EXPERIMENT NO.

REFLEX KLYSTRON CHARACTERISTICS Aim:

To study mode characteristics of reflex klystron and hence to determine mode number, transit time, electronic tuning range (ETR) and electronic tuning sensitivity (ETS). Equipment Required: Klystron tube, Klystron power supply, Isolator, Frequency meter, Variable attenuator, Detector mount, V.S.W.R. Meter, C.R.O. Experimental setup:

Fig. (A) Microwave bench setup for study of klystron modes Theory: The Reflex Klystron is a microwave tube used as a microwave source in the lab. It makes use of velocity modulation to transform a continuous electron beam into microwave power. Its oscillation frequency can be varied over a wide band and it can be pulse and frequency modulated. Electrons emitted from the cathode are accelerated by and pass through the positive resonator grids towards the reflector. The reflector is at a negative voltage with respect to cathode, and consequently it retards and finally reflects (reflex klystron) the electrons, which then turn back through the esonator grids: In case the klystron starts to oscillate, a hi-field exists between the resonator grids. The electron traveling through the grid will be either accelerated or retarded as the voltage changes in amplitude.

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Accelerated electrons leave the grids at an increased velocity and retarded electrons leave at a reduced velocity. Because of the difference in velocity, the electrons leaving the grids will need different time to return (i.e., have different transit times). As a result the returning electron 6roup together in bunches. This 'variation in velocity of the electrons is called velocity modulation.

As the electron buncl7es pass through the resonator grids, they interact with the voltage between the grids. If the bunches pass through the grids at a time such that the electrons are slowed down by the grid . oltage, energy will be delivered to the resonator and the klystron will oscillate. Strongest oscillation w ill occurs hen the transit time in the reflector resonator region n + 3/4 cycles of the resonator frequency, where 'n is an integer, including zero. If the bunches pass through the grids at a time such that the electrons are accelerated by the grid voltage, energy will be removed from the resonator and no oscillations will occur.

Mode characteristics of Reflex klystron Procedure: Mode studies: 1. 2. Connect the components and equipment as shown in fig.A Keep the control knob of Klystron power supply as below: Mode switch Beam voltage knob : : CW Fully anti-clockwise

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Repeller voltage knob : Meter switch 3. 4. :

Fully clockwise Cathode voltage position

Rotate the frequency meter at one side. Switch on the klystron power supply, V.S.W.R. meter and cooling fan for the klystron tube. Wait for 1-2 minutes for the klystron to respond. Cathode voltage knob at minimum position gives a beam voltage of 235 V. Observe beam current on the meter by changing meter switch to beam current position. "The beam current should not be more than 30mA" Now change the meter switch to repeller voltage position. Select proper range for the power meter so that power output of maximum mode will not exceed the meter range. Decreasing the reflector voltage, record output power and frequency. To measure frequency, switch the Mode-switch of Klystron to AM mode and observe output on CRO display. By matching the detector with tuning posts adjust for maximum output. Use AM amplitude, frequency controls and controls on Oscilloscope front panel try to get clear display on C.R.O. By rotating the frequency meter, observe for dip in the output and note the corresponding frequency. Plot power/relative frequency versus repeller voltage to get mode curves. Compute various parameters from the graph.

5.

6. 7.

8. 9.

10. 11.

Mechanical and Electronic Tuning

Mechanical tuning depends on changing the width of cavity i.e. the effective I capacitance and thus the resonant frequency of the klystron changes. The power output remains same with tuning. Electronic tuning refers to change in repel ler voltage causing a change in output frequency. However, the power output also changes. A measure of electronic tuning is given by 'Electronic Tuning Sensitivity (ETS)'. This can be determined by taking the slope of the frequency characteristic of the modes.

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Observation:
S.No.

Repeller volgate (Volts)

Power output (mW)

Wave meter reading Frequency (GHz)

Calculations: I. Knowing the maximum voltage of two adjacent modes, mode number can be computed using the relation

2.

Knowing mode number, transit time of each mode may be calculated from

3.

Calculate electronic tuning range, i.e., the frequency band from one end of the mode to another. ETS may be calculated using the relation

4.

