Muscles

Types of Muscles Skeletal Produces voluntary movement Striated Smooth Involuntary Not striated Cardiac Restricted to the heart Striated Skeletal Muscles General Organization Muscle bbers (cells) are arranged in bundles Endomysium Connective tissue between muscle bers Perimysium Sheath surrounding the bundles Epimysium Connective tissue around the entire muscle

Attachments Fleshy attachment Scapular muscles Tendon attachment Fibrous bands of collagen that attach muscles to bone Can also be a at sheet - "aponeuroses"

Most muscles have attachments to 2 bones Origin Less mobile Insertion More mobile Head Distinctive division in muscle that have separate origins

Functional Attachments Flexor/Extensor Can serve two purposes Adductor/Abductor Adduction = move toward median Abduction = move away from median Sphincter Pylorus of stomach Cutaneous Supercial fascia Agonist Primary movers Antagonist Oppose primary action Synergist Oppose undesired actions Identication Origin + Insertion = Function

Supercial Muscles

Deep Muscles

Division of Muscles Types

Physiology of Skeletal Muscle Skeletal muscle bers are very specialized cells that are present at birth and do not multiply. Individually, they can increase in size. Muscular development is by an increase in the SIZE (not number) of individual muscle bers. Skeletal muscle ber is made up of... Type I bers Contract slowly - "slow twitch" Can contract for long periods Type II bers Contract fast - "fast twitch" Are more susceptible to fatigue

Denitions Sarcomere: fundamental unit of contraction within the cell Sarcolemma: endoplasmic reticulum that lls the space between myobrils Myosin: protein molecule contained in thick myolaments Actin: protein molecule contained in thin myolaments Exercise Physiology How does the muscle contract at the cellular level? Requirements:

Motor nerves Muscle bers Energy Communication(!) The Motor Neuron Specialized cell that triggers muscle contraction The axon ends at the neuromuscular junction of the muscle ner

Electrical Trigger Cellular communication Action potential Cellular movement of sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) ions Depolarization of nerve ending Release of Neurotransmitter Cellular communication Acetylcholine Receptors on muscle bers

Depolarization Axon of nerve Sarcomere Acetylcholine Receptor Mitochondria of muscle bers

For Muscle Contraction... There must be propagation of the signal (depolarization) over the entire muscle ber. This propagation travels along the T tubules of the sarcolemma AND releases calcium (Ca+) When calcium comes into contact with the myobrils of the muscle, the thin and thick myolaments slide on each other causing CONTRACTION