SOLVING HELMHOLTZ EQUATION BY THE HOMOTOPY

PERTURBATION TRANSFORM METHOD

R.RAJARAMAN & G.HARIHARAN
Department of Mathematics, School of Humanities & Sciences, SASTRA University,
Thanjavur,Tamilnadu, India

ABSTRACT
In this paper, Homotopy Perturbation transform Method (HPTM) is used for analytic treatment
of the Helmholtz equation. This method is the combined form of Homotopy perturbation method and
Laplace transform method. The Nonlinear terms can be easily decomposed by use of Hes polynomials.
This method can provide analytical solutions to the problems by just utilizing the initial conditions. The
proposed iterative scheme finds the solution without any discretization, linearization or restrictive
assumptions. The proposed method solves nonlinear problems without using Adomain polynomials
which is the advantage of this method over Adomain Decomposition method. The results reveal that the
HPTM is very effective, simple, convenient, flexible and accurate.
KEYWORDS: Homotopy perturbation method, Lapalce transform method, Hes polynomials,
Helmholtz equation.
INTRODUCTION
Many engineering problems related to steady-state oscillations (mechanical, acoustical,
thermal, electromagnetic) lead to the two-dimensional Helmholtz equation. For
0 <
, the equation
describes mass transfere processes with volume chemical reactions of the first order.
The two-dimensional Helmholtz equation has the following form
( )
2 2
2 2
, X Y
X Y

+ + =

(1)
Many phenomena in real world are essentially nonlinear and are described by nonlinear
equations. It is still difficult to obtain accurate solutions of nonlinear problems and often more difficult to
get an analytical approximation than a numerical one of a given nonlinear problem. Recently various
iterative methods are employed for the numerical and analytical solutions of Linear and Nonlinear partial
differential equations. Also some iterative methods are applied for solving Helmholtz equations [1, 2, 3].
In this paper the Homotopy perturbation transform method [15] is applied to solve telegraph equations. .
In recent years this method has been successfully employed to solve many types of nonlinear
homogeneous or nonhomogeneous partial differential equations. The HPTM has certain advantages over
International Journal of Mathematics and
Computer Applications Research (IJMCAR)
ISSN 2249-6955
Vol.2, Issue 3 Sep 2012 70-75
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71 Solving Helmholtz Equation by the Homotopy Perturbation Transform Method
routine numerical methods. Numerical methods use discretization which gives rise to rounding off errors
causes loss of accuracy and requires large computer memory and time. This computational method yields
analytical solutions and is effective and accurate than standard numerical methods. The HTPM method
does not involve discretization of the variables and hence free from rounding off errors and does not
require large computer memory or time. Recently various methods are proposed to solve nonlinear
partial differential equations such as Adomain docomposition method (ADM)
[ ] 6 , 5 , 4
. Variational
iteration method (VIM)
[ ] 9 , 8 , 7
and Differential transform method
[ ] 14 , 13
.Most of these methods have
their inbuilt deficiencies like the calculation of Adomain polynomials, the Lagrange multiplier, divergent
results and huge computational work. He developed Homotopy perturbation method (HPM)
[ ] 12 , 11 , 10

by merging standard homotopy and perturbation for solving various physical problems. The Laplace
transform is totally incapable of handling nonlinear equations because of the difficulties that are caused
by nonlinear terms. To overcome the deficiencies. Homotopy perturbation method is combined with
Laplace transform method to produce highly effective technique to deal with these nonlinearities.The
suggested HPTM provides the solution in a rapid convergence series which may lead the solution in
closed form. Also very accurate results are obtained in a wide range via one or two iteration steps.
HOMOTOPY PERTURBATION TRANSFORM METHOD (HPTM)
To illustrate the basic idea of the method, we consider a general non-homogeneous partial
differential equation with initial conditions of the form
) , ( ) , ( ) , ( ) , ( t x g t x Nu t x Ru t x Du = + +
(2)

) ( ) 0 , ( ), ( ) 0 , ( x f x u x h x u
t
= =
(3)
where D is the second order linear differential operator
2
2
t
D

=
, R is the linear differential
operator of less order than D, N represents the general non-linear differential operator and g(x,t) is the
source term. Taking the Laplace transform denoted by L on both sides of Eq. (1):
)) , ( ( )) , ( ( )) , ( ( )) , ( ( t x g L t x Nu L t x Ru L t x Du L = + +
(4)
Using the differentiation property of Laplace transform, we have
= )) , ( ( t x u L
)) , ( (
1
)) , ( (
1
)) , ( (
1 ) ( ) (
2 2 2 2
t x Nu L
s
t x g L
s
t x Ru L
s s
x f
s
x h
+ +
(5)


