Pulse Density Modulation Pattern

Optimization using Genetic Algorithms

Demian Pimentel, Ahmed Chriti,
Mohamed Ben Slima and Pierre Sicard
Presented at IECON 2006

By Pierre Sicard, Member, IEEE

November 2006
Prepared by D. Pimentel
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I. Power electronics devices
II. Pulse-density modulation (PDM)
III. Genetic algorithms (GA)
IV. Application of GA to PDM pattern
generation
V. Simulation results
VI. Conclusions

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5
Undesirable effects of PE devices on power
distribution lines
6
Desired characteristics of new PE designs

Few total harmonic distortion (THD)
High power factor (PF)
High conversion efficiency
Entirely digital controls
Cost and size reduction
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Modulation technique used for resonant converters

Advantages compared to PWM
Higher power factor
Lower total harmonic distortion
Lower electromagnetic noise
Ease of implementation

Disadvantages
PF decreases as pulse-density decreases
THD increases as pulse-density decreases
Discrete output characteristic
Non-linear power vs pulse-density curve
9
Experimental Power Factor and THD for a PDM one-phase
converter using 16 modulation levels
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
6 13 19 25 31 38 44 50 57 63 69 75 81 88 94 100
Pulse density (%)
Power factor
THD (%)
10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
O
u
t
p
u
t

P
o
w
e
r

(
%
)
6 13 19 25 31 38 44 50 57 63 69 75 81 88 94 100
Pulse density (%)
analytical
approximation
simulation
( )
2
max
seq output
N seq P P =
Output power vs. pulse density for a PDM one-phase converter
using 16 modulation levels
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Switching modes
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Non-regular PDM
pattern generation
Logic
Control signals
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Rarely used for PE applications
Can be employed for
Optimization
Search problems
Jargon
Chromosomes
Population
Generation
Environment
Fitness function
Goal
Bring individuals within a population to evolve
towards desired solutions
Stochastic process
15
AG representation and flow chart
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AG common operators
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PDM optimal pattern generation using GA
GA algorithm programmed using Matlab

Simulink

was used to evaluate fitness

Simulation of power system (SimPowerSystems)

Research space
PDM sequences are represented by bit strings
Synchronization of PDM sequences with line voltage
Length equals 1/120 s
Resonant frequency = 15.96 kHz
String length = 133 resonant cycles
Mutation operator was used
1 represents a pulse
0 represents a dead pulse
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Simulink

block diagram
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Relationship betwen PF
and THD




Fitness function
Termination conditions
2
1
cos
THD
PF
+

=

=
=
targeted evaluated THD
targeted evaluated PF
THD THD fitness
PF PF fitness
stop
0
and
0

<
>
THD
PF
fitness
fitness
Pulse
Density
8/
133
16/
133
24/
133
32/
133
40/
133
PF 0.6 0.75 0.8 0.85 0.9
THD 1.3 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5
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Load voltage produced by several AG-generated patterns with different pulse densities
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Line current created by several AG-generated patterns with different pulse densities
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Two similar AG-generated patterns
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Comparison: AG patterns perform significantly better.
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Significant improvement of PF
Significant reduction of THD
Easy practical implementation of GA patterns
(single microcontroller)
GA algorithm could be used to improve PF in
the range of 25-95% pulse-density
Algorithm could be hardware-implemented for
auto-tuning devices
Component aging
Changing noisy environments
Load variations
Switching frequency change
Additional parameters optimisation
DC-link capacitor
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