MTH 2613 Elementary Differential Equations Score _____________

Examination 2


Student Name: _______________________________________________________________________________

This exam is a closed book, open notes exam. You are allowed to use a simple, non-integrating calculator. All
work must be shown to receive full credit for the problem. Solutions are to be worked in the space provided.

1. Determine the general solution for the given homogeneous differential equations. 20 points

a. 6 11 3 0 y y y '' ' + =

( )( )
2
6 11 3 0
3 1 2 3 0
1 3
,
3 2
m m
m m
m
+ =
=
=
( )
1 3
3 2
1 2
x x
y x c e c e = +




b. 4 8 0 y y y '' ' + + =

2
4 8 0
4 16 32
2
4 4
2 2
2
m m
m
i
i
+ + =

=

= =
( )
2 2
1 2
cos 2 sin2
x x
y x c e x c e x

= +







c. 10 25 0 y y y ''' '' ' + + =

( )
( )
( )
3 2
2
2
10 25 0
10 25 0
5 0
0, 5 mult.2
m m m
m m m
m m
m
+ + =
+ + =
+ =
=
( )
5 5
1 2 3
x x
y x c c e c xe

= + +








2. Determine the general solution to the differential equation given by tan y y x '' + = . 25 points


Begin by finding the solution to the homogeneous equation:

2
1,2
0
1 0
y y
m
m i
'' + =
+ =
=

1 2
cos sin
c
y c x c x = +

Applying the Variation of Parameters method and replacing the arbitrary constants with unknown functions,
we see
1 2
cos sin
p
y v x v x = + . Differentiating the particular solution and assuming the assumption step,
we see

( ) 1 2 1 2
1 2 1 2
cos sin sin cos
sin cos cos sin
p
p
y v x v x v x v x
y v x v x v x v x
' ' '
= + +
' ' '
= +


Substituting into the given differential equation, we see
1 2 1 2 1 2
1 2
tan
sin cos cos sin cos sin tan
sin cos tan
y y x
v x v x v x v x v x v x x
v x v x x
'' + =
' '
+ + + =
' '
+ =


Using Cramers Rule to determine the unknown functions, we see
( )
1
2
2
0 sin
tan cos
cos sin
sin cos
sin
cos
1
cos 1
cos
cos sec
sin ln sec tan
x
x x
v dx
x x
x x
x
x
dx
x
dx
x
x x dx
x x x
=

=
=
= +
}
}
}
}

2
cos 0
sin tan
cos sin
sin cos
sin
1
sin
cos
x
x x
v dx
x x
x x
x
dx
x dx
x

=
=
=
}
}
}


Thus,
( ) ( )
1 2
cos sin sin ln sec tan cos cos sin cos ln sec tan
p
y v x v x x x x x x x x x x = + = + + = + . And,
the general solution is given by the function

( )
1 2
cos sin cos ln sec tan y x c x c x x x x = + + .





3. Determine the general solution to the given system of equations. 25 points

2 2 1
2 3
dx dy
x y
dt dt
dx dy
y
dt dt
+ = + +
+ = +


Begin by converting the equation to differential operator notation and isolating the nonhomogeneous terms:

( )| | ( )| |
| | ( )| |
2 2 1
2 1 3
D x D y
D x D y
+ =
+ =

Eliminating the x terms and solving for ( ) y t , we see
( )| | ( )| | ( )
( ) | | ( )( )| | ( )
( ) ( )( ) ( )| | ( ) ( )
( )( )| |
2 2 1
2 2 2 1 2 3
2 2 2 1 1 2 3
2 1 6
D D x D D y D
D D x D D y D
D D D D y D D
D D y
+ =
=
=
=

Solving the homogeneous problem, we see

( )( ) 2 1 0
2,1
m m
m
=
=

2
1 2
t t
c
y c e c e = +
Using the Method of Undetermined Coefficients to solve for the nonhomogeneous term with
p
y At B = + ,
we see

( ) ( ) ( )
3 2 6
0 3 2 6
0 3
y y y
A At B
A B
'' ' + =
+ + =
= =
( )
2
1 2
3
t t
y t c e c e = +