R.Rajaraman & G.Hariharan 72
Operating with Laplace inverse on both sides of Eq. (3) gives
))) , ( , ( (
1
( ) , ( ) , (
2
1
t x Nu t x Ru L
s
L t x G t x u + =

(6)
Where G(x,t) represent the term arising from the source term and the prescribed initial
conditions. Now we apply Homotopy perturbation method
) , ( t x u
=

=0 n
n
p
) , ( t x u
n
(7)
And the nonlinear term can be decomposed as
), ( ) , (
0
u H p t x Nu
n
n
n

=
=
(8)
For some Hes polynomials that are given by
0
0
0
1
( ....... ) ( ( ))
!
n
i
n n i n
i
p
H u u N p u
n p

=
=
(
=
(

, n=0, 1, 2, 3, (9)
Substituting Eqs.(6) and (5) in Eqs.(2) and (3), we get

) ) ( ) , (
1
( ) , ( ) , (
0 0
2
1
0
(

+ =


=

= n n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
u H p t x u p R L
s
L p t x G t x u p

(10)
Which is the coupling of the Laplace transform and the homotopy perturbation method using
Hes polynomials. Comparing the coefficient of like powers of p, the following approximations are
obtained.
), , ( ) , ( :
0
0
t x G t x u p =
(11)
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
1
1 0 0 2
2
2 1 1 2
3
3 2 2 2
1
: ( , ) ( , ) ( ) ,
1
: ( , ) ( , ) ( )
1
: ( , ) ( , ) ( )
p u x t L Ru x t H u
s
p u x t L Ru x t H u
s
p u x t L Ru x t H u
s

= +

= +
`

= +

)
(12)
.

73 Solving Helmholtz Equation by the Homotopy Perturbation Transform Method

APPLICATIONS
In this section, the exact solutions of some Helmholtz equations are found out using Homotopy
perturbation method.
Example 3.1 Consider a special case of Helmholtz equation
0 ) , (
) , ( ) , (
2
2
2
2
=

y x u
y
y x u
x
y x u
(13)
with initial conditions u(0,y)=y, ux(0,y)=y+sinhy (14)
We apply Homotopy perturbation method in x-direction. Therefore we set the second order
linear differential operator D=2/x2
By applying Homotopy perturbation transform method, we get
(
(

\
|
+ + + =

0
2
1
0
) , ( )) , ( ( )) , ( (
1
) 1 ( sinh ) , ( t x u p t x u p t x u p L
s
pL x y y x t x u p
n
n
yy n
n
xx n
n
n
n


(15)
u0(x,y)=xsinhy+y(1+x) (16)

u1(x,y)=xsinhy+y(1+x+x2/2!+x3/3!) (17)

The exact solution is
un(x,y)= xsinhy+y(1+x+x2/2!+x3/3!+x4/4!+x5/5!+..)
=xsinhy+yex (18)
Example 3.2 We consider a special case of Helmholtz equation
The approximation can also be obtained by y-direction.
0 ) , ( 5
) , ( ) , (
2
2
2
2
= +

y x u
y
y x u
x
y x u
(19)
with initial conditions
R.Rajaraman & G.Hariharan 74
u(x,y)=0, ux(x,y)=3cosh(2y) (20)
(
(

\
|
+ + =

0
2
1
0
) , ( 5 )) , ( ( )) , ( (
1
) 2 cosh( 3 ) , ( t x u p t x u p t x u p L
s
pL y x t x u p
n
n
yy n
n
xx n
n
n
n


(21)
u0(x,y)=3xcosh(2y) (23)
u1(x,y)=cosh(2y)(3x-(3x)3/3! (24)

The exact solution is
un(x,y)= cosh(2y)(3x-(3x)3/3!+(3x)5/5!-..........)
=cosh(2y) sin3x (25)
The approximation can also be obtained by y-direction.
CONCLUSIONS
In this paper exact solutions for different types of the Helmholtz equation have been established.
The Homotopy perturbation transform method (HPTM) is successfully used to develop these solutions.
This work shows that HPTM has significant advantages over the existing techniques. It avoids the need
for calculating the Adomain polynomials which can be difficult in some cases. The reliability of the
method and reduction in the size of computational domain give this method wider applicability. The
results show that HPTM is a powerful mathematical tool for finding the exact and approximate solutions
of the nonlinear equation.
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