klif neTid fhgjF gagLwJ.
84

bkbaf jhd ma FpLf kW kliff

vLJfhL 3.21

tUtdt neTid vGJf.

(i) log 27.91

(ii) log 0.02871

(iii) log 0.000987

(iv) log 2475.

(i)

ma Fpo, 27.91 = 2.791 # 10

` neTW = 1

ma Fpo, 0.02871 = 2.871 # 10-

(ii)

` neTW = 2

(iii) ma Fpo, 0.000987 = 9.87 # 10-

` neTW = 4

(iv) ma Fpo, 2475 = 2.475 # 10

` neTW = 3

tU fgo xU v neTid ghj khu

khf Ko.
xiw l mfkhd xU v neTW Fiwaw (non-negative)
kilaJ. nkY mJ jrkF K cs yff
vifia l xW Fiwthf UF.

(i)

(ii) xiw l Fiwthd xU v neTW Fiw (negative)

kilaJ nkY mJ jrkia mLJ cldoahf bjhlJ tU
af vifia l xW mfkhf UF. neT
Fiw Fia 1, 2, ... vd vGJnth. vLJfhlhf, 0.0316- neTW 2 .

(iii) gkhdTW vnghJ if MF.

vLJfhL 3.22

log 4586 = 3.6615 vd bfhLfgLsJ v, tUtdtiw fhf.

(i) log 45.86
(ii) log 45860
(iii) log 0.4586

(iv) log 0.004586

(v) log 0.04586

(vi) log 4.586

log 4586- gkhdTW 0.6615.

(i)

log 45.86 = 1.6615

(ii) log 45860 = 4.6615

(iii) log 0.4586 = - 1 + 0.6615 = 1 .6615

(v) log 0.04586 = - 2 + 0.6615 = 2 .6615 (vi) log 4.586 = 0.6615

85

(iv) log 0.004586 = - 3 + 0.6615 = 3.6615

maha 3

3.4.1 klifia fhQ Kiw

xU v neTW Vfdnt TwglJ nghy v ma Ko
vgjh, klif mltiz btW gkhdTWfis kLnk bfhoUF.
rk yffis tir khwhk bfhLs, Mdh jrk kL khWgL
vyh vf kliff gkhdTWfS xnw. gkhdTWf
ehF jrk Ujkhd vzhf bfhLfgLsJ.

klif mltiz tU _W gFfis bfhlJ.

(i)

(ii) mLJ gJ uf 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 vw jiyfis bfhL

gkhdTWfis bfhLsJ.

(iii) j ufSF mLJ ruhr ahr vw jiy L 9

uf csJ. j uf 1, 2, ..., 9 vw vfsh FfgLwJ.

Kj u 1.0, 1.2 ,1.3,...vd 9.9 tiu cs vfis bfhlJ.

tU vLJfho _y bfhLfgl xU v gkhdTid
vthW fhgJ vW eh sFnth.
1

bfhLfgl v 40.85 vf. jid 40.85 = 4.085 # 10 vd vGjyh.

` neTW 1 MF.

4.0 vw vQF vnu cs iu tUkhW klif mltiz
bfhLfgLsJ.

ruhr ahrf
0

4.0 .6021 .6031 .6042 .6053 .6064 .6075 .6085 .6096 .6107 .6117

10

N = 4.0-F neuhf yf 8 MtJ uYF nH cs viz eh Ff
mj v 0.6107 . wF ruhr ahr 5 MtJ uYF nH cs v
0.0005 I vLJbfhs njitahd gkhdTW 0.6107 + 0.0005 = 0.6112.
` log 40.85 = 1.6112 .

3.4.2 vkliff (Antilogarithms)

xU v klif x v, mj viz x- vklif vd miHfgL.
ij antilog x vd vGjyh. mjhtJ, log y = x v, y = antilog x MF.
3.4.3 vklifia fhQ Kiw

jf fil bfhLfgLs vklif mltiz _y xU
v vklifia fhzyh. j mltiz vklif k
ehF jrk Ujkhf bfhLfgLsJ.

vklifia fhz, eh gkhdTiw kL fU bfhsntL.
KGv gF vjid yff csJ vd fhz myJ jrkF
mLJ vjid af csJ vd fhz eh neTiw gagLJnwh.

klif mltizia vthW gagLj ntL vW nkny
Fnlhnkh mJ nghynt vklif mltizia gagLj ntL.
86

bkbaf jhd ma FpLf kW kliff

jf fil bfhLfgLs klif mltizia

ehF yfis bfhl vfSF kLnk gagLj Ko.
vdnt gF fgL vyh klif fzFfY vfis ehF yf
vfshf kh bfhnwh.
F:

vLJfhL 3.23

(i) log 86.76

(ii) log 730.391

(iii) log 0.00421526 fhf.

(i) 86.76 = 8.676 # 10

(ma FpL)

` neTW 1 MF. gkhdTiw fhz 8.676 vw viz

vLJbfhsntL.

mltizUJ, log 8.67

= 0.9380

6- ruhr ahr

= 0.0003

log 8.676 = 0.9380 + 0.0003 = 0.9383

` log 86.76 = 1.9383

(ii) 730.391 = 7.30391 # 102

(ma FpL)

` neTW 2 MF. gkhdTiw fhz 7.30391 vw viz

vLJ bfhsntL. ij 7.304 (ehfhtJ jrk yf 9, 5 I
l bgaJ) vd vLJbfhs ntL.

mltizUJ, log 7.30 = 0.8633

4- ruhr ahr

log 7.304 = 0.8633 + 0.0002 = 0.8635

= 0.0002

log 730.391 = 2.8635

(iii) 0.00421526 = 4.21526 # 10- 3

(ma FpL)

` neTW 3 MF. gkhdTiw fhz 4.21526 vw viz

vLJbfhs ntL. ij 4.215 vd vLJbfhs ntL.
(ehfhtJ jrk yf 2, 5 I l Fiw).

mltizUJ, log 4.21 = 0.6243

5- ruhr ahr

= 0.0005

log 4.215 = 0.6243 + 0.0005 = 0.6248

` log 0.00421526 = - 3 + 0.6248 = 3.6248
87

maha 3

vLJfhL 3.24

tUtdt vklifid fhf.

(i) 1.8652

(ii) 0.3269 (iii) 2.6709

(i)

neTW 1 MF. vdnt mj v, KGv gF uL

yffis bfhLsJ. gkhdTW 0.8652.

mltizUJ, antilog 0.865 = 7.328

2- ruhr ahr = 0.003

antilog 0.8652 = 7.328 + 0.003 = 7.331

antilog 1.8652 = 73.31

(ii) neTW 0 MF. vdnt mj v, KGv gF xU yfij

bfhLsJ. gkhdTW 0.3269.

mltizUJ, antilog 0.326 = 2.118

9- ruhr ahr = 0.004

` antilog 0.3269 = 2.118 + 0.004 = 2.122

(iii) neTW - 2 . vdnt mj v KGv gF UfhJ. nkY

jrkia mLJ cldoahf xU a UF. gkhdTW

0.6709.
mltizUJ, antilog 0.670 = 4.677

9- ruhr ahr = 0.010

antilog 0.6709 = 4.677 + 0.010 = 4.687

` antilog 2.6709 = 0.04687

vLJfhL 3.25

(i) 42.6 # 2.163

(ii) 23.17 # 0.009321 Mat kid fhf.

(i)

x = 42.6 # 2.163 vf. UwK klif vLf, eh bgWtJ

log x = log ^42.6 # 2.163h

= log 42.6 + log 2.163

= 1.6294 + 0.3351 = 1.9645
` x = antilog 1.9645 = 92.15
88

bkbaf jhd ma FpLf kW kliff

(ii) x = 23.17 # 0.009321 vf. UwK klif vLf, eh bgWtJ

log x = log ^23.17 # 0.009321h = log 23.17 + log 0.009321

= 1.3649 + 3.9694 = 1 + 0.3649 - 3 + 0.9694

=- 2 + 1.3343 =- 2 + 1 + 0.3343

=- 1 + 0.3343 = 1.3343

x = antilog 1.3343 = 0.2159

vLJfhL 3.26

(i) ^36.27h6

(ii) ^0.3749h4

(iii)

0.2713 Mat kid fhf.

(i)

x = ^36.27h6 vf. UwK klif vLf, eh bgWtJ

log x = log ^36.27h6 = 6 log 36.27 = 6^1.5595h = 9.3570

` x = antilog 9.3570 = 2275000000

(ii) x = ^0.3749h4 vf. UwK klif vLf, eh bgWtJ

log x = log ^0.3749h4 = 4 log 0.3749 = 4^1.5739h = 4^- 1 + 0.5739h

= - 4 + 2.2956 = - 4 + 2 + 0.2956 = - 2 + 0.2956 = - 2.2956

= 2.2956

` x = antilog 2.2956 = 0.01975

(iii) x =

0.2713 = (0.2713) 5 vf. UwK klif vLf, eh bgWtJ

1

log x = log (0.2713) 5 = 1 log 0.2713

5

= 1 ^1.4335h = - 1 + 0.4335
5
5
^- 1 - 4h + 4 + 0.4335
=
5

= - 5 + 4.4335 = - 5 + 4.4335
5
5
5

=- 1 + 0.8867 = 1.8867

` x = antilog 1.8867 = 0.7703

89

maha 3

vLJfhL 3.27

RUFf

(i)

(46.7) # 65.2

(2.81) 3 # (4.23)

(ii)

(84.5) # 3 0.0064
2
(72.5) # 62.3
1

(i)

(46.7) # 65.2
x=
=
(2.81) 3 # (4.23)

46.7 # (65.2) 2
3

(2.81) # 4.23

vf.

UwK klif vLf, eh bgWtJ

log x = log >

46.7 # (65.2) 2
3

(2.81) # 4.23

H
1

= log 46.7 + log (65.2) 2 - log (2.81) - log 4.23

= log 46.7 + 1 log 65.2 - 3 log 2.81 - log 4.23
2
= 1.6693 + 1 (1.8142) - 3 (0.4487) - 0.6263
2
= 1.6693 + 0.9071 1.3461 0.6263
= 2.5764 1.9724 = 0.6040
` x = antilog 0.6040 = 4.018

(ii)

(84.5) # 3 0.0064
x =
2
(72.5) # 62.3

(84.5) # (0.0064) 3
=
vf.
1
2
(72.5) # (62.3) 2

UwK klif vLf, eh bgWtJ

1

(84.5) # (0.0064) 3
log x = log >
1 H
2
(72.5) # (62.3) 2
4

= log (84.5) + log (0.0064) 3 - log (72.5) - log (62.3) 2

= 4 log 84.5 + 1 log 0.0064 - 2 log 72.5 - 1 log 62.3
3
2
= 4(1.9269) + 1 (3.8062) - 2 (1.8603) - 1 (1.7945)
3
2
= 7.7076 + 1 (- 3 + 0.8062) - 3.7206 - 0.8973
3
= 3.0897 + (1+0.2687) = 3+0.08971+0.2687
= 2+0.3584 = 2.3584

` x = antilog2.3584 = 228.2
90

bkbaf jhd ma FpLf kW kliff

vLJfhL 3.28
log4 13.26 - kig fhf.

log4 13.26

= log10 13.26 # log4 10

= log10 13.26 #

(a log a M = log b M # log a b )

1
log10 4

(a log a b =

1 )
log b a

= 1.1225 = x vf.
0.6021

wF x = 1.1225 . UwK klif vLf, eh bgWtJ
0.6021
log x = log ` 1.1225 j
0.6021
= log 1.1225 - log 0.6021 = 0.0503 - 1.7797
= 0.0503 - (- 1 + 0.7797) = 0.0503 + 1 - 0.7797
= 1.0503 - 0.7797 = 0.2706

` x = antilog 0.2706 = 1.865

g 3.3
1.

tUtdtiw ma Fpo vGJf

(i)

92.43

(ii) 0.9243

(iii) 9243

(iv) 924300

(v) 0.009243

(vi) 0.09243

2.

tUtdt neTid fhf.

(i) log 4576

(iv) log 0.0756

3.

log 23750- gkhdTW 0.3576 v, tUtdt kid fhf.

(i) log 23750

(iv) log 0.2375

4.

klif mltizia gagL tUtdt kid fhf.

(i) log 23.17

(iv) log 0.001364

5.

vklif mltizia gagL tUtdt kid fhf.

(i) antilog 3.072

(ii) antilog 1.759

(iii) antilog 1 .3826

(iv) antilog 3.6037

(v) antilog 0.2732

(vi) antilog 2.1798

(ii) log 24.56

(v) log 0.2798

(iii) log 0.00257

(vi) log 6.453

(ii) log 23.75

(v) log 23750000

(ii) log 9.321

(v) log 0.9876

(iii) log 2.375

(vi) log 0.00002375

(iii) log 329.5

(vi) log 6576

91

maha 3

6.

kLf.

(i) 816.3 # 37.42

(ii) 816.3 ' 37.42

(iii) 0.000645 # 82.3

(iv) 0.3421 ' 0.09782

(v) ^50.49h5

(vi)

(vii) 175.23 # 22.159

1828.56

(viii)

(ix)

^76.25h3 # 3 1.928
^42.75h5 # 0.04623

(x)

0.7214 # 20.37
69.8

28 # 5 729
46.35

(xi) log9 63.28

561.4

(xii) log3 7

id bfhf

xU v N I ma Fpo 1 # a 1 10 vd cs jrkv kW10-

KG mLF Mat bgUf gydhf vGjyh. mjhtJ,
N = a # 10 n F 1 # a 1 10 kW n xU KG.
x

a = b (a > 0, a ! 1) v, x vgJ mokhd a cila b- klifahF.

ij x = log a b vd vGJnth.

bgUf : log a (M # N) = log a M + log a N ; a, M,N if vf, a ! 1

tFj : log a ` M j = log a M - log a N ; a, M, N if vf, a ! 1

N
n
mLF : log a (M) = n log a M ; a, M if vf, a ! 1

mokhd khw : log a M = log b M # log a b, a ! 1, b ! 1 .

xU klif KGv gF neTW (characteristic) vd jrkd

gF gkhdTW (mantisa) vd miHfgLwJ.

92

afj
Mathematics is as much an aspect of
culture as it is a collection of algorithms
- CARL BOYER
Kjik Fnfhf

gYW nfhitfis tifgLJj.

njwij gagLJj.
fhu njwij gagLJj.
afj KbwhUikfis gagLJj.
gYW nfhitia fhugLJj.
U khf cs nea rkghLfis j.
xU kh cs mrkghil j.

ilnahghl

4.1 mKf

afj vgJ J bfhs ayhj
fUJfis bfhl f fodkhd bjhlfis
RUfkhf, bjthf, ntfkhf kW nfgtfis
F goahf vLJ TWtjhF.
ax = b
2
vw nea rkghL, ax + bx = c vw Ugo
rkghL kW x2 + y2 = z2 nghw gntW khfis
cila khf Koahj rkghLfis f
gHfhy vJ kW ghnyhah kf ma
KglUJ afj tuyhW MuwJ.
4000 tUlfSF nkyhf J ts bgWsJ.
Mdh 17 M who k tfgl
afj va fzFf kW bjhlf eh
iwa iy FlgLtJ nghy UjJ.
20M who KgF afjkhdJ
monfhf bjhFghf cUbtLjJ. d j
monfh cf ed afj vd TwglJ.
a Kakhd Kof flagld. nkY
afj fj midJ JiwfY kW
ma ggy JiwfY gagLjgLwJ.

