yf kW bgnuha

11. yf kW bgnuha
cdF uhik bjkh? mt vlh tF gowh. mt
to gF brwh. mt mgh mYtyfF fh
brwh. mtDila rnfhju fF ngU brwh. mtDila
mkh vth mL rikwh.
nkfl braf uh FLgd gagLa bghUf
vdbtW bjkh? bgnuh, Or, LPG ( kkhfgl bgnuha th)

bra 11.1
fl thfdfis vit vbghU gagL XLgit, vit kj
rah XLgit vd tifgLJ.

kjr

vbghU

nta

xU v bkGFt J xU
#hoia fJ itjh vd
neL?
vj
fh
cjah
eilbgWwJ. #ho cns fhW
brtJ jLfgLnghJ vj
WL.

158

vbghU
fh vJ btg Mwiy jU
bghUf vbghUf vdgL.

rJ yfUJ ilF
yf mf ms rg
UF.
vbghUf cs iAnuh
fhg fh cs M#Dl
ntid tjh bghUf
vwd.
js btg
mfgL nghJ vbghU
f cs ntiz s
gLtjh mfkhd btgMw
btahwJ.

ijgot vbghUf
aif ilfToa F
moUJ njho vLfgL
vbghUf ijgot vbghUf
vdgL.
yf, bgnuha kW
aif th. midJnk xwhf
nrJ ijgot vbghUf vW
miHfgLwd.

11.1. yf

vLfglJ. yf cg
ah _whtJ l csJ.
yf ilFlf
cy ilF yf 2/3
1774 M ML ah ghf mbkfhY, irdhY
KjKj
yf
njho csJ.

bra 11.2

1. xU Kfit 2 mFy kziy Lf. mjJ js j

CW. iyf, Ff, bguf Matiw Lf. tik
uL thufSF mgona UfL.

2. wkhwij ft?

3. 2 mFy msF kid Lf.

4. tik uL thufSF mgona UfL. mfkhf

cs iu toJLf. uL thufSF cyuL. uL kz
mLFfSF ilna ij goU cUthdij fhzyh.
15 ehf
itUf

iyf
kz

mLj
15 ehf
itUf

kz
iyf
kz

159

mjfLj
15 ehf
itUf

kz
iyf
kz

myF

yf kW bgnuha

yf kW bgnuha

yf vthW cUthaJ vW cdF bjkh?

KW IgJ a MLfSF K thj bgu kW fhsh
tif jhtuf uhrj to Ujd. mit wj rJ yf
GJ kQF ijjd. mjJ nkY btgK mGjK
mfJ fhyngh mJ ijJ yfahf khd.
rJ y

100 a
MLfSF K
350 a
MLfSF K

ghiwf kW mGF

mGF
wj jhtuf

yf

11.1.1. yf tiff
1. id (gG yf) 25
Kj 35% fhg csJ.
2. Lk yf (bkyf)
46 Kj 86% fhg csJ.

gG yf

3. Muir(fod
yf)
87-97%
fhg
csJ.
(MuiroUJ
mf
btg Mw ilF).

nta

bk yf

fod yf

yf Ruf

160

bra 11.3
J yfia fhQ gl fhosgo NlhFf.
yfia fhyh iy NlhF f, yfia ijJ
fh toj vdgL. mUJ gy gaDs bghUfis bgwyh.
yfia ijJ fh toj

yf th

yf

rhuha sF

fhg th

mnkhah ut
yf jh

yf gF bghUfS mj gafS
t.
v

yf gF
bghUf

gaf

1.

yf th

rika vththf

2.

mnkhah ut

cuf jahf

3.

