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Kjik Fnfhf
Knfhza jfis mj
Maglh
(A.D. 476 550)
6.1 mKf
eh nghJ sine
Knfhza My bkhahfkhd
Trigonometry vw brh nuf bkhUJ
bgwglJ. j bghU Knfhz msf
vgjhF.
Mug fhyf Knfhz
gffSF, mj nfhzfSF ilna
cs bjhlid ma Knfhza gaglJ.
ghf (Hipparchus) vD nuf thda
kW fj tYe Kj Kj Knfhza
j mltizia flikJ, Knfhza
KndwF
lh.
vdnt,
t
Knfhza jij vd miHfgLwh.
KnfhzayhdJ
jfhy
bgUks
gagLjgL tU gy gaghLfis csla
f gHikahd fj ahF. gilfhyf
ymsit kW thda nfhzf kW
uf msl brnfhz Knfhzaiy
gagLd. fg gaz nghJ t fhz,
thbt nfhf aF ghijf kW
mfis (x miyf, lh f mf)
fhz
Knfhza
gagLjgLwJ.
6.2 Knfhza jf
vD Fpil vthW
gagLJnwhnkh,
mnj bghU Kj
Kj cgnahjt
Maglh (Aryabhatta) .
. 500- mt vGa
Magoa vD fj
sine vD FpL
fhzgLwJ. Magl
ah fwj
Kfhy fj nkijf
Kjikahdt. t fh
khy ghdh cs
ghlu vD l
thjt Mt. t
. 476 M ML kh
21 nkr rfuh mW
wjh. t jdJ 23tJ ta thda g
Fiwjgr Maglh,
Maglh jhjh vD
U fis vGdh.
Maglh vD
fj kW thdaiy
gaJ.
maha 6
Ka fUJ nfhz
Ugkhz js irl U nfhL gFfSF ilgl
gF nfhz vdgL. nfhz MuF gF nfhz
bjhlfgf vd mJ Ko gF Kogf vd
miHfgL. irl U nfhL gFf MuF
nfhz c vdgL.
F O-it bghWJ f OA MdJ OB
tiu RHwgLtjh nfhz AOB cUthwJ.
jid +AOB vd Fngh. F OA vgJ
bjhlfgf vd, OB vgJ Kogf
vd kW O vgJ mnfhz c vd c
O
miHfgLwJ. eh nfhzfis Ff i , a ,
b nghw nuf vGJfis gagLJnwh.
Ko
i
bjhlfgf
gl
6.1
J .K 1000
gy
z
f
vgf
gl 6.2- cs brnfhz Knfhz _W gff nfhz i-F
vd bjhl bgW mikJsJ vd fhngh.
C
A mLJs gf B
gl 6.2
Knfhza
tobthj
brnfhz
Knfhzfis
mogilahf
bfhnl
vLJfhlhf,
AD = BE = CF ;
OA
OB
OC
OD = OE = OF
OA
OB
OC
Knfhzf gff jf i - msit bghWJ mikwnj
ju Fl vj xU brnfhz Knfhzij bghWJ miktiy. j
_y eh MW Knfhza jfis bgWnwh. j jfSF
btFfhyF Kng bgaLsd.
vgf
vw j nfhz i - sine vd miHfgLwJ. nkY J
fz
sin i vd FlgLwJ.
mLJs gf
vw j nfhz i - cosine vd miHfgLwJ.
fz
nkY J cos i vd FlgLwJ.
vgf
vw j nfhz i - tangent vd miHfgLwJ.
mLJs gf
nkY J tan i vd FlgLwJ.
fz
vw j nfhz i - secant vd miHfgLwJ.
mLJs gf
nkY J sec i vd FlgLwJ.
mLJs gf
vw j nfhz i - cotangent vd miHfgLwJ.
vgf
nkY J cot i vd FlgLwJ.
153
maha 6
Ka fUJ Knfhza jf
brnfhz Knfhz i xU FWnfhz vf. nfhz
i -it bghWJ MW Knfhza jf tUkhW
sin i =
vgf
fz
cosec i =
fz
vgf
cos i =
mLJs gf
fz
sec i =
fz
mLJs gf
tan i =
vgf
mLJs gf
cot i
mLJs gf
vgf
jiy bjhlf
cosec i , sec i kW cot i Ma Knfhza jf Kiwna
sin i , cos i kW tan i Mat jiy jf MF.
sin i =
1
cosec i
cos i =
1
sec i
tan i =
1
cot i
cosec i =
1
sin i
sec i =
1
cos i
cot i =
1
tan i
Fiu
vLJfhL 6.1
gl
fhQ
brnfhz
Knfhz
ABC-,
nfhz i -it bghWJ MW Knfhza jfis fhf.
gl 6.3 UJ, vgf BC = 3, mLJs gf AB = 4, A
fz AC = 5
sin i = BC = 3
cosec i = AC = 5
AC
BC
5
3
cos i = AB = 4
AC
5
sec i = AC = 5
AB
4
tan i = BC = 3
AB
4
cot i
154
= AB = 4
BC
3
5
i
gl 6.3
3
B
Knfhza
vLJfhL 6.2
5
gl fhQ brnfhz Knfhz PQR-,
nfhz i -it bghWJ MW Knfhza jfis Q
fhf.
12
i
13
gl 6.4
sin i =
PQ
= 5
RQ 13
cosec i =
RQ 13
=
PQ
5
cos i = PR = 12
RQ 13
sec i =
RQ 13
=
PR
12
tan i =
PQ
= 5
PR
12
cot i
= PR = 12
PQ
5
A
vLJfhL 6.3
i
24
fhf.
gl 6.5-UJ, AC = 24 kW BC = 7. jhfu njwgo,
AB = BC + CA = 7 + 24 = 49 + 576 = 625
` AB =
7
gl 6.5
625 = 25
sin i = BC = 7
AB
25
cosec i = AB = 25
BC
7
cos i = AC = 24
25
AB
sec i = AB = 25
AC
24
tan i = BC = 7
AC
24
cot i
= AC = 24
BC
7
vLJfhL 6.4
15
gl 6.6
12
B
maha 6
2
AC = AB + BC
15 = AB + 12
AB = 15 - 12 = 225 - 144 = 81
` AB =
81 = 9
cos A = AB = 9 = 3
AC
15
5
tan A
cosec A = AC = 15 = 5
BC
12
4
tan C
sec A = AC = 15 = 5
AB
9
3
cosec C = AC = 15 = 5
AB
9
3
cot A
sin C
= BC = 12 = 4
AB
9
3
= AB = 9 = 3
AC
15
5
cos C = BC = 12 = 4
AC
15
5
= AB = 9 = 3
BC
12
4
= AB = 9 = 3
BC
12
4
sec C
= AC = 15 = 5
BC
12
4
cot C
= BC = 12 = 4
AB
9
3
vLJfhL 6.5
PR = PQ + QR
17 = 8 + QR
2
2
QR = 17 - 8
2
17
= 289 - 64 = 225
` QR =
225 = 15
gl 6.7
eh bghGJ _W gff msfis gagL, nfhz P- MW
Knfhza jfis fhzyh.
RQ 15
=
sin P =
cosec P = PR = 17
PR
RQ 15
17
PQ
cos P =
= 8
sec P = PR = 17
PR
PQ
17
8
RQ 15
PQ
tan P =
=
= 8
cot P =
PQ
RQ 15
8
156
Knfhza
vLJfhL 6.6
cos A = 35 v, sec A + tan A it fhf.
sec A - tan A
37
cos A = 35 vd bfhLfgLsJ. AB = 35 kW AC = 37, +B = 90c
37
bfhl brnfhz Knfhz ABC I (gl 6.8) fUJf. jhfu njwgo,
eh bgWtJ
2
2
2
AC = AB + BC
372 = 352 + BC2
BC2 = 372 - 352
= 1369 - 1225 = 144
` BC = 144 = 12
sec A = AC = 37 ,
AB
35
C
37
A
35
gl 6.8
tan A = BC = 12
AB
35
eh bgWtJ
20
` AC =
841 = 29.
sin i = BC = 20 , cos i = AB = 21
AC
AC
29
29
1 - sin i + cos i = 1 - 20 + 21 = 29 - 20 + 21 = 30
29 29
29
29
1 + sin i + cos i = 1 + 20 + 21 = 29 + 20 + 21 = 70
29 29
29
29
1 - sin i + cos i =
1 + sin i + cos i
30
29
70
29
= 30 # 29 = 30 = 3
29 70
70
7
157
21
gl 6.9
maha 6
AB = AD + BD
a = AD + 8 a B
2
30c
2
2
AD = a - a
4
` AD = 3 a
2
= 3a
4
60c
60c
a
2
a
2
gl 6.10
cosec 30c =
3a
AD
2
cos 30c =
=
= 3
AB
a
2
a
BD
2
tan 30c =
=
= 1
AD
3a
3
2
1
=2
sin 30c
sec 30c
1
= 2
cos 30c
3
cot 30c
1
= 3
tan 30c
3 BDA -, +ABD = 60c. vdnt, eh nfhz 60c-fhd Knfhza
jfis tUkhW fhzyh.
3a
AD
2
sin 60c =
=
= 3
AB
a
2
a
cos 60c = BD = 2 = 1
AB
a
2
cosec 60c =
3a
AD
2
tan 60c =
=
= 3
BD
a
2
158
1
= 2
sin 60c
3
sec 60c
1
=2
cos 60c
cot 60c
1
= 1
tan 60c
3
Knfhza
vdnt, mKnfhz
xU Urkgf brnfhz
AC = AB + BC
2
` AC = a 2
= a + a = 2a
45c
45c
A
gl 6.11
cosec 45c =
cos 45c = AB = a = 1
AC
a 2
2
sec 45c =
1
= 2
cos 45c
tan 45c = BC = a = 1
AB
a
cot 45c =
1
=1
tan 45c
1
= 2
sin 45c
tiuf.
brnfhz
Knfhz
OQPI
B(0, 1)
P(x, y)
sin i =
y
PQ
= = y (P- y mRbjhiy)
1
OP
cos i =
OQ x
=
= x (P- x mRbjhiy)
OP 1
tan i =
PQ y
=
OQ x
1
O
i
x
y
Q A(1, 0)
gl 6.12
OPMdJOA-l xW nghJ i = 0c MF. A- Mabjhiyf (1,0) vgjh,
eh bgWtJ
159
maha 6
cosec 0c tiuaWfgliy
sec 0c = 1
tan 0c = 0
cot 0c tiuaWfgliy
o
vgjh, eh bgWtJ
cosec 90c = 1
cot 90c = 0
jf tU mltiz bfhLfgLsJ.
nfhz i
0c
30c
45c
60c
90c
sin i
1
2
3
2
3
2
1
2
cos i
1
2
1
2
tan i
1
3
tiuaWf
gliy
cosec i
tiuaWf
gliy
2
3
sec i
2
3
tiuaWf
gliy
cot i
tiuaWf
gliy
1
3
vLJfhL 6.8
Knfhza
2
2
` sin2 45c + tan2 45c + cos2 45c= c 1 m + (1) 2 + c 1 m
2
2
= 1 +1+ 1 = 2
2
2
vLJfhL 6.9
2
2 tan2 60c
k fhf : 12 cos 30c 4 sec2 45c
cos 30c =
2
c12 # c 3 m m - ^2 # ^ 3 h h
2
2
2
c
c
12
cos
30
2
tan
60
=
`
4 sec2 45c
4 # ( 2 )2
3
`12 # 4 j - ^2 # 3h
=
4#2
= 9- 6 = 3
8
8
g 6.1
tU glfUJ, nfhz i -it bghWJ Knfhza jfis
fhf.
1.
10
A
7
24
i
C
25
B
(i)
(ii)
A
B
12
37
40
35
(iii)
9
41
(iv)
2.
(i) sin A = 9
15
(iv) sec i = 17
8
(ii) cos A = 15
17
(v) cosec i = 61
60
161
(iii) tan P = 5
12
(vi) sin i = x .
y
maha 6
3.
(i) sin i = 1
2
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
(ii) sin i = 0
(iii) tan i = 3
(iv) cos i =
3.
2
10.
11.
12.
13.
(i)
(iii)
tan 45c
tan 30c + tan 60c
2
2
2
2
(vii) tan 60c + 4 cos 45c + 3 sec 30c 2+ 5 cos 90c
cosec 30c + sec 60c - cot 30c
14.
tUtdtiw rghf.
(i)
2
sec2 30c - 2 sin2 45c
(vi) 4 cot 60c +
sin2 60c + cos2 45c
162
Knfhza
cos 60c =
1
1 + sin 60c
sec 60c + tan 60c
2
(vi) 1 - tan2 60c = 2 cos2 60c - 1
1 + tan 60c
(vii) sec 30c + tan 30c = 1 + sin 30c
sec 30c - tan 30c 1 - sin 30c
(v)
(viii) tan2 60c - 2 tan2 45c - cot2 30c + 2 sin2 30c + 3 cosec2 45c = 0
4
(ix) 4 cot2 45c - sec2 60c + sin2 60c + cos2 60c = 1
(x) sin 30c cos 60c + cos 30c sin 60c = sin 90c.
nfhz i -fhd jf
sin i = AB
AC
cos i = BC
AC
tan i = AB
BC
cosec i = AC
AB
sec i = AC
BC
cot i = BC
AB
(1)
A
sin (90c - i) = BC
AC
cos (90c - i) = AB
AC
tan (90c - i) = BC
AB
cosec (90c - i) = AC
BC
sec (90c - i) = AC
AB
cot (90c - i) = AB
BC
90c - i
gl
(2)
6.13
maha 6
cot i
= tan (90c - i)
vLJfhL 6.10
vLJfhL 6.13
` tan 35c tan 60c tan 55c tan 30c = cot 55c cot 30c tan 55c tan 30c
1
=
# 1
# tan 55c # tan 30c = 1
tan 55c tan 30c
164
Knfhza
vLJfhL 6.14
cosec A = sec 25c v, A-I fhf.
sin a = sin b ( a = b
cos a = cos b ( a = b , g
vLJfhL 6.15
g 6.2
1.
k fhf.
2.
RUFf.
(vi) 2
(vii)
(ix) cot 12c cot 38c cot 52c cot 60c cot 78c.
sec (90c - i)
cos (90c - i)
+7
cosec i
sin i
sec (90c - i)
cos i
#
- sec i (viii) sin 35c + cos 55c - 2 cos2 60c
cos 55c sin 35c
sin (90c - i) tan (90c - i)
165
maha 6
3.
(v) cosec A cos 43c = 1 (vi) sin 20c tan A sec 70c = 3 .
4.
tUtdtiw Wf.
(iv)
1c = 60l kW 1l = 60m .
sine, cosine kW tangent- 0c Kj 90c tiuyhd midJ nfhzf
kfS 6l ilbt ms ehF jrk l Ujkhf mltiz
bfhLfgLsJ. nkY, Knfhza mltiz _W gFfis cilaJ.
(i)
nfhzf sine, cosine kW tangent- kf (ii) FLsthW 6l -
klFf gJ ufshf bfhLfgLsJ. kw lf bfhLfgl
nfhzf kfis fhz bghJahr mltiz bfhLfgLs
kfis bfhL rbrJ bfhsntL.
sine kW tangent mliz kig fhQnghJ bghJahrij
Tl ntL, mnj rka cosine mliz bghJahrij ff ntL.
166
Knfhza
vLJfhL 6.16
sin 46c51l - kig fhf.
0l 6l
0.0c
0.1c
12l
18l
24l
30l
36l
42l
48l
54l
Mean Diff.
0.2c
0.3c
0.4c
0.5c
0.6c
0.7c
0.8c
0.9c
1 2 3 4 5
0.7290
46c
vLJfhL 6.17
0l 6l
0.0c
0.1c
18l
24l
30l
36l
42l
48l
54l
Mean Diff.
0.2c
0.3c
0.4c
0.5c
0.6c
0.7c
0.8c
0.9c
1 2 3 4 5
0.7965 7
37c
12l
vLJfhL 6.18
0l 6l
0.0c
25c
0.1c
12l
18l
24l
30l
36l
42l
48l
54l
Mean Diff.
0.2c
0.3c
0.4c
0.5c
0.6c
0.7c
0.8c
0.9c
1 2 3 4 5
0.4706
11
maha 6
vLJfhL 6.19
vLJfhL 6.20
vLJfhL 6.21
` i = 22c
vLJfhL 6.22
Knfhza
vLJfhL 6.23
= 1.4850
vLJfhL 6.24
gl 6.14- bfhLfgLs brnfhz Knfhz
gugsit fhf.
3
C
.
br
10c 14l
gl 6.14
0.1777 = AB
3
` AB = 0.1777 # 3 = 0.5331
0.9841 = BC
3
` BC = 0.9841 # 3 = 2.9523
= 0.786935565
vLJfhL 6.25
6 br. MuKs tl ika 165c nfhzmsit jhF eh
sij fhf.
169
maha 6
r.
6 b 82c30l
O
B
C
gl 6.15
gynfhz gf s fhf.
AB vgJ 8 myF MuKila tlD mikj 9 gff bfhl xGF
gynfhz xU gf vf. O vgJ tl ika v, +AOB = 360c = 40c
9
. OC = AB I tiuf. vdnt,
sin 20c = AC = AC
8
OA
i.e., 0.3420 = AC
8
O
8
A
AC = 0.3420 # 8 = 2.736
c
20
C
gl 6.16
vLJfhL 6.27
Mu fhf.
AB vgJ xGF mWnfhz xU gf kW O vgJ ctl ika
vf. OC = AB I tiuf. r vgJ tl Mu v, OC = r. nkY,
170
Knfhza
tan 30c = AC
r
30o
i.e., 1 = 3
r
3
A 3br. C 3
gl 6.17
g 6.3
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
171
maha 6
9.
10.
11.
12.
id bfhf
jhfu njw:
xU brnfhz Knfhz fz J tiuagL rJu
gugsthdJ, kw uL gff J tiuagL rJuf
gugsf TLjYF rk.
Knfhza jf:
brnfhz Knfhz i xU FWnfhz vf. i -it bghWJ
MW Knfhza jf tUkhW
vgf
fz
mLJs gf
cos i =
fz
vgf
tan i =
mLJs gf
sin i =
cosec i =
fz
vgf
fz
mLJs gf
mLJs gf
=
vgf
sec i =
cot i
cosec i =
1
cosec i
cos i =
1
sec i
tan i =
1
cot i
1
sin i
sec i =
1
cos i
cot i =
1
tan i
cot i
172
= tan (90c - i)
toa
Kjik Fnfhf
toa mogil fUJfis id Tj.
izfu
bfhSj.
jhd
njwfis
7.1 mKf
Geometry vw bga uL nuf thijf
ia msl vw bghUUJ bgwglJ.
fhyngh toa f mHfhf mikfgl
jUf Kiw xGFgLjgl fj mthF.
J f, nfhLf, jsf, cUtfSF
ilnas
gf
kW
bjhlfis
cslaJ. Rkh .K. 3000 Mo nghJ Kfhy
vJ kW J rkbt toa ga
gf fhzgld. tiuaWfglhj thijf,
tiuaiwf kW Cff Matwh toa
bjhlFwJ. it njwfSF tiuglfSF
bfhL brwd. J Egkhd ghl Mdh,
kdfzh vjhf Cfyh. nkY cWahd
eilKiw gaghLfis bfhlJ. toa
yfis msbtLg Ka gfhdhY,
vLJfhlhf, jnghJ fLkhd cWghLila
ghyf, bt MTlf kW fbga
isahL kW bghGJ nghF muFf mikf
tthdJ
gagLjgLwJ.
o
Kjjfkhd Elements- Flglitf
nkTa fLkhd gf toa njw
bjthf vGjgLsJ.
173
nj
maha 7
gl
sf
xiwbahW bto bfhshk xnu
js brY nfhLfis iznfhLf
vnwh. U iznfhLfSF ilna
cs bjhiy vbghGJ rkkhf UF.
l1
iz
nfhLf
l2
btL
nfhLf
O
A
l1
xU
l2
tnfhLf
l3
xUnfhlik
f
nfhz
(Obtuse Angle)
tis nfhz
(Reflex Angle)
FWnfhz
(Acute Angle)
bga
tiugl
O
nfhz
ms
A
+AOB 1 90c
+AOB = 90c
174
toa
bga
nfhz
Fbj nfhzf rk
+1 = +3, +2 = +4,
+5 = +7, +6 = +8
xj nfhzf rk
+1 = +5, +2 = +6,
+3 = +7, +4 = +8
cbs nfhzf rk
+3 = +5, +4 = +6
bt v nfhzf rk
+1 = +7, +2 = +8
tiugl
1
l1
4
l2
2
3
5 6
8
c nfhzf if u +3 + +6 = 180c;
nfhzf
+4 + +5 = 180c
A
Fiu
A
gl 7.2
gl 7.1 C
maha 7
gl
A
xU Knfhz _W gff
g-g-g
SSS
kbwhU Knfhz _W
gffSF rkbk, mU
KnfhzfS rtrkkhF.
g-nfh-g
SAS
xU Knfhz U gffS
mit
csla
nfhzK
kbwhU
Knfhz
U
gffSF mit csla
nfhzF rkbk, mU
B
KnfhzfS rtrkkhF.
176
TABC / TPQR
P
TABC / TPQR
A
xU
Knfhz
U
nfhzfS mj VjhtJ xU
nfh-nfh-g gfK kbwhU Knfhz
AAS
U
nfhzfSF
xj
B
gfF rkbk, mU
KnfhzfS rtrkkhF.
xU brnfhz Knfhz
fz, VnjD xU gf, kbwhU
brnfhz
Knfhz
fz, xU gf MatF
Kiwna rkkhf U, mU
KnfhzfS rtrkkhF.
TABC / TPQR
xU
Knfhz
U
nfhzfS mtwh izj
nfh-g-nfh gfK kbwhU Knfhz U
nfhzfSF mtwh izj
ASA
gfF rkkhdh, mU B
KnfhzfS rtrkkhF.
br-f-g
RHS
TABC / TPQR
A
TABC / TPQR
toa
g 7.1
1.
2.
3.
(i)
(iii) 120c
xc
(v) 20c
(iv) 40c
(115 x)c
(x + 30)c
40c
B
(v) 100c
(ii)
(x 20)c
4.
(iv) 35c
xc
B
5.
(i)
A
(ii)
3x 2x
D
(3x+5)c (2x25)c
D
C
y c 90cxc
O
A
3xc 60c B
(iii)
6.
7.
l1 || l2 v x - kig fhf.
(i) l1
l2
8.
9.