Solving the second equation for
dx
dt
and substituting into the first equation, we can solve for ( ) x t :

( )
2 2
1 2 1 2
2
1 2
1
2
2
1
2 3 2
2
3 5
2 2
t t t t
t t
dy
x y
dt
c e c e c e c e
c e c e
| |
= +
|
\ .
= + +
= +


Thus, the general solution is given by

( )
( )
2
1 2
2
1 2
3 5
2 2
3
t t
t t
x t c e c e
y t c e c e
= +
= +



4. Find two power series solutions to the differential equation given by ( ) 1 0 y x y y '' ' + = . 30 points

Recall, the derivatives for the arbitrary power series are given by
( )
( )
( ) ( )
0
1
1
2
2
1
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
y x c x
y x nc x
y x n n c x

=
=
' =
'' =

Substituting into the given differential equation,
( ) ( )
( )
2 1
2 1 0
2 1
2 1 1 0
1 1 0
1 0
n n n
n n n
n n n
n n n n
n n n n
n n n n
n n c x x nc x c x
n n c x nc x nc x c x


= = =


= = = =
+ =
=




Adjusting the summations to be expansions of the function ( )
k
y x x = , we see
( )( ) ( )
2 1
0 1 0 0
2 1 1 0
k k k k
k k k k
k k k k
k k c x kc x k c x c x

+ +
= = = =
+ + + =


Extracting the 0 k = terms and combining the summations, we see

( )( ) ( )
( )( ) ( )
( )( ) ( ) ( )
2 1
0 1 0 0
2 1 0 2 1
1
2 1 0 2 1
1
2 1 1 0
2 2 1 1 0
2 2 1 1 1 0
k k k k
k k k k
k k k k
k
k k k k
k
k
k k k
k
k k c x kc x k c x c x
c c c k k c kc k c c x
c c c k k c k c k c x

+ +
= = = =

+ +
=

+ +
=
+ + + =
+ + + + = (

+ + + + + = (

Solving for the coefficients, we see
( )
2 1 0
2 1 0
2 0
1
2!
c c c
c c c
=
= +

( )
( )
2 1
2 1
2 0
1
, 1
2
k k k
k k k
k c c c
c c c k
k
+ +
+ +
+ =
= + >
+


Expanding the summation, we see

( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3 2 1 1 0 1 1 0
4 3 2 1 0 1 0 1 0
5 4 3 1 0 1 0 1 0
1 1 1 1
1: 3
3 3 2 3!
1 1 1 1 1
2: 3 6 4
4 4 3! 2! 4!
1 1 1 1 1
3: 6 4 3 18 8
5 5 4! 3! 5!
k c c c c c c c c
k c c c c c c c c c
k c c c c c c c c c
| |
= = + = + + = +
|
\ .
| |
= = + = + + + = +
|
\ .
| |
= = + = + + + = +
|
\ .




( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
6 5 4 1 0 1 0 1 0
7 6 5 1 0 1 0 1 0
1 1 1 1 1
4: 18 8 6 4 48 28
6 6 5! 4! 6!
1 1 1 1 1
5: 48 28 18 8 156 68
7 7 6! 5! 7!
k c c c c c c c c c
k c c c c c c c c c
| |
= = + = + + + = +
|
\ .
| |
= = + = + + + = +
|
\ .


Substituting into the arbitrary power series, we see the solution is given by
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 3 4 5
0 1 2 3 4 5
2 3 4 5
0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
6 7
1 0 1 0
2 3 4 5 6 7
0
............
1 1 1 1
3 6 4 18 8
2! 3! 4! 5!
1 1
48 28 156 68 ...........
6! 7!
1 1 4 8 28 68
1 ...........
2! 3! 4! 5! 6! 7!
y x c c x c x c x c x c x
c c x c c x c c x c c x c c x
c c x c c x
c x x x x x x
= + + + + + +
= + + + + + + + + +
+ + + +
(
= + + + + + +
(

2 3 4 5 6 7
1
1 3 6 18 48 156
...........
2! 3! 4! 5! 6! 7!
c x x x x x x x
+
(
+ + + + + +
(