Proceedings of the 2012 9th International Pipeline Conference IPC2012 September 24-28, 2012, Calgary, Alberta, Canada

IPC2012-90269

ONE DESIGN METHOD OF PIPELINE IN MINED-OUT AREA

Zhenyong Zhang China Petroleum Pipeline Corporation Lang fang, Hebei, China Tong Lei China Petroleum Pipeline Corporation Lang fang, Hebei, China construction to calculate the mineral overlaid reserves for compensation, it will cause the project cost increased substantially. At present, in order to better handle and coordinate the relationship between pipeline construction and mining of mineral resources, some research are carried out preliminarily to put forward a more scientific and reasonable goaf pipeline design method. The pipeline design method studies of goaf generally include two parts, one is the subsidence forecast analysis, and the other is pipe stress analysis. The goaf subsidence prediction section includes the settlement of impact factor analysis, ground movement and deformation law analysis and surface movement and deformation prediction. The pipe stress analysis, including stress analysis model, the force factor analysis and pipeline safety measures analysis. Parts of the mutual relationship are shown in Figure 1.
Influence factors analysis of surface subsidence in mined-out area Subsidence prediction

ABSTRACT With the rapid development of oil and gas pipeline construction, there are more and more pipelines have to pass through the mineral deposits area. The surface cracking, subsidence and collapse will be occurred commonly because of the underground goaf after exploitation in mineral deposits area, and pipelines' safety is faced with hidden troubles. In order to solve the contradiction between the pipeline construction and minerals mining, some research on design method of pipeline in mined-out area was carried out. The goaf subsidence prediction is constituted of subsidence influence factors analysis, surface deformation law analysis and surface deformation forecast. Pipe stress analysis includes stress influence factors analysis and stress model analysis. Combining the pipeline influence factors with the forecasted surface deformation, the pipeline stress analysis model could be built. This paper describes methods developed for the ground surface displacement prediction and the mechanical model of the pipeline/ soil interaction, and some application examples in china. INTRODUCTION The mining of mineral resources will form a goaf, once the surrounding rocks are loss of stability in these areas, geological disasters such as surface cracking, sinking or collapse may occur. Data shows that coal resources are more abundant and widely distributed in china. Surface cracking, ground subsidence and other geological disasters caused by overexploitation of coal mines are frequent, which has become a major concern affecting general public life and production safety. As China's oil and gas pipeline construction increases unceasingly, more and more pipelines need to pass through the mineral prospecting areas, ground subsidence, surface crack may be caused due to the exploitation of underground mineral in these areas. Because of the lack of more scientific design method, the coal pillar under the pipeline corridor will be required to reserve generally for long distance pipeline through the mineral distribution area. Generally we adopt a more conservative method which uses the entire width and depth of the coal by geometric way influenced by the pipeline

The surface movement deformation law analysis in mined-out area

The surface movement deformation forecast in mined-out area Pipe stress analysis model of subsidence in mined-out area

Pipe performance

Design criterion

Failure mode and limit state Route, pipes, installation, and other possible safety measures summed up

Figure 1 Pipeline design method in mined-out area

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Stress analysis

Mining, pipes, buried depth, backfilling factors analysis

Pipeline design method of mined-out area

MINED-OUT SURFACE DISPLACEMENT PREDICTION Mine goaf surface subsidence prediction is the basis of the goaf pipeline design, this part of the study includes the analysis of the goaf subsidence influencing factors, ground movement and deformation analysis, and deformation prediction. 1. Analysis of the goaf subsidence influence factors The main factors affecting the goaf subsidence include the ratio of mining depth to mining thickness, recovery time, cover soft character, mining methods and roof management methods, seam inclination limits of mining, geological structure, the loose layer thickness, mining speed, repeat mining. The descriptions of several major influence factors are as follows: Mining depth/mining thickness is a key factor in goaf surface subsidence type. A lot of research shows that: mining depth/mining thickness ratio, the larger the ratio, the more gentle of surface movement and deformation, and ground surface deformation presents continuous basin shape, the smaller the ratio, the surface movement is more severe deformation, if the ratio is very small, the continuous surface deformation presents surface crack, bench-shape sink, or sinkhole(see Figure 2).