(2x + 20)c
(3x10) c
E
m1
(ii) l1
l1
B A
C D
F E
G H
l2
(3x + 20)c
2xc
l2
tiu
B
40 c
120 c
C
maha 7
rtf
izfu
brtf
rhrJu
U rkgf
rtf
rJu
vgff iz kW rk
v nfhzf rk
nfhzf ifu
kW
mLJs
rhrJu
rtf
gf
nfhz
_iylf
mtaiy
gf
Urkgf
nfhz
rtf
rkkhf
Ufntoa
_iyl _iylf rk
178
toa
7.4.1 izfu gf
g 1 : xU izfu v gff rk.
ju
%f : AB = CD kW AD = BC
mik : BD I izf
%gz :
gl 7.3
(i) +ABD = +BDC
(iii) BD bghJ gf
` T ABD / T BCD
(nfh-g-nfh g go)
Mfnt, AB = DC kW AD = BC
+DAB = +BCD
mik : BD I izf
179
gl 7.4
maha 7
%gz :
` +ABC = +ADC
njnghW,
g 2- kWjiy:
+BAD = +BCD
%gz :
A
(i)
+ABM = +CDM
AB = DC
gl 7.5
(nfh-g-nfh g go)
` AM = CM kW BM = DM
i.e., M vgJ AC kW BD- ika
` izfu _iylf xiwbahW Urk TL
toa
(i) izfu _iylf mizfuij rk gugs
F
bfhl U Knfhzfshf F.
(ii) izfu _iylf xWbfhW brFJ v,
mJ rhrJu MF.
(iii) xnu mo J, U iz nfhLfSilna mik
izfuf rkguilait.
vLJfhL 7.1
xU ehfu _W nfhzf msf 100c 84c kW 76c v,
ehfhtJ nfhz msit fhf.
ehfhtJ nfhz ms x c vf.
100c+84c+76c+ x c = 360c
260c+ x c = 360c
i.e.,
x c = 100c
vdnt, ehfhtJ nfhz ms 100c MF.
vLJfhL 7.2
+A+ +B = 180c
65c+ B = 180c
>
>>
>>
+B = 180c - 65c
+B = 115c
65o
A
>
gl 7.6
maha 7
+ABC = 90c
62c
= 28c
vLJfhL 7.4
+A = +C = 76c
+CDB = xcvf.
3 CDB-, CD = CB
76c
+CDB = +CBD = xc
( rhrJu v nfhzf)
gl 7.7
gl 7.8
xc = 52c
` +CDB = 52c
g 7.2
1.
2.
3.
105o
O
45o
30o
4.
5.
6.
30 br. v,
toa
7.
yc
(i)
40c
xc
yc
(iii)
(ii)
62c
xc
xc
yc
120c
A
8.
9.
D
P
akghij (Locus)
akghij vgJ y toa gjidfSF
cgL efU ghijahF.
Q
cjhuzkhf, uL fUJ rk u P
efU akghij mfis izF
nfhLJo ikaFJ nfhlhF.
tlf (Circles)
iyahd xU UJ rk bjhiy
efU akghij xU tlkhF.
tl mj Rws vdgL.
eh (Chord)
eh
u
bjhLnfhL
iyahd mj ika vd khwhj
ilu Mu vd miHfgL.
gl 7.9
O
l
tlg jikj U fis
izF nfhLJL eh vdgL.
bt
Lnf
hL
l (Diameter)
tl fbga eh l MF.
btLnfhL (Secant)
xU tlij U btntW f btobrY nfhL tl
btLnfhL vdgL.
183
maha 7
bjhLnfhL (Tangent)
bjhLnfhL vdgL.
xU
tlgid
uL
rkkw
a
tlJL
bg
tl (Arc of a circle)
fshf
tl
nfhzgF
tl vd miHfL.
bghJika tlf (Concentric circles)
gl 7.11
xUir f (Congruent arcs )
!
!
tlYs uL f AB kW CD Mait tl ika jhF
ij eh
7.5.1 tl ehf gf
gl 7.12
gl 7.13
toa
njw 1
OA = OB
(i)
(ii) OC
gl 7.14
(tl Muf.)
bghJgf
` AC = BC
njw 1- kWjiy : xU tl ikaij, eh ikaia
izF nfhL ehF brFjhF.
njw 2
xU tlYs rk ehf tl ikaUJ
rku UF.
ju
C
O
%f : OL = OM
mik : OL = AB kW OM = CD I tiuf.
OA kW OC I izf.
%gz :
L
B
gl 7.15
(i)
(iii)
+ OMC= + OLA
(iv)
T OLA / T OMC
` OL = OM
(xbthW 90c )
(br-f-g rtrkjik.)
maha 7
vLJfhL 7.5
10 br. MuKs tl 16 br. sKila eh tl ikaUJ
vts u csJ?
tl Mu OA- s 10 br.
AB = 16 br.
AC = 1 # 16 = 8 br.
2
b
r.
eh AB- ika C.
10
eh AB- s 16 br.
C
16br.
gl 7.16
OC = 10 br.
OC = OA - AC
` OC = 6 br.
vLJfhL 7.6
uL bghJika tlf bttl tiuagl eh AB ahdJ
ctlij C kW D- btLwJ v, AC = BD vd %.
ju : bttl eh AB ctlij C kW D- btLwJ.
%f
: AC = BD
mik
: OM = AB tiuf
%gz :
OM = AB
UJ OM = CD
bttl,
(mik go)
CM = DM
gl 7.17
(1) (a eh AB-ia OM Urk TL)
(2) (a eh CD-ia OM Urk TL)
(ACDB xU nenfhL)
ctl,
AM = BM
AM - CM = BM - DM
AC = BD
186
toa
%f : +AOB = 2 +ACB
mik : CO it izJ D tiu of
C
C
B
A
X
gl 7.18
gl 7.19
%gz :
(i) OA = OC
(iii) TAOC-
gl 7.20
(Muf)
(rkgfF vnu cs nfhzf rk.)
(Knfhz btnfhz
cbs nfhzf TLjYF rk.)
(TLj)
+ BOD = 2 +
maha 7
(i)
(ii)
%gz :
(i)
gl 7.21
(ii) + BCD = 1 (tis + BOD)
2
(iii) ` +BAD + +BCD = 1 +BOD + 1 (tis +BOD) ((i) kW (ii)-I Tl)
2
2
1
i.e., + BAD + + BCD = (+ BOD + (tis + BOD))
2
1
(tl ika bkhj nfhz 360c)
i.e., +BAD + +BCD = ( 360c)
2
(iv) njnghW,
vnfhzf
TLj
ifu
njw 5
%f : + CBE = +ADC
188
B
E
toa
%gz :
+ ABC + + CBE = 180c (nenfhL nrho)
(i)
(i) kW (ii)-UJ
(iii) + ABC + + CBE = +ABC + +ADC
(iv) ` + CBE = +ADC
vLJfhL 7.7
gl 7.27-, x vd Fl nfhz kig fhf.
(i)
(ii)
xc
xc
O
A
80c
B
100c
A
B
xc
O
56c
(iv)
xc
20c
(iii)
25
gl 7.23
gl 7.25
gl 7.26
gl 7.24
xU tl tl ika jhF nfhz, mj iy jJ tl
g VnjD xU VgLJ nfhzij ngh U klfhF vd
C
eh mnth.
(i)
+AOB = 2 +ACB
xc
+ACB = 1 +AOB
2
x = 1 # 80c = 40c
2
O
80c
B
x = 2 # 100c = 200c
100c
xc
O
56c
maha 7
C
OA = OB = OC (Muf)
(iv)
25
xc
20c
+AOB = 2 +ACB
x = 2 # 45c= 90c
vLJfhL 7.8
ABCD xU tl ehfu.
3ABC-,
120c
xc
O
x = 30c
g 7.3
gl 7.27
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
toa
6.
m AB = 6 br., CD = 8 br., OP = AB kW CD = OQ
7.
Q
P
D
B
8.
A
(i)
C
(ii)
C
A
(iii)
xc
O
xc
25
35c
(iv)
130c
A
(v)
xc
(vi)
48c
O
50c
xc
10.
30c
0
90c
12
O
xc
gl AB kW CD Mait tlika
O tna brY nenfhLf. +AOC = 98c
kW + CDE = 35c v (i) + DCE
E
A
98c
35c
191
maha 7
S
R
11.
gl
PQ
O-it
ikakhf
vgJ
+ SPR = 25c
+ PQM =
tl
+ PQR
l.
kW
cila
50c
(iii)
kW
25c
55c, P
55c
O
v,
50c
+ PRS
Matiw fhf.
M
C
D
`12. gl
ABCD
_iylf
vw
P
vw
tl
ehfu
bto
30c
50c
A
13.
(ii) + ADC
14.
gl
ABCD
vw
tl
ehfu
C
100c
kig fhf.
A
50c
B
15.
gl
O-it
ikakhf
cila
tl
Matiw fhf.
100c
C
A
B
192
toa
id bfhf
rhrJu MF.
193
msa
The most beautiful plane gure is the circle and the most
beautiful solid gure the sphere
- PYTHAGORAS
Kjik Fnfhf
tl nfhzgF s, Rws kW
gugs Matiw fhQj
MO
.K. 287 - 212
f wj fj
mPf xUtuhd
MO (Archimedes)
vgt
8.1 mKf
Ys nuf efuhd
Knfhzf,
brtff,
rJuf,
tlf kW nfhsf nghw totfis e
mwhl th fhnwh. t yt
gfis g eh Kng mUnwh.
toa totf msfis g TW
fj gF msa vdgL. thif
gntW Jiwf toa xU Kakhd Jiwahf
fUjgLtjh msaY f KakhdjhF.
fola kW jRa Mat
Rws, gugs kW fdms Mait Ka
gF twd.
cy cik NHf
gu kW fdms Mad gagLjgLwd.
iwa NH Ugkhz cUtf Rws
kW gugs nkY Kgkhz cUtf wgu
kW fdms Matiw fla gagL
Nufis xbthUtU fgJ f mta.
j maha tlnfhz gFf
s kW gu nkY fdrJu,
fdbrtf Mat wgu kW fdms
Matiw g mnth.
194
uhTi[ rhjt.
mt .K. 287 wjh.
xU tl cns
mikj xGF gynfhz
kW btna mikj
xGF gynfhzij
gagL
r - kig
msa
Matiw cUthFwJ. tl
!
PQ MdJ PQ vd FfgLwJ.
!
!
tl QP
tl PQ
tlnfhzgF qop
j tl P- bjhl fofhu tlnfhzgF poq
gl 8.1
RW irF vir Q-it
!
neh brwJ. tl PQ ,
Muf OP kW OQ twh milgL gF, tlnfhzgF POQ MF. gl
!
!
8.1- UJ PQ kW QP vw tlf btntwhdit vgij fhnwh.
Ka fUJ tlnfhzgF
xU tl uL Muf kW j Mufsh btlgL
Matwh milgL gF tlnfhzgF (Sector)
vdgL.
8.2.1 ikanfhz myJ tlnfhz (Central Angle)
Ka fUJ ikanfhz
1.
2.
O
r
Q
gl 8.2
8.2.2 xU tlnfhzgF s
g nk OP kW OQ vw uL Mufsh btlgL
gF skhF. tlnfhzgF s l vd
P
l
gl 8.3
FfgL.
195
maha 8
vLJfhlhf,
1.
2.
3.
xU fh tl s l = 2rr # 90 = rr myFf. F
2
360
tl Mu r, ikanfhz 90c .
Ka fUJ tlnfhzgF s
xU tlnfhzgF ikanfhz i kW Mu r v,
mj s l = i # 2rr myFfshF.
360
8.2.3 tlnfhzgF gugs (Area of a Sector)
tlnfhzgF gugs vgJ uL MufSF,
Mufsh tl g btlgL YF ilgl gFahF.
O
vLJfhlhf,
1. xU tl gugs rr2 rJu myFf MF.
2.
3.
2
xU miu tl gugs rr rJu myFf
2
2
xU fh tl gugs rr rJu myFf.
4
mj
gugs = i # rr2
360
= i # 2r r # r
360
2
= 1 # c i # 2rr m # r
2
360
1
= # lr
2
tlnfhzgF gugs = lr rJu myFf.
2
196
msa
1. s kW tlnfhzgF gu Mad
ikanfhz msF nej UF.
2. r vgJ xU jKwh v, mj njhuha k 22 (m) 3.14 vd
7
gagLJnwh.
F
vLJfhL 8.1
xU tlnfhzgF Mu 42 br. kW mj ikanfhz 60c v
mj s, gugs kW Rwsit fhf.
Mu r = 42 br., ikanfhz i = 60cvd bfhLfgLsJ.
s l = i # 2rr
360
= 60 # 2 # 22 # 42 = 44 br.
360
7
O
60o
42br.
i # 2rr
= l
360
30 # 2 # 22 # r = 66
360
7
30o r
A
66br.
maha 8
vLJfhL 8.3
s 22 br. kW Mu 10.5 br. bfhl tlnfhzgF
ikanfhz fhf.
Mu r = 10.5 br., s l = 22 br.. vd bfhLfgLsJ. vdnt,
i # 2rr = l
360
i. e., i # 2 # 22 # 10.5 = 22
360
7
` i = 22 # 360 # 1 # 7 # 1 =120c
2 22 10.5
10.5br.
22br.
vLJfhL 8.4
xU Cr ika nfhz 30c VgLj 11 br. bjhiy efwJ v,
Cr sij fhf.
Cr miy xU tlnfhzgF MF. Cr s vgJ
tlnfhzgF Mu MF.
O
r
A
B
11br.
vLJfhL 8.5
xU tlnfhzgF s 15 br. kW Mu 10 br. v,
mj Rwsit fhf.
O
r = 10 br., l = 15 br. vd bfhLfgLsJ, vdnt,
= 15 + 20 = 35 br.
10br.
vLJfhL 8.6
Q
15br.
Mu 18 br. kW ikanfhz 210c vd bfhl tlnfhzgF
Rwsit fhf.
r = 18 br., i = 210c vd bfhLfgLsJ. vdnt,
l = i # 2rr
360
O
210o
= 210 # 2 # 22 # 18 = 66 br.
360
7
` tlnfhzgF Rws = l + 2r = 66 + 2(18) = 66 + 36 = 102 br.
198
18br
msa
vLJfhL 8.7
Mu 14 br. kW gugs 77 r.br. bfhLs tlnfhzgF
ikanfhzij fhf.
r = 14 br., gu = 77 r.br. vd bfhLfgLsJ. vdnt,
tlnfhzgF gu = i # rr2
360
i # 22 # 14 # 14 = 77
360
7
` i = 77 # 360 # 7 = 45c
22 # 14 # 14
14br.
77r.br. B
vLJfhL 8.8
Mu 6 br., s 20 br. bfhLs tlnfhzgF guig
fhf.
r = 6 br., l = 20 br. vd bfhLfgLsJ. vdnt,
P
gu = lr rJu myFf
2
6br. Q
= 20 # 6 = 60 r.br.
2
vLJfhL 8.9
20br.
fhf.
i.e.,
Rws = l + 2r = 38
20br.
l + 18 = 38
l = 38 18 = 20 br.
` gu = lr = 20 # 9 = 90 r.br.
2
2
9br.
vLJfhL 8.10
Mu 28 br. cila miutl Rws kW gugs Matiw
fhf.
28br.
Mu 28 br. vd bfhLfgLsJ.
2
gugs = rr = 22 # 28 # 28 = 1232 r.br.
7
2
2
199
maha 8
vLJfhL 8.11
s 27.5 br., gugs 618.75 r.br. bfhl tlnfhzgF
Mu, ikanfhz kW Rws Matiw fhf.
s l = 27.5 br., gugs = 618.75 r.br. vd bfhLfgLsJ.
vdnt,
gugs = lr = 618.75 r.br.
2
27.5 # r
= 618.75
2
= 45 br.
` r
i # 2rr
360
i
mjhtJ,
# 2 # 22 # 45 = 27.5
360
7
` i = 35c
s l =
vLJfhL 8.12
21br.
21br.
vLJfhL 8.13
Matiw fzLf.
(ii) mt nr
(i)
(ii) tl BOC - gu = i # rr2
360
= 30 # 9, 000 = 750
360
nr cs bjhif ` 750.
200
nr
C
cz
120o
O
kw bryf
msa
vLJfhL 8.14
3 br. MuKs _W tlf xiwbahW bjhLnghJ mtwh
NHgL gF guig fhf.
glUJ, ABC xU rkgf Knfhz kW tlnfhzgFf DAF,
DBE kW ECF Mat guf rk.
tlfsh NHgl gF gu = rkgf Knfhz ABC- gu
- 3 # (tlnfhzgF gu)
3 a 2 - 3 # i # rr 2
4
360
..
3 br
3 br
r.
3b
r.
3b
3 # 6 # 6 - 3 # 60 # 22 # 3 # 3
4
360
7
= 9 3 - 99 = 15.59 - 14.14 = 1.45 r.br.
7
..
E
B 3br.. 3br.. C
vLJfhL 8.15
gl Hlgl gF gu fh [ r = 3.14 ]
r.
15b
C
.
8br
Hlgl gF gu = tlnfhzgF COD- gu
- tlnfhzgF AOB- gu
= i # rR2 - i # rr2
360
360
= 30 # 3.14 # 15 # 15 - 30 # 3.14 # 8 # 8
360
360
g 8.1
1.
2.
maha 8
3.
(i)
4.
(i)
Mu 10 br., s 33 br..
(ii) gugs
225
r.br.
kW
15
br.
bfhl
tlnfhzgF Mu fhf.
(iii) ikanfhz
140c
kW
gugs
44
r.br.
bfhl
tlnfhzgF Mu fhf.
5.
(i)
bfhl
(i)
7.
(i)
8.
(i)
L
h
sa
i jhd
k
i
9.
105o
225o
A
O
w braf
202
msa
10.
11.
(i)
12.
Fiuf nk mfgr gu
r.
gl Hlgl gF gu fhf.
21b
13.
42b
r.
14.
a
a
Ka fUJ wgu
a myFf bfhl fdrJu
maha 8
vLJfhL 8.16
Matiw fhf.
fdms
= a3 = 53 = 125 f.br.
bkhj wgu
br
5br.
gf gu
5br.
vLJfhL: 8.17
fdrJu gf ms a vf.
a=
36 = 6 br.
a
a
vLJfhL 8.18
fhf.
fdrJu gf ms a vf.
bkhj wgu = 384 r.br.
6a2 = 384 ( a2 = 384 = 64
6
` a = 64 = 8 br.
a
a
a
msa
vLJfhL 8.19
msit fhf.
fdrJu tot bjho gf ms a vf.
fdms = 27,000 .
V = a3 =
27, 000
f. = 27 f.
1, 000
` a=
27 = 3
g 8.2
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
maha 8
gFahF.
gfgu vgJ mogf Rws kW cau bgUfgydhF.
F
8.4.2 fdbrtf fdms (Volume of a Cuboid)
Ka fUJ fdbrtf fdms
xU fdbrtf s, mfy, cau Kiwna l, b, h v,
mj fdms,
V = l # b # h f. myFf
vLJfhL 8.20
xU fdbrtf s, mfy kW cau Kiwna 20 br., 12 br. kW
9 br. v, mj bkhj wguig fhf.
206
msa
9br.
= 2 # 528
= 1056 r.br.
r.
b
12
20br.
vLJfhL 8.21
l = 3 , b = 5 , h = 4 vd bfhLfgLsJ. vdnt,
= 2(l +b)h
= 2 # (3+5) # 4
= 2#8#4
gfgu
= 64 r.
vLJfhL 8.22
l = 11 , b = 10 , h = 7 vd bfhLfgLsJ. vdnt,
fdms
= lbh
=11 # 10 # 7
=770 f.
10
11
vLJfhL 8.23
fdms 216 f.br. mss U fdrJuf gl fhosthW
` a=
216 = 6 br.
maha 8
= 2 [(12 # 6 ) + (6 # 6 ) + (12 # 6 )]
= 2 [72 + 36 + 72]
= 2 # 180 = 360 r.br.
vLJfhL 8.24
` ciw gu = gf gu + nk gu
= 2 (l + b) h + lb
= 0.65 + 0.09
= 0.74 r.
45
br
50 br.
20 br.
1 rJu l J iy ` 50
vLJfhL: 8.25
msa
g 8.3
1.
(iii) 2 , 3 , 7
2.
(iv) 20 , 12 , 8
4.
5.
6.
7.
209
maha 8
id bfhf
ika
VgLJ
nfhz
ikanfhz
myJ
tlnfhz vdgL.
xU tlnfhzgF ikanfhz i kW Mu r v, mj
i
s l= 360 # 2rr myFfshF.
xU tlnfhzgF ikanfhz i kW Mu r v,
tlnfhzgF gugs i # rr2 rJu myFfshF.
360
l - s, r - tlnfhzgF Mu v, mj Rws
P = l + 2r myFf.
210
brKiw toa
Kjik Fnfhf
RWtl tiuj
My
1707 - 1783
9.1 mKf
f, nenfhLf kW w cUtf
gfis g toa mogil bfhiff
twd.
toa fis gagL
toa cUtfis tiu Kiwna brKiw
toayhF. toa tiuj vgJ cUtf,
nfhzf myJ nenfhLfis Jakhf
tiujyhF. o Elements vw jf
toa
tiuglfis
g
bjthf
TwgLsJ.
vdnt tiuglf o
tiuglf vd magLwd. monfh kW
fhgi[ gagL tiuglf tiuagLwd.
fhg rrk uij, monfh x J xW
miktij cWgLJwd. midJ toa
tiuglfS U fUJf mogil
mikwd.
ulh
ghlgF
monfh
kW
fhgi[ gagL jKW vf kW jKwh
vfis Ff aY vgij fnwh. 1913-
a fjnkij uhkD# 355 113 = r -I Ff
xU toa Kiwia mjh. jnghJ Jakhd
msfis bfhL tiu wfis gagL
nenfhLfsh kiyFns brY Rufghijfis
tiuaKo vgJ fwghd mrkhF. xU
bra rJu xbthU KidUJ xU
Fl nfhz Wfzfhd mo cau
vG nenfhLf xU iyWjgLwJ.
thW ehF KidfUJ vG nenfhLf
_y xU u flgLwJ.
211
18M
who
RryhJ ehL fj
mP
My
(Euler)
thjh. mt fhyF
K
mtiu
nghW
ahU
ma
MfLiuf mfkhf
vGaiy.
cyif
J bfhs MyUF
fj
xU
fUahf
UjJ.
xbthU
fLo
_yK
aifia J bfht
xU mo beUFtjhf mt
czjh.
toa KWbgw
Jiw
vd
vanghJ
o toa xU
a
njwij
t
fLojh.
My
xgJ fsla tl
njwij nH fhngh.
xU Knfhz
_W FJauf H vw
Y
gff
brFJ Urk btof m
vw Y rwd
v, hm vw nenfho
eL E-I ikakhf
bfhl
tl
J
midJ
FJaufS,
brFJ Urk btofS
mikwd.