Jf fhg

fyf gagL th

4.

ff

vbghUshf, v~F jahj

Fiwghdhf

5.

fjh

be, tzR, ehj cUil

kW btobghUf jahf

1000 . yf UJ ilgit.
1. 700 . ff
3. 50 fjh

2. 100 mnkhah
4. 400 3 yfth
161

myF

yf kW bgnuha

yf kW bgnuha

yfia gagLJj
eh xU eh brytF yf
cUthf Mu MLf MF.
J cg br yfia l
eh gagLJ yf ms
mf.

rg fhykhf tisFlh ehLfsha

Jgh,
brsmnuah,
mjh
Ma ehLf gzfhu ehLfshf
fUjgLtnj?
1859M
ML
mbkfh
bgntah gF Kj Kj
bgnuha
vLfglJ.
vL
tUlfSF wF 1867M ML
ah m[h kF (makum)
gFa bgnuha flaglJ.

11.2. bgnuha

gy a MLfSF K
fl
thj
jhtufS,
yFfS, wj k
ijld. mfgoahd mGj
11.2.1. ilFlf
kW btg fhuzkhf mit
Fit, <uh, bgah, uZah,
bgnuhakhf khd.
bknfh kW mbkfh nghw
bgnuha kW aif th ehLf mf ms bgnuha
cg br ehLfshF.
cUthj
fl

300-400 a
MLfSF K

fl

nta

50-100 a
MLfSF K

kz kW
tl
vbz kW th

ah
bgnuhakhdJ
m[h, F#uh, Kig (kfuhZuh)
kW nfhjht, UZzh(Mu
khy), fh(jehL) MW
gLiff ilwJ.
fo JisL bgnuha
vLfgLwJ. F moUJ
bgwgL ggLjglhj vbz
fUikw utkhF.
frL vbz Rfj
bgnuha
(frL
vbz)
vgJ fUik w vbz MF.
gntW gFbghUfshd
bgnuha th, bgnuh, Or,
cavbz kW ghubkGF
nghwtiw cslaJ. bgnuh
a Rf vgJ bgnuha
gF bghUfis d
fhtoj fy _y bjL
gnj MF. btntW bfhiyf
bfhl
utf
fyitia
btggL Fu brJ
bjLF Kiw d fh
toj vdgL.
162

frL
vbzahdJ
ciy
mo
mDggL
400oC
btggLjgLwJ. M nkbyG gF bghUfSF mt
bfhiyF Vg FfgLwJ. j gntW gF bghUf nrj
fyitna frL vbz MF. frL vbz d fh toj
ilF gntW gFbghUf nH mltizlgLsJ.
bgnuha th

gF
bghUf
40-60O C bgnuh

bgnuha th
bgnuh

kbzbz

kbzbz
Or

Or
ca vbz

vbghU vbz

gaf
Lf
vbghUshf
thfdfSF
vbghUshf
mL kW
b# khd
vbghUshf
fduf
thfdf
vbghUshf

ca vbz

ca bghU

vbghU
vbz

fg kW
iya
vbghUshf

ghu bkGF

bkGF kW
thr jahf

Lbk

bgL kW
rhiyf nghl

L bk
frL vbz
btggL

bgnuha kW aif thUJ gy gaDs bghUfis bgw

Kotjh mtiw bgnuh bff vdyh. itfis ikah
iHf, gh kW sho nghwit jahfgagLwd.
aif thUJ bgwgL iAu# th cuf jahf
gagLwd.
Jnghw ahghuahd gntW gafis
bgUgjh bgnuhaij fU jf vd miHfgLwJ.
163

myF

yf kW bgnuha

yf kW bgnuha

bra 11.4
fzho oia vLJ m
y iyf, Ff, fhjf,
ku Matiw nghl.
gl fhoathW J CW.
j mikid 20 ehf mgona
_o itf. ghoiy wJ
xU v Fia mj thaUnf
bfhL tu. F oJ
v. UJ aif th
bttUtij mayh.

j ntf bgnuhaij
gagLdh 2,050 M ML

bgnuha
KGtJ
JL.