the goaf reach to a certain range, and the surface subsidence value reaches maximum, this mining stage is called Fully Mining, after this, although goaf continue to expand, surface subsidence value no longer increases, a flat area will form at the central of surface movement basin. See figure 3 and figure 4.
500 400 300 200 100 Y(m) 0 -50 -100 -200 -300 -400 -500 X(m)

-750 -650

-550 -450 -350 -250

-150

50

150

250

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550

650

750

Mining area:

100m100m Pipeline

300m300m

500m500m

Figure 3 Schematic plan of the different mining areas

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Vertical subsidence (mm)

0 -1000 0 -2000 -3000 -4000 -5000 -6000 -7000 -8000

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Distance along the pipeline (m)

Surface crack

Bench-shape sink

Insufficient Mining

Fully Mining

Super-Fully Mining

Sinkhole

Figure 2 Discontinuous surface deformation of goaf Mining method and roof management methods are key factors that affect the surface subsidence of goaf. When longwall mining method is adopted, the maximum ground subsidence could be 45%95% of the mining thickness, when filling mining (long-wall or short-wall) is adopted, the subsidence could be 6%30% of the mining thickness, when strip or room and pillar mining method is adopted, the subsidence could be 10%20% of the mining thickness. The mining area is a key factor in goaf surface subsidence extent and surface movement basin shape. When the goaf reach to a certain area, the movement and deformation of the overlying strata spread to the surface, then the surface subsidence value continue to increase as the work promoting ahead, this mining stage is called Insufficient Mining. When

Figure 4 Surface subsidence curve correspond to different mining areas 2. Analysis of surface movement and deformation laws Laws of surface movement and deformation include distributing rules with space change and mobile rules with time change. For the level seam, the maximum subsidence is located above the goaf, subsidence gradually decrease from the center to the edge of the basin, the boundary of the basin tends to zero, surface horizontal movement reaches an extreme value on sinking curve inflection point and symmetrical distributed on both sides of the inflection point, points to the center. The ground movement and deformation distribution sample for the level seam see figure 5[1]. Mining surface movement is a time and space process. Although surface deformation close to zero in the super fully mining basin flat, it goes through stretching, compression, bending and other complex movement and deformation process in its formation, the trajectory of any surface point of the main section in the goaf is shown in Figure 6[1].

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4000 2000 0 0 -2000 -4000 -6000 -8000 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200

Displacement (mm)

prediction probability integral method points are shown in Figure 7.

k l 2 q k +1 wmax (1) C i [1 e r ]dq q 2 k =1 k WmaxMaximum lowering value of surface full mining Ci Surface subsidence time coefficient decided by mining depth, cover soft characters of overlying strata, mining rate qIntegral variable in polar coordinate RkRadius in polar coordinate, Rk(x,y,q) r The main influence radius, H/tan H Mining depth The main impact range angle

R2

w( x, y, t ) =

Distance along the pipeline (m)

Vertical displacement
60

Axial displacement

Lateral displacement

Ground deformation (mm/m)

40 20 0 0 -20 -40 -60 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200

Distance along the pipeline (m)