Hc
Mc
M
Ma
Mb
H Hb
Ha
maha 9
bfhLfgLs msfSF Knfhz tiutij g eh vlh
tF fWnsh.
ghl eh eLnfhL ika, FJnfhL ika, ctl ika
kW RWtl ika Matiw tiu Kiwg fngh.
(i)
xU
ia
go1 :
nfhLJL AB tiuf.
go 2 :
nfhLJo s ghasF nk
msbtLJ, nfhLJo Wf
A kW B
nkY
tlfis
xiwbahW A
vd bgaLf.
C
go 3 :
M
D
Ka fUJ ikaFJnfhL
xU nfhLJo ika tahf tiuagL
brFJnfhL mj ikaFJnfhL (Perpendicular Bisector)
vdgL.
212
brKiw toa
go 1 :
go 2 :
AB-
btLkhW
vd bgaL.
go 3 :
P kW Q Ma fSF ilna cs
u ghF nk msbtLJ C vw
P
vw P kW Q UJ A
Q B
E
C
go 4 :
Ka fUJ FJnfhL
C
FJnfhL
213
maha 9
go 1 :
go 2 :
vLJ AC kW AB I D kW E btLkhW
A
fis tiuf.
go 3 :
go 4 :
214
nfhz
Urkbto
brKiw toa
go 1 :
F.
go 2 :
M vd bgaLf.
go 3 :
C kW M I izf.
A
Ka fUJ eLnfhL
C
eLnfhL
maha 9
RWtlika
Wt
RWtl Mu
Ka fUJ RWtlika
C
RWtl Mu (Circumradius)
brKiw toa
vLJfhL 9.1
AB = 5 br, +A = 70c kW +B = 60c mss DABC tiuf. mj RW tl
C
tiuJ RWtl Mu fhf.
60c
70c
A
5br
cj gl
go 1 :
bfhLfgLs
msF DABC tiuf.
70
60o
5br
go 2 :
VnjD
uL
gffSF
(AC
kW BC) ikaFJ
nfhLf tiuf. mit
btobfhS
vgJ
RWtlika MF.
70
60
5br
go 3 :
S-I
ikakhf
3.2br
bfhL
SA = SB = SC I Mukhf
RWtl
tiujh mJ cf
S
A, B kW C tna
brY.
70
A
RW tl Mu = 3. 2br
217
60
5br
maha 9
Fiu
2.
3.
g 9.1
1.
2.
RWtl tiuf:
3.
4.
KnfhzFJnfhLf rF
FJnfhLika myJ
vdgL. ij H vW Fngh.
vLJfhL 9.2
br
5.
4b
6br
cj gl
go 1 : bfhLfgLs
b
5.5
4b
218
6br
brKiw toa
go 2 :
VnjD
fUJ
(A kW C) vnu cs gffSF
( Kiwna BC kW AB) FJnfhLf
FJnfhLf btobfhS
H
r
tiuf.
4b
b
5.5
6br
Fiu
3.
4.
g 9.2
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
219
maha 9
gffis
tl
(Incircle)
ctl
vdgL.
I
cMu
l
t
vLJfhL 9.3
6b
r
50c
A
7br
cj gl
6b
go 1 :
bfhLfgLs
msfSF DABC tiuf.
50o
7br
go 2 :
6b
r
VnjD
U
nfhzfSF
nfhz
Urkbtof
tiuf.
kW
(F
+A
+B -
Urkbtof tiuagLsd)
mit rF I vgJ
DABC - ctl ika MF.
50o
7br
220
brKiw toa
go 3 :
I- UJ VnjD xU gfF
(F AB) brFJnfhL tiuf.
mnfhL AB I rF D
6b
r
MF.
1.8br
50
D 7br
go 4 :
6b
r
I I ikakhf ID I Mukhf
bfhL
tl
tiuf.
tlkhdJ Knfhz
midJ
gffis
cwkhf bjhL brY.
Jnt njitahd ctl
MF.
1.8br
50o
D
7br
Fiu
g 9.3
1.
2.
3.
4.
maha 9
Knfhz eLnfhLf rF
Knfhz eLnfhL ika
Mb
(Centroid) vdgL.
jid G vW FLnth.
Ma
Mc
vLJfhL 9.4
5b r
r
7b
6br
cj gl
go 1 :
7b
bfhLfgLs
5br
6br
(F AC kW BC-F
ikaFJnfhLf
tiuagLsd)
A
222
VnjD U gffSF
ikaFJnfhLf
tiuf.
7b
go 2 :
5br
6br
brKiw toa
go 3 :
DABC -
G
MdJ
7b
mgff ika
ia Kiwna v
cl
izF
nfhLf btL G
vf.
5br
Fiu
6br
eLnfhL
ika
g 9.4
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
223
tiuglf
A mathematical theory can be regarded as perfect only if you are prepared to
present its contents to the first man in the street
D.HILBERT
Ka Fnfhf
tiugl fUid j
10.1 mKf
tiugl mogil fUJfis ghlgF sFwJ. eh
xbthU ehS brjhf, giff kW jff nghwt
tiuglfis fhnwh. tiuglf gntW tukfis gl to
sFwJ.
j _y tukfis iuthf, vjhf kW
bjthf J bfhs KowJ. ghlgF uL khfSilna
cs bjhlid tiugl Fl, rkghLf id tiugl _y
bgWtij fngh.
y
7
x mR : 1 br. = 1 myF
x 2y = 2 vw rkghL x, y
y mR : 1 br. = 1 myF
6
vw U khf mikj xU nea
5
rkghoF
X
vLJfhlhF.
4
x0 2 y0 = 2 vwthW cs x0 , y0 vw
(6, 4)
3
(4, 3)
vf nrho ( x0 , y0 ) MdJ x 2y = 2
2
(2,
2)
vw rkgho xU MF. thW
1 (0, 1)
nrho Kj v x0 kW ulhtJ
(2, 0)
v y0 -F Fl kf bfhLgj xl 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
1
(4, 1)
_y rkgho vyh fis
2
(5, 1.5)
vjhf fhzKo. js cs U
3
mRfis bghWJ mik x 2y = 2
4
vw rkgho fshd ( x0 , y0 )
5
Ma f bjhF x 2y = 2
6
tiugl vdgL. gntW x0 kW y0
yl
kfis x 2y = 2 vw rkgho
fshf fL bgwgL gntW nrhof ( x0 , y0 )-I tiugl Fgj _y
tiuglid g eF mJ bfhsyh. cjhuzkhf, nkny bfhLfgLs
224
tiuglf
gl (5,1.5), (4,1), (2, 0), (0, 1), (2, 2), (4, 3) kW (6, 4) Ma fis FF
tiuglkhF.
f x 2y = 2 vw rkgho tiugl xU nenfhlhF vgij
czJwJ.
UJ, Ukhf mikj xUgo rkghL vnghJ xU
nenfhil FF vd mayh. ax + by + c = 0 vw rkghil nenfho
bghJtotkhf vLJbfhsntL. a myJ b VjhtJ xW
ayhk UfntL. tiugljh nenfho tiugl vjhf
tiua nenfho kbwhU va mikghd y = mx + c ia gagLJnwh.
x- xbthU kF y = mx + c vw rkghlhdJ
y- kig
bfhLgjh, eh (x, y) vw tirgLjgl nrhoia vjhf bgWnwh.
ax + by + c = 0 vgJ nenfho bghJ totkhF
(i) c = 0 v rkghL ax + by = 0 MF. nfhL M tna brY.
(ii) a = 0 v rkghL by + c = 0 MF. nfhL x mRF
izahf brY.
(iii) b = 0 v rkghL ax + c = 0 MF. nfhL y mRF
izahf brY.
F
vLJfhL 10.1
(3, 5) kW (- 5, 1) vw fis
izF nenfhoid tiuf.
1. 1 br. = 1 myF vw msl
x mR kW y mid tiuf.
4. eh njitahd
bgWnwh.
nea
tiuglij
225
xl
yl
maha 10
y = 6x
0
-1
-6
x mR : 1 br. = 1 myF
y mR : 1 br. = 1 myF
y = 6x
vLJfhL 10.2
y = 6x - tiugl tiuf.
bfhLfgl nenfhL rkgho
kfis ul
x =- 1, 0,1 vw
fhQ y- kfis bgwyh.
xl
yl
vLJfhL 10.3
x = 5 - tiugl tiuf.
x mR : 1 br. = 1 myF
y mR : 1 br. = 1 myF
yl
y
y=
5 x+
- 3
x mR : 1 br. = 1 myF
y mR : 1 br. = 1 myF
-5 x
3
5
y =- x + 2
3
xl
vLJfhL 10.4
vw
nenfho
y =- 5 x + 2
3
tiugl tiuf.
nenfhL rkgho x = - 3, 0, 3
vd ul, flthW y- kfis
eh fhnwh.
y =- 5 x + 2
3
0
x
-3
y
x=5
xl
3
-5
-3
yl
226
tiuglf
y=4
x-1
(- 3, 7), (0, 2) kW (3, - 3) vw fis tiugljh FJ mf
tbrY nenfhoid tiua. Jnt y =- 5 x + 2 vw rkgho
3
nenfhL tiuglkhF.
y
vLJfhL 10.5
x mR : 1 br. = 1 myF
y mR : 1 br. = 1 myF
y = 4x - 1 - tiugl tiuf.
y = 4x - 1
0
-1
-1
4x
-4
-5
y = 4x- 1
xl
(- 1, - 5), (0, - 1) kW (1, 3)
vw fis tiugljh FJ
mf tbrY nenfhoid tiua.
nenfhL tiuglij bgWnwh.
yl
eh bghGJ njitahd
vLJfhL 10.6
2x + 3y = 12 - tiugl tiuf.
Kj eh 2x + 3y = 12 vw
rkghil y = mx + c vw to
vGJnth.
y
2x
2x + 3y = 12 vw rkghoUJ
2
y = - x + 4 vdilwJ.
3
nkfl rkgho x =- 3, 0, 3
vd ul, flthW y-
kfis eh bgWnwh.
y = -2 x+4
3
0
-3
-2 x
3
y=- 2 x + 4
3
3y
x mR : 1 br. = 1 myF
y mR : 1 br. = 1 myF
12
xl
-2
yl
maha 10
g 10.1
1.
(i) (2, 3) kW (- 6, - 5)
2.
(i) y = 5
(ii) y = - 6
(iii) x = 3
(iv) x = - 5
(v) 2x + 7 = 0
(vi) 6 + 3y = 0
3.
(i) y = 4x
(ii) 3x + y = 0
(iv) y - 3x = 0
(v) 9y - 3x = 0
4.
(i) y = 3x + 1
(ii) 4y = 8x + 2
(iii) y - 4x + 3 = 0
(iv) x = 3y + 3
(v) x + 2y - 6 = 0
(vi) x - 2y + 1 = 0
(vii) 3x + 2y = 12
5.
(ii) (- 2, - 4) kW (- 1, 6)
(iii) x =- 2y
(i) m = 2 kW c = 3
(iv) m = 3 kW c =- 4
(ii) m =- 2 kW c =- 2 (iii) m =- 4 kW c = 1
(v) m = 1 kW c = 3
(vi) m = - 2 kW c = 2
2
3
U khf xU nea rkghL bjhF vgJ U khfshyhd
xWF nkgl xU go rkghLf bjhF MF. mbjhF cs vyh
rkghLfis iw br tirgLjgl nrhof fz mbjhF
MF. ghlgF U khfshyhd U nea rkghLf it
tiuglKiw fhgJ g gongh.
nf thdJ _W tiff fHyh. mit
(i)
tiuglf
vLJfhL 10.7
x + 2y = 4 ; 2x + 4y = 8 vw rkghLfis tiugl _y f.
eh bgW kfis
mltizgLJnth.
x + 2y = 4
2 y = -x + 4 ( y = - x + 2
2
nkfhQ rkgho x =- 2, 0, 2 vd ul, eh mjFa y-
kfis bgWnwh.
nfhL 1:
y = -x +2
2
0
-2
y
2
x+
1
0
-x
-1
2
3
2
1
y= - x + 2
2
nfhL 2: 2x + 4y = 8
4 y = - 2x + 8 ( y = - x + 2
2
nkfhQ rkgho x =- 2, 0, 2 vd
ul, eh bgW y kf tUkhW
y = -x +2
2
0
-4
-x
2
y =- x + 2
2
2y
x mR : 1 br. = 1 myF
y mR : 1 br. = 1 myF
=4
xl
-2
2x +
x
4y =
8
yl
eh fis tiugljh FJ nenfhLf tiunth. uL
nfhLfS xw J xW miktij fhzyh. xU nfho J cs vj xU
kbwhU nfho J mik. vdnt, U rkghLfSF vzw
bghJthd f cL. mjhtJ, nfho Js xbthU thF.
Mfnt, rkghLfSF vzw f cL.
vLJfhL 10.8
tiugl Kiw : x - 3y = 6 ; x - 3y + 9 = 0
maha 10
nfhL 1: x - 3y = 6
3y = x -6 ( y = x -2
3
nkfhQ rkgho x = - 3, 0, 3 vd ul, eh bgW y- kf
tUkhW
y= x -2
3
x
-3
x
3
-1
y = x -2
3
-3
-2
-1
x mR : 1 br. = 1 myF
y mR : 1 br. = 1 myF
nfhL 2: x - 3y + 9 = 0
3 y = x + 9
y = x + 3
3
nkfhQ
rkgho
x = - 3, 0, 3 vd ul, eh bgW y-
+
- 3y
x
x-
y= x +3
3
-3
x
3
-1
y = x +3
3
0
9=
xl
kf tUkhW
6
3y =
yl
uL
2x - y = 1; x + 2y = 8 vw rkghLfis tiuglKiw f.
tiuglf
nfhL 1: 2x - y = 1
y = 2x - 1
-1
2x
-2
y = 2x - 1
-3
-1
y
x+
nfhL 2: x + 2y = 8
2 y = -x + 8 ( y = - x + 4
2
nkfhQ rkgho x =- 2, 0, 2
vd ul, eh bgW y- kf
2y
=8
xl
-x
2
y
x
- + 4
2
-1
-y
-2
2x
y = -x +4
2
x mR : 1 br. = 1 myF
y mR : 1 br. = 1 myF
yl
uL
g 10.2
tU rkghLfis tiugl Kiw .
2.
1.
3x - y = 0 ; x - 2 = 0
2x + y = 4 ; 4x + 2y = 8
3.
2x = y + 1 ; x + 2y - 8 = 0
4.
x + y = 5; x - y = 1
5.
x - 2y = 6 ; x - 2y =- 6
6.
4x - y - 5 = 0 ; x + y - 5 = 0
7.
3x + 2y = 4 ; 9x + 6y - 12 = 0
8.
y = 2x + 1 ; y + 3x - 6 = 0
9.
y - 2x + 2 = 0 ; y = 4x - 4
10.
11.
2x - 4 = 0 ; 4x + y + 4 = 0
12.
x - y = 0; y + 3 = 0
x + y = 1; x + y = 2
2 4
2 4
231
a
Statistical thinking today is as necessary for efcient citizenship as the ability to read and write
Herbert. G. Wells
Kjik Fnfhf
11.1 mKf
a vgJ tufis nrfJ, ghFgL goaL, M brJ
mtufSF sf fhgj _y uridfSF Ko fhgjF
cjwJ. Kjiy tuf kW ulhiy tuf vthW
nrffgLwd vgJ g eh Kija tFf goJnsh. mthW
bgwgl tuf mfkhd tufis bfhljhf U, mj
tufis M brJ sf fhgjF Kghf gFJ, goal ntL.
xU y Mf nghJ, ghFgL goaLtj _ykhfnt, mj
tuf ga bjthd sfK mj KaJtK bjatU. tif
mfgL tuf xU ruhr kjDF Mt CLtjhf, goahf
Uj ntL. vdnt, mtuf KGikahf VWbfhS tifY
nkY Mtij L tifY csjhf mika, mjid xU sf gl _
ykhfnth myJ xU tiugl _ykhfnth mgJ wjJ.
j maha Kj uL tif tiuglfis g ghngh. kw
uL nk tFf mJ bfhnth.
11.2.1 fbt brtf (Histogram)
fbt gutiy tf gagL gyjkhd tiugl Kiwf mf
ngrgLtJ gyuhY gagLjgLtJ fbt brtf MF. fbt
brtf vgJ xU bjhlfbt gutiy U gkhz tiuglkhf kh
fhLtjhF. fbt brtf, fbt gut ilbtfis
mfykhf mf fbtfis skhf bfhL brtff
tiuagLwd. brtff gu mjj fbtfSF ne
j UF.
rkkhd ilbtfis bfhL fbtbrtf tiua bra ntoad:
maha 11
vLJfhL 11.1
gynfhz tiuf.
kbgf 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50
khztf
vif
12
22
35
40
50-60
60-70
70-80
80-90
90-100
60
52
40
30
nkfl vLJfho, f yF fshf csd. jnghJ
cslF fis bfhl X vLJfhil vLJbfhnth.
234
vLJfhL 11.2
xU a bjhTl ntiy br 50 bjhyhsfl, mtf
xbthUtU ntiyfhf vjid nyh l bjhiy tJ brwhf vw
fzbfL eljgl fl tuf bgwgld. tufSF xU
fbt brtf kW fbt gynfhz mikf.
u (.)
bjhyhsf
vif
50-59
40-49
30-39
20-29
10-19
18
14
9.5-19.5
19.5-29.5
29.5-39.5
39.5-49.5
49.5-59.5
14
18
ms l
x mR : 1 br. = 10 myFf
y mR : 1 br. = 2 myFf
235
maha 11
40-60
100
60-70
60
70-80
90
80-85
70
85-90
60
90-120
90
F, bga fbtiz bgWsjh ilbt 40-60 mf
KaJt thjJ ngh njhWwJ. Mdh, fbt 100-fhd
ilbt ms 20 MF. mnj rka ilbt 80-85 fhd
fbt 70 Mf UjhY mj ms 5 dhof kLnk. vdnt, fbt
brtf tiu K xbthU ilbt msit (sij)
fz bfhs ntL. mthW iyba mfbt brtf,
bfhLfgl tufis rahd Kiw tgjhf mikahJ. jid
rbra, ilbtf kW mj fbtfis bghWJ, brtff
sf khaikfgl ntL.
brtf khaikfgl sf fbt mlia fhgj
_y fzlgLwJ.
fbt ml : fbtfis mj ilbt msit
bfhL tFF nghJ fbt ml ilwJ.
Ka fUJ
fbt ml = fbt ' ilbt ms
bfhLfgl
fbt
gut, C vgJ
fa
ilbt s vdbfhlh, brtf
khaikfgl s flthW fzlgL.
khaikfgl s =
fbt
#C
mj ilbtms
neu (dhof)
40-60
60-70
70-80
80-85
85-90
90-120
fbt
100
60
90
70
60
90
ilbt
ms
20
10
10
30
100 # 5 60 # 5 90 # 5 70 # 5 60 # 5
10
10
5
5
brtf s 20
= 30
= 45
= 70
= 60
= 25
236
90 # 5
30
= 15
ms l
x mR : 1 br. = 5 myFf
y mR : 1 br. = 5 myFf
vLJfhL 11.3
fbtml =
fbt
fbt ilbt s
brtf s = fbt ml # 10
kbgf
khztf
vif
ilbt s
brtf
s
0-10
10-20
20-40
40-50
50-60
60-70
70-90
90-100
14
16
14
16
10
10
20
10
10
10
20
10
4 # 10 6 # 10 14 # 10 16 # 1014 # 10 8 # 10 16 # 10 5 # 10
10
10
20
10
10
10
20
10
=4
=6
=7
= 16 = 14 = 8
=8
=5
237
maha 11
ms l
x mR : 1 br. = 10 myFf
y mR : 1 br. = 2 myFf
g 11.1
1.
2.
2000 2200
2200 2400
2400 2800
2800
- 3000
3000 3200
3200 3600
bjhyhsf
vif
25
30
50
60
15
10
3.
10-19
20-24
25-34
35-49
50-54
12
18
238
4.
ilbt
fbt
5.
10-14
5
25
52-80
21
10-20
20-30
30-50
50-60
60-70
80
50
80
120
30
/x
n
/x
( nx = / x mjhtJ,
n
bkhj kf vif # ruhr = kf TL bjhif
Fiu
x=
idTJ
ila
maha 11
/x
= 72 + 73 + 75 + 82 + 74 = 376 = 75.2
n
5
5
vdnt, ruhr = 75.2
vLJfhL 11.5
x =
5 vf ruhr 32. mbtf xiw FnghJ, ruhr 4 Fiwjh
fgl viz fhz.
5 vf ruhr
= 32.
5 vf TLbjhif = 32 # 5 = 160
4 vf ruhr
= 32 - 4 = 28
4 vf TLbjhif = 28 # 4 = 112
( a nx = / x )
x1, x2, x3 ...xn Ma cWf fbtf Kiwna f1, f2, f3 ...fn v, ruhr
n
f x + f x + g + fn xn
=
x = 1 1 2 2
f1 + f2 + g + fn
/ fx
i
i=1
n
/f
vd tiuaWfgLwJ.
i=1
/ fx vW vGjgL.
nkfl Nu x =
/f
vLJfhL 11.6
5
3
10
10
15
25
20
7
25
5
x
5
f
3
fx
15
10
10
100
15
25
375
20
140
25
125
/f
= 50
/ fx = 755
240
ruhr =
/ fx
/f
ruhr = 15.1
755
= 50 = 15.1
0-10
10-20
20-30
30-40
40-50
goa Kj UJ 3 khztf 10 kbgfSF Fiwthf
bgUgjhf bjwJ. Mdh mJ m_tU jjahf tha
kbgfis g VJ Flgliy. jnghJ xbthU
ilbt uahf xU k njitgLwJ. 0-10 fhd mj
k 5 vd bfhnth. J mj ikaahF. mjhtJ, xbthU
ilbt cs cWfS m ikaF mU csjhf
vLJbfhnth. jgo xbthU ilbt ika, m
cs cWf uahf VW bfhsgLwJ.
ika = UCL + LCL . F UCL vgJ nk viy (Upper Class
2
Limit) LCL vgJ viy (Lower Class Limit)MF.
fzlgLwJ. jnghJ
/ fx I gagL bfhLfgl fbt gut ruhria fhzyh.
x=
/f
bjhFfgl fbt gut ruhria fhQ Kiwf VnjD
xU Kiwia gagL fzlyh:
F x vgJ ilbt ika kW
ilbt fbt MF.
/ fx ,
/f
f vgJ mj
maha 11
vLJfhL 11.7
0-10
10-20
20-30
30-40
40-50
50-60
10
25
30
20
10
kbgf
ika
(x)
khztf
vif (f)
fx
0-10
25
10-20
15
10
150
20-30
25
25
625
30-40
35
30
1050
40-50
45
20
900
50-60
55
10
550
/f
x =
/ fx
/f
= 100
/ fx = 3300
= 3300 = 33
100
vdnt, ruhr = 33
/ fd .