11.3. aif th

aif th cUthj
rJ ygFf jhtuf
kFnghJ, rhfil ff
UJ aif th cUthwJ.
yf RuffY bgnuha
zWfY aif th csJ.
aif th 90% nj csJ.

nta

11.3.1. ilF lf

uh, uh#jh, kfhuhZouh

kW
Muunjr
(nfhjht,
UZzh), jehL (fh bllh
gFf) khyf mfkhd
ms aifth ilwJ.

aif th gagL U tf
1. mGjgl aif th(CNG)
2. kkhfgl aif th
(LNG)
CNG vgJ mf mGj
nrffgL th. Mdh LNG
vgJ
ca Fj iy
cs k. CNG Fiwj bry
jahfgLwJ.
CNG gaf
1. Fiwj ms khRgLjToa
vbghU
2. FHhf
_y
vjhf
vLJ bryyh. LfY
bjhrhiyfY neilahf
vbghUshf gagLjyh.
3. gytifahd
ntbghUf
kW
cuf
jahf
gagLwJ.

164

11.4. aif tsf kW

mitf tufS

Nafh
vbz,
gU
vbz, bec vbz kW
aif tsf ah kjdh ug bfhil vbzUJ
f
iuthf
gagLjgL gnah Or jahfgLwJ.
tUwd.
Mfnt
yf, 2. fhwhiy : fhwhiyia g
bgnuha, aif th nghwit eh ahtU mnth. skhd
btFu JL.
nghw
mik
al
izfgoUF. fhW ntfkhf
aiw
ilF
moF nghJ f RHW
tsf
fhy
a rhuij cg
148 tUlf
yf
br. jeho fajhW, Muh
thbkh, gyl kW Fokfy
vbz
40 tUlf
Ma
lf
fhwhiyf
aifth 61 tUlf
csd.
khW vbghU njL flha
eh cnsh. aif _yfsha
Na, fhW, Mat
UJ
Mwiy
eh
bgW
bfhoUnwh.
vbz 37%

mQMw 6%

yf 25%

th 23%

gnah f 4%

3%

Naxahw 0.04%
gnah vbghU 0.2%
Nabtg 0.5%

fhW 0.3%

btg 0.2%

isahoF my
v mgh khLto gajh.
eh fh XLnw.
v kf b# khd brwh.
mtDila
kf
khLto
gagh.

3. Na Mw :
cdf
thtjF njitahd Mwiy
bfhLgJ Na MF. gHfhy
Unj kj Na Mwiy gy
tiffY gagL tUwh.
Na Mw 1) Na vbuhgh
2) Na btg_o 3) Na
fy Ma _W tiff
gagLjgLwd.

khW Mw _yf
1. gnahOr : jhtu vbzfshd
nrhah vbz, MkzF
vbz, kffhnrhs vbz,
165

myF

yf kW bgnuha

yf kW bgnuha

11.5 iwa ma

cUthwJ. J mQfU iz
vdgL.
nj
f
miw
1. iAu# - ehisa vbghU
btgiy eilbgWtJ F
iAu# xU wj khW
iz KiwahF.
vbghU MF. mJ fh v
nghJ cUthwJ. mjdh fhW 3. f Uj nj bgWj
khR
miltiy. iAu#
f EQfsh ijf
mfkhd btg Mw csJ.
gLnghJ njDl khRfshd
fhgilMirL kW iAu#
2. F iz Kiw
ilwJ.
khRfis
uL nyrhd mQf rigL
al
bgwgL
nj
wj
cfUf ca btgiy
iz nghJ mfkhd Mw vbghUshf gagLwJ.

bgnuha ghJfh Muh FGk (PCRA) ah cs thfd

XLefSF bgnuh/Oriy vthW nrfyh vgjfhd y
Mnyhridfis gJiuJsJ. mit,
TLkhdtiu thfdfis uhd kW jkhd ntf XLj
TLkhdtiu thfdfis
mizJ itj

nghFtuJ

Wjf

laf cs fhwGjij rahd ms itj

thfdfis Fj fhy guhkj mta

nta

iwa ua

F
U l
t h
U
x 1 nu
L
bg k

166

ehisa gwhFiw

xU ik eil,
xU l bgnuh
kW
xU eh thit
nrF

kL
1.

uhK FLg dK wF mL cz rikwd.