Axial strain

Axial incline

Figure 5 Ground movement and deformation distribution for the level seam

Mining depth

Gob

Direction of extraction

B a particle on the ground I-IV excavation working stage Figure 6 The main section of surface point B movement trajectory diagram 3. Forecast of surface movement and deformation With economic development as well as large-scale mining in all the major coal mining, a variety of mining subsidence prediction theory was formed, which includes influence function method, empirical method and theoretical model method. The specific prediction method consists of the probability integral method, the negative exponential function method, the typical curve method, the integral grid method, the Weibull distribution method, the spline function method, the hyperbolic function method, Pearson's function method and so on. Combined with the demand of goaf pipeline design, probability integral method is mainly used in the goaf pipeline design at present, belongs to influence function method, is the most widely used method of predicting goaf subsidence. Its mainly forecast parameters come from the actual measurement and empirical data, so it is especially flexible and practical. In the probability integral method, basic predict formula of mining area subsidence see formula 1[2]. Goaf subsidence

deffect spread distance hthickness of loose cover Hddepth from the ground to the integral units k effect spread angle incline angle of mine layer Figure 7 Goaf subsidence prediction probability integral method integration schemes MINING GOAF PIPELINE STRESS ANALYSIS Mining goaf pipe stress analysis is the critical of the goaf pipeline design, this part of the study includes the goaf pipeline stress analysis model and influence factors analysis of pipeline stress. 1. The goaf pipeline stress analysis model According to the characteristics of the goaf surface movement deformation is continuous and discontinues, goaf pipeline stress analysis model are also two categories. Pipeline stress analysis model in the case of continuous surface displacement, can be settled up using the pipe element and spring element of ANSYS. The soil spring model refers to appendix B: soil spring representation, Guidelines for the design of buried steel pipe. This model can simulate the interaction between the pipeline and the soil to determine the mechanical response of the pipeline in the condition of continuous surface displacement, to adapt the calculation of a

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wide range of displacement the goaf pipeline. Model diagram is shown in Figure 8.

Spring

Pipe element W(x): Ground displacement vector along the pipe

measures and proposing requirements for the goaf pipeline design. Several main factors are presented here. Pipe wall thickness is one of the important influence factors of pipe stress. When the other conditions are fixed, the thicker pipe wall thickness can effectively improve the pipeline stress; reduce the maximum strain in the pipeline. Therefore, appropriately increase pipe wall thickness is also a common safety measure in pipeline design of goaf. The pipe performance is also an important influence factor, when other conditions are fixed, using different pipe, the final maximum strain of pipeline is very different too (see Figure 10). Maximum strain value in the large deformation steel pipe is significantly lower than the ordinary steel pipe. However, in the case of a continuous surface deformation, the maximum strain of the general pipeline is relatively small, Therefore, large deformation steel pipe is often unnecessary.

Figure 8 Simplified model of pipeline stress in continuous surface deformation Pipeline stress analysis model in the case of discontinuous surface displacement, can be settled up using the shell element and spring element of ANSYS. The soil spring model refers to appendix B: soil spring representation, Guidelines for the design of buried steel pipe. This model can simulate the interaction between the pipeline and the soil to determine the mechanical response of the pipeline in the condition of discontinuous surface displacement, to adapt the nonlinear analysis of the goaf pipeline local large deformation. Model diagram is shown in Figure 9.

Tensile strain

Compression strain

Discontinuous surface deformation

Tensile strain

Compression strain

Continuous surface deformation

Spring

Shell element

W0: Maximum possible ground displacement

Figure 9 Simplified model of pipeline stress in discontinuous surface deformation 2. Influence factors analysis of goaf pipeline stress. The main Influence factors of goaf pipeline stress contains pipe wall thickness, pipeline buried depth, thickness of backfill soil properties, mining thickness, depth of mining, the main impact angle, pipe performance, pipeline corner, pipe pressure, etc. The aim of analyzing the different factors on the stress influence is to know the different factors influence trends and size, lay foundations for summary of the goaf pipeline safety

Stress-strain curve

Figure 10 Pipeline maximum strain comparison with different pipe performance

Notes: 9-JFE-Y-13Z:The test stress-strain curve of JFE high deformation pipe sample GB50470:The simplified stress-strain curve of normal pipe in GB50470 X70HD1:The stress-strain curve of high deformation pipe for level HD1 X70HD2:The stress-strain curve of high deformation pipe for level HD2

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Pipeline corner is also an important factor of the pipe stress. For the aboveground pipeline system structure, setting pipeline corner can play the role of structural compensation, and effectively alleviate the temperature stress of the pipeline. However, for the goaf pipeline, the main load is the soil displacement load controlled by displacement, the existence of the pipeline corner generally cant play a role in compensating, but often bring a stress strain concentration in the corner position (see Figure 11), reduce the pipeline bearing capacity.