4.2

afj nfhitf (Algebraic Expressions)

Tl, fj, bgUf, tFj vw ehF
mogil fj braf, mLFFf myJ
93

(..200 - ..284)
myJ
(. 214 -. 298)
fh vw efu thj
ilnahghl (Diophantus)
xU bAyo fj
mP Mth. mt thj
fhy bjthf bjahjjh
W MLfSF Kng
thUfyh vd
fUjgLwJ. g_W f
mla xU fjijayhd
mbkofh vw f
bjhFid vGdh. Mdh
mt vsit Kj
MW f kLnk. toa
KiwfUJ ghnyha
fjaUJ mit
khWglit. nkY t njhuha
fSF gyhf frahd
fis KjikgLdh.
Mfnt mbkofh yhdJ
nuf ghuga fjaYl
jsnt bghJthf UjJ.

maha 4

_yfis fblLj Matiw gagL vf kW khf

izig bfhL mikfgL nfhitjh xU afj nfhit.
3

2
2
2
vLJfhlhf, 7, 7, x , 2x - 3y + 1 , 5x - 1 , rr kW rr r + h vgd
4xy + 1
afj nfhitf. y khf nfhit vgJ mkhfis kLnk
bfhLs nfhit vd bghUgL. xU afj nfhit khfns
yho mJ kh vd bghUgL. xU afj nfhit khfSF
vfis ulgL nghJ ilfbgW isbt mkhf
kfSFlhd nfhit k vdgL.

xU afj nfhit gFf Tl myJ fj Ffsh
izfgoUjh mJ afj TLj vdgL. xbthU gF
mjF Kdh cs Fl nrJ xU cW vdgL. vLJfhlhf,
2
2
2
2
1
1
3x y - 4xz + rx- y vw afj TLj 3x y , - 4xz kW rx- y Mad
y
y
cWfshF.

xU cW VnjD xUgF jKs gFl bgUfgoU,

mgFahdJ jKs gF bfG myJ Fzf vdgL. vLJfhlhf,

2
2
2
- 4xz vw cW z - bfG - 4x kW xz - bfG 4 MF. 4 I nghW
y
y
y
2
khfyhj bfG vbfG vdgL. 5x y kW - 12x2 y nghw cWf
vbfGf kLnk ntWgLsjh, itf xj cWf vdgL.
2

4rr nghw afj nfhit xnu xU cWig bfhl afj

nfhitahf fUjgL. thwhd xU cWig bfhl nfhitahdJ XUW

nfhit vdgL. uL cWfis bfhl nfhitahdJ <UW nfhit
2

vdgL. vLJfhlhf, 3x + 2xy vgJ xU <UW nfhit. mnjnghW

-1

- 2xy

+ 3 x - 4 vgJ xU _W nfhit vd uL myJ mjF

nkgl cWfis bfhl nfhit xU gYW nfhit vd miHfyh.

4.3 gYW nfhitf (Polynomials)

tFf khf yhjJ, _y Ff cns khf yhjJ
kW if KGfis mLFfshf bfhl, khfis bfhL mik
1

afj nfhit xU gYW nfhit MF. vLJfhlhf, - 2xy- + 3 x - 4

2 4
vw _W nfhit xU gYW nfhitay. UD 3x y + 2 xy - 1 vw
2
_W nfhit x kW y vw khfis bfhl xU gYW nfhitahF.
khfyhj - 1 vw cW gYW nfhit khahF. gYW
2
nfhitYs cWf vbfGf gYW nfhit bfGfshF.
nknys gYW nfhit bfGf 3, 2 kW - 1 MF.
2
94

afj

xU gYW nfhitYs xU cW go vgJ mWYs
khf mLFf TLj MF. mLFfis TL nghJ xU kh
mLF iyba mj mLF xW vd fUjntL. vLJfhlhf,
7
3 2
9xy - 12x yz + 3x - 2 vw gYW nfhit 9xy7 vw cW go 1 + 7 = 8
3 2
kW - 12x yz vw cW go 3 + 1 + 2 = 6 kW 3x vw cW go 1 MF.
kh cW go a vd vnghJ vLJ bfhs ntL.

xU gYW nfhit akyhj bfGit bfhl cWf f
caj go bfhl cW go mgYW nfhit go (degree) vd TwgL.
vLJfhlhf, nkny vLJ bfhl gYW nfhit go 8. 0 vw XUW
kh xU gYW nfhitahf fUjglhY j Fl gYW
nfhitF go tiuaWf gliy.
4.3.1 xU kh mikj gYW nfhitf

ghl gF xU kh mikj gYW nfhitfis kLnk eh
vLJ bfhnth.
Ka fUJ

xU kh mikj gYW nfhit

x vw xU kh mikj xU gYW nfhit afj

mik

p(x) = an x + an - 1 x

n-1

+ g + a2 x + a1 x + a0 , an ! 0

F a0, a1, a2, g, an - 1, an Mad khf kW n vgJ xU

Fiwaw if KG.
F, n vgJ gYW nfhit go kW a1, a2, g, an - 1, an vgd
gYW nfhit bfGf. a0 vgJ kh cW. an x n, an - 1 x n - 1, g, a2 x2, a1 x, a0.
Mad gYW nfhit p^ xh - cWf. vLJfhlhf, 5x2 + 3x - 1 vw
gYW nfhit x2 - bfG 5, x - bfG 3 kW 1 vgJ kh. gYW
nfhit _W cWf 5x2, 3x kW 1 MF.

4.3.2 gYW nfhitf tiff

Ka fUJ

cWf vif mogilyhd

gYW nfhitf tiff

XUW nfhit
xnu xU cWig bfhl gYW nfhit XUW nfhit
vdgL.
<UW nfhit
uL cWfis kLnk bfhl gYW nfhit <UW
nfhit vdgL.
_W nfhit
_W cWfis kLnk bfhl gYW nfhit _W
nfhit vdgL.
95

maha 4

1. xU <UW nfhitahdJ, btntW gofis bfhl uL

XUW nfhitf TLj MF.

2. xU _W nfhitahdJ, btntW gofis bfhl _W

XUW nfhitf TLj MF.
3. xU gYW nfhitahdJ, XUW nfhit myJ uL
myJ mjF nkgl XUW nfhitf TLj MF.
Ka fUJ

go mogil gYW nfhitf tiff

kh gYW nfhit
go akhf cs xU gYW nfhit kh gYW nfhit MF.
j bghJtot : p (x) = c, F c xU bkba.
xUgo gYW nfhit myJ nea gYW nfhit
go xwhf cs xU gYW nfhit xUgo gYW nfhit MF.
j bghJtot : p (x) = ax+b, a kW b bkbaf nkY a ! 0 .
Ugo gYW nfhit
go ulhf cs xU gYW nfhit Ugo gYW nfhit vdgL.
2
j bghJ tot: ax + bx + c , F a, b kW c Mad bkbaf
nkY a ! 0 .
Kgo gYW nfhit
go _whf cs xU gYW nfhit Kgo gYW nfhit vdgL.
j bghJ tot : p (x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d F a, b, c kW d Mad
bkbaf nkY a ! 0 .
vLJfhL 4.1

tU gYW nfhitfis mt cWf vifia
bghWJ tifgLJf.
3

(i) x - x

(ii) 5x

(v) x + 2

(vi) 3x

(ix) 6

(x) 2u + u + 3

(iii) 4x + 2x + 1
4

(vii) y + 1

23

(xi) u - u

(iv) 4x

3
20

18

(viii) y + y + y

(xii) y

5x, 3x , 4x , y kW 6 vgd XUW nfhitf Vbd, t xnu xU
cW csJ.
23

x3 - x2, x + 2, y + 1 kW u - u vgd <UW nfhitf Vbd,

t uL cWf csd.

20

18

4x + 2x + 1, y + y + y kW 2u + u + 3 vgd _W nfhitf
Vbd, t _W cWf csd.
96

afj

vLJfhL 4.2

tU gYW nfhitfis mt gofis bghWJ tifgLJf.

(i) p (x) = 3

(iv) p (x) = 3x

(vii) p^ xh = x3 + 1
(x) p (x) = 3
2

(ii) p (y) = 5 y + 1
2
(v) p (x) = x + 3
2

(iii) p^ xh = 2x3 - x2 + 4x + 1
(vi) p (x) = 7

(viii) p (x) = 5x - 3x + 2

(ix) p (x) = 4x
(xii) p (y) = y3 + 3y

(xi) p (x) = 3 x + 1

p (x) = 3, p (x) = 7, p (x) = 3 vgd kh gYW nfhitf.

2
p (x) = x + 3 , p (x) = 4x , p (x) = 3 x + 1 vgd xUgo gYW nfhitf

Vbd, kh x- f caj go 1.
p (x) = 5x - 3x + 2, p (y) = 5 y + 1, p (x) = 3x
2
nfhitf Vbd, kh f caj go 2.

vgd

Ugo

gYW

p^ xh = 2x3 - x2 + 4x + 1 , p (x) = x3 + 1 , p (y) = y3 + 3y vgd Kgo gYW

nfhitf Vbd, kh f caj go 3.

g 4.1
1.

tU afj nfhitf xU cW mikj gYW nfhitah

vd TW. cDila ilF fhuz TWf.

(i) 2x5 - x3 + x - 6

2.

(iv) x - 1
(v) 3 t + 2t
(vi) x3 + y3 + z6
x
tU xbthY x2 kW x- bfGfis fhf.

(i) 2 + 3x - 4x2 + x3

3.

(iv) 1 x2 + x + 6
3
tU gYW nfhitf xbth goid fhf.

(i) 4 - 3x2

4.

tU gYW nfhitfis mt goid bghWJ tifgLJf.

(i) 3x2 + 2x + 1

(ii) 4x3 - 1

(iii) y + 3

(iv) y2 - 4

(v) 4x3

(vi) 2x

5.

go 27 Mf cs xU <UW nfhit, go 49 Mf cs xU XUW nfhit,

go 36 Mf cs xU _W nfhit MatF X cjhuz jUf.

(ii) 3x2 - 2x + 1

(ii)

3 x + 1

(ii) 5y + 2

(iii) y3 + 2 3

(iii) x3 + 2 x2 + 4x - 1

(iii) 12 - x + 4x3

97

(iv) 5

maha 4

4.3.3 gYW nfhitf af

p^ xh = x2 - x - 2 vw gYW nfhitia fUJf. x =- 1 , x = 1 kW

x = 2 v, p^ xh - kfis fhngh.
2

p (- 1) = (- 1) - (- 1) - 2 = 1 + 1 - 2 = 0

p (1) = (1) - 1 - 2 = 1 - 1 - 2 =- 2

p (2) = (2) - 2 - 2 = 4 - 2 - 2 = 0

mjhtJ, x = 1, 1 kW 2 vD nghJ gYW nfhit p^ xh- kf

Kiwna 0, 2 kW 0 MF.

kh y kfSF gYW nfhit k a v, mj

k gYW nfhit a vdgL.

p^- 1h = 0. vdnt x = 1 vgJ p^ xh = x2 - x - 2 vw gYW nfhit

xU a MF. njnghW, x = 2 v, p (2) = 0 . vdnt x = 2 vgJ p^ xh-

xU a MF.
Ka fUJ

gYW nfhit a

p^ xh vgJ x- xU gYW nfhit vf.

vgJ p^ xh- xU a vd TWnth.

p^ah = 0 v, a

xU gYW nfhit af vif gYW

nfhit goF rkkhfnth myJ mjF Fiwthfnth UF.
fh bubl fh (1777 - 1855) vgt 1798 M ML jdJ Muh
gl go fLiu n go gYW nfhitF rahf n f cL vd
%Jsh. j Kakhd Ko afj mogil njw vdgL.
F

vLJfhL 4.3

p^ xh = 5x3 - 3x2 + 7x - 9 v, (i) p^- 1h kW (ii) p^2h Matiw

fhf.
p^ xh = 5x3 - 3x2 + 7x - 9 vd bfhLfgLsJ.

(i)

(ii)

p^- 1h = 5 (- 1) - 3 (- 1) + 7 (- 1) - 9 = - 5 - 3 - 7 - 9
` p^- 1h = - 24
3

p^2h = 5 (2) - 3 (2) + 7 (2) - 9 = 40 - 12 + 14 - 9

` p^2h = 33
98

afj

vLJfhL 4.4

tU gYW nfhitf afis fhf.

(i) p^ xh = 2x - 3

(ii) p^ xh = x - 2

p^ xh = 2x - 3 = 2` x - 3 j vd bfhLfgLsJ.
2

vdnt, p` 3 j = 2` 3 - 3 j = 2^0h = 0 vd eh bgWnwh.
2
2 2

` x = 3 vgJ p^ xh - a MF.
2

(ii) p^ xh = x - 2 vd bfhLfgLsJ.

(i)

nghJ, p^2h = 2 - 2 = 0

` x = 2 vgJ p^ xh - a MF.

4.3.4 gYW nfhit rkghLf _yf

p^ xh vgJ xU gYWnfhit vf. d p^ xh = 0 vgJ x- mikj
xU gYW nfhit rkghL vdgL.

p^ xh = x - 1 vw gYW nfhitia vLJ bfhf. x = 1 vgJ gYW
nfhit p^ xh = x - 1 - a MF. nghJ, p^ xh = 0 vw gYW nfhit
rkghil vLJ bfhf. mjhtJ, x - 1 = 0-I vLJ bfhnth. x - 1 = 0 v,
x = 1 MF. x = 1 vgJ gYW nfhit rkghL p^ xh = 0 - _y MF.

vdnt, gYW nfhit af, xj gYW nfhit
rkgho _yf MF.
Ka fUJ

gYW nfhit rkgho _y

x = a vgJ p^ xh = 0 vw gYW nfhit rkghil

iw brjh, x = a vgJ p^ xh = 0 vw gYW nfhit
rkgho xU _y vdgL.
vLJfhL 4.5

tU gYW nfhit rkghLf _yfis fhf.

(i) x - 6 = 0

(ii) 2x + 1 = 0

(i) x - 6 = 0 v, x = 6

` x = 6 vgJ x - 6 = 0 - xU _y MF.

(ii) 2x + 1 = 0 v, 2x = - 1 ( x = - 1
2
1

` x = - vgJ 2x + 1 = 0 - xU _y MF.
2

99

maha 4

vLJfhL 4.6

tU gYW nfhit rkghLfSF
FLsitf _yfsh vd Muhf.

(i) 2x2 - 3x - 2 = 0; x = 2, 3

(ii) x3 + 8x2 + 5x - 14 = 0; x = 1, 2

mtF

vnu

p^ xh = 2x2 - 3x - 2 vf.

(i)

nghJ, p^2h = 2 (2) - 3 (2) - 2 = 8 - 6 - 2 = 0

(ii)

x = 2 vgJ 2x2 - 3x - 2 = 0- xU _yMF.

Mdh, p^3 h = 2 (3) - 3 (3) - 2 = 18 - 9 - 2 = 7 ! 0

x = 3 vgJ 2x2 - 3x - 2 = 0- xU _y MfhJ.

p^ xh = x3 + 8x2 + 5x - 14 vf.
3

p^1 h = (1) + 8 (1) + 5 (1) - 14 = 1 + 8 + 5 - 14 = 0

x = 1 vgJ x3 + 8x2 + 5x - 14 = 0- xU _y MF.
3

Mdh, p^2h = (2) + 8 (2) + 5 (2) - 14 = 8 + 32 + 10 - 14 = 36 ! 0

x = 2 vgJ x3 + 8x2 + 5x - 14 = 0- xU _y MfhJ.

g 4.2
1.

tU gYW nfhitf afis fhf.