/f
(i)
vLJfhL 11.8
vLJfhL 11.7- cs tuF, Cf ruhr Kiw, ruhria fhf.
Cf ruhr A = 35 vf.
kbgf
ika(x)
0-10
10-20
20-30
30-40
40-50
50-60
5
15
25
35
45
55
khztf
d = x 35
vif (f)
5
10
25
30
20
10
/f
x = A+
30
20
10
0
10
20
fd
150
200
250
0
200
200
/ fd = 200
= 100
/ fd
/f
= 35 + ` - 200 j = 35 - 2 = 33
100
goyf Kiw (Step deviation method)
tu ilbtf s rkkhf Ujh, goyf
Kiw ruhr fhgJ vJ. Kiw, fzLtij vik gLJtjfhf,
yf d = x - A I ilbt s c M tFfgLwJ. wF,
/ fd # c vw Nu _y ruhr fhzgLwJ.
/f
x = A+
fhz.
Cf ruhr A = 35 vf. F ilbt s c = 10.
kbgf
ika (x)
0-10
10-20
20-30
30-40
40-50
50-60
5
15
25
35
45
55
khztf
vif( f )
5
10
25
30
20
10
/f
x = A+
= 100
d = x - 35
10
3
2
1
0
1
2
fd
15
20
25
0
20
20
/ fd = 20
/ fd # c = 35 - 20 # 10 = 35 - 2 = 33
` 100
j
/f
` ruhr = 33
243
maha 11
11.3.4 ruhr gf
g 1
ruhrUJ, midJ cWf yff TLbjhif
a MF.
mjhtJ,
tu
cWf
v,
x1, x2, x3 ...xn
^ x1 - x h + ^ x2 - x h + ... + ^ xn - x h = 0
cjhuzkhf, 6, 8, 9, 14, 13 vw tu ruhr 10. 10-UJ xbthU
tu yff TLbjhif
(6 - 10) + (8 - 10) + (9 - 10) + (14 - 10) + (13 - 10)
= - 4 + ( - 2) + ( - 1) + 4 + 3 = - 7 + 7 = 0
vdnt, ruhrUJ, midJ cWf yff TLbjhif
a vd magLwJ.
g 2
xU tu cs xbthU vQlD, xU Fl khwhj v
k I mfgjdh ilF a tu TL ruhr k mnj
kh k ms mfF.
mjhtJ, x1, x2, x3 ...xn vw vf ruhr x v, x1 + k, x2 + k, x3 + k, ..., xn + k
vw vf ruhr x + k MF.
cjhuzkhf, x1, x2, x3, x4 kW x5 vw vf ruhr 20 vf.
vdnt, x = x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5 = 20
5
xbthU vnzhL 5 I Todh ilF a vf
x1 + 5, x2 + 5, x3 + 5, x4 + 5 kW x5 + 5 MF.
j ruhr
x1 + 5 + x2 + 5 + x3 + 5 + x4 + 5 + x5 + 5
5
= x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5 + 25
5
x
1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5
+ 25 = 20 + 5
=
5
5
a tu ruhr giHa tu ruhria l 5 mfJsij
fhnwh.
g 3
xU tu cs xbthU vUJ, xU Fl khwhj
v k I Fiwgjdh ilF a tu TL ruhr k mnj
kh k ms Fiw. mjhtJ,
x1 - 5, x2 - 5, x3 - 5, x4 - 5, x5 - 5 .
a ruhr = x1 - 5 + x2 - 5 + x3 - 5 + x4 - 5 + x5 - 5
5
x
1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5
=
- 25
5
5
= 20 - 5
fhnwh.
g 4
ruhr kx MF.
cjhuz, x1, x2, x3, x4 kW x5 Ma vf ruhr 20 v,
x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5 = 20
5
xbthU viz 5-M bgUdh, ilF vf 5x1, 5x2, 5x3, 5x4, 5x5 .
a ruhr = 5x1 + 5x2 + 5x3 + 5x4 + 5x5
5
5^ x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5h
=
= 5 (20)
5
a tu ruhr giHa tu ruhria 5 M bgUf
ilwJ.
g 5
245
maha 11
x = x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5 = 20
5
xbthU viz 5 M tFf ilF vfy1 = x1 , y2 = x2 , y3 = x3 ,
5
5
5
y4 = x4 kW y5 = x5 .
5
5
x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5
5
5
5
5
a ruhr y = 5
5
= 1 ` x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5 j = 1 ^20h
5
5
5
= 1 ( x )
5
vLJfhL 11.9
100 khztf kbgf ruhr 40 vW fzlglJ. , 53 vw
kbg 83 vW jtWjyhf vLfglJ bjatjJ. rahd kbgfis
bfhL rahd ruhria fhf.
bkhj khztf vif n = 100, ruhr kbg x = 40.
jtwhd / x = x # n = 40 # 100 = 4000
rahd
= 4000 - 83 + 53 = 3970
rahd / x
n
3970
=
= 39.7
100
vdnt x - ruhr k 39.7 MF.
rahd ruhr x =
g 11.2
1.
2.
brth
55
32
30
ahH bt
25
10
r
20
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
50
52
53
55
57
khztf vif
10
15
9.
10.
11.
nehahf vif
ehf vif
12.
50-60
13.
0-10
10-20
20-30
30-40
40-50
50-60
15
22
20
10
10-19
20-29
30-39
40-49
50-59
10
13
247
maha 11
14.
kbgf 150 - 200 200 - 250 250 - 300 300 - 350 350 - 400 400 - 450 450 - 500
khztf
vif
12
10
15.
0 - 19
20 - 39
40 - 59
60 - 79
80 - 99
fbt
15
14
(i)
vLJfhL 11.10
(i) 24, 22, 23, 14, 15, 7, 21
(i)
cWf vif n = 7
248
= ` 7 + 1 j MtJ cW
2
= 4 MtJ cW = 21
(ii)
n
n
` 2 j MtJ cW kW ` 2 + 1j MtJ cW Mat ruhrna iliy
msthF.
n
10
` 2 j MtJ cW = ` 2 j MtJ cW
= 5 MtJ cW
= 13
n
10
` 2 + 1j MtJ cW = ` 2 + 1j MtJ cW
= 6 MtJ cW
= 15.
vdnt, iliy ms = 13 + 15 = 14
2
11.4.2 iliy ms - tifgLjglhj fbt gut
iliy ms fhgjfhd gof :
bfhLfgl n vfis VW myJ wF tir vGj.
(i)
vLJfhL 11.11
20
25
50
40
80
16
249
maha 11
kbgf
fbt f
9
20
25
40
50
80
4
6
16
8
7
2
n = 43
F
fbt cf
4
10
26
34
41
43
iliy ms = ` n + 1 j MtJ cW
2
= ` 43 + 1 j MtJ cW
2
= 22 MtJ cW.
goa fLsgo, 11- UJ 26 tiu cs cWf 25 MF .
` iliy ms = 25.
vLJfhL 11.12
1
1
2
3
3
2
4
4
5
8
6
2
k
1
2
3
4
5
6
fbt f
1
3
2
4
8
2
n = 20
F fbt cf
1
4
6
10
18
20
= 20 (uil gil v)
n
n
` 2 j tJ cW + ` 2 + 1j tJ cW
=
2
250
10MtJ cW + 11MtJ cW
2
` iliy ms = 4 + 5 = 9 = 4.5
2
2
11.4.3 iliy ms - tifgLjgl fbt gut
=
tifgLjgl
fbt
gut
iliy
ms
fzL
(i)
F fbtfis fzl.
c = iliy ms s
N = fbtf TLj
F fbt
vLJfhL 11.13
fhQ gut iliy ms fh.
rgs (`100- )
0-10
bjhyhsf
vif
22
46
35
rgs
fbt f
0-10
10-20
20-30
30-40
40-50
22
38
46
35
20
F
fbt cf
22
60
106
141
161
N = 161
iliy ms fbt f = 46
251
20
maha 11
iliy ms F fbtQF cldoahd Kija F
fbt m = 60. iliy ms s c = 10
N -m
iliy ms = l + 2
#c
f
= 20 + 80.5 - 60 # 10 = 20 + 10 # 20.5
46
46
= 20 + 205 = 20 + 4.46 = 24.46
46
` iliy ms = 24.46
vLJfhL 11.14
11-15
7
16-20 21-25
10
13
26-30
26
31-35
9
36-40
5
bfhLfgoUF goa, f cslF fshf csikah
mit yF fshf tUkhW kh vGJnth.
kbg
fbt f
10.5- 15.5
15.5-20.5
20.5-25.5
25.5-30.5
30.5-35.5
35.5-40.5
7
10
13
26
9
5
N = 70
N = 70, N = 70 = 35
2
2
iliy ms 25.5-30.5
iliy ms viy l
iliy ms fbt f = 26
F
fbt cf
7
17
30
56
65
70
= 25.5
N -m
iliy ms = l + 2
#c
f
g 11.3
1.
2.
3.
12
13
15
19
22
23
fbt
5-10
10-15
15-20
20-25
25-30
10
kuf vif
4.
5.
10-19
20-29
30-39
40-49
50-59
60-69
10
11
12
ilbt
fbt
6.
0-9
1-5
6 - 10
11 - 15
16 - 20
21 - 25
26 - 30
31 - 35
18
25
26
rgs
20 - 25
(100 %gh)
bjhyhsf
50
vif
25 - 30
30 - 35
35 - 40
40 - 45
45 - 50
70
100
180
150
120
50 - 55 55 - 60
70
60
xU gut vj cW mU f mf cWf mikwnjh mj
cW k KfL vW miHfgL.
11.5.1 KfL - tifgLjglhj tu
brglglhj tu cWfis xU tir mikJ xbthU
cW vjid Kiw l bgWsJ vW fzLtj _y, m
tu Kfil vjhf mila Ko. mf Kiw l bgWs cW kng
KfL MF.
maha 11
vLJfhL 11.15
fj wikia nrhF nj 10 khztf bgw kbgf
75,72,59,62, 72,75,71,70,70,70 MF. tu KfL fhf.
10 khztf kbgf Kiwna 75, 72, 59, 62, 72, 75, 71, 70, 70, 70
tu 70 _W Kiw l bgW, kwit uL myJ xUKiw l
bgUgjh, KfL 70 MF.
F
vLJfhL 11.16
482,485,483,485,487,487,489 vw bjhF KfL fhf.
bfhLfgl bjhF, uL vf 485 kW 487 UKiw l bgW,
uL vfS bjhF KfLf Mwd. thW uL KfLf cs
gut uil KfL gut vW miHfgL .
10
23
39
27
l = KfL viy
f = KfL fbt
c = KfL ilbt s
vLJfhL 11.18
10-15
15-20
20-25
25-30
30-35
35-40
40-45
45-50
18
30
20
10
kbg
fbt f
10-15
15-20
20-25
18
25-30
30
30-35
20
35-40
10
40-45
45-50
KfL viy l = 25
KfL fbt f = 30
KfL fbtQF Kija fbt f1 = 18 kW ija
fbt f2 = 20
KfL ilbt s c = 5
255
maha 11
f - f1
h# c
2f - f1 - f2
KfL = l + ^
30 - 18
# 5 = 25 + 12 # 5
j
22
60 - 18 - 20
= 25 + 60 = 25 + 2.73 = 27.73
22
vdnt, KfL = 27.73
=25 + `
g 11.4
1.
2.
3.
fhyf msf
10
w nrhof
vif
15
17
13
21
18
16
11
4.
21-25
18
20
14
5.
6.
kuf vif
14
21
28
20
17
7.
5 - 14
15 - 24
25 - 34
35 - 44
45 - 54
55 - 64
11
12
10
8.
0 - 10
10 - 20
20 - 30
30 - 40
40 - 50
braKiw g
10,20,30,40 kW 50 Mat ruhr fhf.
1.
* xbthU vnzhL 10 I To, tU vf ruhr fhf.
* xbthU vUJ 10 I fJ tU vf ruhr fhf.
* xbthU viz10 M bgU, tU vf ruhr fhf.
* xbthU viz 10 M tFJ, tU vf ruhr fhf.
*
xbthU bra KiwF bghJthd vG mjid ruhr
jikfnshL xLf.
2.
f brhjkhf cjhuz bfhLf.
(i) ruhria l iliy ms VfjfJ.
(ii) iliy msit l KfL VfjfJ.
(iii) Kfil l iliy ms VfjfJ.
id bfhf
tifgLjgl tu ruhrfhd Nu :
netKiw x = / fx
/f
cnjr ruhr tKiw
/ fd
x = A+
/f
goyf tKiw x = A + / fd # C
/f
xU F fbt, mj fbtnzhL, mjF Kija
f fbtfis TLtjh ilf bgWtJ.
N -m
iliy ms = l + 2
#c
f
KfL = l + c
f - f1
m#c
2f - f1 - f2
257
fjf
All business proceeds on beliefs, or judgments of probabilities,
and not on certainty
- CHARLES ELIOT
Kjik Fnfhf
Ug Ug tU nrhjidf kW XL
fbt fjf Matiw J bfhSj
gl fjfid J bfhSj
12.1 mKf
rL ~gh ikr
fjfF mDgt
myJ a
mQFKiwia
M.v. ~ kW
M. ~ghikr Mnah
thd.
M. ~ghikr
vgtuh
TWbt fUJ
mKfgLjglJ.
ms bfhifia
mogilahf bfhL
fjf fj
fUaiy clhf
fUJ VJthf
mikjJ. brw
who ggy
gilghf
Ljyh j
mQFKiw J jhf
btglJ. j
ed thfid
FF monfh
tKiw nfhnkhnfhnuh
vgtuh mfglJ.
fjf
nrhjid
nrhjid
th nrhjid
cWahd nrhjid
259
maha 12
Ka
TW
(Sample
Point)
f
(Event)
nrhjid xbthU
is TW
vdgL.
xU ehzaij RL nghJ
jiy, Mait TWfshF .
xU gfilia cUL nghJ
1, 2, 3, 4, 5 kW 6 Mait
TWfshF.
TWbt vj xU
cfzK f
vdgL.
cjhuzkhf,
xU gfilia cUL nghJ
ilF rhjfkhd ff y
{1, 2, 3}, {1, 3}, {2, 3, 5, 6}.
260
fjf
fjf
yF fjf
gl fjf
mfiy fjf
bjhik fjf
12.3 fjf
fjf gntW fUJfUJ, fjfid _W tiffshf fyh:
(1) mfiy fjf (Subjective probability)
(2) bjhik fjf (Classical probability)
(3) gl fjf (Empirical probability)
12.3.1 mfiy fjf
cWghlw jikia ga xUtUila eif tikia mfiy
fjf btgLJwJ. eh vghF isfSF neuoahd rhWf
f Fiwj msnt cs myJ KGikahf yhj jUzf kiwKfkhd
rhWfisnah, mghgl fnyh, cSz _ynkh kW mfiy
fhuf _ynkh fjfid fzlyh.
12.3.2 bjhik fjf
bjhik fjf vD fUJ th isahLfUJ bgwglJ.
nrhjid isf midJ rkthig bgUF nghJ J
bghUJwJ. xj rkths n ff xU f fH rhjfkhd s thf
U mf fjf s vd bfhLfgLwJ.
n
12.3.3 gl fjf
neuoahd mDgtf _y isf fjfid fhgJ gl
fjf MF
maha 12
gl fjf
P(E) =
F 0 # m # n ( 0 # m # 1 , Mfnt 0 # P (E) # 1 .
n
0 # P (E) # 1
mjhtJ, xU f ftjfhd fjf vbghGJ 0 UJ 1 Koa
cs VnjD xU v MF.
xU f ftjfhd cWjikia ma fjf bgJ gagLwJ.
fjf
eh y fjffis fzL nghJ fzLfis kL kd
bfhsTlhJ. eKila nehf fjf mogil nfhghLfis,
fis, bfhiffis mJ bfhtjhf Uf ntL.
cjhuz :
xU ehzaij gyKiw RLnghJ, vjid Kiw jiy kW Gwd
vgjF, bkhj RLjfSFkhd jf nH bfhLf gLsd.
RLj
vif
(n)
ilj
jiyf (H)
vif (m1)
50
29
60
34
70
41
80
44
90
48
100
52
P(H) = m1
n
29
50
34
60
41
70
44
80
48
90
52
100
ilj
f (T)
vif (m2)
P(T) = m2
n
21
26
29
36
42
48
21
50
26
60
29
70
36
80
42
90
48
100
nkfl mltizUJ eh RLj vifia mff
mff jiy ilgjfhd fjf, ilgjfhd fjf
xiwbahW beU tUtij fhzyh.
bra (1): xU ehzaij RLj
xbthU khztid xU ehzaij 10 Kiw RlbrJ, vjid Kiw
jiy ilwJ vgij, vjid Kiw ilwJ vgij ftJ
nH cs mltiz csthW Ff brhyyh.
is
10 RLj Gj jiyf/
f vif
nenfhL
Ff
jiy
263
maha 12
nj nghy xU ehzaij 20, 30, 40, 50 Kiw RlbrJ nkTa
Kiwnyna mltizgLj ntzL. tU df kfis
vGJf.
jiy ilj RLj vif
= d
RLj bkhj vif
d
ilj RLj vif
= d
RLj bkhj vif
d
bra (2): xU gfilia cULj
xU gfilia 20 Kiw cUo mj MW isfSF fjfit fzLf.
is
nenfhL
Ff
20 Kiw cUL
nghJ ilF
isf
vif
ilj bjhlila
isf vif
gfil cULj
bkhj vif
1
2
3
4
5
6
mltizgLjyh.
bra (3): U ehzafis RLj
U ehzafis nrjhngh 10 Kiw Ro mj ffis ftJ
tUkhW mltizgLJf.
is
10 Kiw
ne
RL nghJ
nfhL
ilF
Ff
isf
uL jiyf
xU jiy kW
xU
jiy jJ
264
ilj bjhlila
isf vif
U ehzaf
RLj bkhj vif
fjf
bra (1)- xbthU Kiw xU ehzaij RLtij Ka vnwh.
ij nghynt bra (2)- xbthU Kiw gfilia cULjiy Ka vW,
bra (3)- U ehzafis xnu neu RLjiy Ka vW miHnwh.
bra (1)- xU Fl RLj f jiy ilgij is
vnwh, mij nghynt ilgij mf kbwhU is vnwh.
bra (2)- 5 vw Fl v ilgJ vgij xU is vnwh.
jiy ilj RLj vif
- kig gl fjf myJ nrhjid
RLj bkhj vif
fjf vnwh .
vLJfhL 12.1
xU cgahs cgahd brlngfUJ (Cellphone) 1000
brlngfis rkth Kiw njbjLJ
nrhJ ghj 25
brlngf FiwghLilad vW fLofglJ v, rkth Kiw
njbjLF xU brlng FiwghLilajhf Uf fjf vd.
nrhjid brj brlngf vif = 1000 mjhtJ, n = 1000
n(E) = 25
mjhtJ, m = 25
T20 kilgJ ngho (cricket) uhR 50 gJfis vbfhL 10 Kiw
MW Xlfis vLjh. mt vbfhl gJf xU gij rkth Kiw
njbjLF nghJ m mt MW Xlf vLfhk Ugjfhd fjf
vd?
n(E)
= 10
mjhtJ, m=10
P(E)
=1- 1 = 4
5
5
265
maha 12
vLJfhL 12.3
Fkh
Ugh
12
uf bga
mjhtJ, m1 = 20
m1
= 20
n
30
m2 12
P( E2 ) =
=
n
30
P( E1 ) =
mjhtJ, m2 = 12
vLJfhL 12.4
20-29
30-39
40-49
50-59
60-69
70 mjF
nkY
14
23
28
35
52
Uf fjf vd?
266
fjf
(i)
xU Muhahs khztf fj wikF, a MtF
ilna cs bjhlig fla Udh. nrhjidfhf 200 khztfis
rkth Kiw njbjLJ mtfl fj wik kW a Mt
Matiw Fiw, ruhr, mf vd FLkhW T nrffgl tu
goa nH bfhLfgLsJ.
a
Mt
Fiw
ruhr
mf
fj wik
Fiw
ruhr
mf
60
15
15
15
45
10
5
10
25
maha 12
mjhtJ, n = 200
(i)
m1
= 50 = 1
n
200
4
(ii) f E2 vgJ a ruhr Mt cilnah vf.
P( E1 ) =
mjhtJ, m1 = 50
n( E2 ) = 15+45+10 = 70
P( E2 ) =
mjhtJ, m2 = 70
m2
= 70 = 7
n
200
20
n( E3 ) = 5+10+25 = 40
P( E3 ) =
mjhtJ, m3 = 40
m3
= 40 = 1
n
200
5
vLJfhL 12.6
tu nH bfhLfgLsJ.
jUj ehf
vif
6 ehfis
l mf
kf vif
15
32
56
19
(iii) mf gr 4 ehf
fjf
mjhtJ, m3 = 47
m
P( E2 ) = 3 = 47
n
127
g 12.1
1.
i) 1/3
vi) 1.45
ii) - 1/5
vii) 1
2.
tiuaW: i) nrhjid
iv) TWbt
iii) 0.80
viii) 33%
iv) - 0.78
ix) 112%
v) 0
iii) rkth nrhjid
vi) Ka
3.
tiuaW : gl fjf
4.
5.
maha 12
6.
Unth
Ughnjh
KobtLfhnjh
15
bkhj egf
Uf fjf vd?
7.
Uf fjf vd?
8.
fbtf
80
75
90
75
85
95
xU is
(i) 4 I l Fiwthf
(ii) 2 I l Fiwthf
(iv) 6 Mf
(v) 6 Mf yhk.
(iii) 2 I l mfkhf
Uf fjf vd?
9.
624
900
476
njbjLfgl xU FLg
Uf fjf vd?
270
fjf
10.
13
89
14
77
14 I l mf
53
11.
22
16
12
(i)
Uf fjfid fhf.
12.
2 kL
(iv) Fiwjgr 4 Mf
kbgf tUkhW
myF nj
bgw kbgf
(%)
II
III
IV
VI
VII VIII
IX
89
93
98
99
98
97
96
98
99
90
13.
f khzt
gahs
5
4
3
8
maha 12
(i) bgzhf Uf
(ii) f khztuhf Uf
(iii) f khzahf Uf (iv) M gahsuhf
Uf fjf vd?
14.
Uailjt
Uailahjt
300
450
100
150
(ii) Uailjtuhf Uf
njbjLfgl 1,000
tha
tuf
nrffgL
mj
tu
nH
jugLsJ.
thf lnlh
thf llhnjh
thnah
200
100
thfhnjh
50
650
Uf fjf vd?
16.
fjf
gF tif
bgUef
wef
uhk
cik cst
90
60
25
cik myhjt
110
90
125
btehL kGJ
njbjLfgL xUt
(i)
Uf
17.
Uf fjf vd?