Figure 11 The maximum equivalent stress comparison figure of pipeline with corner and without corner THE GOAF PIPELINE DESIGN EXAMPLES Rizhao-Dongming crude oil pipeline project passes through Zhaolou, Guotun and Luxi mining area. In this paper, ground subsidence and pipe stress are calculated for this pipeline as an example, to illustrate the application of pipeline design method in goaf. 1. Mining and pipeline basic parameters Mining basic parameters see table 1. Table 1 Mining basic parameters
Mines name Mining technology Mining area Mining depth Mining thickness Seam dip angle Zhaolou, Guotun, Luxi Long wall down all fall method To achieve full mining 780m800m 300m 10.3m12.1m 5.7m 0 Sinking coefficient Time coefficient Level mobile coefficient Bedrock mobile cape Loose bed mobile angle Influence spread Angle 0.75 2.5 0.36

comply with prediction of surface deformation, not consider the surface burst deformation. Table 3 Underground mining condition and pipeline stress analysis division Mining technology and mining Stress analysis conditions check a) Long-wall roof caving mining, in inclined coal seam condition, when check according depth and thickness rate larger than 40. to prediction of b) Pillar mining ,and the pillar has surface enough strength and long term stability deformation c) Filling mining a) Long-wall roof caving mining, in check inclined coal seam condition, when according to depth and thickness rate larger than 40 prediction of b) Pillar mining but the mining and surface pillar width is unreasonable, the pillar deformation has not enough strength or long term + stability. check considering unexpected surface deformation 3. Goaf subsidence prediction Assumptions pipeline straight through from the center of the mining area, the relative location of the mining area shown in Figure 12, the axial displacement, transverse displacement and vertical displacement of the projected goaf surface movement along the pipeline, shown in Figure 13, Figure 14 and Figure 15. Ground maximum vertical displacement is 7.7m, 9.08m and 4.28m, Ground along the pipe maximum axial displacement is 2.8m, 3.27m and 1.54m.
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Mining region

X(m)

Pipeline

Pipe and laying parameters see table 2. Table 2 Pipe and laying parameters
Pipe diameter Pipe wall thickness Pipe steel grade Tensile curves 610mm 9.5mm L450 LSAW Recommend parameters Design pressure Burial depth Backfill soil property Laying direction 8.0MPa 1.2m Dense clay Through the middle

Figure 12 Relative locations of Pipeline and mining section

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2. Stress analysis classification This mine is gently inclined or inclined seam, long-wall roof caving mining is adopted, the mining depth and thickness rate are 780/10.3=76800/12.1=66300/5.7=53, all larger than 40. According to Table 3-underground mining condition and pipeline stress analysis division, the force analysis shall

Displacement (mm)

Distance along the pipeline (m)

Vertical settlement

Axial displacement

Lateral displacement

Figure 13 Surface displacement distributions along the pipeline (Zhaolou)

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4000 2000

Displacement (mm)

0 0 -2000 -4000 -6000 -8000 -10000 400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200 3600 4000

surface subsidence deformation, pipe stress analysis calculation of the pipeline maximum effect force calculations is shown in Figure 16. Pipeline maximum strain check is shown in Table 6.

Distance along the pipeline (m)

Vertical settlement

Axial displacement

Lateral displacement

X--Distance along the pipe Seqv--Equivalent Stess

Figure 14 Surface displacement distributions along the pipeline (Guotun)

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Figure 16 The maximum equivalent stress distribution

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Displacement (mm)

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Table 6
[4]

Pipeline maximum strain check

Tension check Allow compression Calculation compression compression check remark 9.5mm remark 9.5mm
[4]

Calculating tensile

-4000 -5000

Distance along the pipeline (m)

Vertical settlement

Axial displacement

Lateral displacement 1 0.14%

No.