(i) p (x) = 4x - 1
(ii) p (x) = 3x + 5 (iii) p (x) = 2x

2.

tU gYW nfhit rkghLf _yfis fhf.

(i) x - 3 = 0
(ii) 5x - 6 = 0
(iii) 11x + 1 = 0
(iv) - 9x = 0

3.

tU
gYW
nfhit
rkghLfSF,
FLsitf _yfsh vd Muhf.

(i) x2 - 5x + 6 = 0; x = 2, 3

(ii) x2 + 4x + 3 = 0; x = - 1 , 2

(iii) x3 - 2x2 - 5x + 6 = 0; x = 1, - 2 , 3

(iv) x3 - 2x2 - x + 2 = 0; x = - 1 , 2, 3

(iv) p (x) = x + 9

mtF

4.4 njw (Remainder Theorem)

njw
p^ xh vgJ VnjD xU gYW nfhit kW a vgJ VnjD
xU bkba vf. p^ xh-I ( x - a ) vw nea gYW nfhitah
tFjh ilF p^ah MF.
100

vnu

afj

1. p^ xh -I ^ x + ah M tFjh ilF p (- a) MF.

2. p^ xh -I ^ax - bh M tFjh ilF p` b j MF.
a
3. p^ xh -I ^ax + bh M tFjh ilF p`- b j MF.
a
4. F - a , b kW - b Maitf Kiwna tFf x + a ,
a
a
ax - b kW ax + b Mat af MF.
F

vLJfhL 4.7

4x3 - 5x2 + 6x - 2 I ( x - 1 ) M tFjh ilF ia fhf.
p^ xh = 4x3 - 5x2 + 6x - 2 vf. x - 1 - a 1.
p^ xh I ( x - 1 ) M tFjh ilF p^1 h MF.

nghJ,

p^1 h = 4 (1) - 5 (1) + 6 (1) - 2

= 4 - 5 + 6 - 2 = 3

` = 3.
vLJfhL 4.8

x3 - 7x2 - x + 6 I ^ x + 2h M tFjh ilF ia fhf.

p^ xh = x3 - 7x2 - x + 6 vf. x + 2 - a - 2 MF.

p^ xh I ( x + 2 ) M tFjh ilF p^- 2h MF.

3

nghJ, p^- 2h = (- 2) - 7 (- 2) - (- 2) + 6
= - 8 - 7^4h + 2 + 6

= - 8 - 28 + 2 + 6 = - 28
` = - 28

vLJfhL 4.9

2x3 - 6x2 + 5ax - 9 vgij ( x - 2 ) M tFf ilF 13 v, a-
kig fhf.

p^ xh = 2x3 - 6x2 + 5ax - 9 vf. ^ x - 2h - a 2.

p^ xh -I ^ x - 2h M tFjh ilF p^2h MF.

p^2h = 13 vd bfhLfgLsJ.

( 2 (2) - 6 (2) + 5a (2) - 9 = 13

2^8 h - 6^4h + 10a - 9 = 13

16 - 24 + 10a - 9 = 13

10a - 17 = 13

10a = 30
`
a = 3
101

maha 4

vLJfhL 4.10

x3 + ax2 - 3x + a I ( x + a ) M tFjh ilF ia fhf.

p^ xh = x3 + ax2 - 3x + a vf.

p^ xh -I ^ x + ah M tFjh ilF p^- ah MF.

3

p^- ah = (- a) + a (- a) - 3 (- a) + a = - a3 + a3 + 4a = 4a
` = 4a .

vLJfhL 4.11
f^ xh = 12x3 - 13x2 - 5x + 7 I ^3x + 2h M tFjh ilF ia

fhf.

f^ xh = 12x3 - 13x2 - 5x + 7 .
f^ xh -I ^3x + 2h M tFjh ilF f`- 2 j MF.
3
3
2

nghJ,
f`- 2 j = 12`- 2 j - 13`- 2 j - 5`- 2 j + 7
3
3
3
3
= 12`- 8 j - 13` 4 j + 10 + 7
27
9
3
= - 32 - 52 + 10 + 7 = 9 = 1
9
9
3
9

` = 1.

vLJfhL 4.12

gYW nfhitf 2x3 + ax2 + 4x - 12 kW x3 + x2 - 2x + a Matiw
^ x - 3h M tFjh ilF f rk v, a- kig fhf. nkY
ia fhf.
p^ xh = 2x3 + ax2 + 4x - 12
kW q^ xh = x3 + x2 - 2x + a vf.

p^ xh -I ^ x - 3h M tFjh ilF p^3 h MF.

nghJ,

p^3 h = 2 (3) + a (3) + 4 (3) - 12

= 2^27h + a^9h + 12 - 12
(1)

= 54 + 9a

q^ xh -I ^ x - 3h M tFjh ilF q^3 h MF.

nghJ,

q^3 h = (3) + (3) - 2 (3) + a

= 27 + 9 - 6 + a
= 30 + a
102

(2)

afj

f rk vd bfhLfgLsjh, p^3 h = q^3 h MF.

mjhtJ, 54 + 9a = 30 + a ( (1), (2) Mat go )

9a - a = 30 - 54

8a = - 24

` a = - 24 = - 3
8

a = - 3 vd p^3 h - gl, eh bgWtJ
p^3 h = 54 + 9^- 3h = 54 - 27 = 27

= 27.

g 4.3
1.

nH bfhLfgLs Kj gYW nfhitia ulh gYW

nfhitah tFF nghJ ilF ia njwij gagL
fhf.

(i)

3x3 + 4x2 - 5x + 8 ,

x-1

(ii) 5x + 2x - 6x + 12 ,
(iii) 2x3 - 4x2 + 7x + 6 ,

x+2

2.
3.
4.

x-2

(iv) 4x - 3x + 2x - 4 ,
x+3
3
2
(v) 4x - 12x + 11x - 5 ,
2x - 1
4
3
2
(vi) 8x + 12x - 2x - 18x + 14 , x + 1
(vii) x3 - ax2 - 5x + 2a ,
x-a
3

2x3 - ax2 + 9x - 8 I ( x - 3 ) M tFf ilF 28 v, a- kig

fhf.
^ x + 2h M tFF nghJ x3 - 6x2 + mx + 60 vD nfhitahdJ 2 I
jUkhdh m- kig fhf.
^ x - 1h vgJ mx3 - 2x2 + 25x - 26 I tFwJ v, m- kig

fhf.
5.

gYW nfhitf x3 + 3x2 - m kW 2x3 - mx + 9 Matiw

^ x - 2h M tFjh ilF f rk v, m - kig fhf.
nkY ia fhf.

4.5 fhu njw (Factor Theorem)

fhu njw
p^ xh vgJ xU gYW nfhit kW a vgJ VnjD xU
bkba vf. p^ah = 0 v, ( xa) vgJ p^ xh - xU fhu MF.
F

p^ xh - xU fhu ( xa) v, p^ah = 0 MF.

103

maha 4

vLJfhL 4.13

^ x - 5h vgJ p^ xh = 2x3 - 5x2 - 28x + 15 vw gYW nfhit xU
fhuah vd kh.
fhu njwgo, p^5h = 0 v, ^ x - 5h vgJ p^ xh- xU fhu MF.

p^5h = 2 (5) - 5 (5) - 28 (5) + 15

nghJ,

= 2^125h - 5^25h - 140 + 15

= 250 - 125 - 140 + 15 = 0
` ^ x - 5h vgJ p^ xh = 2x3 - 5x2 - 28x + 15 - xU fhu MF.
vLJfhL 4.14

^ x - 2h vgJ 2x3 - 6x2 + 5x + 4 vw gYW nfhit xU fhuah
vd kh.
p^ xh = 2x3 - 6x2 + 5x + 4 vf.
fhu njw go, p^2h = 0 v, ^ x - 2h vgJ p^ xh - xU fhu MF.
3

nghJ, p^2h = 2 (2) - 6 (2) + 5 (2) + 4 = 2^8 h - 6^4h + 10 + 4

= 16 - 24 + 10 + 4 = 6 ! 0
` ^ x - 2h vgJ 2x3 - 6x2 + 5x + 5 - xU fhu MfhJ.

vLJfhL 4.15

^2x - 3h vgJ 2x3 - 9x2 + x + 12 - xU fhuah vd kh.

p^ xh = 2x3 - 9x2 + x + 12 vf. fhu njw go, p` 3 j = 0 v,

2

^2x - 3h vgJ p^ xh - xU fhu MF.

nghJ,

3
2
p` 3 j = 2` 3 j - 9` 3 j + 3 + 12 = 2` 27 j - 9` 9 j + 3 + 12
2
2
2
2
8
4
2

= 27 - 81 + 3 + 12 = 27 - 81 + 6 + 48 = 0
4
4
2
4

` ^2x - 3h vgJ 2x3 - 9x2 + x + 12 - xU fhu MF.

vLJfhL 4.16

( x - 1 ) vgJ x3 + 5x2 + mx + 4 - xU fhu v, m- kig fhf.

p^ xh = x3 + 5x2 + mx + 4 vf
^ x - 1h vgJ p^ xh - xU fhu vd bfhLfgLsJ. vdnt, p^1 h = 0 MF.

(1 + 5 + m + 4 = 0

p^1 h = 0 ( (1) + 5 (1) + m (1) + 4 = 0

m + 10 = 0
` m = - 10
104

afj

g 4.4

1.

tU gYW nfhitfSF ^ x + 1h vgJ xU fhuah vd kh.

(i) 6x4 + 7x3 - 5x - 4

(ii) 2x4 + 9x3 + 2x2 + 10x + 15

(iii) 3x3 + 8x2 - 6x - 5

(iv) x3 - 14x2 + 3x + 12

2.

^ x + 4h vgJ x3 + 3x2 - 5x + 36 - xU fhuah vd kh.

3.

fhu njwij gagL ^ x - 1h vgJ 4x3 - 6x2 + 9x - 7 - xU fhu

vd fh.

4.
5.

^2x + 1h vgJ 4x3 + 4x2 - x - 1 - xU fhuah vd kh.

^ x + 3h vgJ x3 - 3x2 - px + 24 - xU fhu v, p - kig fhf.

4.6 afj KbwhUikf (Algebraic Identities)

Ka fUJ

afj KbwhUikf

xU rkghL mYs khf vkF

UFkhdh, mrkghL xU KbwhUik vdgL.

cikahfnt

tU KbwhUikfis vlh tF fUnwh. Kj mtiw
gagL y fzFfis ngh. KbwhUikfis th _wh
go cs _W nfhitfSF fhngh.
2

(a + b) (a - b) / a - b

^ x + ah^ x + bh / x2 + ^a + bh x + ab

(a + b) / a + 2ab + b
(a - b) / a - 2ab + b

vLJfhL 4.17

KbwhUikfis gagL tUtdtiw bjGJf.

(i) (2a + 3b) (ii) (3x - 4y) (iii) ^4x + 5yh^4x - 5yh

2
2
2

(i) (2a + 3b) = (2a) + 2^2ah^3bh + (3b)
2

= 4a + 12ab + 9b

(ii) (3x - 4y) = (3x) - 2^3xh^4yh + (4y)

2

= 9x - 24xy + 16y

(iii) ^4x + 5yh^4x - 5yh = (4x) - (5y)

2

= 16x - 25y

(iv)

^ y + 7h^ y + 5h = y + ^7 + 5h y + ^7h^5h
2

= y + 12y + 35
105

(iv) ^ y + 7h^ y + 5h

maha 4
2

4.6.1 (x ! y ! z) - thf
2
(i) (x + y + z) = (x + y + z) (x + y + z)

= x (x + y + z) + y (x + y + z) + z (x + y + z)

= x2 + xy + xz + yx + y2 + yz + zx + zy + z2
= x2 + y2 + z2 + 2xy + 2yz + 2zx
2

(x + y + z) / x + y + z + 2xy + 2yz + 2zx

(ii) (x - y + z)

= 6 x + (- y) + z @2

= x + (- y) + z + 2 (x) (- y) + 2 (- y) (z) + 2 (z) (x)

2
2
2
= x + y + z - 2xy - 2yz + 2zx

(x - y + z)

/ x2 + y2 + z2 - 2xy - 2yz + 2zx

njnghW, tU thffS ilwd.

2

(iii) (x + y - z) / x2 + y2 + z2 + 2xy - 2yz - 2zx

(iv) (x - y - z) / x + y + z - 2xy + 2yz - 2zx

vLJfhL 4.18

bjGJf (i) (2x + 3y + 5z)

(iv) (7l - 9m - 6n)

(ii) (3a - 7b + 4c) (iii) (3p + 5q - 2r)

(i)

= 4x + 9y + 25z + 12xy + 30yz + 20zx

(ii) (3a - 7b + 4c)

2
2

(2x + 3y + 5z) = (2x) + (3y) + (5z) + 2^2xh^3yh + 2^3yh^5zh + 2^5zh^2xh

= (3a) + (- 7b) + (4c) + 2^3ah^- 7bh + 2^- 7bh^4ch + 2^4ch^3ah

2

= 9a + 49b + 16c - 42ab - 56bc + 24ca

(iii) (3p + 5q - 2r)

2
2

= (3p) + (5q) + (- 2r) + 2 (3p)^5qh + 2^5qh^- 2r h + 2^- 2r h^3ph

= 9p + 25q + 4r + 30pq - 20qr - 12rp

(iv) (7l - 9m - 6n)

2
2
2
= (7l) + (- 9m) + (- 6n) + 2^7lh^- 9mh + 2^- 9mh^- 6nh + 2^- 6nh^7lh
2

= 49l + 81m + 36n - 126lm + 108mn - 84nl

106

afj

4.6.2 KbwhUikfis gagL ^ x + ah^ x + bh^ x + ch- bgUfgy fhz

^ x + ah^ x + bh^ x + ch = 6^ x + ah^ x + bh@^ x + ch

= 6 x2 + ^a + bh x + ab @^ x + ch

3
2
2
= x + (a + b) x + abx + cx + c (a + b) x + abc

= x3 + (a + b + c) x2 + (ab + bc + ca) x + abc

^ x + ah^ x + bh^ x + ch / x3 + ^a + b + ch x2 + ^ab + bc + cah x + abc

4.6.3 (x ! y) 3 - thf
nkny cs KbwhUik a = b = c = y vd ul,
^ x + yh^ x + yh^ x + yh = x3 + ^ y + y + yh x2 + 6^ yh^ yh + ^ yh^ yh + ^ yh^ yh@ x + ^ yh^ yh^ yh

(x + y) 3 = x3 + ^3yh x2 + ^3y2h x + y3
= x3 + 3x2 y + 3xy2 + y3

(x + y) 3 / x3 + 3x2 y + 3xy2 + y3
(x + y) 3 / x3 + y3 + 3xy (x + y)

(myJ)

nkny cs KbwhUik y-F g y vd vLJbfhs,

(x - y) 3 / x3 - 3x2 y + 3xy2 - y3
(x - y) 3 / x3 - y3 - 3xy (x - y)

(myJ)

4.6.2 kW 4.6.3- cs KbwhUikfis gagL tU

fzFfis ngh.
vLJfhL 4.19

bgUf gy fhf.