(M.Phil)
5
15
5
tiu
10
20
5
kL
10
15
15
(i)
(v)
18.
273
maha 12
isahL
taJ
20 F
20 - 29
30 - 39
40 - 49
50 kW mjF nk
ifJ
tisnfh
TilgJ
gJ
Ml
(Basket ball)
(Volleyball)
(Hockey)
26
47
41
38
84
80
72
68
38
96
48
30
134
44
18
fhgJ
(Football)
36
48
22
26
4
(i)
ifJ gJ Ml Ugtuhf
Uf fjf vd?
19.
fhiy 7 k
Kj 11 tiu
fhiy 11 k
Kj gf 3
tiu
gf 3 k
Kj khiy 7
tiu
300
200
500
120
130
250
400
250
350
fjf vd?
274
fjf
id bfhf
(3) gl fjf
0 # P^ E h # 1
275
(A) "5, 6 , ! A
2.
(A) " a, b ,
3.
tU TWf vJ rahdJ?
4.
jF cfzf vif.
(A) 2
5.
(A) 3
6.
tUtdt vJ rahdJ?
2
(A) " x : x =- 1, x ! Z , = Q
(C) Q = "0 ,
7.
tUtdt vJ ray?
(B) "5 , ! A
(C) "7 , ! A
(B) " b, c ,
(C) "c, d ,
(C) 2
(B) 2 - 1
(B) 8
m-1
(D) "6 , ! A
(D) " a, d ,
(D) 2 (2
m-1
- 1)
(C) 6 (D) 7
(B) Q = 0
(D) Q = "Q ,
fzij bgUF.
8.
tUtdt vJ rahdJ?
(A) Q 3 " a, b ,
(B) Q d " a, b ,
276
(D) a 3 " a, b ,
9.
(B) " x : x d W, x $ 5 ,
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
(B) A 3 A
(C) "7, 8, 9 , 3 A
A = "3, 4, 5, 6 , kW B = "1, 2, 5, 6 , v, A , B =
(A) "1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 ,
(B) "1, 2, 3, 4, 6 ,
(C) "1, 2, 5, 6 ,
(D) "3, 4, 5, 6 ,
(A) 3
(B) 2
(C) 1
(D) 0
n^ X h = m, n^Y h = n kW n^ X + Y h = p v, n^ X , Y h =
(A) m + n + p
(B) m + n - p
(C) m - p
(D) m - n + p
(B) Q
(C) "1, 3, 5, 10 ,
(D) "1, 3, 4, 7, 8 ,
A 3 B v, A B vgJ
(B) A
(C) Q
(D) B A
(C) Q
(D) A , B
(C) B
(D) A + B
(A) B
16.
A vgJ B- jF cfz v, A + B =
(A) A
17.
A vgJ B- jF cfz v, A , B
(A) A
18.
mU cs gl Hl gF FgJ
(A) A B
19.
(D) "5 , f A
(B) B
(B) Q
(B) Al
(C) Bl
(D) B A
A = " a, b, c , , B = "e, f, g , v, A + B =
(A) Q
20.
mU cs gl Hl gF FgJ
(A) A B
(B) A
(C) B
(B) B A
(D) A , B
(C) A 3 B
277
(D) Al
2. bkba bjhF
21.
(A) xU KG
(B) xU jKW v
(C) xU jKwh v
(D) xU KG v
22.
(A) xU jKW v
(B) xU a v
(C) xU jKwh v
(D) xU KG.
23.
- 3 - jrk tot
4
(A) 0.75
(B) 0.50
24.
0.3 -
(A) 1
7
25.
tUtdtW vJ cikay?
26.
(A) 5
32
27.
(A) r
28.
(i)
29.
(A)
(D) 0.125
(C) 1
3
(D) 2
3
p
tot
q
2+ 3
(C) 0.25
(B) 2
7
(B) 7
9
(C) 1
4
(B)
4 + 25
(ii)
(B)
(C) 8
15
30
(iii)
(C)
278
5+ 7
(D) 1
12
(D) 1
5
8- 3 8
(iv)
(D)
50 - va tot
30.
(A) 5 10
31.
(A) 8 112
33.
(C) 10 5
(D) 25 2
(C) 8 118
(D) 8 116
11 vgjF rkkhdJ
(B) 8 114
2 vgjF rkkhdJ
2
32.
(B) 5 2
(A) 2 2
(B)
(C)
2
2
(D) 2
(D)
(B)
(C)
(A)
34.
tUtdtW vJ cikay?
(A)
(B) 17 xU jKwh v
(D) 4 16 xU jKwh v
27
2 xU jKwh v
35.
(A) 8,12
36.
(A)
37.
5 3 3 FF KGikahd jKwh _y
(A) 3 15
38.
tUtdtW vJ cikay?
(A)
(B) 12,8
(B)
(B)
(C) 16,12
27
375
(D) 12,16
(C)
(D)
81
(C)
75
(D)
45
2 xU jKwh v.
279
39.
tUtdtW vJ cikay?
x n - mLF F tot x
n
m
(B)
m
(C) ` x n j - _yFpL tot
40.
(A) 1
1 1
mn
(B) 3
(C) 23
(D) 21
923.4 - ma FpL
42.
0.00036 - ma FpL
43.
(A) 257
44.
(A) 0.03506
45.
5 = 25 - klif tot
(A) log5 2 = 25
46.
(A) 2 = 16
log 3 ` 4 j - k
3
4
(A) 2
48.
log49 7 - k
(A) 2
49.
log 1 4 - k
(A) 2
50.
(A) log10 9
47.
(B) 9.234 # 10
(C) 9.234 # 10
4
(B) 3.6 # 10
(D) 3.6 # 10
(C) 25700
(D) 257000
(C) 35.06
(D) 350.6
(C) log5 25 = 2
(D) log25 5 = 2
(B) 2570
2
(B) 0.003506
(B) log2 5 = 25
2
16
16
(B) 4 = 16
(C) 2 = 4
(D) 4 = 2
(B) 1
(C) 2
(D) 1
(B) 1
2
(C) 1
7
(D) 1
(B) 0
(C) 1
2
(D) 2
(C) 1
(D) 1
(B) log10 36
280
4. afj
3
51.
(A) 2,3
52.
4x - 7x + 6x + 1 vw gYWnfhit go
(A) 2
53.
3x - 2 vw gYWnfhit vgJ xU
(D) kh gYWnfhit
54.
4x + 2x - 2 vw gYWnfhit vgJ xU
55.
2x - 5 vw gYWnfhit a
(A) 5
2
56.
3x - 1 = 0 vw gYWnfhit rkgho _y
(A) x =- 1
3
57.
(B) 3,2
(C) 2,3
(D) 2,3
(B) 1
(C) 3
(D) 0
(B)- 5
2
(C) 2
5
(B) x = 1
3
(C) x = 1
(D)- 2
5
(D) x = 3
(A) x = 0, 2
58.
(A) p` b j
a
59.
(A) a
60.
(A) p^ bh = 0
61.
62.
(B) x = 1, 2
(C) x = 1, - 2
(B) p`- b j
a
(C) p` a j
b
(D) x = 0, - 2
(D) p`- a j
b
(B) a
(B) p`- b j = 0
a
(C) a
(D) a
(C) p^ah = 0
(D) p` b j = 0
a
(C) x 5
(D) x 3
(C) x - 2
(D) x + 2
x - 3x - 10 - fhuf xW
(A) x - 2
3
(B) x +5
x - 2x + 2x - 1 - fhuf xW
(A) x - 1
(B) x + 1
281
63.
^ x + 2h^ x - 1h -
(A) x - x - 2
64.
^ x + 1h^ x - 2h^ x + 3h -
(A) x + 2x - 5x - 6
(C) x + 2x + 5x - 6
65.
2
2
^ x - yh^ x + xy + y h vgjF rkkhdJ
(A) x + y
66.
x + 2x - 8 - fhuf
67.
(A) x + 5
68.
ax - 5x + c - fhuf ^2x + 1h kW ^ x - 3h v, a kW c- kf
Kiwna
(A) 2,3
69.
(B) x + x + 2
(D) x - x + 2
(B) x - 2x + 5x - 6
(C) x + x - 2
(D) x + 2x + 5x + 6
(B) x + y
(C) x - y
(D) x - y
(B) x - 5
(C) x + 8
(D) x 8
(B) 2,3
(C) 2,3
(D) 1,3
x + y = 10 kW x - y = 2 v, x- k
(A) 4
70.
2 - x < 5 -
(A) x > - 3
(B) 6
(C) 4
(D) 6
(B) x < - 3
(C) x > 3
(D) x < 3
5. Mabjhiy totfj
71.
(A) I
72.
(A) OX
73.
74.
(B) II
A) a > 0, b < 0
(C) III
(B) OY
(D) IV
(C) OX l
(D) OY l
C) a > 0, b > 0
D) a < 0, b > 0
B) 4
C)
282
D) 8
A) U rkgf Knfhz
B) brnfhz Knfhz
C) mrkgf Knfhz
D) rkgf Knfhz
76.
B) 100
C) 36
D) 10
(A) 2a
(B) 2b
(C) 2a + 2b
(D) 2 a2 + b2
(A) p = 0
(B) q = 0
(C) p + q = 0
(D) p + q = 8
(A) (0, 5)
(B) (5, 0)
(C) (5, 0)
(D) (0, 5)
6. Knfhza
81.
82.
83.
(D) 0
2 tan 30c v, x- k
1 - tan2 30c
(A) tan 45c
(B) tan 30c
x=
(D) 0
84.
85.
86.
sin 27c - k
cos 63c
(A) 0
(B) 1
88.
(A) 57c
(C) 47c
(D) 90c
89.
90.
(C) 1
3
(D) 3
4
91.
87.
92.
(B) 43c
(A) 90c
93.
(A) 1
2
94.
95.
3 v, nfhz A- ms
4
(B) 60c
(C) 45c
(B)
3
2
(C) 0
(C)
(D) 30c
(D) 1
3
2
(D) 1
(C) 0
284
(D) 1
7. toa
96.
(A) 40c
(B) 50c
(C) 45c
97.
(A) 90c
(C)60c
98.
(B) 120c
(D) 100c
55c
(D)
C
P
O
mnfhz ms
(A ) 25c
(B) 30c
99.
(A) 48c
(B) 96c
(C) 24c
(D) 58c
A
(A) 120c
(B) 52c
(C) 78c
(D) 130c
130c
(C) 15 br.
(D) 18br.
(A) 75c
(B) 115c
( C) 35c
(D) 45c
B
A
C
(A) 24.5
(B) 49
(C) 98
(D) 154
285
(A) 60c
(B) 90c
(C) 100c
(D) 120c
(C) 30c
(D) 90c
(A) nfhz
(B) brnfhz
(A) FWnfhz
(B) nfhz
(C) brnfhz
(D) tisnfhz
(A) 12c
(B) 20c
(C) 48c
(D) 36c
(A) FWnfhz
(B) nfhz
(C) brnfhz
(D) tisnfhz
(A) 20c
(B) 110c
(C) 140c
(D) 160c
8. msa
111. tl ika jhF nfhz 90c mj Mu 7 br. v, tl s
(A) 22 br.
(B) 44 br.
(C) 11 br.
(D) 33 br.
(A) 16 br.
(B) 61 br.
(C) 32 br.
(D) 80 br.
(A) 2rr2
2
(C) rr
4
(B) 4rr2
286
2
(D) rr
2
(C) 33 r.br.
(D) 45 r.br.
(A) 2r r.br.
3
(B) 4r r.br.
3
(C) 8r r.br.
3
(A) 6 br.
(B) 12 br.
(C) 24 br.
(D) 36 br.
(A) 23 br.
(C) 32 br.
(A) fdrJu
(B) fd brtf
(C) rJu
(D) brtf
(A) gu
(B) s
(C) fdms
120.
(A) 16 r.bl.
(B) 4 r.bl.
(C) 2 r.bl.
(D) bkhjgu
(D) 1 r.bl.
11. a
121. Kj 10 a vf ruhr
(A) 25
(B) 55
(C) 5.5
122.
(A) 3
(B) 0
(C) 25
(D) 2.5
(D) 10
(A) 32
(B) 16
(C) 8
(D) 4
(A) 2
(B) 3
(C) 4
(D) 5
(A) 11
(B) 10
(C) 9.5
287
(D) 10.5
(A) 4
(B) 6
(C) 5.5
(D) 7
(C) 3
(D) 0
127. Kj 5 KG vf ruhr
(A) 2
(B) 2.5
(A) 2
(B) 12
(C) 7
(D) 17
(C) 7
(D) 7.5
(A) 8.5
(B) 5.67
(A) 5
(B) 40
(C) 20
(D) 10
12. fjf
131. cWahd f fjf
(A) 1
(B) 0
(C) 1
2
(D) 2
(A) 7
4
(C) 2
3
(D) 2
3
(C) 1
2
(D) 1
(B)0 # x 1 1
(C)0 # x # 1
(D) 1 1 x 1 2
(B) P (E) - 1
(C) 1
(D) 0
(B) 1
(A) 1
(B) 0
(A) 0 1 x 1 1
135. P (El ) =
(A) 1 - P (E)
288
ilf
g 1.1
1. (i) fz my (ii) fz (iii) fz my
2. (i) 0 d A
(ii) 6 g A
(iv) fz (v) fz
(iv) 4 d A (v) 7 g A
(iii) 3 d A
4.
(i) A = "3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 ,
(ii) B = "0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ,
(vi) P = "- 4, - 3, - 2, - 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 ,
(iii) C = "2, 3 ,
(v) M = "- 1, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 ,
5.
(i) A = My cbuGJf fz
6.
8.
(iii) Koyhfz
(iv) Koyhfz
(i) rkhdfzf
(v) KoWfz
(iii) rkfzf
(iv) M
289
(iii) P(A) = { Q, {5}, {6}, {7}, {8}, {5,6}, {5,7}, {5,8}, {6,7}, {6,8}, {7,8}, {5,6,7},
17. (i) 64, 63 (ii) 128, 127 (iii) 2, 1 18. (i) 1 (ii) 8 (iii) 9 (iv) 10 19. A vgJ btWfz
20. (i) A = "1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 , , B = "2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20 , ,
C = "15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25 ,
(ii) n^ Ah = 10 , n^ Bh = 10 ,
n^C h = 11
(iii) a) F
b) T
c) T
d) T
g 1.2
1.
2.
(i) A , B = "1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 12, 15, 18, 20, 25, 30 , (ii) A + B = "10, 15, 25 ,
3.
(i) X , Y = "0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20 , , X + Y = "4, 8, 12, 16, 20 ,
4. "7 ,
5. (ii) X kW Y btlhfzf
6.
7.
(i) A , B = " a, b, c, d, f, g ,
(iii) Al , Bl = "1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 10 ,
9.
(i) M N= "3, 9 ,
(v) M + ^ M - N h = "3, 9 ,
(iii) A + B = " b, d ,
(ii) B - C = "16, 20 ,
(vii) n^ M - N h = 2
(iii) C - D = "2, 4, 6, 8, 12 ,
(v) n^ A - C h = 4
11. (i) U = "1, 2, 3g49 , , A = "4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, 36, 40, 44, 48 ,
B = "16, 30, 44 ,
A + B = "16, 44 , ,
(ii) A , B = "4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 30, 32, 36, 40, 44, 48 ,
n^ A , Bh = 13 , n^ A + Bh = 2
(iii) A 3 B = "- 4, - 2, - 1, 5 ,
290
F = "4, 7, 9, 11 ,
E , F = "1, 2, 4, 7, 9, 11 , , E + F = "4, 7 ,
(ii) n^,h = 8 , n^ E , F h = 6 , n^ E + F h = 2
G = "1, 2, 4, 8 , , H = "2, 6, 8, 10 ,
g 1.3
U
M
6
7
9
2. n^ A + Bh = 15
3. 16, 29
4. n^ Bh = 27
5. n^ A + Bh = 6, n^,h = 43
6. n^ A , Bh = 22
7. 150
8. 1400
10. 35
12. 12 13. 47
5
10
1.
11
12
13
11. 12
14. M, r
17. 16%
g 2.1
1.
2.
(i) r
(iv) jtW
M, Vbd 0 = 0 = 0 = 0 = 0 = g
1
2
3
-1
3. - 4 , - 3
7
7
g 2.2
1.
291
206
4. 0.076923 , 6
495
4 = 0.571428 ,
7
g 2.3
1.
D F H
5
1
A
O
-3
-2
-1
1 1 1
C E G I
0.1530300330003330g
5. 0.58088008880g ,
0.59099009990g
6. 1.83205g ,
1.93205g
8. 0.13, 0.20
cL]
g 2.5
1. (i) jKwh _y
(ii) jKwh _y
(iv) jKwh _y
(iii) jKwh _y my
(v) jKwh _y my
2. (i) 20 + 10 5 + 2 3 + 15 (ii) 8 + 2 15
3. (i) 71 3
180 (ii)
5. (i)
(iv)
500 (iii)
45 (v) 3 5
2
405
(vi)
8. (i) wF tir :
7. (i)
(iv) 61
(iv)
32
(iii) 11
3 2 2 (ii)
3,
4,
5 , VW tir :
5,
3 2 4 4 (iii)
4,
10 2 3
(ii) wF tir :
4,
4,
2 , VW tir :
2,
4,
(iii) wF tir :
2,
3,
4 , VW tir :
4,
3,
g 2.6
1. (i)
2 (ii) 7 (iii)
(viii) 2 - 3
(iv)
25 (v) 5 + 4 3 (vi)
3
6
2 - 3 (vii)
(iv) 2 77
11
5+ 2
(v) 3 15
3. (i) 11 - 3
118
(ii) 3 - 5
12
(iii)
13 - 11
2
4. (i) 0.707
(ii) 3.464
(iii) 1.887
(iv) 3 + 5 (v) 17 3 - 21
71
2
(iv) 0.655 (v) 0.102 (vi) 4.441
5. a = 31 , b = 10
19
19
8. a = 0, b = 16
9. 14
11
(vii) 3.732
(viii) 0.185
7. a = 3, b = 0
6. a = 7, b = 4
10. 4
g 2.7
1. 3, 1
2. 0, 5
3. 9, 0
g 3.1
11
1. (i) 7.493 # 10
2. (i) 0.00000325
(ii) 1.3 # 10
(iii) 1.05003 # 10
14
(iv) 5.436 # 10
(vi) 1.3307 # 10- (vii) 2.2 # 10- (viii) 9.0 # 10(ii) 0.0004134
(iii) 41340
13
(iv) 18600000
28
3. (i) 6.4 # 10 (ii) 3.375 # 10 (iii) 2.56 # 10 (iv) 6.9984 # 10- (v) 3.993 # 10
g 3.2
1. (i) r (ii) jtW (iii) jtW (iv) jtW (v) r
(vi) jtW
2. (i) log2 16 = 4
g 3.3
1
1. (i) 9.243 # 10 (ii) 9.243 # 10- (iii) 9.243 # 10 (iv) 9.243 # 10 (v) 9.243 # 10-
2
(vi) 9.243 # 10- 2. (i) 3 (ii) 1 (iii) 3 (iv) 2 (v) 1 (vi) 0
3. (i) 4.3576 (ii) 1.3576 (iii) 0.3576
(iii) 0.2413
293
(vi) 0.01513
g 4.1
1.
(i) xU kh gYWnfhit
(ii) xU kh gYWnfhit
(iii) xU kh gYWnfhit
g 4.2
1.
2.
3.
(i) x = 1
4
(i) x = 3
(ii) x =- 5 (iii) x = 0
(iv) x =- 9
3
(ii) x = 6 (iii) x =- 1 (iv) x = 0
5
11
(i) x = 2 , x = 3 _yf (ii) x =- 1 _y , x = 2 _y my
(iii) x = 1 , x =- 2 , x = 3 _yf
(iv) x =- 1 , x = 2 _yf , x = 3 _y my
g 4.3
1.
(i) 10
(ii) 8
2. a = 5
(iii) 20
3. m = 13
(iv) 145
4. m = 3
5. m = 5 , 15.
g 4.4
1.
(i) fhu
2. fhu my
(ii) fhu
4. fhu
5. p = 10
g 4.5
1.
2.
3.
(ii) p + 4p - 20p - 48
3
(iii) x + x - 17x + 15
(iv) x3 - 7ax2 + 14a2 x - 8a3 (v) 27x + 72x + 51x + 10 (vi) 8x - 36x - 2x + 105
(i) 19, 111, 189 (ii) 7, 2, 40 (iii) 60, 142, 105 (iv) 100, 5, 6
294
4. 10, 3, 10
5.
g 4.6
1.
2. (i) (x + 1)
(v) ^ p + qh^ p + r h
2
3. (i) ^ p + q + r h2
2
(iii) ^b + 2h^b - 2h
2
(ii) (a - 2b - 6)
(iii) (3x - y + 1)
2
2
4. (i) ^3x + 4yh^9x - 12xy + 16y h
2
(iii) ^a + 5h^a - 5a + 25h
(iii) 5x ^2 - 5xyh
(ii) ^m + 2h^m - 2m + 4h
2
2
(iv) ^2x - 3yh^4x + 6xy + 9y h
2
2
(v) ^ x - 2yh^ x + 2xy + 4y h
g 4.7
1. (i) ^ x + 1h^ x + 14h
(iii) ^ y + 3h^ y + 4h
(vi) ^t - 8h^t - 9h
(ix) ^ y - 4h^ y + 9h
(xii) ^ y + 4h^ y - 5h
2.
(iii) ^ x + 2h^2x + 5h
(xiii) ^ x + 2h^2x - 7h
3. (i) ^a + b + 2h^a + b + 7h
4.
(ii) ^ p - q + 2h^ p - q - 9h
g 4.8
1.