KUf FLg LPG th _y cz rikwd. Mdh
uhK FLgijl KUf FLg FWa neunyna cz
rikJLwd. fhuz vdthf Uf Ko?

2. nfhol lij uf

m. yf
- yf th

bgnuha - __________

M. LPG
- nuhng kW nl

aifth - __________

. Or
- bgnuha

gnahOr
- __________
3.

jnghija iy eh bgnuhaij f mfkhf gagL

tUnwh. jdh bgnuha ts 2050M MLF JL
vw iy csJ v, khW vbghU njitfhd eltoiff
vd vgij TWfns.

4.

fhQ mltizUJ vj vbghU rikaYF cfjJ.

wF

LPG th

if cUthwJ

if cUthFtiy

Fiwj fnyh kL

mf fnyh kL

rikgjF mf neu

rikgjF Fiwj neu

rhg cUthwJ

rhg cUthfhJ

5. m. fl vbghUfis ewhf goJghJL t RWRiy

mf khRgLJ vbghU kW Fiwthf khRgLJ vbghUf
vit vit vgij vLbjGJf.
yf, bgnuh, Or, aif th, kkhfgl bgnuha
th(LPG), mGjgl aif th (LNG) kbzbz.
M. jnghJ eh gagLbfhoUF vbghUfshd yf,
bgnuh, Or, aif th, kkhfgl bgnuha th(LPG)
nghwit iu JL. mgo Jnghdh rikj,
thfdfis aFj, bjhrhiyf af nghw gaf
ghgil. NHUJ Lgl ekF khW vbghUf
kW J nghfhj vbghUf njit. jfhd thf s
Phfshd cfSF bjj khW vbghUf bgafis
TWfns.
167

myF

yf kW bgnuha

yf kW bgnuha

. jnghJ eh gagL bfhoUF vbghUf goa xW

jah brf.
<. ekJ ehL jbtgkly gF. F Na btr mf csJ.
ij got vbghUf ntfkhf JtU iy v fhy
vjifa Mwiy eh mf gagLjyh? cf nahridia
TWfns.
c. nH yf tiffS m cs fhg ms cfSF
bjfgLsd, j _y vj yfia eh gagLdh
mfkhd btg Mwiy bgw Ko vgij TWfns.
id

- 25% Kj 35% fhg

Lk

- 45% Kj 86% fhg

Muir - 87% Kj 97% fhg

6.

nfhol lij uf
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

vbghU va Jiz br th __________.

ij tot vbghU __________ __________ kW __________.
LPG - __________.
ghUJ c Or jahf gagL Kiw __________.
yf cUthF ehLf ah iy __________.
CNG - __________.
yf cs Kakhd jk __________.
ah mf ms yf cs khy __________.
ah __________ ehLF yfia VWk brwJ.
Na fy Na Mw __________ Mwyhf khwgLwJ.

nta

nkY ma

Advanced organic chemistry- B.S. Bahl and Arun Bahl - S.Chand &
Company Ltd.,
izajsf

www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-renewable _resources.

www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gscebitesize/physics/energy/energy_resources
168

msa

12. msa

nfhil LKiw xU eh
mUzh jdJ njh Rth
tUiffhf o fhUwh.
beLneu
fJ
if
xU
Fill Rth tUwh.

j iyahd ms myF vdgL.

vLJfhlhf 300 vg 300
vgJ vk, vgJ myF.
vj xU msit myF yhk
msf KoahJ.

