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Electric Trains, Photovoltaics, Wind, and Hybrid Applications System Comparison Factors Advanced Topics Other Example Cases from Class Inputs
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Two 6-MW Substations (NYPA) and 1MW Storage (NYCT) Serve Subway Station
Typical Voltage Profile At The Far Rockaway Test Track In October 2001
Benefits Realized
1. 2. 3.
Third-rail voltage regulation improvement allows operation of new more efficient AC trains. Cost savings for reduction in demand charges are 10-15% of total electric bill. Energy savings from recaptured regenerative braking, not coincident with train starts, is 7-25%.
PV Assisted UPS
Utility Source
Solar Array
Static Switch Isolating Device
DC Power
INVERTER
AC Power
Charge Regulator
Critical Load
Battery Storage
DC
DC Bus (200-500 V)
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Rectifier
DC Bus
DC level Converter
DC Bus
Lighting Circuit A
Lighting Circuit B
Inverter
AC
(60 Hz out)
Bypass transfer switch
DC
Bypass Position
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46 or 69 kV Subtransmission
Smoothed Output
Time
Inverter Input/Output
Time
Time
Water Tower
Water
50 hp PV Pump Unit
Sectionalizing switch with synchronization Dormitory B (500 kVA) Administrative Building (300 kVA)
Master Controller
(coordinates system operating mode, frequency, voltage and generation dispatch)
Energy Storage
Gen
Local Generator Protection and Control 2000 kW ICE Generator 75 kW Wind System
Electrochemical Capacitors DC
DC AC
DC Station Batteries
G
Propane Generator
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Hybrid Energy Storage Application for Capacitors with Engine Cranking Battery
Hybrid thermal and EC capacitor for Off-grid Multi-Energy Based Home with PV
Fuel (propane) 5 kW PV Array Ultra-capacitor Storage bank
DC Voltage Regulator and Charging control Heat recovery
ICE Generator
Engine
G
Heat Recovery
DC Bus
AC Bus
DC Loads
Thermal Energy transferred to water
Thermal Exhaust
Cooling to House
Combination Airconditioning Unit, Heat Pump, Hot water heat Recovery System
Cooling to House
Hyperion 8V
A VX 0.12F, 5.5V
0.001
0.01
0.1
10
100
6.3 V electrolytic
From Okamura, 11/02, Assumes DOD of Li-ion 7%, NiMH 10%, VRLA 5%, Cap 50%, and ECaSS capacitors (ECS and ECSnew) 75% [5]
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Reference Chart - Typical Energy Storage Parameters for Available AC Bridging Power Systems
Bridging System Lead Acid U-Caps U-Caps LS Fly W HS Fly W Mag. Coil Types
Cranking Traction Pulse .9-3.6 kRPM 5-50 kRPM SMES
System Rating1
250 kW 250 kW 250 kW 1340 kW 250 kW 600 kW
Watts/kg kJ/kg @ Run Energy Cost time MJoule $/kW 2 @ 15 sec3 15sec
30s 10s 10s 12s 12s 2 7.5 2.5 2.5 16.1 3.0 1.2 40-50 130 150 250 100 600 250-350 300 500 200-250 200-250 N/A 4-8 4 8 3-3.5 2-2.5 N/A
1. Energy storage rating is ~ 10-25% higher than system rating to cover conversion losses. 2. Equipment first cost for energy storage element at rated time (life cycle cost not considered). 3. Weight used is for energy storage components of commercial product not theoretical.
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Reference Chart - Typical Conversion Technology Parameters for Available Bridging Power Systems
Bridging System Type Lead Acid U-Caps LS Fly W LS Fly W LS Fly W HS Fly W HS Fly W Mag. Coil Power Converter Type1 Input/ AC Output Voltage
Conv. Grid Output Output Temp. Regulate Eff. Isolation Inter- Over& Shape2 Method Active3 Load
160% 200% N/A 500% 600% 500% N/A 230%
Inverter 400-570Vdc/480ac PWM 95% Static Switch No Inverter 300-650Vdc/480ac PWM 95% Static Switch No Dc Gen/Invt 1800rpm/550Vdc Dc Field 95% Rectifier No Induction Gen 1980rpm/480Vac Ind. Gen. 96% Series Choke Yes Induction M-G 1750rpm/480Vac Sync W-P 84% Mechanical Yes PM-Rect/Invt H-F500Vac/480ac PWM/filter 93% SS & Choke Yes PM Gen/Rect. 400-800Vdc/800dc Dc Field 94% Rectifier No Dc to dc/Invt. 600Vdc/480ac 2x6P/filter 95% Static Switch Yes 1. All converters are connected in parallel with the load except the LS Flywheel, Induction M-G. 2. Output voltage regulation and wave shaping when the systemis isolated fromthe grid. 3. Output voltage stabilization is active in all operating mode, on grid, in transition and on standby.
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Reference Chart - General System Parameters for Typical Available Bridging Power Systems
Bridging System Lead Acid U-Caps LS Fly W LS Fly W LS Fly W HS Fly W HS Fly W Mag. Coil
1. 2. 3. 4.
System System Recharge Charge R-T Stby Maint. Temp. Transfer Rating1 $/kVA Method Time (s) eff. Loss Level2 Cond.3 Method4
250 kVA $ 345 Aux charger 3600 75% 1.5% Med Yes T. Switch 125 kVA $ 640 dc-dc covt. 30 98% 2.0% Low No via Rectifier 250 kW $ 83 IM motor 240 93% 1.0% Med No via Rectifier 2200kVA $ 341 W-R IM/ASD 120 96% 4.0% Med No via Clutch 35 kVA $1,000 IM motor 60 84% N/A Med No Via M-G 250 kVA $ 335 PM motor 150 95% 2.0% Low No T. Switch 100 kW $ 550 PM motor 40 92% 2.0% Low No via Rectifier 750 kVA $ 800 Sync inverter 90 97% 3.0% Med Yes N/A Includes all the components constituting the overall system rating. Subjective assessment based on components such as battery vs flywheel, air conditioning, and bearing types. Temperature or environmental conditioning is used. The device that allows connection to two power sources such as an automatic transfer switch, T. switch.
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Lead Acid Engine Starting Battery Assembly Deep Cycle UPS Battery Pack High Speed Flywheel Kinetic Battery
250 kW
9,800
$23,960
2,800
$33,750
TBD
$50,000 (est.)