(i) x = 1, y = 3 (ii) x = 2, y =- 3
(iii) x = 3, y = 2
(iv) x = 1 , y = 1
5
2
4. 50, 22
(v) x = 1 , y = 1
2. 16, 8
3. 27
2
(ii) x < 3.5 (iii) x # - 2.5
(iv) x $ - 2
5. (i) x > 4
295
g 5.1
1. (i) jtW (ii) r (iii) r
(iii) x m J
(viii) r
6. x mRF iz 7. y mR
11. (4,3)
g 5.2
1. (i)
202
(viii) 15
(ii) 4 5
(iii)
(ix) 18
(x)
29 (iv) 2 2
(v) 5 2
(vi) 1
(vii) 5
15. (0,7)
16. 4 5
18. (4,3) 19. 30
20. tiua ayhJ, nenfho mik f
21. (8,15) (8,15) (8,15)(8, 15) 24.11, 7
25. 20
g 6.1
1. (i) sin i = 6 , cos i = 8 , tan i = 6 , cosec i = 10 , sec i = 10 , cot i = 8
10
10
8
6
8
6
(ii) sin i = 7 , cos i = 24 , tan i = 7 , cosec i = 25 , sec i = 25 ,cot i = 24
25
25
24
7
24
7
(iii) sin i = 35 , cos i = 12 , tan i = 35 , cosec i = 37 , sec i = 37 , cot i = 12
37
37
12
35
12
35
(iv) sin i = 9 , cos i = 40 , tan i = 9 , cosec i = 41 , sec i = 41 , cot i = 40
41
41
40
9
40
9
12
9
15
15
12
2. (i) cos A =
, tan A =
, cosec A =
, sec A =
, cot A =
15
12
9
12
9
8
8
17
17
15
(ii) sin A =
, tan A =
, cosec A =
, sec A =
, cot A =
17
15
8
15
8
(iii) sin P = 5 , cos P = 12 , cosec P = 13 , sec P = 13 , cot P = 12
13
13
5
12
5
(iv) sin i = 15 , cos i = 8 , tan i = 15 , cosec i = 17 , cot i = 8
17
17
8
15
15
(v) sin i = 60 , cos i = 11 , tan i = 60 , sec i = 61 , cot i = 11
61
61
11
11
60
(vi) cos i =
y2 - x2
, tan i =
y
y
x
, cosec i =
,
2
x
y -x
2
y
y2 - x2
,
cot
=
i
x
y2 - x2
3. (i) 45c (ii) 0c (iii) 60c (iv) 30c
sec i =
g 6.2
1. (i) 1 (ii) 1 (iii) 1 (iv) 1 (v) 1 (vi) 1
2. (i) 0 (ii) 2 (iii) 0 (iv) 6 (v) 1 (vi) 9 (vii) 0 (viii) 3 (ix) 1
2
3
3. (i) 60c (ii)41c (iii) 55c (iv) 55c (v) 47c (vi) 60c
g 6.3
1. (i) 0.4384
(vi) 0.9760
(vii) 0.7623 (viii) 0.1841 (ix) 2.7475 (x) 1.1778 2. (i) 44c30l (ii) 14c54l
(iii) 20c12l
3. (i) 1.2698
4. 99.4134 r.br.
(ii) 1.3579
(iii) 1.0042
5. 14.6278 r.br.
6. 109.376 r.br.
7. 67.0389 r.br.
8. 13.8568
9. 60c
g 7.1
1. (i) 27c (ii) 66c (iii) 42c (iv) 55c
(v) 80c 3. (i) 80c (ii) 35c 4. (i) 30c (ii) 36c
(vi) 54c ,36c 5. (i) 36c (ii) 40c (iii) 40c ,50c
6. (i) + A = + C = + E = + G =115c ,
8. 30c ,60c ,90c
(iv) 140
+ B = + D = + H = 65c
g 7.2
1. 48c ,72c ,96c ,144c
5. l = 9 , b = 6
6. 15
8. 12
g 7.3
1. 12 br. 2. 15 br. 3. 26 br. 4. 30 br.
5. 40 br. 6. 1 br. 7. 13 br.
8. 7 br. 9. (i) 75c (ii) 55c (iii) 110c
(iv) 115c (v) 40c
(vi) 42c
297
(iii) 100
g 8.1
1. (i) 22 br., 231 r.br., 64 br. (ii) 2.57 br., 6.3 r.br., 12.37 br.
(iv) 16.5 br., 123.75 r.br., 46.5 br. (v) 88 bl., 924 r.bl.,130 bl.
g 8.2
1. (i) 125.44 r.br., 188.16 r.br., 175.62 f.br.
g 8.3
1. (i) 154 r.br., 174 r.br., 110 f.br.
2. 27 br.
g 10.2
1. (2, 6) 2. vzw f 3. (2, 3) 4. (3, 2)
5. iy
11. (3, 3)
g 11.1
1. 4, 7, 6, 6, 5 2. 25, 30, 25, 60, 15, 5 3. 3, 4, 6, 6, 8
g 11.2
1. 28.67
2. 6
3. 62 4. 37 5. 192
6. 6 7. 61.
8. 52.58 9. 27.13
10. 40.18 11. 28.67 12. 28 13. 48.1 14. 326.25 15. 55.5
g 11.3
1. (i) 51 (ii) 14.5 2. 17
3. 19
4. 34.05
5. 14.7
6. 40
g 11.4
1. 72 2. 7 3. 43.18 4. 41.75
dh v
5.
6.
7.
8.
ruhr
14
4.05
32.1
28
iliy ms
14
4
31.2
30
KfL
13,15
4
27.8
33.3
g 12.1
1. (ii) - 1 (iv) -0.78 (vi) 1.45 (ix) 112%
5
4. 13
20
5. (i) 13 (ii) 7
20
20
6. (i) 3 (ii) 8
5
25
(iii) 11
25
8. (i) 49 (ii) 4
100
25
9. (i) 39 (ii) 9
125
20
10. (i) 179 (ii) 53 (iii) 201 (iv) 219 11. (i) 4 (ii) 19
500
500
500
500
15
30
12. (i) 7 (ii) 3 (iii) 1
10
10
5
13. (i) 3
5
(iii) 9
20
(ii) 9
20
299
(iii) 1
5
(iii) 1
10
(iv) 24
25
(iii) 11
30
(iv) 3
20
(iii) 119
500
(iv) 1
6
(iii) 11
50
(iv) 9
50
(v) 3
4
(iii) 3
20
(iv) 1
5
(v) 1
20
A
D
B
D
B
A
C
A
D
C
A
B
B
D
C
A
C
D
A
C
B
C
A
C
B
A
A
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
D
A
B
A
B
C
D
A
C
B
D
D
B
B
C
B
A
C
A
D
B
A
C
B
C
A
B
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
A
B
D
B
C
D
C
A
C
A
D
A
D
C
D
A
B
C
B
A
A
D
B
D
A
A
A
300
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
C
C
C
B
A
B
C
B
C
D
B
D
A
A
D
B
A
D
B
A
D
D
D
C
B
B
B
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
A
B
C
B
C
A
C
B
A
A
C
B
C
B
B
D
A
C
A
A
D
B
A
D
A
C
A
LOGARITHM TABLE
Mean Difference
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
0.0000
0.0043
0.0086
0.0128
0.0170
0.0212
0.0253
0.0294
0.0334
0.0374
12
17
21
25
29
33
37
0.0414
0.0453
0.0492
0.0531
0.0569
0.0607
0.0645
0.0682
0.0719
0.0755
11
15
19
23
26
30
34
0.0792
0.0828
0.0864
0.0899
0.0934
0.0969
0.1004
0.1038
0.1072
0.1106
10
14
17
21
24
28
31
0.1139
0.1173
0.1206
0.1239
0.1271
0.1303
0.1335
0.1367
0.1399
0.1430
10
13
16
19
23
26
29
0.1461
0.1492
0.1523
0.1553
0.1584
0.1614
0.1644
0.1673
0.1703
0.1732
12
15
18
21
24
27
0.1761
0.1790
0.1818
0.1847
0.1875
0.1903
0.1931
0.1959
0.1987
0.2014
11
14
17
20
22
25
0.2041
0.2068
0.2095
0.2122
0.2148
0.2175
0.2201
0.2227
0.2253
0.2279
11
13
16
18
21
24
0.2304
0.2330
0.2355
0.2380
0.2405
0.2430
0.2455
0.2480
0.2504
0.2529
10
12
15
17
20
22
0.2553
0.2577
0.2601
0.2625
0.2648
0.2672
0.2695
0.2718
0.2742
0.2765
12
14
16
19
21
0.2788
0.2810
0.2833
0.2856
0.2878
0.2900
0.2923
0.2945
0.2967
0.2989
11
13
16
18
20
0.3010
0.3032
0.3054
0.3075
0.3096
0.3118
0.3139
0.3160
0.3181
0.3201
11
13
15
17
19
0.3222
0.3243
0.3263
0.3284
0.3304
0.3324
0.3345
0.3365
0.3385
0.3404
10
12
14
16
18
0.3424
0.3444
0.3464
0.3483
0.3502
0.3522
0.3541
0.3560
0.3579
0.3598
10
12
14
15
17
0.3617
0.3636
0.3655
0.3674
0.3692
0.3711
0.3729
0.3747
0.3766
0.3784
11
13
15
17
0.3802
0.3820
0.3838
0.3856
0.3874
0.3892
0.3909
0.3927
0.3945
0.3962
11
12
14
16
0.3979
0.3997
0.4014
0.4031
0.4048
0.4065
0.4082
0.4099
0.4116
0.4133
10
12
14
15
0.4150
0.4166
0.4183
0.4200
0.4216
0.4232
0.4249
0.4265
0.4281
0.4298
10
11
13
15
0.4314
0.4330
0.4346
0.4362
0.4378
0.4393
0.4409
0.4425
0.4440
0.4456
11
13
14
0.4472
0.4487
0.4502
0.4518
0.4533
0.4548
0.4564
0.4579
0.4594
0.4609
11
12
14
0.4624
0.4639
0.4654
0.4669
0.4683
0.4698
0.4713
0.4728
0.4742
0.4757
10
12
13
0.4771
0.4786
0.4800
0.4814
0.4829
0.4843
0.4857
0.4871
0.4886
0.4900
10
11
13
0.4914
0.4928
0.4942
0.4955
0.4969
0.4983
0.4997
0.5011
0.5024
0.5038
10
11
12
0.5051
0.5065
0.5079
0.5092
0.5105
0.5119
0.5132
0.5145
0.5159
0.5172
11
12
12
0.5185
0.5198
0.5211
0.5224
0.5237
0.5250
0.5263
0.5276
0.5289
0.5302
10
0.5315
0.5328
0.5340
0.5353
0.5366
0.5378
0.5391
0.5403
0.5416
0.5428
10
11
0.5441
0.5453
0.5465
0.5478
0.5490
0.5502
0.5514
0.5527
0.5539
0.5551
10
11
0.5563
0.5575
0.5587
0.5599
0.5611
0.5623
0.5635
0.5647
0.5658
0.5670
10
11
0.5682
0.5694
0.5705
0.5717
0.5729
0.5740
0.5752
0.5763
0.5775
0.5786
10
0.5798
0.5809
0.5821
0.5832
0.5843
0.5855
0.5866
0.5877
0.5888
0.5899
10
0.5911
0.5922
0.5933
0.5944
0.5955
0.5966
0.5977
0.5988
0.5999
0.6010
10
4.0
0.6021
0.6031
0.6042
0.6053
0.6064
0.6075
0.6085
0.6096
0.6107
0.6117
10
4.1
0.6128
0.6138
0.6149
0.6160
0.6170
0.6180
0.6191
0.6201
0.6212
0.6222
3.8
3.9
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
5.0
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
0.6232
0.6243
0.6253
0.6263
0.6274
0.6284
0.6294
0.6304
0.6314
0.6325
0.6335
0.6345
0.6355
0.6365
0.6375
0.6385
0.6395
0.6405
0.6415
0.6425
0.6435
0.6444
0.6454
0.6464
0.6474
0.6484
0.6493
0.6503
0.6513
0.6522
0.6532
0.6542
0.6551
0.6561
0.6571
0.6580
0.6590
0.6599
0.6609
0.6618
0.6628
0.6637
0.6646
0.6656
0.6665
0.6675
0.6684
0.6693
0.6702
0.6712
0.6721
0.6730
0.6739
0.6749
0.6758
0.6767
0.6776
0.6785
0.6794
0.6803
0.6812
0.6821
0.6830
0.6839
0.6848
0.6857
0.6866
0.6875
0.6884
0.6893
0.6902
0.6911
0.6920
0.6928
0.6937
0.6946
0.6955
0.6964
0.6972
0.6981
0.6990
0.6998
0.7007
0.7016
0.7024
0.7033
0.7042
0.7050
0.7059
0.7067
0.7076
0.7084
0.7093
0.7101
0.7110
0.7118
0.7126
0.7135
0.7143
0.7152
0.7160
0.7168
0.7177
0.7185
0.7193
0.7202
0.7210
0.7218
0.7226
0.7235
0.7243
0.7251
0.7259
0.7267
0.7275
0.7284
0.7292
0.7300
0.7308
0.7316
0.7324
0.7332
0.7340
0.7348
0.7356
0.7364
0.7372
0.7380
0.7388
0.7396
301
LOGARITHM TABLE
Mean Difference
1
5.5
0.7404 0.7412 0.7419 0.7427 0.7435 0.7443 0.7451 0.7459 0.7466 0.7474
5.6
0.7482 0.7490 0.7497 0.7505 0.7513 0.7520 0.7528 0.7536 0.7543 0.7551
5.7
5.8
5.9
6.0
0.7559
0.7634
0.7709
0.7782
0.7627
0.7701
0.7774
0.7846
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
5
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
6
6.1
0.7853 0.7860 0.7868 0.7875 0.7882 0.7889 0.7896 0.7903 0.7910 0.7917
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
0.7924
0.7993
0.8062
0.8129
0.7931
0.8000
0.8069
0.8136
0.7938
0.8007
0.8075
0.8142
0.7945
0.8014
0.8082
0.8149
0.7952
0.8021
0.8089
0.8156
0.7959
0.8028
0.8096
0.8162
0.7966
0.8035
0.8102
0.8169
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
6
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9
7.0
0.8195
0.8261
0.8325
0.8388
0.8451
0.8202
0.8267
0.8331
0.8395
0.8457
0.8209
0.8274
0.8338
0.8401
0.8463
0.8215
0.8280
0.8344
0.8407
0.8470
0.8222
0.8287
0.8351
0.8414
0.8476
0.8228
0.8293
0.8357
0.8420
0.8482
0.8235
0.8299
0.8363
0.8426
0.8488
0.8241
0.8306
0.8370
0.8432
0.8494
0.8248
0.8312
0.8376
0.8439
0.8500
0.8254
0.8319
0.8382
0.8445
0.8506
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
0.8513
0.8573
0.8633
0.8692
0.8751
0.8519
0.8579
0.8639
0.8698
0.8756
0.8525
0.8585
0.8645
0.8704
0.8762
0.8531
0.8591
0.8651
0.8710
0.8768
0.8537
0.8597
0.8657
0.8716
0.8774
0.8543
0.8603
0.8663
0.8722
0.8779
0.8549
0.8609
0.8669
0.8727
0.8785
0.8555
0.8615
0.8675
0.8733
0.8791
0.8561
0.8621
0.8681
0.8739
0.8797
0.8567
0.8627
0.8686
0.8745
0.8802
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
3
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9
8.0
0.8808
0.8865
0.8921
0.8976
0.9031
0.8814
0.8871
0.8927
0.8982
0.9036
0.8820
0.8876
0.8932
0.8987
0.9042
0.8825
0.8882
0.8938
0.8993
0.9047
0.8831
0.8887
0.8943
0.8998
0.9053
0.8837
0.8893
0.8949
0.9004
0.9058
0.8842
0.8899
0.8954
0.9009
0.9063
0.8848
0.8904
0.8960
0.9015
0.9069
0.8854
0.8910
0.8965
0.9020
0.9074
0.8859
0.8915
0.8971
0.9025
0.9079
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
5
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5
0.9085
0.9138
0.9191
0.9243
0.9294
0.9090
0.9143
0.9196
0.9248
0.9299
0.9096
0.9149
0.9201
0.9253
0.9304
0.9101
0.9154
0.9206
0.9258
0.9309
0.9106
0.9159
0.9212
0.9263
0.9315
0.9112
0.9165
0.9217
0.9269
0.9320
0.9117
0.9170
0.9222
0.9274
0.9325
0.9122
0.9175
0.9227
0.9279
0.9330
0.9128
0.9180
0.9232
0.9284
0.9335
0.9133
0.9186
0.9238
0.9289
0.9340
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9
9.0
0.9345
0.9395
0.9445
0.9494
0.9542
0.9350
0.9400
0.9450
0.9499
0.9547
0.9355
0.9405
0.9455
0.9504
0.9552
0.9360
0.9410
0.9460
0.9509
0.9557
0.9365
0.9415
0.9465
0.9513
0.9562
0.9370
0.9420
0.9469
0.9518
0.9566
0.9375
0.9425
0.9474
0.9523
0.9571
0.9380
0.9430
0.9479
0.9528
0.9576
0.9385
0.9435
0.9484
0.9533
0.9581
0.9390
0.9440
0.9489
0.9538
0.9586
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
3
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
4
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
5
4
4
4
4
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
0.9590
0.9638
0.9685
0.9731
0.9777
0.9595
0.9643
0.9689
0.9736
0.9782
0.9600
0.9647
0.9694
0.9741
0.9786
0.9605
0.9652
0.9699
0.9745
0.9791
0.9609
0.9657
0.9703
0.9750
0.9795
0.9614
0.9661
0.9708
0.9754
0.9800
0.9619
0.9666
0.9713
0.9759
0.9805
0.9624
0.9671
0.9717
0.9763
0.9809
0.9628
0.9675
0.9722
0.9768
0.9814
0.9633
0.9680
0.9727
0.9773
0.9818
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9
0.9823
0.9868
0.9912
0.9956
0.9827
0.9872
0.9917
0.9961
0.9832
0.9877
0.9921
0.9965
0.9836
0.9881
0.9926
0.9969
0.9841
0.9886
0.9930
0.9974
0.9845
0.9890
0.9934
0.9978
0.9850
0.9894
0.9939
0.9983
0.9854
0.9899
0.9943
0.9987
0.9859
0.9903
0.9948
0.9991
0.9863
0.9908
0.9952
0.9996
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
3
4
4
4
4
0.7566
0.7642
0.7716
0.7789
0.7574
0.7649
0.7723
0.7796
0.7582
0.7657
0.7731
0.7803
0.7589
0.7664
0.7738
0.7810
0.7597
0.7672
0.7745
0.7818
0.7604
0.7679
0.7752
0.7825
0.7612
0.7686
0.7760
0.7832
302
0.7619
0.7694
0.7767
0.7839
0
1.000
1
1.002
2
1.005
3
1.007
4
1.009
5
1.012
6
1.014
7
1.016
8
1.019
9
1.021
1
0
2
0
3
1
4
1
5
1
6
1
7
2
8
2
9
2
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
1.023
1.047
1.072
1.096
1.122
1.026
1.050
1.074
1.099
1.125
1.028
1.052
1.076
1.102
1.127
1.030
1.054
1.079
1.104
1.130
1.033
1.057
1.081
1.107
1.132
1.035
1.059
1.084
1.109
1.135
1.038
1.062
1.086
1.112
1.138
1.040
1.064
1.089
1.114
1.140
1.042
1.067
1.091
1.117
1.143
1.045
1.069
1.094
1.119
1.146
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.10
1.148
1.175
1.202
1.230
1.259
1.151
1.178
1.205
1.233
1.262
1.153
1.180
1.208
1.236
1.265
1.156
1.183
1.211
1.239
1.268
1.159
1.186
1.213
1.242
1.271
1.161
1.189
1.216
1.245
1.274
1.164
1.191
1.219
1.247
1.276
1.167
1.194
1.222
1.250
1.279
1.169
1.197
1.225
1.253
1.282
1.172
1.199
1.227
1.256
1.285
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14
0.15
1.288
1.318
1.349
1.380
1.413
1.291
1.321
1.352
1.384
1.416
1.294
1.324
1.355
1.387
1.419
1.297
1.327
1.358
1.390
1.422
1.300
1.330
1.361
1.393
1.426
1.303
1.334
1.365
1.396
1.429
1.306
1.337
1.368
1.400
1.432
1.309
1.340
1.371
1.403
1.435
1.312
1.343
1.374
1.406
1.439
1.315
1.346
1.377
1.409
1.442
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19
0.20
1.445
1.479
1.514
1.549
1.585
1.449
1.483
1.517
1.552
1.589
1.452
1.486
1.521
1.556
1.592
1.455
1.489
1.524
1.560
1.596
1.459
1.493
1.528
1.563
1.600
1.462
1.496
1.531
1.567
1.603
1.466
1.500
1.535
1.570
1.607
1.469
1.503
1.538
1.574
1.611
1.472
1.507
1.542
1.578
1.614
1.476
1.510
1.545
1.581
1.618
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24
0.25
1.622
1.660
1.698
1.738
1.778
1.626
1.663
1.702
1.742
1.782
1.629
1.667
1.706
1.746
1.786
1.633
1.671
1.710
1.750
1.791
1.637
1.675
1.714
1.754
1.795
1.641
1.679
1.718
1.758
1.799
1.644
1.683
1.722
1.762
1.803
1.648
1.687
1.726
1.766
1.807
1.652
1.690
1.730
1.770
1.811
1.656
1.694
1.734
1.774
1.816
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
0.26
0.27
0.28
0.29
0.30
1.820
1.862
1.905
1.950
1.995
1.824
1.866
1.910
1.954
2.000
1.828
1.871
1.914
1.959
2.004
1.832
1.875
1.919
1.963
2.009
1.837
1.879
1.923
1.968
2.014
1.841
1.884
1.928
1.972
2.018
1.845
1.888
1.932
1.977
2.023
1.849
1.892
1.936
1.982
2.028
1.854
1.897
1.941
1.986
2.032
1.858
1.901
1.945
1.991
2.037
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
0.31
0.32
0.33
0.34
0.35
2.042
2.089
2.138
2.188
2.239
2.046
2.094
2.143
2.193
2.244
2.051
2.099
2.148
2.198
2.249
2.056
2.104
2.153
2.203
2.254
2.061
2.109
2.158
2.208
2.259
2.065
2.113
2.163
2.213
2.265
2.070
2.118
2.168
2.218
2.270
2.075
2.123
2.173
2.223
2.275
2.080
2.128
2.178
2.228
2.280
2.084
2.133
2.183
2.234
2.286
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