-3000

Figure 15 surface displacement distribution along the pipeline(Luxi) 4. Pipe stress analysis In Buried pipeline stress computation model, the bound of Soil to pipe simulated by the discrete nonlinear springs, According to the relevant provisions [3] of the buried steel pipeline design guidelines, three soil spring results in Table 4 and Table 5. Table 4 Soil spring parameter list - Medium dense clay Direction Ultimate Resisting Displacement(mm) Force(KN/m) Axial spring 38.6 8 Lateral spring 162.5 85 Vertically 64.1 122 upward Vertically 441.7 122 downward Soil spring parameter list - Medium dense sand Ultimate Resisting Displacement(mm) Force(KN/m) Axial spring 14.9 3 Lateral spring 182.1 61 Vertically 22.7 15 upward Vertically 699.9 61 downward a) Zhaolou coal mine When the backfill is the medium dense clay, Prediction of surface subsidence deformation, Pipe stress analysis program failed to convergence when Non-linear calculations maybe because of pipe axis stable problem in compression region. When the backfill is the medium dense sandy soil, Prediction of Table 5 Direction

0.9%

Allow tension

-2000

-0.14%

-0.47%

b) Guotun coal mine When the backfill is the medium dense clay, Prediction of surface subsidence deformation, Pipe stress analysis program failed to convergence when Non-linear calculations maybe because of pipe axis stable problem in compression region. When the backfill is the medium dense sandy soil, Prediction of surface subsidence deformation, pipe stress analysis calculation of the pipeline maximum effect force calculations is shown in Figure 17. Pipeline maximum strain check is shown in Table 7.

X--Distance along the pipe Seqv--Equivalent Stress

Figure 17 The maximum equivalent stress distribution Table 7

Calculating tensile

Pipeline maximum strain check

[4]

Allowable tension

Allowable [4] compression

0.15% 0.9%

Tension check

-0.15% 0.47%

c) Luxi coal mine When the backfill is the medium dense clay, Prediction of surface subsidence deformation, pipe stress analysis calculation of the pipeline maximum effect force calculations is shown in Figure 18. Pipeline maximum strain check is shown in Table 8.

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Compression check

Calculation compression

No.

X--Distance along the pipe Seqv--Equivalent Stess

Figure 18 The maximum equivalent stress distribution Table 8

[4]

Pipeline maximum strain check

Allowable [4] compression Tension check Calculation compression compression check remark 9.5mm

0.15%

0.9%

Allowable tension

Calculating tensile

No.

-0.13% -0.47%

SUMMARY a) In the given conditions of mining conditions and steel pipe, surface subsidence of the mining area is predicted, and pipe stress is analyzed too. The analysis shows that the pipeline can be buried through the mining area if appropriate measures are taken. b) Take sand backfill in while the pipeline through Zhaolou and GuoTun coal mine, and pipeline of Luxi coal mine may be backfilled with the original soil. c) To monitor the surface subsidence of pipeline along mining area timely, it is recommended that monitoring points shall be set on mining section of the pipeline, regularly monitoring the surface displacement, to improve the pipelines safety. d) In pipe stress calculation of this paper, the recommended data of GB5047 was used to form stress-strain curve, further calculating using the actual pipe test data is suggested. REFERENCES [1] He Guoqing, YangLun, LingGengdi. Mining subsidence learn.Xuzhou: China Mining University Press ,1991. [2] Shanxi communications department. Manual of survey, design and construct for highway in goaf area. [3] American Lifelines Alliance, Guidelines for the Design of Buried Steel Pipe, 2001.07. [4] Canadian Standards Association, Oil and gas pipeline systems, Z662-07.

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