95THT-2 Sr. No.

6 EXAMINATION OF MARINE ENGINEER OFFICER Function: Marine Engineering at Management Level THERMODYNAMICS AND HEAT TRANSMISSION M.E.O. Class II (Time allowed - 3hours) Afternoon Paper

India (2002)

Total Marks 100

NB : (1)Answer SIX Questions only. (2)All Questions carry equal marks (3)Neatness in handwriting and clarity in expression carries weightage 1. The mass analysis of the fuel burned in a boiler is 87 % carbon, 11% hydrogen, and 2% oxygen, and the fuel is burned at the rate of 1.8 tonne/h. Calculate the mass flow rate [kg/s] of each of the constituents of the flue gases if combustion is complete and no excess air is supplied. Express the composition of the flue gases as percentages by mass. Atomic weights: hydrogen 1, carbon 12, nitrogen 14, oxygen 16. Mass composition of air 23 % oxygen, 77% nitrogen. 2. Steam is expanded in the first stage of a turbine from 40 bar 450C to 2.5 bar, it is then passed through a reheater and its temperature is raised to 300C at constant pressure of 2.5 bar. Thesteam now passes through the final stage and expanded to 0.06bar. Assume the reheat cycle to be ideal and calculate the Rankine efficiency. 3. In an open cycle gas turbine plant, a heat exchanger is included to heat the air before entering the combustion chamber by the exhaust gases from the engine, The gases enter the heat exchanger at 300C and 140 m/s and leave at 240C and 10 m/s. The air enters the exchanger at 200C and the air/fuel ratio is 84. Calculate the temperature of the air at the exchanger exit, taking the specific heats as 1. 1 kJ/kg K for the gases, and 1.005 kJ/kgK for air. 4. A sample of steam at 10 bar is tested by a combined separating and throttling calorimeter, the data obtained were: Mass of water collected in separator = 0. 1 13 kg Mass of condensed water after throttling = 3.03 kg Pressure of steam in throttling calorimeter = 1.2 bar Temperature of steam in throttling calorimeter = 109.8C Take specific heat of superheated steam at calorimeter pressure as 2.02 kJ/kgK and calculate the dryness fraction of the sample. 5. A cubical tank of 2m sides is constructed of metal plate 12 mm thick and contains water 75C. The surrounding air temperature is 16C. Calculate (I) the overall heat transfer coefficient from water to air, and (ii) the heat loss through each side of the tank per minute. Take the coefficient of thermal conductivity of the metal as 48 W/mK, the coefficient of heat transfer of the water 2-5 kW/m2K, and the coefficient of heat transfer of the air 16Wm2K. 6. The compression ratio of a compression-ignition engine is 14 to 1, the diameter of the cylinder is 500 mm and the stroke/bore ratio is 1.2 to 1. At the beginning of compression the pressure and temperature of the air in the cylinder is 1.03 bar, and 51C, and compression follows the law pVn = constant, where n = 1.35. Assuming compression takes place over the whole stroke, calculate (I) the pressure at the end of compressed, (iv) work done on the air during compression, (v) change of internal energy, and (vi) heat exchange during compression. Take the values: R for air = 0.287 kJK, and cv for air = 0.718 kJ/kgK.

7. A single-stage single-acting air compressor, running at 5 rev/s, takes in 22.8 litres of atmospheric air per stroke at 1 bar and 25C and compresses it to 5.7 litres according to the law pV1-2 = C. Calculate (I) the temperature of the air at the end of compression, (ii) the volume of air delivered per second to the reservoirs if it is cooled at constant pressure to its initial temperature through after-coolers, (iii) the mass of air delivered per second, (iv) the mass of sea water circulating through the cooler per second if the difference in temperature between inlet and outlet is 11C . Take the values, R for air = 0.287 kJ/kgK, Cp for air=1.005 kJ/kgK, spec. heat of sea water = 4.12 kJ/kgK. 8. Distinguish between internal energy and enthalpy of a fluid. A volume of 115 liters of air at 1.05 kgf/cm2 and 90C is compressed adiabatically (PV = constant) until the volume is reduced to 11.5 litres. Find the change in internal energy and change in enthalpy. If 0.091 kg of air from a source kept at 180C is allowed to flow into this space of 11.5 litres, find the temperature and pressure at the end of this operation. Given cv = 0.171 and R/J = 0.0685. 9. In a carnot cycle heat is suppled at 350C and is rejected at 25C. The working fluid is water which while receiving heat evaporates from liquid at 350C to steam at 350C. From the steam tables the entropy change for this process is 1.435 kJ/kg K. If the cycle operates on a stationary mass of 1 kg of water find the heat supplied, work done, heat rejected and efficiency. What are the pressures of water during heat reception and heat rejection.

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