aa

eh
aa
msfis
mUzh : vd Rth! kiHah
msgjF
gytifahd
myF
bgwJ? Fill tUwhna?
Kiwfis
gagLJnwh.
Rth : iy mUzh. btna
vLJfhlhf, , ik, br,
fLikahd bt Ugjh Fil
mo Mad sfhd myFf.
vLJ nghFgo vdJ mkhjh
ijngh nyhuh, uh, g
Tdh.
nghwit iw myFfshF.
mUzh : Mkh Rth. bjhiy
gdhL myF Kiw (SI myF
fh br Tl neiwa btg
Kiw)
iy 42C vd Tdhf. W
1971 M Mo Toa vilf
mijl mfkhf UF ngh
kW msf ga bghJ
csnj!
Tlik midtU xnu uhf
Rth : btgiyia Ff
gagLjjf myF Kiwahf SI
eh gagLJ myFjh vdF
myF Kiw mfglJ. SI myF
FHgkhf csJ. eh midtU
Kiw gntW msfSfhf
btgiyia
bra
vw
myFf
iyahf
tiuaWf
mynyna TWnwh. Mdh vdJ
gLsd. nkY Kiw kw myF
mzh W fhiy btgiy
Kiwfis l wghdjhF. J
myF bf jh vW Tdh.
mQ
gf
mogil
mUzh : rnjfij vdJ mikjJ vdnt fhyij bghWJ
jijl nfL bjJbfhnth. khwhjJ. nkY J gagLJtjF
f vaJ.
( mUzh jij X Ma)
SI myF Kiw VG mogil
(mtf mUzh jijl
rnjfij
nffnt
mt msfis, 22 t msfis
myFfis
g
mtfSF cslaJ.
bjthf sfkjh).
s, iw, fhy Mat
xU Fl msit msj myFfis g eh mnth.
vgJ mj kig iyahd jnghJ
nkY
y
mogil
kbwhU
knghL
xL msf myFfis bjJ
TWtnjahF vgij eh mnth. bfhnth.
170

SI myF

ms

myF

msa

FpL

iw

nyh uh

kg

fhy

dho

btgiy

bf

ndhl

Ma

bghU
ms

nkh

mol

xbr

nfoyh

cd

btgiy

nkY bra myFKiw

cs vF btgiy bf
SI Kiw bf vgJ
my jfgLwJ.
btgiy myfhF. bf
vgJ K (Triple Point) ndhl
btg afa btgiy
1/273.16 dgFahF. (
K vgJ bjL uh, a
kW cUF g fo Ma _W
rkiy cs btgiyahF).

ciwiy
bra
msoy
0C.
Mdh
mj
btgiy _yTWf
afnyna
Uwd,
mit -273C jh Xiyia
milwd. vdnt -273C vgJ
jR btgiyahF. mJnt
bf btgiy R iyahf
bfhsgLwJ.
vdnt -273C = 0 K

273 K = 0C

Ma vgJ SI myF Kiw

ndhlfhd myfhF. bt
l xU l ilbt itf
gl wffjf FWF gu
cila U Koyh sf cila
iz flf tna xU l
s gh uhd ndhl
mU flfSilna 2x10-7
l iria VgLdh
mndhl xU Ma MF.
bghU ms
SI myF Kiw bghU ms
nkh vw myfh msfgLwJ.
xU
nkh
vgJ
0.012
.
fhg-12 mls mogil
Mf TWf (mQf myJ
_yTWf
myJ
maf)
msthF.

171

msa

x ms
SI Kiw x brit
msf gagL myF nfoyh
MF. x _y xW cG
540x1012 bA mbt cila
xiww f br xU
Fl ir xU onuoaDF
1/683
th
v
mir
xbr xU nfoyh MF.

VgLJ nfhzkhF.
MdJ r2 F rk.

gu

xU
onuoa

v bkGFt xW bt
L x br njhuhakhf xU
nfoyhF rk.
jsnfhzK k nfhzK
jsnfhzK k nfhzK
1995M MLtiu Jiz ms
fshf Ujd jnghJ mit t
msfshF.
SI Kiw jsnfhz myF
nuoa.