(i) ^ x + 2h^ x + 5h^ x + 7h

(ii) ^a - 3h^a - 5h^a - 7h

(iii) ^2a - 5h^2a + 5h^2a - 3h

(i)

^ x + 2h^ x + 5h^ x + 7h

= x + ^2 + 5 + 7h x + 6^2h^5h + ^5h^7h + ^7h^2h@ x + ^2h^5h^7h

= x + 14x + (10 + 35 + 14) x + 70

= x + 14x + 59x + 70

107

maha 4

(ii)

^a - 3h^a - 5h^a - 7h = 6 a + ^- 3h@6 a + ^- 5h@6 a + ^- 7h@

= a + (- 3 - 5 - 7) a + 6^- 3h^- 5h + ^- 5h^- 7h + ^- 7h^- 3h@ a + ^- 3h^- 5h^- 7h

3

= a - 15a + (15 + 35 + 21) a - 105

= a - 15a + 71a - 105

(iii)

^2a - 5h^2a + 5h^2a - 3h = 62a + ^- 5h@62a + 5 @62a + ^- 3h@

= (2a) + (- 5 + 5 - 3) (2a) + 6^- 5h^5h + ^5h^- 3h + ^- 3h^- 5h@^2ah + ^- 5h^5h^- 3h

3

= 8a + (- 3) 4a + (- 25 - 15 + 15) 2a + 75
3

= 8a - 12a - 50a + 75
vLJfhL 4.20
2

a + b + c = 15 kW ab +bc +ca =25 v, a + b + c I fhf.

(a + b + c) = a + b + c + 2^ab + bc + cah .
2

2
vdnt, 15 = a + b + c + 2^25h

225 = a + b + c + 50
2

` a + b + c = 225 - 50 = 175

vLJfhL 4.21

bjGJf. (i) (3a + 4b)

(ii) (2x - 3y)

(i)

(3a + 4b) = (3a) + 3 (3a) ^4bh + 3^3ah (4b) + (4b)

3

= 27a + 108a b + 144ab + 64b

3

(ii) (2x - 3y) = (2x) - 3 (2x) ^3yh + 3 (2x) (3y) - (3y)

= 8x - 36x y + 54xy - 27y

vLJfhL 4.22

jFj KbwhUikfis gagL tU xbthid kLf.

(i) ^105h3

(ii) ^999h3

(i)

^105h3 = ^100 + 5h3

= ^100h3 + ^5h3 + 3^100h^5h^100 + 5h (a^ x + yh3 = x + y + 3xy^ x + yh)

= 1000000 + 125 + 1500^105h

= 1000000 + 125 + 157500 = 1157625

108

afj

(ii) ^999h3 = ^1000 - 1h3

= ^1000h3 - ^1 h3 - 3^1000h^1 h^1000 - 1h
3
3

(a^ x - yh3 = x - y - 3xy^ x - yh)

= 1000000000 - 1 - 3000 (999)
= 1000000000 - 1 - 2997000 = 997002999

x kW y- Tl, fj kW bgUfiy csla y gaDs KbwhUikf.

3

x + y / ^ x + yh3 - 3xy^ x + yh
x - y / ^ x - yh3 + 3xy^ x - yh
nkny cs KbwhUikfis gagL y fzFfis ngh.
vLJfhL 4.23

x + y = 4 kW xy = 5 v, x + y I fhf.
3

x + y = ^ x + yh3 - 3xy^ x + yh vd ekF bj.

`

x + y = ^4h3 - 3^5h^4h = 64 - 60 = 4

vLJfhL 4.24

x - y = 5 kW xy = 16 v, x - y I fhf.
3

x - y = ^ x - yh3 + 3xy^ x - yh vd ekF bj.

x - y = ^5h3 + 3^16h^5h = 125 + 240 = 365

vLJfhL 4.25

3
x + 1 = 5 v, x + 13 - kig fhf.
x
x
3

x + y = ^ x + yh3 - 3xy^ x + yh vd ekF bj.

3
3
y = 1 vd ul, x + 13 = ` x + 1 j - 3` x + 1 j
x
x
x
x
3


= (5) - 3 (5) = 125 - 15 = 110

vLJfhL 4.26

y - 1 = 9 v, y3 - 13 - kig fhf.
y
y
3

x - y = ^ x - yh3 + 3xy^ x - yh vd ekF bj.

3
3
x = y, y = 1 vd ul, y - 13 = c y - 1 m + 3 c y - 1 m
y
y
y
y
3

= (9) + 3 (9) = 729 + 27 = 756

109

maha 4

tU KbwhUik nkgof gagLjgLwJ.

x3 + y3 + z3 - 3xyz / (x + y + z) (x2 + y2 + z2 - xy - yz - zx)
F

x+y+z = 0 v, x3+y3+z3= 3xyz MF.

vLJfhL 4.27

2
2
2
RUFf ^ x + 2y + 3zh^ x + 4y + 9z - 2xy - 6yz - 3zxh
2

(x + y + z) (x + y + z - xy - yz - zx) = x + y + z - 3xyz vd ekF bj.

`

(x + 2y + 3z)(x + 4y + 9z - 2xy - 6yz - 3zx)

= ^ x + 2y + 3zh
3

6 x2 + ^2yh2 + ^3zh2 - ^ xh^2yh - ^2yh^3zh - ^3zh^ xh@

= (x) + (2y) + (3z) - 3 (x) (2y) (3z)

3

= x + 8y + 27z - 18xyz
vLJfhL 4.28

kLf 12 + 13 - 25

x = 12 , y = 13 , z =- 25 vf. d,
x + y + z = 12 + 13 - 25 = 0

x + y + z = 0 v, x + y + z = 3xyz vd ekF bj.

3

` 12 + 13 - 25 = 12 + 13 + ^- 25h3 = 3^12h (13)^- 25h = - 11700

g 4.5
1.

tUtdtiw bjGJf.

(i) ^5x + 2y + 3zh2

2.

fhf.

(i) ^ x + 1h^ x + 4h^ x + 7h

(ii) ^ p + 2h^ p - 4h^ p + 6h

(iii) ^ x + 5h^ x - 3h^ x - 1h

(iv) ^ x - ah^ x - 2ah^ x - 4ah

(v) ^3x + 1h^3x + 2h^3x + 5h

(vi) ^2x + 3h^2x - 5h^2x - 7h

3.

afj KbwhUikfis gagL x2 - bfG, x - bfG kW kh

cWfis fhf.

(i) ^ x + 7h^ x + 3h^ x + 9h

(ii) ^ x - 5h^ x - 4h^ x + 2h

(iii) ^2x + 3h^2x + 5h^2x + 7h

(iv) ^5x + 2h^1 - 5xh^5x + 3h

(ii) ^2a + 3b - ch2 (iii) ^ x - 2y - 4zh2

110

(iv) ^ p - 2q + r h2

afj

4.

3
2
^ x + ah^ x + bh^ x + ch / x - 10x + 45x - 15 v, a + b + c , 1 + 1 + 1 kW
2

a + b + c Matiw fhf.

6.

3
bjGJf : (i) ^3a + 5bh3 (ii) ^4x - 3yh3 (iii) c2y - 3 m
y
3
3
3
3
3
k fhf : (i) 99
(ii) 101
(iii) 98
(iv) 102 (v) 1002

7.

2x + 3y = 13 kW xy = 6 v, 8x + 27y I fhf.

8.

x - y =- 6 kW xy = 4 v, x - y - kig fhf.

9.

3
x + 1 = 4 v, x + 13 - kig fhf.
x
x
3
x - 1 = 3 v, x - 13 - kig fhf.
x
x
2
2
2
RUFf : (i) ^2x + y + 4zh^4x + y + 16z - 2xy - 4yz - 8zxh

5.

10.
11.

12.

(ii) ^ x - 3y - 5zh^ x + 9y + 25z + 3xy - 15yz + 5zxh

3

k fhf : (i) 6 - 9 + 3

(ii) 16 - 6 - 10

4.7 gYW nfhitfis fhugLJj

(Factorization of Polynomials)

afj nfhitf bgUf gyid nfhitf TLjyhfnth

myJ ahrkhfnth vthW gL gig gagL J vGJtij

g fnlh.
vLJfhlhf,
2

(i) x^ x + yh = x + xy

(ii) x^ y - zh = xy - xz

(iii) a (a - 2a + 1) = a - 2a + a

, nfhitf TLj myJ ahrfis vthW bgUf gydhf
khWtJ vgij fngh.

nghJ, ab+ac -I vLJbfhf. gL ia gagL
a (b + c) = ab + ac vgij khWKiw ab + ac = a (b + c) vd vGjyh. Kiw
ab + ac vgij a (b + c) vd vGJtJ fhugLJj vdgL. ab kW ac vw
uL cWf a vgJ xU bghJ fhu. njnghW,

5m +15 = 5^mh + 5^3 h = 5(m +3).

b ( b 5) + g (b 5) ( b 5) vgJ bghJ fhu.

b^b - 5h + g^b - 5h = ^b - 5h^b + gh

111

maha 4

vLJfhL 4.29

tUtdtiw fhugLJf.
3

(i) pq + pr - 3ps (ii) 4a - 8b + 5ax - 10bx (iii) 2a + 4a

(iv) 6a - 18a + 42a

(i) pq + pr - 3ps = p (q + r - 3s)

(ii) 4a - 8b + 5ax - 10bx = ^4a - 8bh + (5ax - 10bx)

= 4 (a - 2b) + 5x (a - 2b) = (a - 2b) (4 + 5x)
3
2

(iii) 2a + 4a
2

2a vgJ 2a kW 4a Mat bgU bghJ fhu.

3

` 2a + 4a = 2a ^a + 2h .
5
3
2

(iv) 6a - 18a + 42a
2

6a vgJ 6a , - 18a kW 42a Mat bgU bghJ fhu.

` 6a - 18a + 42a = 6a (a - 3a + 7)

4.7.1 KbwhUikfis gagL fhugLJj.

(i) a + 2ab + b / (a + b)
(ii) a - 2ab + b / (a - b)

(myJ) a - 2ab + b / (- a + b)

(iii) a - b / ^a + bh^a - bh
2

(iv) a + b + c + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca / (a + b + c)

vLJfhL 4.30
2

fhugLJf (i) 4x + 12xy + 9y

(iv) (a + b) - (a - b)

(i)

(v) 25 (a + 2b - 3c) - 9 (2a - b - c)

(iii) 9a - 16b

( i i ) 16a - 8a + 1 = (4a) - 2 (4a)^1 h + (1) = (4a - 1)

( i i i ) 9a - 16b = (3a) - (4b) = ^3a + 4bh^3a - 4bh

( i v ) (a + b) - (a - b)

(vi) x - x

4x + 12xy + 9y = (2x) + 2 (2x) (3y) + (3y) = (2x + 3y)

(ii) 16a - 8a + 1

(myJ) ^1 - 4ah 2

= 6^a + bh + ^a - bh@6^a + bh - ^a - bh@

= (a + b + a - b) (a + b - a + b) = ^2ah^2bh = ^4h^ah^ bh

( v ) 25 (a + 2b - 3c) - 9 (2a - b - c) = 65^a + 2b - 3ch@2 - 63^2a - b - ch@2

= 65^a + 2b - 3ch + 3^2a - b - ch@ 65^a + 2b - 3ch - 3^2a - b - ch@

= ^5a + 10b - 15c + 6a - 3b - 3ch^5a + 10b - 15c - 6a + 3b + 3ch
= ^11a + 7b - 18ch^- a + 13b - 12ch
112

afj
5
4
2 2
2
( v i ) x - x = x^ x - 1h = x 6(x ) - (1) @

2
2
2
2
2
= x^ x + 1h^ x - 1h = x^ x + 1h6(x) - (1) @

= x^ x + 1h^ x + 1h^ x - 1h

4 . 7 . 2 a + b + c + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca / (a + b + c)

gagL fhugLJj.

vw KbwhUikia

vLJfhL 4.31

fhugLJf a + 4b + 36 - 4ab - 24b + 12a

2

a + 4b + 36 - 4ab - 24b + 12a

2

= (a) + (- 2b) + (6) + 2 (a) (- 2b) + 2 (- 2b)^6h + 2^6h^ah = (a - 2b + 6)

F :
2
2
2
(a - 2b + 6) = 6^- 1h (- a + 2b - 6) @2 = ^- 1h2 (- a + 2b - 6) = (- a + 2b - 6)
vLJfhL 4.32

fhugLJf 4x + y + 9z - 4xy + 6yz - 12zx

2

4x + y + 9z - 4xy + 6yz - 12zx

2

= (2x) + (- y) + (- 3z) + 2^2xh^- yh + 2^- yh^- 3zh + 2^- 3zh^2xh

= (2x - y - 3z) (myJ) (- 2x + y + 3z)

3
3
4.7.3 x3 + y3 kW x - y Matiw fhugLJj
3
x3 + 3x2 y + 3xy2 + y3 = (x + y) vd ekF bj.

mjhtJ, x3 + y3 + 3xy (x + y) = (x + y) 3
( x3 + y3 = (x + y) 3 - 3xy (x + y)
= (x + y) 6(x + y) 2 - 3xy @

= (x + y) (x2 + 2xy + y2 - 3xy)

= (x + y) (x2 - xy + y2)
x3 + y3 / (x + y) (x2 - xy + y2)

x3 - 3x2 y + 3xy2 - y3 = (x - y) 3 vd ekF bj.

mjhtJ, x3 - y3 - 3xy (x - y) = (x - y) 3
113

maha 4
3
( x3 - y3 = (x - y) + 3xy (x - y)

= (x - y) 6(x - y) + 3xy @
2

= (x - y) (x2 - 2xy + y2 + 3xy)

= (x - y) (x2 + xy + y2)
x3 - y3 / (x - y) (x2 + xy + y2)

nkny cs KbwhUikfis gagL tU nfhitfis fhugLJnth.

vLJfhL 4.33

fhugLJf (i) 8x + 125y

(ii) 27x - 64y

8x + 125y = (2x) + (5y)

(i)

2
2
= (2x + 5y)6(2x) - (2x) (5y) + (5y) @
2

= (2x + 5y)(4x - 10xy + 25y )

(ii)

27x - 64y = (3x) - (4y)

2
2
= (3x - 4y)6(3x) + ^3xh^4yh + (4y) @
2
2
= ^3x - 4yh^9x + 12xy + 16y h

g 4.6
1.

tU nfhitfis fhugLJf.

(i) 2a - 3a b + 2a c

(ii) 16x + 64x y

(iv) xy - xz + ay - az

(v) p + pq + pr + qr

2.

tU nfhitfis fhugLJf.

(i) x + 2x + 1

(iii) b - 4

3.

tU nfhitfis fhugLJf.

(i) p + q + r + 2pq + 2qr + 2rp (ii) a + 4b + 36 - 4ab + 24b - 12a

(iii) 9x + y + 1 - 6xy + 6x - 2y (iv) 4a + b + 9c - 4ab - 6bc + 12ca

(v) 25x + 4y + 9z - 20xy + 12yz - 30zx

4.

tU nfhitfis fhugLJf.

(i) 27x + 64y

(iv) 8x - 27y

(ii) 9x - 24xy + 16y

(iv) 1 - 36x

(iii) 10x - 25x y

(ii) m + 8

(v) x - 8y

(iii) a + 125

114

afj

4.7.4 ax 2 + bx + c ; a ! 0

vw to cs Ugo gYW nfhitfis

fhugLJj

Jtiu gYW nfhitf Fl tiffis, KbwhUikfis

gagL fhugLJjiy ghnjh. gF (i) a = 1 kW (ii) a ! 1

vDnghJ, ax2 + bx + c

vw Ugo gYW nfhitia KbwhUikia

gagLjhk vthW U nea gYW nfhitfshf gJ vgij ghngh.

(i)

x2 + bx + c vw to cs Ugo gYW nfhitfis

fhugLj.