0.36
0.37
0.38
0.39
0.40
2.291
2.344
2.399
2.455
2.512
2.296
2.350
2.404
2.460
2.518
2.301
2.355
2.410
2.466
2.523
2.307
2.360
2.415
2.472
2.529
2.312
2.366
2.421
2.477
2.535
2.317
2.371
2.427
2.483
2.541
2.323
2.377
2.432
2.489
2.547
2.328
2.382
2.438
2.495
2.553
2.333
2.388
2.443
2.500
2.559
2.339
2.393
2.449
2.506
2.564
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
0.41
0.42
0.43
0.44
0.45
2.570
2.630
2.692
2.754
2.818
2.576
2.636
2.698
2.761
2.825
2.582
2.642
2.704
2.767
2.831
2.588
2.649
2.710
2.773
2.838
2.594
2.655
2.716
2.780
2.844
2.600
2.661
2.723
2.786
2.851
2.606
2.667
2.729
2.793
2.858
2.612
2.673
2.735
2.799
2.864
2.618
2.679
2.742
2.805
2.871
2.624
2.685
2.748
2.812
2.877
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
0.46
0.47
0.48
0.49
2.884
2.951
3.020
3.090
2.891
2.958
3.027
3.097
2.897
2.965
3.034
3.105
2.904
2.972
3.041
3.112
2.911
2.979
3.048
3.119
2.917
2.985
3.055
3.126
2.924
2.992
3.062
3.133
2.931
2.999
3.069
3.141
2.938
3.006
3.076
3.148
2.944
3.013
3.083
3.155
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
6
303
0
3.162
1
3.170
2
3.177
3
3.184
4
3.192
5
3.199
6
3.206
7
3.214
8
3.221
9
3.228
1
1
2
1
3
2
4
3
5
4
6
4
7
5
8
6
9
7
0.51
0.52
0.53
0.54
0.55
3.236
3.311
3.388
3.467
3.548
3.243
3.319
3.396
3.475
3.556
3.251
3.327
3.404
3.483
3.565
3.258
3.334
3.412
3.491
3.573
3.266
3.342
3.420
3.499
3.581
3.273
3.350
3.428
3.508
3.589
3.281
3.357
3.436
3.516
3.597
3.289
3.365
3.443
3.524
3.606
3.296
3.373
3.451
3.532
3.614
3.304
3.381
3.459
3.540
3.622
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
7
0.56
0.57
0.58
0.59
0.60
3.631
3.715
3.802
3.890
3.981
3.639
3.724
3.811
3.899
3.990
3.648
3.733
3.819
3.908
3.999
3.656
3.741
3.828
3.917
4.009
3.664
3.750
3.837
3.926
4.018
3.673
3.758
3.846
3.936
4.027
3.681
3.767
3.855
3.945
4.036
3.690
3.776
3.864
3.954
4.046
3.698
3.784
3.873
3.963
4.055
3.707
3.793
3.882
3.972
4.064
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
8
8
8
8
8
0.61
0.62
0.63
0.64
0.65
4.074
4.169
4.266
4.365
4.467
4.083
4.178
4.276
4.375
4.477
4.093
4.188
4.285
4.385
4.487
4.102
4.198
4.295
4.395
4.498
4.111
4.207
4.305
4.406
4.508
4.121
4.217
4.315
4.416
4.519
4.130
4.227
4.325
4.426
4.529
4.140
4.236
4.335
4.436
4.539
4.150
4.246
4.345
4.446
4.550
4.159
4.256
4.355
4.457
4.560
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
8
8
8
8
8
9
9
9
9
9
0.66
0.67
0.68
0.69
0.70
4.571
4.677
4.786
4.898
5.012
4.581
4.688
4.797
4.909
5.023
4.592
4.699
4.808
4.920
5.035
4.603
4.710
4.819
4.932
5.047
4.613
4.721
4.831
4.943
5.058
4.624
4.732
4.842
4.955
5.070
4.634
4.742
4.853
4.966
5.082
4.645
4.753
4.864
4.977
5.093
4.656
4.764
4.875
4.989
5.105
4.667
4.775
4.887
5.000
5.117
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
8
8
8
8
9
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
10
11
0.71
0.72
0.73
0.74
0.75
5.129
5.248
5.370
5.495
5.623
5.140
5.260
5.383
5.508
5.636
5.152
5.272
5.395
5.521
5.649
5.164
5.284
5.408
5.534
5.662
5.176
5.297
5.420
5.546
5.675
5.188
5.309
5.433
5.559
5.689
5.200
5.321
5.445
5.572
5.702
5.212
5.333
5.458
5.585
5.715
5.224
5.346
5.470
5.598
5.728
5.236
5.358
5.483
5.610
5.741
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
8
8
8
8
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
10
10
11
11
11
12
12
0.76
0.77
0.78
0.79
0.80
5.754
5.888
6.026
6.166
6.310
5.768
5.902
6.039
6.180
6.324
5.781
5.916
6.053
6.194
6.339
5.794
5.929
6.067
6.209
6.353
5.808
5.943
6.081
6.223
6.368
5.821
5.957
6.095
6.237
6.383
5.834
5.970
6.109
6.252
6.397
5.848
5.984
6.124
6.266
6.412
5.861
5.998
6.138
6.281
6.427
5.875
6.012
6.152
6.295
6.442
1
1
1
1
1
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
8
8
8
9
9
9
10
10
10
10
11
11
11
11
12
12
12
13
13
13
0.81
0.82
0.83
0.84
0.85
6.457
6.607
6.761
6.918
7.079
6.471
6.622
6.776
6.934
7.096
6.486
6.637
6.792
6.950
7.112
6.501
6.653
6.808
6.966
7.129
6.516
6.668
6.823
6.982
7.145
6.531
6.683
6.839
6.998
7.161
6.546
6.699
6.855
7.015
7.178
6.561
6.714
6.871
7.031
7.194
6.577
6.730
6.887
7.047
7.211
6.592
6.745
6.902
7.063
7.228
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
7
8
8
8
8
8
9
9
9
10
10
11
11
11
11
12
12
12
13
13
13
14
14
14
15
15
0.86
0.87
0.88
0.89
0.90
7.244
7.413
7.586
7.762
7.943
7.261
7.430
7.603
7.780
7.962
7.278
7.447
7.621
7.798
7.980
7.295
7.464
7.638
7.816
7.998
7.311
7.482
7.656
7.834
8.017
7.328
7.499
7.674
7.852
8.035
7.345
7.516
7.691
7.870
8.054
7.362
7.534
7.709
7.889
8.072
7.379
7.551
7.727
7.907
8.091
7.396
7.568
7.745
7.925
8.110
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
6
7
7
7
7
7
8
9
9
9
9
10
10
11
11
11
12
12
12
13
13
13
14
14
14
15
15
16
16
16
17
0.91
0.92
0.93
0.94
0.95
8.128
8.318
8.511
8.710
8.913
8.147
8.337
8.531
8.730
8.933
8.166
8.356
8.551
8.750
8.954
8.185
8.375
8.570
8.770
8.974
8.204
8.395
8.590
8.790
8.995
8.222
8.414
8.610
8.810
9.016
8.241
8.433
8.630
8.831
9.036
8.260
8.453
8.650
8.851
9.057
8.279
8.472
8.670
8.872
9.078
8.299
8.492
8.690
8.892
9.099
2
2
2
2
2
4
4
4
4
4
6
6
6
6
6
8
8
8
8
8
9
10
10
10
10
11
12
12
12
12
13
14
14
14
15
15
15
16
16
17
17
17
18
18
19
0.96
0.97
0.98
0.99
9.120
9.333
9.550
9.772
9.141
9.354
9.572
9.795
9.162
9.376
9.594
9.817
9.183
9.397
9.616
9.840
9.204
9.419
9.638
9.863
9.226
9.441
9.661
9.886
9.247
9.462
9.683
9.908
9.268
9.484
9.705
9.931
9.290
9.506
9.727
9.954
9.311
9.528
9.750
9.977
2
2
2
2
4
4
4
5
6
7
7
7
8
9
9
9
11
11
11
11
13
13
13
14
15
15
16
16
17
17
18
18
19
20
20
20
304
Degree
Natural Sines
0
12
18
24
30
36
42
48
54
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0
1
2
3
4
0.0000
0.0175
0.0349
0.0523
0.0698
0.0017
0.0192
0.0366
0.0541
0.0715
0.0035
0.0209
0.0384
0.0558
0.0732
0.0052
0.0227
0.0401
0.0576
0.0750
0.0070
0.0244
0.0419
0.0593
0.0767
0.0087
0.0262
0.0436
0.0610
0.0785
0.0105
0.0279
0.0454
0.0628
0.0802
0.0122
0.0297
0.0471
0.0645
0.0819
0.0140
0.0314
0.0488
0.0663
0.0837
0.0157
0.0332
0.0506
0.0680
0.0854
3
3
3
3
3
6
6
6
6
6
9
9
9
9
9
12
12
12
12
12
15
15
15
15
15
5
6
7
8
9
0.0872
0.1045
0.1219
0.1392
0.1564
0.0889
0.1063
0.1236
0.1409
0.1582
0.0906
0.1080
0.1253
0.1426
0.1599
0.0924
0.1097
0.1271
0.1444
0.1616
0.0941
0.1115
0.1288
0.1461
0.1633
0.0958
0.1132
0.1305
0.1478
0.1650
0.0976
0.1149
0.1323
0.1495
0.1668
0.0993
0.1167
0.1340
0.1513
0.1685
0.1011
0.1184
0.1357
0.1530
0.1702
0.1028
0.1201
0.1374
0.1547
0.1719
3
3
3
3
3
6
6
6
6
6
9
9
9
9
9
12
12
12
12
12
14
14
14
14
14
10
11
12
13
14
0.1736
0.1908
0.2079
0.2250
0.2419
0.1754
0.1925
0.2096
0.2267
0.2436
0.1771
0.1942
0.2113
0.2284
0.2453
0.1788
0.1959
0.2130
0.2300
0.2470
0.1805
0.1977
0.2147
0.2317
0.2487
0.1822
0.1994
0.2164
0.2334
0.2504
0.1840
0.2011
0.2181
0.2351
0.2521
0.1857
0.2028
0.2198
0.2368
0.2538
0.1874
0.2045
0.2215
0.2385
0.2554
0.1891
0.2062
0.2233
0.2402
0.2571
3
3
3
3
3
6
6
6
6
6
9
9
9
8
8
12
11
11
11
11
14
14
14
14
14
15
16
17
18
19
0.2588
0.2756
0.2924
0.3090
0.3256
0.2605
0.2773
0.2940
0.3107
0.3272
0.2622
0.2790
0.2957
0.3123
0.3289
0.2639
0.2807
0.2974
0.3140
0.3305
0.2656
0.2823
0.2990
0.3156
0.3322
0.2672
0.2840
0.3007
0.3173
0.3338
0.2689
0.2857
0.3024
0.3190
0.3355
0.2706
0.2874
0.3040
0.3206
0.3371
0.2723
0.2890
0.3057
0.3223
0.3387
0.2740
0.2907
0.3074
0.3239
0.3404
3
3
3
3
3
6
6
6
6
5
8
8
8
8
8
11
11
11
11
11
14
14
14
14
14
20
21
22
23
24
0.3420
0.3584
0.3746
0.3907
0.4067
0.3437
0.3600
0.3762
0.3923
0.4083
0.3453
0.3616
0.3778
0.3939
0.4099
0.3469
0.3633
0.3795
0.3955
0.4115
0.3486
0.3649
0.3811
0.3971
0.4131
0.3502
0.3665
0.3827
0.3987
0.4147
0.3518
0.3681
0.3843
0.4003
0.4163
0.3535
0.3697
0.3859
0.4019
0.4179
0.3551
0.3714
0.3875
0.4035
0.4195
0.3567
0.3730
0.3891
0.4051
0.4210
3
3
3
3
3
5
5
5
5
5
8
8
8
8
8
11
11
11
11
11
14
14
14
14
13
25
26
27
28
29
0.4226
0.4384
0.4540
0.4695
0.4848
0.4242
0.4399
0.4555
0.4710
0.4863
0.4258
0.4415
0.4571
0.4726
0.4879
0.4274
0.4431
0.4586
0.4741
0.4894
0.4289
0.4446
0.4602
0.4756
0.4909
0.4305
0.4462
0.4617
0.4772
0.4924
0.4321
0.4478
0.4633
0.4787
0.4939
0.4337
0.4493
0.4648
0.4802
0.4955
0.4352
0.4509
0.4664
0.4818
0.4970
0.4368
0.4524
0.4679
0.4833
0.4985
3
3
3
3
3
5
5
5
5
5
8
8
8
8
8
11
10
10
10
10
13
13
13
13
13
30
31
32
33
34
0.5000
0.5150
0.5299
0.5446
0.5592
0.5015
0.5165
0.5314
0.5461
0.5606
0.5030
0.5180
0.5329
0.5476
0.5621
0.5045
0.5195
0.5344
0.5490
0.5635
0.5060
0.5210
0.5358
0.5505
0.5650
0.5075
0.5225
0.5373
0.5519
0.5664
0.5090
0.5240
0.5388
0.5534
0.5678
0.5105
0.5255
0.5402
0.5548
0.5693
0.5120
0.5270
0.5417
0.5563
0.5707
0.5135
0.5284
0.5432
0.5577
0.5721
3
2
2
2
2
5
5
5
5
5
8
7
7
7
7
10
10
10
10
10
13
12
12
12
12
35
36
37
38
39
0.5736
0.5878
0.6018
0.6157
0.6293
0.5750
0.5892
0.6032
0.6170
0.6307
0.5764
0.5906
0.6046
0.6184
0.6320
0.5779
0.5920
0.6060
0.6198
0.6334
0.5793
0.5934
0.6074
0.6211
0.6347
0.5807
0.5948
0.6088
0.6225
0.6361
0.5821
0.5962
0.6101
0.6239
0.6374
0.5835
0.5976
0.6115
0.6252
0.6388
0.5850
0.5990
0.6129
0.6266
0.6401
0.5864
0.6004
0.6143
0.6280
0.6414
2
2
2
2
2
5
5
5
5
4
7
7
7
7
7
10
9
9
9
9
12
12
12
11
11
40
41
42
43
44
0.6428
0.6561
0.6691
0.6820
0.6947
0.6441
0.6574
0.6704
0.6833
0.6959
0.6455
0.6587
0.6717
0.6845
0.6972
0.6468
0.6600
0.6730
0.6858
0.6984
0.6481
0.6613
0.6743
0.6871
0.6997
0.6494
0.6626
0.6756
0.6884
0.7009
0.6508
0.6639
0.6769
0.6896
0.7022
0.6521
0.6652
0.6782
0.6909
0.7034
0.6534
0.6665
0.6794
0.6921
0.7046
0.6547
0.6678
0.6807
0.6934
0.7059
2
2
2
2
2
4
4
4
4
4
7
7
6
6
6
9
9
9
8
8
11
11
11
11
10
305
Mean Difference
Natural Sines
6
12
18
24
30
36
42
48
54
Mean Difference
Degree
0
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
45
46
47
48
49
0.7071
0.7193
0.7314
0.7431
0.7547
0.7083
0.7206
0.7325
0.7443
0.7559
0.7096
0.7218
0.7337
0.7455
0.7570
0.7108
0.7230
0.7349
0.7466
0.7581
0.7120
0.7242
0.7361
0.7478
0.7593
0.7133
0.7254
0.7373
0.7490
0.7604
0.7145
0.7266
0.7385
0.7501
0.7615
0.7157
0.7278
0.7396
0.7513
0.7627
0.7169
0.7290
0.7408
0.7524
0.7638
0.7181
0.7302
0.7420
0.7536
0.7649
2
2
2
2
2
4
4
4
4
4
6
6
6
6
6
8
8
8
8
8
10
10
10
10
9
50
51
52
53
54
0.7660
0.7771
0.7880
0.7986
0.8090
0.7672
0.7782
0.7891
0.7997
0.8100
0.7683
0.7793
0.7902
0.8007
0.8111
0.7694
0.7804
0.7912
0.8018
0.8121
0.7705
0.7815
0.7923
0.8028
0.8131
0.7716
0.7826
0.7934
0.8039
0.8141
0.7727
0.7837
0.7944
0.8049
0.8151
0.7738
0.7848
0.7955
0.8059
0.8161
0.7749
0.7859
0.7965
0.8070
0.8171
0.7760
0.7869
0.7976
0.8080
0.8181
2
2
2
2
2
4
4
4
3
3
6
5
5
5
5
7
7
7
7
7
9
9
9
9
8
55
56
57
58
59
0.8192
0.8290
0.8387
0.8480
0.8572
0.8202
0.8300
0.8396
0.8490
0.8581
0.8211
0.8310
0.8406
0.8499
0.8590
0.8221
0.8320
0.8415
0.8508
0.8599
0.8231
0.8329
0.8425
0.8517
0.8607
0.8241
0.8339
0.8434
0.8526
0.8616
0.8251
0.8348
0.8443
0.8536
0.8625
0.8261
0.8358
0.8453
0.8545
0.8634
0.8271
0.8368
0.8462
0.8554
0.8643
0.8281
0.8377
0.8471
0.8563
0.8652
2
2
2
2
1
3
3
3
3
3
5
5
5
5
4
7
6
6
6
6
8
8
8
8
7
60
61
62
63
64
0.8660
0.8746
0.8829
0.8910
0.8988
0.8669
0.8755
0.8838
0.8918
0.8996
0.8678
0.8763
0.8846
0.8926
0.9003
0.8686
0.8771
0.8854
0.8934
0.9011
0.8695
0.8780
0.8862
0.8942
0.9018
0.8704
0.8788
0.8870
0.8949
0.9026
0.8712
0.8796
0.8878
0.8957
0.9033
0.8721
0.8805
0.8886
0.8965
0.9041
0.8729
0.8813
0.8894
0.8973
0.9048
0.8738
0.8821
0.8902
0.8980
0.9056
1
1
1
1
1
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
6
6
5
5
5
7
7
7
6
6
65
66
67
68
69
0.9063
0.9135
0.9205
0.9272
0.9336
0.9070
0.9143
0.9212
0.9278
0.9342
0.9078
0.9150
0.9219
0.9285
0.9348
0.9085
0.9157
0.9225
0.9291
0.9354
0.9092
0.9164
0.9232
0.9298
0.9361
0.9100
0.9171
0.9239
0.9304
0.9367
0.9107
0.9178
0.9245
0.9311
0.9373
0.9114
0.9184
0.9252
0.9317
0.9379
0.9121
0.9191
0.9259
0.9323
0.9385
0.9128
0.9198
0.9265
0.9330
0.9391
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
4
3
3
3
3
5
5
4
4
4
6
6
6
5
5
70
71
72
73
74
0.9397
0.9455
0.9511
0.9563
0.9613
0.9403
0.9461
0.9516
0.9568
0.9617
0.9409
0.9466
0.9521
0.9573
0.9622
0.9415
0.9472
0.9527
0.9578
0.9627
0.9421
0.9478
0.9532
0.9583
0.9632
0.9426
0.9483
0.9537
0.9588
0.9636
0.9432
0.9489
0.9542
0.9593
0.9641
0.9438
0.9494
0.9548
0.9598
0.9646
0.9444
0.9500
0.9553
0.9603
0.9650
0.9449
0.9505
0.9558
0.9608
0.9655
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
2
2
4
4
3
3
3
5
5
4
4
4
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
0.9659
0.9703
0.9744
0.9781
0.9816
0.9848
0.9877
0.9903
0.9925
0.9945
0.9664
0.9707
0.9748
0.9785
0.9820
0.9851
0.9880
0.9905
0.9928
0.9947
0.9668
0.9711
0.9751
0.9789
0.9823
0.9854
0.9882
0.9907
0.9930
0.9949
0.9673
0.9715
0.9755
0.9792
0.9826
0.9857
0.9885
0.9910
0.9932
0.9951
0.9677
0.9720
0.9759
0.9796
0.9829
0.9860
0.9888
0.9912
0.9934
0.9952
0.9681
0.9724
0.9763
0.9799
0.9833
0.9863
0.9890
0.9914
0.9936
0.9954
0.9686
0.9728
0.9767
0.9803
0.9836
0.9866
0.9893
0.9917
0.9938
0.9956
0.9690
0.9732
0.9770
0.9806
0.9839
0.9869
0.9895
0.9919
0.9940
0.9957
0.9694
0.9736
0.9774
0.9810
0.9842
0.9871
0.9898
0.9921
0.9942
0.9959
0.9699
0.9740
0.9778
0.9813
0.9845
0.9874
0.9900
0.9923
0.9943
0.9960
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
4
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
85
86
87
88
89
0.9962
0.9976
0.9986
0.9994
0.9998
0.9963
0.9977
0.9987
0.9995
0.9999
0.9965
0.9978
0.9988
0.9995
0.9999
0.9966
0.9979
0.9989
0.9996
0.9999
0.9968
0.9980
0.9990
0.9996
0.9999
0.9969
0.9981
0.9990
0.9997
1.0000
0.9971
0.9982
0.9991
0.9997
1.0000
0.9972
0.9983
0.9992
0.9997
1.0000
0.9973
0.9984
0.9993
0.9998
1.0000
0.9974
0.9985
0.9993
0.9998
1.0000
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
306
Natural Cosines
(Numbers in mean difference columns to be subtracted, not added)
6
12
18
24
30
36
42
48
54
Mean Difference
Degree
0
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0
1
2
3
4
1.0000
0.9998
0.9994
0.9986
0.9976
1.0000
0.9998
0.9993
0.9985
0.9974
1.0000
0.9998
0.9993
0.9984
0.9973
1.0000
0.9997
0.9992
0.9983
0.9972
1.0000
0.9997
0.9991
0.9982
0.9971
1.0000
0.9997
0.9990
0.9981
0.9969
0.9999
0.9996
0.9990
0.9980
0.9968
0.9999
0.9996
0.9989
0.9979
0.9966
0.9999
0.9995
0.9988
0.9978
0.9965
0.9999
0.9995
0.9987
0.9977
0.9963
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
5
6
7
8
9
0.9962
0.9945
0.9925
0.9903
0.9877
0.9960
0.9943
0.9923
0.9900
0.9874
0.9959
0.9942
0.9921
0.9898
0.9871
0.9957
0.9940
0.9919
0.9895
0.9869
0.9956
0.9938
0.9917
0.9893
0.9866
0.9954
0.9936
0.9914
0.9890
0.9863
0.9952
0.9934
0.9912
0.9888
0.9860
0.9951
0.9932
0.9910
0.9885
0.9857
0.9949
0.9930
0.9907
0.9882
0.9854
0.9947
0.9928
0.9905
0.9880
0.9851
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
10
11
12
13
14
0.9848
0.9816
0.9781
0.9744
0.9703
0.9845
0.9813
0.9778