ma mPf bgaf
cs myFf Fpil
My
vGj
bga
vGij gagLj ntL.
v.fh. N-Newton, W - watt

xU
nuoa

aa

SI myF Kiw gw ntoa

kuf
myFf FpLfis F
LnghJ My vGj a
vGij gagLjglntL.
v.fh.l vgij m vW,
nyhuh vgij kg vW
vGjntL

nuoa vgJ tl MuF

rkkhd s bfhl tl
mikF nfhzkhF.
SI
Kiw k nfhz
myF onuoa.
k nfhz vgJ r MuKs
nfhs ika A gus
mnfhs wgu xU gF
172

ma
mPf
bga
bfhl myFfis My
KGikahf vGJnghJ a
vGjh vGj ntL. v.fh.
newton, joule, watt.
FpLfis gik vGj
TlhJ. v.fh 30 kg, 30 kilogram.
vd vGjntL.
Wj Fpil myFf
Ko gagLjTlhJ. v.fh
m. vW vGjTlhJ, m vd
vGjntL.

 x msid msgjF yhuj myfhd blg vw myF

gagL.
yeLf msid l msnfhyh msfyh.
f l (nfhf kW fSF ilna cs bjhiy)
bjhiyid msf gagL myF tha myF MF.

s myFf
10 ..
10 br.
10 bl.
10
10 blfh.
10 bA.

=
=
=
=
=
=

gUk myFf

1 br.
1 bl.
1 = 100 br.
1 blfh.
1 bA. = 100
1 . = 1000

1000 f..
=
1000 f.br. =
1000 f.bl. =

=

=

1 f.br.
1 f.bl.
1 f.
1 000 000 f.br.
1 000 000 000 f..

f.. fd l, f.br. fd brol,

. l, br. brol,

f.- fd l

bA. - bAlh l, . - nyhl

gu myFf
100 r..
100 r.br.
100 r.bl.
100 r.
100 r.blfh.
100 r.bA.

=
=
=
=
=
=

iw myFf

1 r.br.
1 r.bl.
1 r.. = 100 .
1 r.blfh. = 1 V
1 r.bA. = 1 bAnl
1 r..

10 .
= 1 br.
= 1 bl.
10 br.
10 bl.
= 1 = 1000= .
10
= 1 blfh.
10 blfh. = 1 bA. = 100
10 bA.
= 1 . = 1000
1000 .
= 1 bkfh. = 1 bk
r.. rJu l, r.br. rJu brol,
r.bl. rJu bll, r. rJu l,

l
r.bA. rJu bAlhl

. - uh, br. - bro uh,

ut gUk myFf

bA. - bAlhuh, . - nyhuh

10 .
10 br.
10 bl.
10
10 blfh.
10 bA.

=
=
=
=
=
=

1 br.
1 bl. = 100.
1 = 1000 .
1 blfh.
1 bA. = 100
1 . = 1000

.- l, br. bro l,
bA.-bAlh l, .- nyh l

173

myF

msa

msa

kL
1. uhK, kJ UtU egf. mtf miw msid msf KaY
nghJ, uhK mjid mo vw myfhY kJ l vw myfhY
msf Udhf. Ut ah gdhL myF Kiw go rahd
myF Kiwia gagLJwh?
2. bghUJf
t.
v

ms

myF

1.

btgiy

nfoyh

2.
3.
4.
5.

bghUms
xbr
iw
jsnfhz

bf
nyhuh
nuoa
nkh

3. fltW vJ rahd tha?

m) ir myF Newton
M) ir myF newton
4. KUf ndhlid msf Uwh. mt vj myid
gagL msfyh vd TWf.
5. rah, jtwh vdTWf.
m) myFf Fpoid vGj a My vGij gagLj
ntL.
M) my Ko WJFpL gagLj ntL.
) myFfis vGjh vGJnghJ gik vGjTlhJ.
<) k nfhz SI myF nuoa

aa

nkY ma
f

1. Physics vol (1) and(2) - Satya Prakash - Rahul Jain V K (India)

Enterprises, NewDelhi-2

2. The Physics Quick reference guide - E.Richard Cohen 1996 American Institute of Physics.

izajsf www.metrication.com
www.surfnet.org/wiki/A-level-physics
www.physics.nist.gov/cuu/unit
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