^ x + ph kW ^ x + qh vgd x2 + bx + c - uL fhuf v, eh

bgWtJ,

x2 + bx + c = ^ x + ph^ x + qh

= x^ x + ph + q^ x + ph

= x2 + px + qx + pq

= x2 + (p + q) x + pq

UJ, x2 + bx + c = ^ x + ph^ x + qh vd fhugLj p , q vw U

vfis c = pq kW b = p + q vwthW fhz ntL.

tU fzFfis fhugLj j mogil ia gagLJnth.
vLJfhlhf,

(1)

x2 + 8x + 15 = ^ x + 3h^ x + 5h

F c = 15 = 3 # 5 kW 3 + 5 = 8 = b

x2 - 5x + 6 = ^ x - 2h^ x - 3h

(2)

F c = 6 = ^- 2h # ^- 3h kW ^- 2h + ^- 3h = - 5 = b

x2 + x - 2 = ^ x + 2h^ x - 1h

(3)

F c = - 2 = ^+ 2h # ^- 1h kW ^+ 2h + ^- 1h = 1 = b

x2 - 4x - 12 = ^ x - 6h^ x + 2h

(4)

F c = - 12 = ^- 6h # ^+ 2h kW ^- 6h + ^+ 2h = - 4 = b

nkny cs vLJfhLf kh cW U fhuf, mt

TLj x- bfGF rkkhf csthW fLofgLwJ.

115

maha 4

vLJfhL 4.34

tUtdtiw fhugLJf.

(i) x2 + 9x + 14

(ii) x2 - 9x + 14

(iii) x2 + 2x - 15

(iv) x2 - 2x - 15

(i)

x2 + 9x + 14
fhugLj p , q vw U vfis pq = 14 kW p + q = 9 vwthW
eh fhzntL.

x2 + 9x + 14 = x2 + 2x + 7x + 14

= x^ x + 2h + 7^ x + 2h
= ^ x + 2h^ x + 7h
` x2 + 9x + 14 = ^ x + 7h^ x + 2h

14 -
fhuf
fhuf
TLj
1, 14
15
2, 7
9
njitahd fhuf 2, 7

(ii) x2 - 9x + 14

fhugLj p , q vw U vfis pq = 14 kW p + q = 9 vwthW

eh fhzntL.
14 -
fhuf
x2 - 9x + 14 = x2 - 2x - 7x + 14
fhuf
TLj
1, 14
15
= x^ x - 2h - 7^ x - 2h
2, 7
9
= ^ x - 2h^ x - 7h
njitahd fhuf2, 7
` x2 - 9x + 14 = ^ x - 2h^ x - 7h
(iii) x2 + 2x - 15
fhugLj p , q vw U vfis pq = - 15 kW p + q = 2 vwthW
eh fhzntL.
x2 + 2x - 15 = x2 - 3x + 5x - 15
15 -
fhuf
fhuf
TLj
= x^ x - 3h + 5^ x - 3h
1, 15
14
= ^ x - 3h^ x + 5h
3, 5
2
` x2 + 2x - 15 = ^ x - 3h^ x + 5h
njitahd fhuf 3, 5

(iv) x2 - 2x - 15

fhugLj p , q vw U vfis pq = - 15 kW p + q = - 2
vwthW eh fhzntL.
15 -
fhuf
fhuf
TLj
x2 - 2x - 15 = x2 + 3x - 5x - 15
1, 15
14
= x^ x + 3h - 5^ x + 3h
3, 5
2
= ^ x + 3h^ x - 5h
2
` x - 2x - 15 = ^ x + 3h^ x - 5h
njitahd fhuf 3, 5
116

afj

(ii) ax2 + bx + c vw to cs Ugo gYW nfhitfis

fhugLJj

a ! 1 vgjh ax2 + bx + c - nea fhuf ^rx + ph kW ^ sx + qh vw

to UF.

vdnt, ax2 + bx + c = ^rx + ph ^ sx + qh

= rsx2 + (ps + qr) x + pq

UwK x2 - bfGfis xl, eh bgWtJ a = rs njnghW x-
bfGfis xl, eh bgWtJ b = ps + qr kW kh cWfis xl,
bgWtJ c = pq

it ekF bjgJ vd bt, ps kW qr vw U bkbaf

TLj b kW mbtf bgUf ^ psh # ^qr h = ^ pr h # ^ sqh = ac

vdnt, ax2 + bx + c -I fhugLj, eh U vf TLj b-F

rkkhf mt bgUfgy ac-F rkkhf UFkhW fhzntL.

ax2 + bx + c -I fhugLj gw ntoa gof tUkhW.

go1 : x2 - bfGit kh cWl bgUf ntL.

go2 : bgUfgyid Ufhufshf f ntL. mthW F

nghJ fhuf TLj x - bfGF rkkhf UfntL.

go3 : bgUfgyid U nrhofshf J fhugLjntL.

vLJfhL 4.35

tUtdtiw fhugLJf.

(i) 2x2 + 15x + 27
(ii) 2x2 - 15x + 27

(iii) 2x2 + 15x - 27
(iv) 2x2 - 15x - 27

(i) 2x2 + 15x + 27

x2 - bfG = 2 ; kh cW = 27

` mt bgUf = 2 # 27 = 54
x - bfG = 15

mjhtJ, eh fhz ntoa U vf bgUf 54 kW mt
TLj 15
54 -
fhuf
fhuf
TLj

mU vf 6 kW 9
1, 54
55
2
2

2x + 15x + 27 = 2x + 6x + 9x + 27
2, 27
29
3, 18
21

= 2x ^ x + 3 h + 9 ^ x + 3 h
6, 9
15

= ^ x + 3h^2x + 9h
njitahd fhuf 6, 9
2

` 2x + 15x + 27 = ^ x + 3h^2x + 9h
117

maha 4

(ii) 2x2 - 15x + 27

2

x - bfG = 2 ; kh cW = 27
mt bgUf = 2 # 27 = 54

x - bfG = 15

` U vf bgUf = 54;
mt TLj = 15

2x - 15x + 27 = 2x - 6x - 9x + 27

= 2x^ x - 3h - 9^ x - 3h

= ^ x - 3h^2x - 9h

` 2x - 15x + 27 = ^ x - 3h^2x - 9h

(iii) 2x2 + 15x - 27

2

x - bfG = 2 ; kh cW = 27
mt bgUf= 2 #- 27 = - 54
x - bfG = 15

` U vf bgUf = 54;

mt TLj = 15

2x + 15x - 27 = 2x - 3x + 18x - 27

= x^2x - 3h + 9^2x - 3h

= ^2x - 3h^ x + 9h

` 2x + 15x - 27 = ^2x - 3h^ x + 9h

(iv) 2x2 - 15x - 27
2

x - bfG = 2 ; kh cW = -27

mt bgUf= 2 #- 27 = - 54

x - bfG = 15

` U vf bgUf = 54;
mt TLj = 15

2x - 15x - 27 = 2x + 3x - 18x - 27

54 -
fhuf
fhuf
TLj
1, 54
53
2, 27
25
3, 18
15
njitahd fhuf 3, 18

54 -
fhuf
fhuf
TLj
1, 54
55
2, 27
29
3, 18
21
6, 9
15
njitahd fhuf 6, 9

= x^2x + 3h - 9^2x + 3h
= ^2x + 3h^ x - 9h

` 2x - 15x - 27 = ^2x + 3h^ x - 9h

118

54 -
fhuf
fhuf
TLj
1, 54
53
2, 27
25
3, 18
15
njitahd fhuf 3, 18

afj

vLJfhL 4.36

fhugLJf ^ x + yh2 + 9^ x + yh + 8

x + y = p vf.

d bfhLfgl rkghL p + 9p + 8 vd khWwJ.

2

p - bfG = 1; kh cW = 8
mt bgUf = 1 # 8 = 8

fhuf
TLj

1, 8

p- bfG = 9

8 -
fhuf

U vf bgUf = 8;
mt TLj = 9
2

njitahd fhuf

1, 8

p + 9p + 8 = p + p + 8p + 8

= p^ p + 1h + 8^ p + 1h
= ^ p + 1h^ p + 8h

p = x + y vd ul ilgJ,

^ x + yh2 + 9^ x + yh + 8 = ^ x + y + 1h^ x + y + 8h
vLJfhL 4.37
3
2

fhugLJf (i) x - 2x - x + 2

(ii) x + 3x - x - 3

(i)

p (x) = x - 2x - x + 2 vf.
p (x) vgJ Kgo gYW nfhit, vdnt jF _W nea

fhuf Ufyh. kh cW 2. 2- fhuf 1, 1, 2 kW 2 MF.

3

p (- 1) = (- 1) - 2 (- 1) - (- 1) + 2 =- 1 - 2 + 1 + 2 = 0

` (x + 1) vgJ p (x) - xU fhu MF.

p^1 h = (1) - 2 (1) - 1 + 2 = 1 - 2 - 1 + 2 = 0

` (x - 1) vgJ p (x) - xU fhu MF.

p^- 2h = (- 2) - 2 (- 2) - (- 2) + 2 =- 8 - 8 + 2 + 2 =- 12 ! 0

` (x + 2) vgJ p (x) - xU fhu MfhJ.

p (2) = (2) - 2 (2) - 2 + 2 = 8 - 8 - 2 + 2 = 0

` (x - 2) vgJ p (x) - xU fhu MF.

p (x) - _W fhuf (x + 1), (x - 1) kW (x - 2) MF.

` x - 2x - x + 2 =(x + 1) (x - 1) (x - 2) .
119

maha 4

khW Kiw

x - 2x - x + 2 = x (x - 2) - 1 (x - 2)
2
= (x - 2)(x - 1)
= (x - 2)(x + 1)(x - 1)
3

[a a - b = (a + b) (a - b) ]

(ii) p (x) = x + 3x - x - 3 vf.


p (x) vgJ Kgo gYW nfhit, vdnt jF _W nea
fhuf Ufyh.kh cW 3. 3 - fhuf 1, 1,3 kW 3 MF.

p (- 1) = (- 1) + 3 (- 1) - (- 1) - 3 =- 1 + 3 + 1 - 3 = 0
` (x + 1) vgJ p (x) - xU fhu MF.
3

p (1) = (1) + 3 (1) - 1 - 3 = 1 + 3 - 1 - 3 = 0

` (x - 1) vgJ p (x) - xU fhu MF.
3

p (- 3) = (- 3) + 3 (- 3) - (- 3) - 3 =- 27 + 27 + 3 - 3 = 0
` (x + 3) vgJ p (x) - xU fhu MF.

p (x) - _W fhuf (x + 1), (x - 1) kW (x + 3) MF.

` x + 3x - x - 3 =(x + 1) (x - 1) (x + 3) .

g 4.7
1.

tU xbthid fhugLJf.

(i) x + 15x + 14

(iv) x - 14x + 24

(vii) x + 14x - 15

(x) x - 2x - 99

2.

tU xbthid fhugLJf.

(i) 3x + 19x + 6

(iv) 14x + 31x + 6

(vii) 6x - 5x + 1

(x) 2a + 17a - 30

(xiii) 2x - 3x - 14

3.

tUtdtiw fhugLJf.

(i) ^a + bh2 + 9^a + bh + 14

4.

tUtdtiw fhugLJf.

(i) x + 2x - x - 2

(iii) x + x - 4x - 4

(ii) x + 13x + 30

(v) y - 16y + 60

(viii) x + 9x - 22

(xi) m - 10m - 144

(iii) y + 7y + 12

(vi) t - 17t + 72

(ix) y + 5y - 36

2
2

(xii) y - y - 20

(vi) 9y - 16y + 7

(ix) 3x + 5x - 2

(viii) 3x - 10x + 8

(xi) 11 + 5x - 6x

(xiv) 18x - x - 4

(iii) 2x + 9x + 10

(v) 5y - 29y + 20
2

(ii) 5x + 22x + 8

(ii)

(xii) 8x + 29x - 12
(xv) 10 - 7x - 3x

^ p - qh2 - 7^ p - qh - 18

(ii) x - 3x - x + 3
(iv) x + 5x - x - 5
120

afj

4.8 nea rkghLf (Linear Equations)

a, b Mad khfshf kW a ! 0 vd bfhl ax + b = 0 vwikj
xU kh cs nea rkghLfis id Tnth.
vLJfhlhf, 3x + 2 = 8 I ngh.

3x = 8 - 2 ( 3x = 6 ( x = 6 ( x = 2
3

cik, xU khia bfhl nearkghLF xnu xU (jj)
kLnk cL.
4.8.1 U khf xU nrho nea rkghLf

U khf cs nea rkgho bghJtot ax + by = c , F a, b
kW c vgd khf nkY a ! 0 , b ! 0 .
x , y vw Ukhf mikj xU nrho nea rkghLfis vLJbfhnth.

a1 x + b1 y = c1

a2 x + b2 y = c2

(1)
(2)

F, a1, a2, b1, b2, c1 kW c2 vgd khf kW a1 ! 0 , b1 ! 0 , a2 ! 0

kW b2 ! 0 .

U rkghLfis ^ x0, y0h t brjh, ^ x0, y0h vgJ U

rkghLf xU MF. Mfnt, U rkghLfSF fhgJ
mtiw iw br tir nrho ^ x0, y0h I fLogjhF.

uL Kiw, f Kiw kW FWF bgUf Kiw Mad

rkghLf bjhFF fhQ y Kiwf MF.

ghlgF uL Kiwia kLnk vLJbfhL Ukhf

cs nea rkghLfSF fhngh.

uL Kiw (Substitution Method)

j Kiw, xU rkgho cs U khf xiw kw rhghf

fLoJ d mij mLj rkgho uL fhngh.

vLJfhL 4.38
tU xUnrho rkghLfis uL Kiw f.

2x + 5y = 2 kW x + 2y = 3

2x + 5y = 2

(1)

x + 2y = 3

(2)
121

maha 4

rkghL (2)- UJ, x = 3 - 2y

vd ilwJ.

x- kig (1)- ul, 2^3 - 2yh + 5y = 2

(3)

( 6 - 4y + 5y = 2

- 4y + 5y = 2 - 6
` y = - 4 vd ilwJ.

y =- 4 vd (3)- ul,

x = 3 - 2^- 4h = 3 + 8 = 11 vd ilwJ.

` x = 11 kW y =- 4

vLJfhL 4.39
x + 3y = 16, 2x - y = 4 I uL Kiw .

x + 3y = 16
2x - y = 4

(1)
(2)

rkghL (1)- UJ, x = 16 - 3y

(3)

vd ilwJ.

x- kig (2)- ul,

2^16 - 3yh - y = 4

( 32 - 6y - y = 4

- 6y - y = 4 - 32

- 7y = - 28

y = - 28 = 4 vd ilwJ.
-7

y = 4 vd (3)- ul, x = 16 - 3^4h
= 16 - 12 = 4 vd ilwJ.