0.9740
0.9699
0.9842
0.9810
0.9774
0.9736
0.9694
0.9839
0.9806
0.9770
0.9732
0.9690
0.9836
0.9803
0.9767
0.9728
0.9686
0.9833
0.9799
0.9763
0.9724
0.9681
0.9829
0.9796
0.9759
0.9720
0.9677
0.9826
0.9792
0.9755
0.9715
0.9673
0.9823
0.9789
0.9751
0.9711
0.9668
0.9820
0.9785
0.9748
0.9707
0.9664
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
15
16
17
18
19
0.9659
0.9613
0.9563
0.9511
0.9455
0.9655
0.9608
0.9558
0.9505
0.9449
0.9650
0.9603
0.9553
0.9500
0.9444
0.9646
0.9598
0.9548
0.9494
0.9438
0.9641
0.9593
0.9542
0.9489
0.9432
0.9636
0.9588
0.9537
0.9483
0.9426
0.9632
0.9583
0.9532
0.9478
0.9421
0.9627
0.9578
0.9527
0.9472
0.9415
0.9622
0.9573
0.9521
0.9466
0.9409
0.9617
0.9568
0.9516
0.9461
0.9403
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
20
21
22
23
24
0.9397
0.9336
0.9272
0.9205
0.9135
0.9391
0.9330
0.9265
0.9198
0.9128
0.9385
0.9323
0.9259
0.9191
0.9121
0.9379
0.9317
0.9252
0.9184
0.9114
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
25
26
27
28
29
0.9063
0.8988
0.8910
0.8829
0.8746
0.9056
0.8980
0.8902
0.8821
0.8738
0.9048
0.8973
0.8894
0.8813
0.8729
0.9041
0.8965
0.8886
0.8805
0.8721
0.9033
0.8957
0.8878
0.8796
0.8712
0.9026
0.8949
0.8870
0.8788
0.8704
0.9018
0.8942
0.8862
0.8780
0.8695
0.9011
0.8934
0.8854
0.8771
0.8686
0.9003
0.8926
0.8846
0.8763
0.8678
0.8996
0.8918
0.8838
0.8755
0.8669
1
1
1
1
1
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
30
31
32
33
34
0.8660
0.8572
0.8480
0.8387
0.8290
0.8652
0.8563
0.8471
0.8377
0.8281
0.8643
0.8554
0.8462
0.8368
0.8271
0.8634
0.8545
0.8453
0.8358
0.8261
0.8625
0.8536
0.8443
0.8348
0.8251
0.8616
0.8526
0.8434
0.8339
0.8241
0.8607
0.8517
0.8425
0.8329
0.8231
0.8599
0.8508
0.8415
0.8320
0.8221
0.8590
0.8499
0.8406
0.8310
0.8211
0.8581
0.8490
0.8396
0.8300
0.8202
1
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
4
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
7
7
8
8
8
8
35
36
37
38
39
0.8192
0.8090
0.7986
0.7880
0.7771
0.8181
0.8080
0.7976
0.7869
0.7760
0.8171
0.8070
0.7965
0.7859
0.7749
0.8161
0.8059
0.7955
0.7848
0.7738
0.8151
0.8049
0.7944
0.7837
0.7727
0.8141
0.8039
0.7934
0.7826
0.7716
0.8131
0.8028
0.7923
0.7815
0.7705
0.8121
0.8018
0.7912
0.7804
0.7694
0.8111
0.8007
0.7902
0.7793
0.7683
0.8100
0.7997
0.7891
0.7782
0.7672
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
6
7
7
7
7
7
8
9
9
9
9
40
41
42
43
44
0.7660
0.7547
0.7431
0.7314
0.7193
0.7649
0.7536
0.7420
0.7302
0.7181
0.7638
0.7524
0.7408
0.7290
0.7169
0.7627
0.7513
0.7396
0.7278
0.7157
0.7615
0.7501
0.7385
0.7266
0.7145
0.7604
0.7490
0.7373
0.7254
0.7133
0.7593
0.7478
0.7361
0.7242
0.7120
0.7581
0.7466
0.7349
0.7230
0.7108
0.7570
0.7455
0.7337
0.7218
0.7096
0.7559
0.7443
0.7325
0.7206
0.7083
2
2
2
2
2
4
4
4
4
4
6
6
6
6
6
8
8
8
8
8
9
10
10
10
10
307
Natural Cosines
(Numbers in mean difference columns to be subtracted, not added)
6
12
18
24
30
36
42
48
54
Mean Difference
Degree
0
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
45
46
47
48
49
0.7071
0.6947
0.6820
0.6691
0.6561
0.7059
0.6934
0.6807
0.6678
0.6547
0.7046
0.6921
0.6794
0.6665
0.6534
0.7034
0.6909
0.6782
0.6652
0.6521
0.7022
0.6896
0.6769
0.6639
0.6508
0.7009
0.6884
0.6756
0.6626
0.6494
0.6997
0.6871
0.6743
0.6613
0.6481
0.6984
0.6858
0.6730
0.6600
0.6468
0.6972
0.6845
0.6717
0.6587
0.6455
0.6959
0.6833
0.6704
0.6574
0.6441
2
2
2
2
2
4
4
4
4
4
6
6
6
7
7
8
8
9
9
9
10
11
11
11
11
50
51
52
53
54
0.6428
0.6293
0.6157
0.6018
0.5878
0.6414
0.6280
0.6143
0.6004
0.5864
0.6401
0.6266
0.6129
0.5990
0.5850
0.6388
0.6252
0.6115
0.5976
0.5835
0.6374
0.6239
0.6101
0.5962
0.5821
0.6361
0.6225
0.6088
0.5948
0.5807
0.6347
0.6211
0.6074
0.5934
0.5793
0.6334
0.6198
0.6060
0.5920
0.5779
0.6320
0.6184
0.6046
0.5906
0.5764
0.6307
0.6170
0.6032
0.5892
0.5750
2
2
2
2
2
4
5
5
5
5
7
7
7
7
7
9
9
9
9
9
11
11
12
12
12
55
56
57
58
59
0.5736
0.5592
0.5446
0.5299
0.5150
0.5721
0.5577
0.5432
0.5284
0.5135
0.5707
0.5563
0.5417
0.5270
0.5120
0.5693
0.5548
0.5402
0.5255
0.5105
0.5678
0.5534
0.5388
0.5240
0.5090
0.5664
0.5519
0.5373
0.5225
0.5075
0.5650
0.5505
0.5358
0.5210
0.5060
0.5635
0.5490
0.5344
0.5195
0.5045
0.5621
0.5476
0.5329
0.5180
0.5030
0.5606
0.5461
0.5314
0.5165
0.5015
2
2
2
2
3
5
5
5
5
5
7
7
7
7
8
10
10
10
10
10
12
12
12
12
13
60
61
62
63
64
0.5000
0.4848
0.4695
0.4540
0.4384
0.4985
0.4833
0.4679
0.4524
0.4368
0.4970
0.4818
0.4664
0.4509
0.4352
0.4955
0.4802
0.4648
0.4493
0.4337
0.4939
0.4787
0.4633
0.4478
0.4321
0.4924
0.4772
0.4617
0.4462
0.4305
0.4909
0.4756
0.4602
0.4446
0.4289
0.4894
0.4741
0.4586
0.4431
0.4274
0.4879
0.4726
0.4571
0.4415
0.4258
0.4863
0.4710
0.4555
0.4399
0.4242
3
3
3
3
3
5
5
5
5
5
8
8
8
8
8
10
10
10
10
11
13
13
13
13
13
65 0.4226
66 0.4067
67 0.3907
68 0.3746
69 0.3584
0.4210
0.4051
0.3891
0.3730
0.3567
0.4195
0.4035
0.3875
0.3714
0.3551
5
5
5
5
5
8
8
8
8
8
11
11
11
11
11
13
14
14
14
14
70
71
72
73
74
0.3420
0.3256
0.3090
0.2924
0.2756
0.3404
0.3239
0.3074
0.2907
0.2740
0.3387
0.3223
0.3057
0.2890
0.2723
0.3371
0.3206
0.3040
0.2874
0.2706
0.3355
0.3190
0.3024
0.2857
0.2689
0.3338
0.3173
0.3007
0.2840
0.2672
0.3322
0.3156
0.2990
0.2823
0.2656
0.3305
0.3140
0.2974
0.2807
0.2639
0.3289
0.3123
0.2957
0.2790
0.2622
0.3272
0.3107
0.2940
0.2773
0.2605
3
3
3
3
3
5
6
6
6
6
8
8
8
8
8
11
11
11
11
11
14
14
14
14
14
75
76
77
78
79
0.2588
0.2419
0.2250
0.2079
0.1908
0.2571
0.2402
0.2233
0.2062
0.1891
0.2554
0.2385
0.2215
0.2045
0.1874
0.2538
0.2368
0.2198
0.2028
0.1857
0.2521
0.2351
0.2181
0.2011
0.1840
0.2504
0.2334
0.2164
0.1994
0.1822
0.2487
0.2317
0.2147
0.1977
0.1805
0.2470
0.2300
0.2130
0.1959
0.1788
0.2453
0.2284
0.2113
0.1942
0.1771
0.2436
0.2267
0.2096
0.1925
0.1754
3
3
3
3
3
6
6
6
6
6
8
8
9
9
9
11
11
11
11
11
14
14
14
14
14
80
81
82
83
84
0.1736
0.1564
0.1392
0.1219
0.1045
0.1719
0.1547
0.1374
0.1201
0.1028
0.1702
0.1530
0.1357
0.1184
0.1011
0.1685
0.1513
0.1340
0.1167
0.0993
0.1668
0.1495
0.1323
0.1149
0.0976
0.1650
0.1478
0.1305
0.1132
0.0958
0.1633
0.1461
0.1288
0.1115
0.0941
0.1616
0.1444
0.1271
0.1097
0.0924
0.1599
0.1426
0.1253
0.1080
0.0906
0.1582
0.1409
0.1236
0.1063
0.0889
3
3
3
3
3
6
6
6
6
6
9
9
9
9
9
12
12
12
12
12
14
14
14
14
14
85
86
87
88
89
0.0872
0.0698
0.0523
0.0349
0.0175
0.0854
0.0680
0.0506
0.0332
0.0157
0.0837
0.0663
0.0488
0.0314
0.0140
0.0819
0.0645
0.0471
0.0297
0.0122
0.0802
0.0628
0.0454
0.0279
0.0105
0.0785
0.0610
0.0436
0.0262
0.0087
0.0767
0.0593
0.0419
0.0244
0.0070
0.0750
0.0576
0.0401
0.0227
0.0052
0.0732
0.0558
0.0384
0.0209
0.0035
0.0715
0.0541
0.0366
0.0192
0.0017
3
3
3
3
3
6
6
6
6
6
9
9
9
9
9
12
12
12
12
12
15
15
15
15
15
308
Natural TANGENTS
6
12
18
24
30
36
42
48
54
Mean Difference
Degree
0
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0
1
2
3
4
0.0000
0.0175
0.0349
0.0524
0.0699
0.0017
0.0192
0.0367
0.0542
0.0717
0.0035
0.0209
0.0384
0.0559
0.0734
0.0052
0.0227
0.0402
0.0577
0.0752
0.0070
0.0244
0.0419
0.0594
0.0769
0.0087
0.0262
0.0437
0.0612
0.0787
0.0105
0.0279
0.0454
0.0629
0.0805
0.0122
0.0297
0.0472
0.0647
0.0822
0.0140
0.0314
0.0489
0.0664
0.0840
0.0157
0.0332
0.0507
0.0682
0.0857
3
3
3
3
3
6
6
6
6
6
9
9
9
9
9
12
12
12
12
12
15
15
15
15
15
5
6
7
8
9
0.0875
0.1051
0.1228
0.1405
0.1584
0.0892
0.1069
0.1246
0.1423
0.1602
0.0910
0.1086
0.1263
0.1441
0.1620
0.0928
0.1104
0.1281
0.1459
0.1638
0.0945
0.1122
0.1299
0.1477
0.1655
0.0963
0.1139
0.1317
0.1495
0.1673
0.0981
0.1157
0.1334
0.1512
0.1691
0.0998
0.1175
0.1352
0.1530
0.1709
0.1016
0.1192
0.1370
0.1548
0.1727
0.1033
0.1210
0.1388
0.1566
0.1745
3
3
3
3
3
6
6
6
6
6
9
9
9
9
9
12
12
12
12
12
15
15
15
15
15
10
11
12
13
14
0.1763
0.1944
0.2126
0.2309
0.2493
0.1781
0.1962
0.2144
0.2327
0.2512
0.1799
0.1980
0.2162
0.2345
0.2530
0.1817
0.1998
0.2180
0.2364
0.2549
0.1835
0.2016
0.2199
0.2382
0.2568
0.1853
0.2035
0.2217
0.2401
0.2586
0.1871
0.2053
0.2235
0.2419
0.2605
0.1890
0.2071
0.2254
0.2438
0.2623
0.1908
0.2089
0.2272
0.2456
0.2642
0.1926
0.2107
0.2290
0.2475
0.2661
3
3
3
3
3
6
6
6
6
6
9
9
9
9
9
12
12
12
12
12
15
15
15
15
16
15
16
17
18
19
0.2679
0.2867
0.3057
0.3249
0.3443
0.2698
0.2886
0.3076
0.3269
0.3463
0.2717
0.2905
0.3096
0.3288
0.3482
0.2736
0.2924
0.3115
0.3307
0.3502
0.2754
0.2943
0.3134
0.3327
0.3522
0.2773
0.2962
0.3153
0.3346
0.3541
0.2792
0.2981
0.3172
0.3365
0.3561
0.2811
0.3000
0.3191
0.3385
0.3581
0.2830
0.3019
0.3211
0.3404
0.3600
0.2849
0.3038
0.3230
0.3424
0.3620
3
3
3
3
3
6
6
6
6
7
9
9
10
10
10
13
13
13
13
13
16
16
16
16
16
20
21
22
23
24
0.3640
0.3839
0.4040
0.4245
0.4452
0.3659
0.3859
0.4061
0.4265
0.4473
0.3679
0.3879
0.4081
0.4286
0.4494
0.3699
0.3899
0.4101
0.4307
0.4515
0.3719
0.3919
0.4122
0.4327
0.4536
0.3739
0.3939
0.4142
0.4348
0.4557
0.3759
0.3959
0.4163
0.4369
0.4578
0.3779
0.3979
0.4183
0.4390
0.4599
0.3799
0.4000
0.4204
0.4411
0.4621
0.3819
0.4020
0.4224
0.4431
0.4642
3
3
3
3
4
7
7
7
7
7
10
10
10
10
11
13
13
14
14
14
17
17
17
17
18
25
26
27
28
29
0.4663
0.4877
0.5095
0.5317
0.5543
0.4684
0.4899
0.5117
0.5340
0.5566
0.4706
0.4921
0.5139
0.5362
0.5589
0.4727
0.4942
0.5161
0.5384
0.5612
0.4748
0.4964
0.5184
0.5407
0.5635
0.4770
0.4986
0.5206
0.5430
0.5658
0.4791
0.5008
0.5228
0.5452
0.5681
0.4813
0.5029
0.5250
0.5475
0.5704
0.4834
0.5051
0.5272
0.5498
0.5727
0.4856
0.5073
0.5295
0.5520
0.5750
4
4
4
4
4
7
7
7
8
8
11
11
11
11
12
14
15
15
15
15
18
18
18
19
19
30
31
32
33
34
0.5774
0.6009
0.6249
0.6494
0.6745
0.5797
0.6032
0.6273
0.6519
0.6771
0.5820
0.6056
0.6297
0.6544
0.6796
0.5844
0.6080
0.6322
0.6569
0.6822
0.5867
0.6104
0.6346
0.6594
0.6847
0.5890
0.6128
0.6371
0.6619
0.6873
0.5914
0.6152
0.6395
0.6644
0.6899
0.5938
0.6176
0.6420
0.6669
0.6924
0.5961
0.6200
0.6445
0.6694
0.6950
0.5985
0.6224
0.6469
0.6720
0.6976
4
4
4
4
4
8
8
8
8
9
12
12
12
13
13
16
16
16
17
17
20
20
20
21
21
35
36
37
38
39
0.7002
0.7265
0.7536
0.7813
0.8098
0.7028
0.7292
0.7563
0.7841
0.8127
0.7054
0.7319
0.7590
0.7869
0.8156
0.7080
0.7346
0.7618
0.7898
0.8185
0.7107
0.7373
0.7646
0.7926
0.8214
0.7133
0.7400
0.7673
0.7954
0.8243
0.7159
0.7427
0.7701
0.7983
0.8273
0.7186
0.7454
0.7729
0.8012
0.8302
0.7212
0.7481
0.7757
0.8040
0.8332
0.7239
0.7508
0.7785
0.8069
0.8361
4
5
5
5
5
9
9
9
9
10
13
14
14
14
15
18
18
18
19
20
22
23
23
24
24
40
41
42
43
44
0.8391
0.8693
0.9004
0.9325
0.9657
0.8421
0.8724
0.9036
0.9358
0.9691
0.8451
0.8754
0.9067
0.9391
0.9725
0.8481
0.8785
0.9099
0.9424
0.9759
0.8511
0.8816
0.9131
0.9457
0.9793
0.8541
0.8847
0.9163
0.9490
0.9827
0.8571
0.8878
0.9195
0.9523
0.9861
0.8601
0.8910
0.9228
0.9556
0.9896
0.8632
0.8941
0.9260
0.9590
0.9930
0.8662
0.8972
0.9293
0.9623
0.9965
5
5
5
6
6
10
10
11
11
11
15
16
16
17
17
20
21
21
22
23
25
26
27
28
29
309
Degree
Natural TANGENTS
0
12
18
24
30
36
42
48
54
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
45
46
47
48
49
1.0000
1.0355
1.0724
1.1106
1.1504
1.0035
1.0392
1.0761
1.1145
1.1544
1.0070
1.0428
1.0799
1.1184
1.1585
1.0105
1.0464
1.0837
1.1224
1.1626
1.0141
1.0501
1.0875
1.1263
1.1667
1.0176
1.0538
1.0913
1.1303
1.1708
1.0212
1.0575
1.0951
1.1343
1.1750
1.0247
1.0612
1.0990
1.1383
1.1792
1.0283
1.0649
1.1028
1.1423
1.1833
1.0319
1.0686
1.1067
1.1463
1.1875
6
6
6
7
7
12
12
13
13
14
18
18
19
20
21
24
25
25
27
28
30
31
32
33
34
50
51
52
53
54
1.1918
1.2349
1.2799
1.3270
1.3764
1.1960
1.2393
1.2846
1.3319
1.3814
1.2002
1.2437
1.2892
1.3367
1.3865
1.2045
1.2482
1.2938
1.3416
1.3916
1.2088
1.2527
1.2985
1.3465
1.3968
1.2131
1.2572
1.3032
1.3514
1.4019
1.2174
1.2617
1.3079
1.3564
1.4071
1.2218
1.2662
1.3127
1.3613
1.4124
1.2261
1.2708
1.3175
1.3663
1.4176
1.2305
1.2753
1.3222
1.3713
1.4229
7
8
8
8
9
14
15
16
16
17
22
23
24
25
26
29
30
31
33
34
36
38
39
41
43
55
56
57
58
59
1.4281
1.4826
1.5399
1.6003
1.6643
1.4335
1.4882
1.5458
1.6066
1.6709
1.4388
1.4938
1.5517
1.6128
1.6775
1.4442
1.4994
1.5577
1.6191
1.6842
1.4496
1.5051
1.5637
1.6255
1.6909
1.4550
1.5108
1.5697
1.6319
1.6977
1.4605
1.5166
1.5757
1.6383
1.7045
1.4659
1.5224
1.5818
1.6447
1.7113
1.4715
1.5282
1.5880
1.6512
1.7182
1.4770
1.5340
1.5941
1.6577
1.7251
9
10
10
11
11
18
19
20
21
23
27
29
30
32
34
36
38
40
43
45
45
48
50
53
56
60
61
62
63
64
1.7321
1.8040
1.8807
1.9626
2.0503
1.7391
1.8115
1.8887
1.9711
2.0594
1.7461
1.8190
1.8967
1.9797
2.0686
1.7532
1.8265
1.9047
1.9883
2.0778
1.7603
1.8341
1.9128
1.9970
2.0872
1.7675
1.8418
1.9210
2.0057
2.0965
1.7747
1.8495
1.9292
2.0145
2.1060
1.7820
1.8572
1.9375
2.0233
2.1155
1.7893
1.8650
1.9458
2.0323
2.1251
1.7966
1.8728
1.9542
2.0413
2.1348
12
13
14
15
16
24
26
27
29
31
36
38
41
44
47
48
51
55
58
63
60
64
68
73
78
65
66
67
68
69
2.1445
2.2460
2.3559
2.4751
2.6051
2.1543
2.2566
2.3673
2.4876
2.6187
2.1642
2.2673
2.3789
2.5002
2.6325
2.1742
2.2781
2.3906
2.5129
2.6464
2.1842
2.2889
2.4023
2.5257
2.6605
2.1943
2.2998
2.4142
2.5386
2.6746
2.2045
2.3109
2.4262
2.5517
2.6889
2.2148
2.3220
2.4383
2.5649
2.7034
2.2251
2.3332
2.4504
2.5782
2.7179
2.2355
2.3445
2.4627
2.5916
2.7326
17
18
20
22
24
34
37
40
43
47
51
55
60
65
71
68
73
79
87
95
85
92
99
108
119
70
71
72
73
74
2.7475
2.9042
3.0777
3.2709
3.4874
2.7625
2.9208
3.0961
3.2914
3.5105
2.7776
2.9375
3.1146
3.3122
3.5339
2.7929
2.9544
3.1334
3.3332
3.5576
2.8083
2.9714
3.1524
3.3544
3.5816
2.8239
2.9887
3.1716
3.3759
3.6059
2.8397
3.0061
3.1910
3.3977
3.6305
2.8556
3.0237
3.2106
3.4197
3.6554
2.8716
3.0415
3.2305
3.4420
3.6806
2.8878
3.0595
3.2506
3.4646
3.7062
26
29
32
36
41
52
58
64
72
81
78
87
96
108
122
104
116
129
144
163
131
145
161
180
204
75
76
77
78
79
3.7321
4.0108
4.3315
4.7046
5.1446
3.7583
4.0408
4.3662
4.7453
5.1929
3.7848
4.0713
4.4015
4.7867
5.2422
3.8118
4.1022
4.4373
4.8288
5.2924
3.8391
4.1335
4.4737
4.8716
5.3435
3.8667
4.1653
4.5107
4.9152
5.3955
3.8947
4.1976
4.5483
4.9594
5.4486
3.9232
4.2303
4.5864
5.0045
5.5026
3.9520
4.2635
4.6252
5.0504
5.5578
3.9812
4.2972
4.6646
5.0970
5.6140
46
53
93
107
139
160
186
213
232
267
80
81
82
83
84
5.6713
6.3138
7.1154
8.1443
9.5144
5.7297
6.3859
7.2066
8.2636
9.6768
5.7894
6.4596
7.3002
8.3863
9.8448
5.8502
6.5350
7.3962
8.5126
10.0187
5.9124
6.6122
7.4947
8.6427
10.1988
5.9758
6.6912
7.5958
8.7769
10.3854
6.0405
6.7720
7.6996
8.9152
10.5789
6.1066
6.8548
7.8062
9.0579
10.7797
6.1742
6.9395
7.9158
9.2052
10.9882
6.2432
7.0264
8.0285
9.3572
11.2048
85
86
87
88
89
11.4301
14.3007
19.0811
28.6363
57.2900
11.6645
14.6685
19.7403
30.1446
63.6567
11.9087
15.0557
20.4465
31.8205
71.6151
12.1632
15.4638
21.2049
33.6935
81.8470
12.4288 12.7062
15.8945 16.3499
22.0217 22.9038
35.8006 38.1885
95.4895 114.5887
12.9962
16.8319
23.8593
40.9174
143.2371
13.2996
17.3432
24.8978
44.0661
190.9842
13.6174
17.8863
26.0307
47.7395
286.4777
13.9507
18.4645
27.2715
52.0807
572.9572
310
Mean Difference