` x = 4 kW y = 4 .

vLJfhL 4.40

1 + 1 = 4 kW 2 + 3 = 7 ( x ! 0, y ! 0 ) vgij uL Kiw .
x
y
x
y

1 = a kW 1 = b vf.
x
y
bfhLfgl rkghLf tUkhW khWwd.
122

afj

a + b = 4

(1)

2a + 3b = 7

(2)

(3)

rkghL (1)- UJ, b = 4 - a

vd ilwJ.

b- kig (2)- ul, 2a + 3^4 - ah = 7

( 2a + 12 - 3a = 7

2a - 3a = 7 - 12
- a = - 5 ( a = 5 vd ilwJ.

a = 5 vd (3)- ul, b = 4 - 5 = - 1

Mdh, 1 = a & x = 1 = 1
x
a
5
1
1

= b & y = = 1 =- 1
y
b
-1

` x = 1 , y =- 1
5
vLJfhL 4.41

xU ngdh kW xU nehL jf nrJ iy ` 60. ngdh iy
nehL jf iyia l ` 10 Fiw v, xbth iyia fhf.
xU ngdh iy ` x vf.

xU nehL jf iy ` y vf.

bfhLfgl tuf go,

x + y = 60

(1)

x = y - 10

(2)

x- kig (1)- ul, y - 10 + y = 60

( y + y = 60 + 10 ( 2y = 70

` y = 70 = 35
2
x = 35 - 10 = 25

y = 35 I (2)- ul,

xU ngdh iy ` 25.

xU nehL jf iy ` 35.

vLJfhL 4.42

_W fj jff kW ehF ma jff bkhj iy

` 216. _W fj jff iy ehF ma jff iy
rk v, xbthU jf iyia fhf.
123

maha 4

xU fj jf iy ` x kW xU ma jf iy ` y vf.

bfhLfgl tuf go,
(1)

3x + 4y = 216

(2)
3x = 4y
4y
rkghL (2)- UJ, x =
(3)
3
4y
x- kig (1)- ul, 3 c m + 4y = 216
3

( 4y + 4y = 216 ( 8y = 216

` y = 216 = 27
8
4^27h
y = 27 vd (3)- ul, x =
= 36
3
` xU fj jf iy ` 36.

xU ma jf iy ` 27.

vLJfhL 4.43

jUk ngUJ iyaUJ ghynfhoF uL gazLfS,
fhkfyF _W gazLfS thf bkhj flz ` 32. ghynfhoF
_W gazLfS, fhkfyF xU gazL thf bkhj flz
` 27. jUkUJ ghynfhL kW fhkfy bry flzfis fhf.

jUkUJ ghynfhoF flz ` x vd kW fhkfyF

flz ` y vd bfhf.

bfhLfgl tuf go,

2x + 3y = 32
3x + y = 27

(1)
(2)

rkghL (2)- UJ, y = 27 - 3x

(3)

y- kig (1)- ul, 2x + 3^27 - 3xh = 32

( 2x + 81 - 9x = 32

2x - 9x = 32 - 81

- 7x = - 49

` x = - 49 = 7
-7
x = 7 vd (3)- ul, y = 27 - 3^7h = 27 - 21 = 6

` jUkUJ ghynfhoF flz ` 7, fhkfyF flz ` 6.

124

afj

vLJfhL 4.44
U vf TLj 55, mt ahr 7 v, mj vfis fhf.

U vf x, y vf. F x > y vngh.

bfhLfgl tuf go,

x + y = 55

(1)

x - y = 7

(2)

(3)

rkghL (2)- UJ,

x = 7+y

x- kig (1)- ul, 7 + y + y = 55

( 2y = 55 - 7 = 48

` y = 48 = 24
2
y = 24 vd (3)- ul, x = 7 + 24 = 31 .

` njitahd U vf 31 kW 24.

vLJfhL 4.45

xU uL yf v yff TLj 11. yffis lkh

mikF nghJ ilF v Kija viz l 9 Fiw v, mj viz

fLo.

xU uoyf v gjh yf x vd xwh yf y vd
bfhf. wF mj v 10x + y .

yff TLj x + y = 11

(1)

yffis lkh mikf ilF v 10y + x .

bfhLfgl tufgo, (10x + y) - 9 = 10y + x

( 10x + y - 10y - x = 9

9x - 9y = 9

UwK 9 M tFf, x - y = 1

(2)

rkghL (2)- UJ, x = 1 + y

(3)

x- kig (1)- ul, 1 + y + y = 11

( 2y + 1 = 11

2y = 11 - 1 = 10

` y = 10 = 5 , y = 5 vd (3) ul, x = 1 + 5 = 6
2
` mj v 10x + y = 10 (6) + 5 = 65

125

maha 4

4.9 xU kh cs nea mrkghLf (Linear Inequations in One

Variable)

x + 4 = 6 vgJ xU kh mikj nea rkghL MF. rkghil
f x = 2 vd ilF. xU kh cs nearkgho khF xnu xU
k kL cL.

x + 4 2 6 vw mrkghil vLJ bfhnth.

mjhtJ, x > 6 - 4

-2 -1

x >2

Mfnt 2-Fmfkhd vj bkbaQ j mrkghil iw
br. Hlglhj tl gF FF viz fz nrf TlhJ
vgij FwJ.
vLJfhL 4.46

f 4^ x - 1h # 8

4 ^ x - 1h # 8

UwK 4 M tFf,
x - 1 #2

-2 -1

x # 2+1 ( x # 3

_W kW _WF Fiwthd midJ bkbafS bfhLfgl
mrkgho f MF.

Hlgl tlgF FF viz fz nrf ntL
vgij FwJ.
vLJfhL 4.47

f 3^5 - xh > 6

3^5 - xh > 6

-2 -1

UwK 3 M tFf, 5 - x > 2

(-x > 2 - 5 (-x > - 3

` x<3

(nH bfhLJs Fiuia ghf)

_iwl Fiwthd midJ bkbafS bfhLfgl mrkgho
f MF.
Fiu (i) - a > - b ( a < b
(ii) a < b ( 1 > 1 ; a ! 0 , b ! 0
a b

(iii) a < b ( ka < kb for k > 0 (iv) a < b ( ka > kb ; k < 0
126

afj

vLJfhL 4.48

f 3 - 5x # 9

-2

3 - 5x # 9

( - 5x # 9 - 3 ( - 5x # 6

( 5x $ - 6 ( x $ - 6 ( x $ - 1.2
5

-1

-1.2

- 1.2 kW 1.2-F mfkhd midJ bkbafS bfhLfgl

mrkgho f MF.

g 4.8
1.

tU rkghLfis uL Kiw f.
(ii) 2x + y = 1 ; 3x - 4y = 18
(i) x + 3y = 10 ; 2x + y = 5

(iii) 5x + 3y = 21 ; 2x - y = 4

(iv) 1 + 2 = 9 ; 2 + 1 = 12 (x ! 0, y ! 0)
x
y
x
y
5
4
3
1
(v) + = 7 ; - = 6 (x ! 0, y ! 0)
x
y
x
y

2.

TLj 24 kW ahr 8 vwthW cs U vfis fhf.

3.

xU uoyf v yff TLj 9. yffis lkhw

ilF U yf v, Kija v Uklif fhoY 18
mf v, mbtiz fhf.

flK FwlK M gHf csd. vdF 4 gHfis jjh,

vl cs gHf vif cl csij nghy _W
klF, vd f Fwl Tdh. vdF 26 gHfis jjh vl
cs gHf vif, cl csij nghy UklfhF, vd
Fw gyjh. xbthUtlK vjid gHf csd?

5.

tU mrkghLfis f.

(i) 2x + 7 2 15

(ii) 2^ x - 2h 1 3

127

(iii) 2^ x + 7h # 9

(iv) 3x + 14 $ 8

maha 4

id bfhf

x vw xU kh mikj xU gYW nfhit afj mik

n

p(x) = an x + an - 1 x

n-1

+ g + a2 x + a1 x + a0 , an ! 0 F a0, a1, a2, g, an - 1, an

vgd khf kW n xU Fiwaw if KG.

p^ xh vgJ x- xU gYWnfhit vf. p^ah = 0 v, a vgJ p^ xh-

xU a vd TWnth.
x = a vgJ p^ xh = 0 vw gYW nfhit rkghil iw brjh,

x = a vgJ p^ xh = 0 vw gYWnfhit rkgho xU _y

vdgL

njw:

p^ xhvgJ VnjD xU gYW nfhit kW

vgJ VnjD xU bkba vf. p^ xhI ^ x - ah vw nea gYW

nfhitah tFjh p^ah MF
fhu njw : p^ xh vgJ xU gYW nfhit kW a vgJ VnjD

xU bkba vf. p(a) = 0 v, (xa) vgJ p^ xh- xU fhu MF.

2

(x + y + z) / x + y + z + 2xy + 2yz + 2zx

(x + y) 3 / x3 + y3 + 3xy (x + y)

x3 + y3 / (x + y) (x2 - xy + y2)

(x - y) 3 / x3 - y3 - 3xy (x - y)

x3 - y3 / (x - y) (x2 + xy + y2)

x3 + y3 + z3 - 3xyz / (x + y + z) (x2 + y2 + z2 - xy - yz - zx)

^ x + ah^ x + bh^ x + ch / x3 + ^a + b + ch x2 + ^ab + bc + cah x + abc

128

Mabjhiy totfj
I hope that posterity will judge me kindly, not only as to the
things which I have explained, but also as to those which I
have intentionally omitted so as to leave to others the pleasure
of discovery
- Rene Descartes

Kjik Fnfhf

fhOa Mabjhiy Kiwia J bfhSj.

x kW y Mabjhiyfis mJ bfhSj.

fhOa js xU ia Fj.

U fSF ilyhd bjhiyit fhQj.

nlfh
(1596-1650)
nlfh (Descartes)
ed jJt jij
vd miHfgLwh.

5.1 mKf
Mabjhiy totfj myJ gFKiw
totfj vgJ, vfshyhd mR uf
tir nrhof _y js nk cs fis
tgnj. Kiwia mKfgL mj_y
fis FF Kiwia tjt nund nlfh
vw buR ehL fj tYd Mth. mt nj
Kiwia bfhL tistiufis, nfhLfis
rkghLf
_y
tf
Ko
vW
vLJiujh. tnu toaiy afjij
Kj
Kj
izJ
ghjt.
j
fLofSfhf mtiu bfsutgLJ jkhf,
xU mRbjhiyfis (mRufis)
fhOa mRuf vd, mR jsfis
fhOa mRjsf vd miHnwh.
gFKiw
totfj
fLo
ed
fj Mugkhf fUjgLwJ.

j ghl, fis fhOa mR
js Ff, f mRufis
bfhL U fSF ilgl bjhiyit ma
cj Nuij tUf bjJ bfhnth.
129

mt ma t
mtkhf xU a
Kiwia jh.
mj _y aaY,
thdaY xU a
ghitia VgLdh.
nlfh FpLf
cjnahL gFKiw
toaiy v
fjgL mjid
caiygofis
bfhl rkghLf
bjhFghdh.
XU ia mj
mR uf vW
miHfgL U
vfis bfhL Ff
Ko vd flt
nlfh.

maha 5

5.2 fhOa mRbjhiy Kiw

vw
J

bkbaf
ghl,

bkbafis

Y
8

bjhF

nfho

6
5

vthW

Ffyh vd eh fUnwh.

bkba nfho J xbthU

bkbaQF, xU jgl P

X 5

vw UF. mnj ngh v

nfho J cs xbthU P vw

O 1

magL.

fhOa

js

Kiw,

6X

3
4

mRbjhiy

xU jgl bkbazh
njngh

nkYs vj xU P vw ia

gl 5.1

mRuf vW miHfgL
uL bkbafis bfhL xU
iyahd l Ffyh.

fhOa mRbjhiy Kiw myJ brtf mRbjhiy Kiw

vgJ xWbfhW brFjhd uL bkba nenfhLfis bfhl

xU jskhF. mj uL brFJ bkba nenfhLf fhOa js
mRf vdgL.

muL mRfS a bto bfhSkhW

mikfbgW, mj M vd miHfgLwJ.

ilahd

bkba nenfhL x-mR vd Fjhd bkba nenfhL y-mR vd

miHgLwJ.

y-m tyJw cs f x-mRbjhiy if

vfshf lJw cs f x-mRbjhiy Fiw vfshf

bfhsgL. mnjngh x-m nkw cs f y-mRbjhiy
if vfshf w cs f y-mRbjhiy Fiw vfshf
bfhsgL. uL mRfY xnu myid gagLJnth.
5.2.1 xU mRbjhiyf

fhOa Kiw js nk cs P vw vj xU

bkbafshyhd xU tir nrho _y magL. mj bkbafis

130

Mabjhiy totfj

bgWtjF P vw tna uL

Y
8
7

nenfhLf mRfSF izahf

(x , y )

btL x-mRbjhiy vd,

5
4

ilnfhL y-mid btL

y-mRbjhiy vd miHfgL.

uL P vw mR

X 5

O 1

FJnfhL x-mid

tiuagL.

4 x 5

6X

bjhiyf

vwiHfgLwJ.

jid

bjhiyit

Kj

x-mR

ulhtjhf

y-mR

tHfkhf,

bjhiyit bfhL (x, y) vw tir

nrhoahf vGjyh.

6
7

gl 5.2

1. (a, b) vw vj xU tir nrhoY, mj cWf a kW b

xU Fgl tir mikfgLwJ. vdnt tir
nrhof (a, b) kW (b, a) ntWgl U tir nrhof MF. mjhtJ (a, b) ! (b, a) .
Fiu

2. (a1, b1) = (a2, b2) v a1 = a2 kW b1 = b2

MF.
3. tU ghlgF kW

mRuf
uL
xwhf magL.
5.2.2 x-mRbjhiy

xU x-mRu myJ
x-bjhiy (abscissa), m y-m
tywkhf csjh myJ lwkhf
csjh vd ma cjwJ. P vw
x-mRuij fhgjF:
(i)
P vw UJ x-mF
xU brFJ nfhL tiuf.
mbrFJ nfhL x-mid
rF l vk
m x-mRu MF.

gl 5.3-, P vw
x-mRu 1 kW Q vw
x-mRu 5 vd fhnwh.
(ii)

131

Y
8
7
6

5
4

3
2
1

X 5

O 1

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

gl 5.3

6X

maha 5

5.2.3 -mRbjhiy

xU y-mRu myJ

y-bjhiy
nkwkhf

csjh

myJ

y-mRuij

P vw

rF

O 1

1
1

y-mid

vk

6X

6 kW Q vw y-mRu 2

5
6
7

vd fhnwh.

nfhL

gl 5.4-, P vw y-mRu

X 5

m y-mRu MF.

fhgjF:

P vw UJ y-mF xU

mbrFJ

wkhf

brFJ nfhL tiuf.

(ii)

(ordinate), m x-m

csjh vd ma cjwJ.

(i)

gl 5.4

(i) x-m Js vj xU y-mRbjhiy a MF.

(ii) y-m Js vj xU x-mRbjhiy a MF.

(iii) M x kW y mRbjhiyf a MF. vdnt,

Mia (0,0) vd Fngh.
5.2.4 fhgFf (Quadrants)

brtf mRfis bfhl js fhOa js vwiHfgL.
fhOa js mRf mjsij ehF gFfshf wd.
Y
mit gl 5.5- csthW, fofhu v
ir vlgL I- fhgF, II-
II fhgF
I fhgF
fhgF, III- fhgF, kW IV- fhgF
(, +)
(+, +)
vwiHfgLwd.
x-mRu
I-
kW
IV-
fhgFf
if
vfshf, II- kW III- fhgFf
O
X
Xl
Fiw vfshf UF. y-mRu
III fhgF
IV fhgF
I-
kW
II-
fhgFf
if
(+, )
(, )
vfshf, III- kW IV- fhgFf
Fiw vfshf UF.
gl 5.5-
mRuf afj Ff mil
Yl
gl 5.5
FfSF fhlgLsd.
132

Mabjhiy totfj

xbthU mRuf Ff vthW mikwd vgJ

tU mltiz bfhLfgLsJ.
gF

fhgF

mRuf
jik

mRuf
afj Ff

XOY

x > 0, y > 0

+, +

Xl OY

II

x < 0, y > 0

-, +

Xl OYl

III

x < 0, y < 0

-, -

XOYl

IV

x > 0, y < 0

+, -

5.2.5 brtf mRu Kiw xU ia Fj

fhOa mRu Kiw xU ia vgo FgJ vd xU

vLJfho _y sFnth. fhOa mRu Kiw (5, 6) vw ia

Ff, x-m nk 5 tU tiu efJ, 5- tna x-mF brFjhf
xU nfhL tiua ntL.

mnj ngh

y-m nk 6 tU tiu efJ, 6-

8
7

tna y-mF brFjhf xU nfhL

tiua ntL. j uL nfhLfS

btobfhS (5, 6) MF.

4
3

mjhtJ, x-m if ir 5

myFf efJ mUJ y-m

if

6 myFf

ir

efjh

X 5

eh (5, 6) vw ia milnth.
(5,

6)

vw

myFf bjhiyY

y-mUJ

O 1

1
2

x-mUJ 6

thW

(5, 6) vw fhOa js

FfgLwJ.

myFf bjhiyY csJ.

P(5, 6)

gl 5.6

vLJfhL 5.1

tU fis brtf mRbjhiy Kiw Ff.

(i) A (5, 4)

(ii) B ( 4, 3)

(iii) C ( 2, 3)
133

(iv) D (3, 2)

6X

maha 5

Y
8
7
6
5

A(5, 4)

B(-4, 3)

3
2
1

X -5

-4

-3

-2

O 1

-1

6X

-1
-2

D(3, -2)

-3

C(-2, -3)

-4
-5
-6
-7

Y
gl 5.7

(i)

fhOa js (5,4) vw ia Ff, x = 5- xU FJnfhL,

y = 4- xU ilnfhL tiua. j uL nfhLfS btobfhS
na (5, 4) vw ahF.

(ii)

fhOa js (- 4, 3 ) vw ia Ff, x = - 4 - xU FJnfhL,

y = 3- xU ilnfhL tiua. j uL nfhLfS btobfhS
na (- 4, 3 ) vw ahF.

(iii) fhOa js (- 2, - 3 ) vw ia Ff, x = 2- xU FJnfhL,

y = -3- xU ilnfhL tiua. j uL nfhLfS btobfhS
na (- 2, - 3 ) vw ahF.
(iv)

fhOa js (3, - 2) vw ia Ff, x = 3- xU FJnfhL,

y = 2- xU ilnfhL tiua. j uL nfhLfS btobfhS
na (3, - 2) vw ahF.
134

Mabjhiy totfj

vLJfhL 5.2

Y
8

(i) (3, 5) kW (5, 3) (ii) (- 2, - 5) kW
(- 5, - 2) vw fis brtf mRu
Kiw Ff.

7
6

B(3, 5)

5
4

A(5, 3)

3
2

fhOa js, (x, y) vw

x-mRbjhiy kW y-mRbjhiy
Matiw l kh vGJ nghJ, mJ

X 5

C(5,2)

(y, x) vw ntbwhU ahf mik vd

ma.

O 1

6X

2
3
4
5

D(2,5)

gl 5.8

vLJfhL 5.3
(1, 0), (2, 0), (5, 0) kW (4, 0) vw fis brtf mRu

Kiw Ff.
Y
8
7

6
5
4
3

fhOa

X 5

1
O 1

1
1

(4, 0)

(2, 0)

(5, 0)

(1, 0)

js,

xU

y-mRbjhiy a v, mj
5

6X

x-m nk mik vd mayh.

2
3
4
5
6
7

Y
gl 5.9

135

maha 5

vLJfhL 5.4
(0, 4), (0,2), (0, 5) kW (0,4) vw fis brtf mRu Kiw

Ff.

Y
8
7
6

(0, 5) 5
(0, 4) 4
3
2

fhOa

js,

xU

x-mRbjhiy a v m
y-m nk mik vd fhnwh.

X 5

O 1

6X

(0, 2) 2
3

(0, 4) 4

5
6
7

gl 5.10

vLJfhL 5.5

(i) (1, 2), ( 4, 2), (4, 2) kW (0, 2) vw fis brtf mRu Kiw

Ff. mf mikig g cdh vd Tw Ko?

Y
8
7
6
5
4
3

(4, 2)

(1, 2)

(0, 2)

(4, 2)

fis FJ, xU nfho

X 5

_y
O 1

1
1
2

6X

izF

nghJ

mnfhL

x-mF izahd xU nenfhlhf

miktij fhzyh.

3
4
5
6
7

gl 5.11

136

Mabjhiy totfj

x-mF

Fiu

izahd

nfho

nk

y-mRbjhiyf rkkhf UF.

vLJfhL 5.6

A (2, 3), B (2, 3), C (2, 3) kW D (2,

cs

3) vw f mik fhgFia
fhf.
fis
izgjh

7
6
5

vtif tiugl ilF vd TWf.

B(2,3)

A
I

fhgF

B
II

C
III

D
IV

A(2, 3)

3
2
1

X 5

glUJ, ABCD xU brtfkhF.

O 1

6X

gl 5.12- cs brtf s,
mfy kW gugsit cdh fhz
Kokh?

C(2,3)

D(2,3)

vLJfhL 5.7

gl 5.12

gl 5.13- FfgLs f
mRufis fhf. F xbthU

Y
8
7

rJuK xuyF rJu (Unit Square) MF.

6
5

A vw ia vLJ bfhf.

G
X 5

6X

1
2
3

M UJ uL myFf
bjhiyY mikJsJ. vdnt, A-

D
C

ir

bjhiyY y-m if ir
O 1

if

M UJ _W myFf

1
3

x-m

mRbjhiyf (3, 2) MF.

B, C, D, E, F kW G Mat

6
7

njngh

kw

mRbjhiyf Kiwna (- 3,2),(- 2,- 2),

(2, - 1), (5, - 3), (3, 4), (- 3, 1) MF.

gl 5.13

137

maha 5

g 5.1
1.

tU thaf rah myJ jtwh vd Tw.

(i)

(ii) (- 2, - 7) vw _wh fhgF mikwJ.

(iii) (8, - 7) vw x-mF nH mikwJ.

(iv) (5, 2) kW (- 7, 2) vw f y-mF izahd nfho nk

csd.

(v) (- 5, 2) vw y-mF lgf csJ.

(vi) (0, 3) vw x-m nk csJ.

(vii) (- 2, 3) vgJ ulh fhgF cs xU MF.

(viii) (- 10, 0) vw x-m nk csJ.

(ix) (- 2, - 4) vw x-mF nkgF mikwJ.

(x) x-m Js vj xU F y-mRbjhiy a MF.

2.

fhOa mRu Kiw, tU fis FJ mit vj

fhgF mikwd vd Tw.

(i) (5, 2)
(vi) (0, 3)

3.

tU f x-mRbjhiy fhf.

(i) (- 7, 2)

4.

tU f y-mRbjhiy fhf.

(i) (7, 5)

5.

tU fis mRjs Ff.

(i) (4, 2)

fis izF nfhL vthW mikJsJ vd TWf.

6.

uL f xbth y-mRbjhiy - 6 vf. mj fis

izF nenfhL x-mid bghWJ vthW mik vd TWf.

7.

uL f xbth x-mRbjhiy a v, mj
fis izF nenfhL x-mid bghWJ vthW mik
vd TWf.

8.

fhOa js A (- 3, 4), B (2, 4), C (- 3, - 1) kW D (2, - 1) vw

fis Ff. tir khwhk fis nfhL JLfsh
izgjh vtif tiugl ilF vd TWf.

(5, 7) vw ehfh fhgF mikwJ.

(ii) (- 1, - 1)
(vii) (4, - 5)
(ii) (3, 5)
(ii) (2, 9)
(ii) (4, - 5)

(iii) (7, 0)
(viii) (0, 0)

(iv) (- 8, - 1)
(ix) (1, 4)

(iii) (8, - 7)
(iii) (- 5, 8)
(iii) (4, 0)

138

(v) (0, - 5)
(x) (- 5, 7)

(iv) (- 5, - 3)
(iv) (7, - 4)
(iv) (4, - 2)

Mabjhiy totfj

9.

brtf mRbjhiy Kiw O(0, 0), A(5, 0), B(5, 4) vw fis

Ff. OABC xU brtfkhf mikkhW C- mRufis fhf.

10.

ABCD vw brtf, A, B, D vw f mRuf Kiwna

(0, 0), (4, 0), (0, 3) v, C- mRufis fhf.

5.3 U fSF ilgl bjhiy

gFKiw totfj, f vikahdJ U fSF ilgl

bjhiyit fzLtJ MF. A, B vw U fSF ilgl bjhiy

AB vW FfgL.
5.3.1 fhOa js mRf J cs U fSF ilgl bjhiy

U f x-m J mik
nghJ mtilnas bjhiyit v
fhz Ko, Vbd mU f
x-mRuf ahrnk mbjhiythF.
x-m J mik A(x1, 0) , B (x2, 0) vw

xl

B
x2

A
x1

x2 x1

U fis fUJf.

x2 2 x1 v, A-UJ B- bjhiy

AB = OB - OA = x2 - x1

yl
gl 5.14

x1 2 x2 v, AB = x - x
1
2

vdnt, AB = x2 - x1 MF.

mnjngh U f y-m J mik nghJ mtilnas

bjhiy mt y-mRuf ahrF

rkkhF. y-m J mik A (0, y1) , B (0, y2) vw

y2

U fis fUJf.

y2 2 y1 v, A-
AB = OB - OA = y2 - y1

UJ

y1 2 y2 v AB = y1 - y2

vdnt, AB = y2 - y1 MF.

B-

bjhiy

y1

xl

yl
gl 5.15

139

y2y1

maha 5

5.3.2 mRF izahd nenfho Js U fSF ilgl

bjhiy

A (x1, y1) kW B (x2, y1) vw U fis vLJ

bfhnth.

y mRuf rkkhf

A(x1, y1)

B(x2, y1)

csjh U fS x-mF izahd xU

O

ne nfho nk mik. A kW B-UJ x-mF xl Q

Kiwna AP kW BQ vw FJnfhLfis tiua.

A, B Matilnaahd bjhiythdJ, P, Q

yl

Matilnas bjhiyF rkkhF.

vdnt, AB = PQ = x1 - x2

jnghJ

nfho nk

y-mF
A (x1, y1)

izahf

cs

kW B (x1, y2)

fis vLJbfhf.

gl 5.16

y-mF, A kW

jnghJ P kW Q- mRuf
P,

Matilnas

bjhiyF rkkhF.

B(x1, y2)

yl
gl 5.17

vdnt, PQ = AB = y1 - y2
Fiu

xl

(0, y1) kW (0, y2) MF. A, B Matilnaahd

bjhiythdJ,

A(x1, y1)

vw U

B-UJ Kiwna AP kW BQ vw FJ nfhLfis

tiua.

xU

mRF izahd nenfho nk cs U fSF

ilyhd bjhiy, mj nenfhL vj mF izahf

csnjh, mj mRbjhiyf ahrkhF.

5.3.3 U f ilgl bjhiy

fhOa

js

vLJbfhnth.

A (x1, y1)

kW

B (x2, y2)

vw

fis

A, B- UJ x-mF tiuagl FJnfhLf

mof Kiwna P kW Q vf. A- UJ BQ F AR vw FJnfhL

tiua. gl 5.18- UJ eh mtJ,
140

Mabjhiy totfj

AR = PQ = OQ - 0P = x2 - x1 kW

B(x2, y2)

BR = BQ - RQ = y2 - y1

brnfhz Knfhz ARB- UJ jhfu

njwgo,

AB = AR + RB = (x2 - x1) + (y2 - y1)

2

mjdh, AB =

(x2 - x1) + (y2 - y1)

AB =

vw

A(x1, y1)

fSF

(x2 - x1) + (y2 - y1)

xl

vdnt A kW
ilgl bjhiy

y2y1

x2 x1

yl

gl 5.18

KafUJ U fSF ilyhd bjhiy

kW (x2, y2)

(x1, y1)

vw bfhLfgl U fSF

ilnaahd bjhiyit fhQ Nu

Fiu

d=

(x2 - x1) + (y2 - y1)

(i) Nu nkny Twgl midJ tif fSF

bghUJ.

(ii) MUJ
2

OP =

P (x1, y1)

vw

bjhiy

x1 + y1 MF.

vLJfhL 5.8

(4, 0) kW (3, 0) vw fSF ilgl bjhiyit fhf.

(- 4, 0) kW (3, 0) vgd x-m nk cs U f.

vdnt, d = x1 - x2 = 3 - (- 4) = 3 + 4 = 7
khWKiw :

d=

(x2 - x1) + (y2 - y1)

= (3 + 4) + 0 =

49 = 7

vLJfhL 5.9

(7, 2) kW (5, 2) vw fSF ilgl bjhiyit fhf.

(5, 2) kW (- 7, 2) vw f x-mF izahd xU nfho Jsd.

vdnt, d = x1 - x2 = - 7 - 5 = - 12 = 12
khWKiw :

d=

(x2 - x1) + (y2 - y1) =

(5 + 7) + (2 - 2) = 122 = 144 = 12
141

maha 5

vLJfhL 5.10

(5, 6) kW ( 4, 2) vw fSF ilgl bjhiyit fhf.

(x1, y1) = (5, 6), (x2, y2) = (4, 2) vf.

2

d=

(x2 - x1) + (y2 - y1) vw bjhiy Nuij gagLj,

d=

(- 4 + 5) + (2 + 6) =

1 + 8 = 1 + 64 =

65

vLJfhL 5.11

(0, 8) kW (6, 0) vw fSF ilgl bjhiyit fhf.

(x1, y1) = (0, 8), (x2, y2) = (6, 0) vf. U fSF ilgl bjhiy
d=

(x2 - x1) + (y2 - y1)

2

(6 - 0) + (0 - 8) =

36 + 64 = 100 = 10

khWKiw :

A, B vgd (6, 0) kW (0, 8) vw fis,
O vgJ Mia FfL. A(6, 0) vw
x-m J, B(0, 8) vw y-m J
mikJsd.
mRfSF ilgl nfhz
brnfhz vgjh AOB vw Knfhz xU xl
brnfhz Knfhz MF.

B(0, 8)
8 myFf

A(6, 0)
O

yl

OA = 6, OB = 8

6 myFf
gl 5.19

jhfu njw go,

2

AB = OA + OB = 36 + 64 = 100.

` AB = 100 = 10

vLJfhL 5.12

(3, 4) kW (5, 7) vw fSF ilgl bjhiyit fhf.

(x1, y1) = (3, - 4), (x2, y2) = (5, - 7) vf.

U fSF ilgl bjhiy

d =

(x2 - x1) + (y2 - y1)

2

(5 + 3) + (- 7 + 4) =

8 + 3 = 64 + 9 =
142

73

Mabjhiy totfj

vLJfhL 5.13
(4, 2), (7, 5) kW (9, 7) vw _W fS xnu nenfho J mik

vd fhLf.
bfhLfgl _W f A(4, 2), B(7, 5) kW C(9, 7) vf.
bjhiy Nuid gagLj,
2

AB = (4 - 7) + (2 - 5) = (- 3) + (- 3) = 9 + 9 = 18

BC = (9 - 7) + (7 - 5) = 2 + 2 = 4 + 4 = 8

CA = (9 - 4) + (7 - 2) = 5 + 5 = 25 + 25 = 50

vdnt, AB = 18 =

CA =

50 =

9#2 = 3 2;

BC =

8 =

4#2 = 2 2;

25 # 2 = 5 2 .

F AB + BC = 3 2 + 2 2 = 5 2 = AC vd ilwJ.

vdnt, A, B, C vw f xnu nenfho J mikwd.

vLJfhL 5.14

A(3, 4), B (2, 6) kW C (6, 10) vw f xU brnfhz Knfhz

cfshFkh vd khf.
bjhiy Nuid gagLj,
2

AB = (2 + 3) + (6 + 4) = 5 + 10 = 25 + 100 = 125

BC =(- 6 - 2) + (10 - 6) = (- 8) + 4 = 64 + 16 = 80

CA = (- 6 + 3) + (10 + 4) = (- 3) + (14) = 9 + 196 = 205

nkY, AB + BC = 125 + 80 = 205 = CA

xU gf tfkhdJ kw U gff tff TLjYF

rk vgjh, ABC xU brnfhz KnfhzkhF.

vLJfhL 5.15

(a, a), (- a, - a) kW (- a 3 , a 3 ) vw f xU rkgf Knfhzij

mikF vd fhLf.
bfhLfgl f A (a, a) , B (- a, - a) kW C (- a 3 , a 3 ) vd bfhf.
bjhiy Nu d =

(x2 - x1) + (y2 - y1) -I gagLj,

143

maha 5

AB =

BC =

CA =

(a + a) + (a + a)
2

(2a) + (2a) =

2
2

4a + 4a =

8a = 2 2 a

^- a 3 + ah + ^a 3 + ah =
2

8a =

3a + a - 2a

3 + 3a + a + 2a

4 # 2a = 2 2 a
2

(a + a 3 ) + (a - a 3 ) =

a + 2a

3 + 3a + a - 2a

3 + 3a

8a = 2 2 a

vdnt, AB = BC = CA = 2 2 a .
midJ gffS rkkhdjh, bfhLfgl f xU rkgf Knfhzij
mikF.
vLJfhL 5.16

(7, 3), (5, 10), (15, 8) kW (3, 5) vw fis, tirkhwhk vLJ

bfhlh, mit xU izfu cfshF vd %f.

A, B, C kW D vgd Kiwna (- 7, - 3), (5, 10), (15, 8) kW (3, - 5) vw
fis Fgjhf bfhf. bjhiy Nu d =
2

(x2 - x1) + (y2 - y1)

AB = (5 + 7) + (10 + 3) = 12 + 13 = 144 + 169 = 313

BC = (15 - 5) + (8 - 10) = 10 + (- 2) = 100 + 4 = 104

CD = (3 - 15) + (- 5 - 8) = (- 12) + (- 13) = 144 + 169 = 313

DA = (3 + 7) + (- 5 + 3) = 10 + (- 2) = 100 + 4 = 104

vdnt,

AB = CD =

v gff rk. vdnt, ABCD xU izfukhF.

313 kW BC = DA = 104 vgjh

vLJfhL 5.17

(3, 2), (3, 2), (1, 2) kW (1, 2) vw fis tir khwhk

vLJbfhlh mit xU rJu cfshF vd fhLf.

A, B, C kW D vgd Kiwna (3, - 2), (3, 2), (- 1, 2) kW (- 1, - 2) vw
fis Fgjhf bfhf.
bjhiy Nu d =

(x2 - x1) + (y2 - y1) .

144

Mabjhiy totfj
2

AB = (3 - 3) + (2 + 2) = 4 = 16

BC = (3 + 1) + (2 - 2) = 4 = 16

CD = (- 1 + 1) + (2 + 2) = 4 =16

DA = (- 1 - 3) + (- 2 + 2) = (- 4) = 16

nkY,
2

AC = (3 + 1) + (- 2 - 2) = 4 + (- 4) = 16 + 16 = 32

BD = (3 + 1) + (2 + 2) = 4 + 4 = 16 + 16 = 32

AB = BC = CD = DA = 16 = 4.

vdnt, midJ gffS rk.

nkY, AC = BD =

Mfnt, A, B, C kW D vw f xU rJuij mikF.

32 = 4 2 . vdnt, _iylf rk.

vLJfhL 5.18
P vw (2, 3) kW (6, 5) vw fis izF nfhLJo

ikaFJ nfho nk miktjhf bfhf. m x-mRbjhiy

y-mRbjhiyF rk v, P- mRufis fhf.
P vw ia (x, y) vf. x-mRbjhiy y-mRbjhiyF
rk vgjh, y = x MF. vdnt, P vw (x, x) MF. A, B vgd Kiwna
(2, 3) kW (6, 5) vw fis Fgjhf bfhf. P vw AB- ika
2

FJ nfho J mikJsjh, PA = PB MF.

2

vdnt, (x - 2) + (x - 3)
2

= (x - 6) + (x - 5)

2
2

x - 4x + 4 + x - 6x + 9 = x - 12x + 36 + x - 10x + 25
2

22x - 10x = 61- 13

2x - 10x + 13 = 2x - 22x + 61

12x = 48
x = 48 = 4
12

vdnt, P vw (4, 4) MF.

145

maha 5

vLJfhL 5.19

(9, 3), (7, 1) kW (1, 1) vw f tna brY xU tl

ika (4, 3) vd Uf. nkY mtl Muij fLo.

(4, 3) vw ia C vd, (9, 3), (7, - 1) kW (1, - 1) vw fis
Kiwna P, Q kW R vd vLJ bfhnth.
2

bjhiy Nu d =

CP = (9 - 4) + (3 - 3) = 5 = 25

CQ = (7 - 4) + (- 1 - 3) = 3 + (- 4) = 9 + 16 = 25

CR = (4 - 1) + (3 + 1) = 3 + 4 = 9 + 16 = 25

vdnt, CP = CQ = CR

(x2 - x1) + (y2 - y1)

2

= 25 myJ CP = CQ = CR = 5 MF. UJ P, Q, R

vw f tahf brY tl ika (4, 3) vd, mj Mu 5

myFf vd mnwh.
vLJfhL 5.20

(a, b) vw (3, 4) kW (8, 5) vw fSF rku mikjh

5a - b - 32 = 0 vd fhL.
(a, b) vw ia P vd, (3, - 4) kW (8, - 5) vw fis Kiwna
A kW B vd vLJ bfhs. P vw A kW B-UJ rku
csjh, PA = PB MF. vdnt, PA2 = PB2

mjhtJ, (a - 3) + (b + 4) = (a - 8) 2 + (b + 5) 2

a2 - 6a + 9 + b2 + 8b + 16 = a2 - 16a + 64 + b2 + 10b + 25

- 6a + 8b + 25 + 16a - 10b - 89 = 0

10a - 2b - 64 = 0

` 5a - b - 32 = 0

vLJfhL 5.21

A (9, 3), B (7, 1) kW C (1, 1) vw fis cfshf bfhl xU

Knfhz RWtl ika S (4, 3) vd Wf.

bjhiy Nu d =

(x2 - x1) + (y2 - y1)

146

Mabjhiy totfj

SA =

(9 - 4) 2 + (3 - 3) 2

25 = 5

SB =

(7 - 4) 2 + (- 1 - 3) 2 =

25 = 5

SC =

(1 - 4) 2 + (- 1 - 3) 2 =

25 = 5

vdnt, SA = SB = SC .

xU Knfhz RW tl ika mj c f UJ rk

u mik. S vw c f UJ rk u mikJsjh,
m Knfhz ABC- RWtlikakhF.

g 5.2
1.

nH

bfhLfgLs

xbthU

nrhofSF

ilgl

bjhiyit fhf.

(i) (7, 8) kW (- 2, - 3)

(ii) (6, 0) kW (- 2, 4)
(iv) (- 2, - 8) kW (- 4, - 6)

(iii) (- 3, 2) kW (2, 0)
(v) (- 2, - 3) kW (3, 2)

(vii) (- 2, 2) kW (3, 2)

(ix) (0, 17) kW (0, - 1)

(vi) (2, 2) kW (3, 2)

(viii) (7, 0) kW (- 8, 0)
(x) (5, 7) kW M.

2.

nH bfhLfgLs f xnu nfho mik vd fhLf.

(i) (3, 7), (6, 5) kW (15, - 1)

(iii) (1, 4), (3, - 2) kW (- 1, 10)

(v) (4, 1), (5, - 2) kW (6, - 5)

3.

nH bfhLfgLs f xU Urk gf Knfhz cf

vd fhLf.

(i) (- 2, 0), (4, 0) kW (1, 3)

(ii) (3, - 2), (- 2, 8) kW (0, 4)

(iv) (6, 2), (2, - 3) kW (- 2, - 8)

(ii) (1, - 2), (- 5, 1) kW (1, 4)

(iii) (- 1, - 3), (2, - 1) kW (- 1, 1)

(iv) (1, 3), (- 3, - 5) kW (- 3, 0)

(v) (2, 3), (5, 7) kW (1, 4)

4.

nH bfhLfgLs f xU brnfhz Knfhz cf

vd fhLf.

(i) (2, - 3), (- 6, - 7) kW (- 8, - 3) (ii) (- 11, 13), (- 3, - 1) kW (4, 3)

(iii) (0, 0), (a, 0) kW (0, b)

(iv) (10, 0), (18, 0) kW (10, 15)

(v) (5, 9), (5, 16) kW (29, 9)

147

maha 5

5.

nH bfhLfgLs f xU rk gf Knfhz cf vd
fhLf.

(i) (0, 0), (10, 0) kW (5, 5 3 )

(iii) (2, 2), (- 2, - 2) kW (- 2 3 , 2 3 ) (iv) ( 3 , 2), (0,1) kW (0, 3)

(v) (- 3 ,1), (2 3 , - 2) kW (2 3 , 4)

6.

tir mikj fhQ f xU izfu cf vd

fhLf.

(i) (- 7, - 5), (- 4, 3), (5, 6) kW (2, 2) (ii) (9, 5), (6, 0), (- 2, - 3) kW (1, 2)

(iii) (0, 0), (7, 3), (10, 6) kW (3, 3)

(v) (3, - 5), (- 5, - 4), (7, 10) kW (15, 9)

7.

tir mikj fhQ f xU rh rJu cf vd

fhLf.

(i) (0, 0), (3, 4), (0, 8) kW (- 3, 4)

(ii) (- 4, - 7), (- 1, 2), (8, 5) kW (5, - 4)

(iii) (1, 0), (5, 3), (2, 7) kW (- 2, 4)

(iv) (2, - 3), (6, 5), (- 2, 1) kW (- 6, - 7)

(v) (15, 20), (- 3, 12), (- 11, - 6) kW (7, 2)

8.

tir mikj fhQ f xU rJuij mikFkh vd fhf.

(i) (0, - 1), (2, 1), (0, 3) kW (- 2, 1) (ii) (5, 2), (1, 5), (- 2, 1) kW (2, - 2)

(iii) (3, 2), (0, 5), (- 3, 2) kW (0, - 1)

(v) (- 1, 2), (1, 0), (3, 2) kW (1, 4)

9.

tir mikj fhQ f xU brtfij mikFkh vd

fhf.

(i) (8, 3), (0, - 1), (- 2, 3) kW (6, 7)

(iii) (- 3, 0), (1, - 2), (5, 6) kW (1, 8)

10.

(x, 7) kW (1, 15) vw fSF ilgl bjhiy 10 v, x-

kfis fhf.
(4, 1) vw , (- 10, 6) kW (9, - 13) vw fUJ rku
csJ vd fhLf.
(x, y) vw , (2, 3) kW (- 6, - 5) vw fUJ rku
mikjh, x + y + 3 = 0 vd fhLf.
(2, - 6) kW (2, y) vw fSF ilgl bjhiy 4 v, y-
kfis fhf.
fhQ fis cfshf bfhl Knfhzf Rwsfis

11.
12.
13.
14.

(ii) (a, 0), (- a, 0) kW (0, a 3 )

(iv) (- 2, 5), (7, 1), (- 2, - 4) kW (7, 0)

(iv) (12, 9), (20, - 6), (5, - 14) kW (- 3, 1)

(ii) (- 1, 1), (0, 0), (3, 3) kW (2, 4)

fhf. (i) (0, 8), (6, 0) kW M ; (ii) (9, 3), (1, - 3) kW M.

148

Mabjhiy totfj

15.

(- 5, 2), (9, - 2) vw fSF rk u cs y-m J

mikjh mia fhf. (F : y-m nk cs xU
x-mRu a MF)

16.

( - 5, 6) vw t brY xU tl ika (3, 2) v, mj

Muij fhf.

17.

Mia ikakhf, Mu 5 myFf Mf cs xU tl nk

(0, - 5) (4, 3) kW (- 4, - 3) vw f mik vd %f.

18.

A(4, 3)

gl 5.20-, AB vgJ A(4,3) vw UJ x-mRF

tiuagl brFJ nfhL kW PA = PB v, B vw xl
mRufis fhf.

yl

gl 5.20

19.

20.

A(2, 0), B(5, - 5), C(8, 0) kW D(5, 5) vw tir vLJ bfhsgl

f xU rhrJu cf v, mj gugsit fhf.
(F : rhrJu gu = 1 d1 d2 )
2
(1, 5) (5, 8) kW (13, 14) vw fis cfshf bfhL xU Knfhz
tiua Kokh? fhuz Tw.

21.

xU tl ika M kW Mu 17 myFf v, mtl

nk mikj Mdh mRf nk mikahj ehF fis fhf.
(F : 8, 15, 17 vgit jhfu brnfhz Knfhz vfshF)

22.

(3, 1), (2, 2) kW (1, 1) vw fis cfshf bfhl xU Knfhz

RW tl ika (2, 1) vd fhLf.

23.

(1, 0), (0, - 1) kW c - 1 , 3 m vw fis cfshf bfhl xU

2
2
Knfhz RW tl ika M vd fhLf.

24.

tir mikj A(6, 1), B(8, 2), C(9, 4) kW D(p, 3) vw f xU

izfu cfshdh, bjhiy Nuij gagL, p-
kig fhf.

25.

xU tl ika M kW Mu 10 myFf vf. tl

fhOa mRfis btL f mRbjhiyfis fhf.
nkY mthwhd VnjD uL fSF ilgl bjhiyit
fhf.

149

maha 5

id bfhf

xU js xU ia Ff xWbfhW brFjhf bto

bfhS U nfhLf njit. brtf mRu Kiw mU
nfhLf xW ilnfhlhf kbwhW FJ nfhlhf UF.

uL il kW FJnfhLf fhOa js mRf vW

miHfgL. ( x-mR kW y-mR)

x-mR kW y-mR bto bfhS (0, 0) M MF.

vj xU F y-mF ilyhd bjhiy x-mRu

myJ x-bjhiy vW, F x-mF ilyhd bjhiy
y-mRu myJ y-bjhiy vW miHfgL.

x-m nk cs xU y mRu a MF.

y-m nk cs xU x mRu a MF.

xU ilnfho nk cs f y mRuf rkkhf UF.

xU FJnfho nk cs f x mRuf rkkhf UF.

x-m nk cs U f x-mRuf x1 kW x2 v,
mitfSF ilyhd bjhiy x1 - x2 MF.

y-m nk cs U f y-mRuf y1 kW y2 v,
mitfSF ilyhd bjhiy y1 - y2 MF.

(x1, y1) kW MF ilyhd bjhiy

(x1, y1)

kW

(x2, y2)

vw

fSF

(x2 - x1) 2 + (y2 - y1) 2 MF.

150

x12 + y12 MF.

ilyhd

bjhiy