Where being half power frequencies in GHz, and repeller voltages for a particular mode..

and

are corresponding

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EXPERIMENT NO.6

FREQUENCY MEASUREMENT Aim:

To examine the frequency characteristics of klystrons and also to become familiar with typical microwave frequency measurements, in addition, to study 1000 cps amplitude modulation of klystrons.

Equipment Required:
Klystron Power Supply, Klystron Tube 2k25, Klystron Mount, Isolator, Frequency Meter, Variable Attenuator, , Detector Mount , Wave Guide Stands , Vswr Meter, BNC Cable Etc.

Experimental setup:

Setup for the frequency measurement

Theory:
The measurement of frequency or wavelength is one of the primary requirement in most microwave measurements. Frequency is the most fundamental quantity because the frequency of oscillation is the same at all parts of the microwave system under steady state conditions. Wavelength on the other hand depends upon the configuration of the electric and magnetic fields as determined by the geometry of the measuring device. The relation between length of the transmission line, frequency and wavelength terminated in a short circuit are reviewed briefly as shown in fig.- 3. An input voltage wave of the quarter wave line at 'a' will have phase change of 90 degree in traveling from the input ( open ) to the shorted end, 180 degree phase change at the short , and another 90 degree in relating to the open end . The total phase change is 360 degree and the reflected wave is in phase with the applied wave. The different voltage and current pattern are referred to as modes. The

Modes of resonance are shown in the illustration . The resonant mode excited by the possible

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frequency is called the fundamental mode or the dominent mode. A better way to measure frequency is with a calibrated resonant cavity. A resonant cavity wave meter is the analog of a tuned resonant circuit, in general there are two primary types (1) Transmission cavities, which pass only the signal to which they are tuned and (2) Absorption

cavities, which attenuate ( by absorption ) only the frequency to which they are tuned . A absorption type is preferred for laboratory frequency measurements. First the power level is adjusted to give a full scale reading on the output vswr meter then the wave meter is tuned slowly until there is a dip in the power level . The frequency may then the read from the dial of the meter. Foir dominate node TE10 mode rectangular wave guide the following relation is in use:

where

is free space wave length is guide wave length is cut off wave length For TE10 mode where 'a' is broad dimension of wave guide Note : From the free space wavelength Calculate the frequency

Procedure:

Set up the components & equipments as shown in Figure 3 Set up variable attenuator at minimum attenuation position Keep control knobs of vswr meter as given below :Range -50 db Input switch - Crystal low impedance Meter switcL, - Normal position Gain(Coarse & fine) - Mid position Keep control knobs of klystron power supply as given below :Beam voltage - Off Mod-switch - Am Beam voltage switch - Full anticlockwise Reflector voltage - Full clockwise Am amplitude knob - Full clockwise Am frequency knob - Mid position Switch on the klystron power supply, vswr meter and cooling fan switch Switch on the beam voltage switch and set beam voltage at 300 V with beam voltage knob Set the reflector voltage to get some deflection in vswr meter Maximize the deflection with AM amplitude and frequency control knob of supp:y

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Tune the plunger of mount for maximum deflection Tune the reflector voltage knob for maximum deflection Tune the probe for maximum deflection in vswr meter Tune the frequency meterto get a 'dip' on the vswr meter and note the frequency from frequency meter. Replace the termination & movable short and de tune the frequency meter Move the probe along with the slotted section . The deflection in vswr meter will vary . Move the probe to a minimum deflection position to get accurate reading if necessary the vswr range db to higher position Note the probe position Move the probe to next minimum position and note again Calculate the guide wavelength as twice the distance between two minimum position Measure the wave guide inner broad dimension 'a' which will be around 22.85 to 22.86 mm for X band Calculate the frequency, F = C/ , where C = velocity of light

Verify with frequency obtained by frequency meterg Where,C = 3 x 108 meter per second = 3 x 10' cms per second

NOTE: In microwave communication the medium of propogationis usually,the free space surrounding the earth. In singles frequency these variations are periodic and sinusoidal and therefore can be considered in terms of frequency in cycle/second.

Observation:

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EXPERIMENT NO.7

MEASUREMENT OF UNKNOWN WAD IMPEDANCE Aim:

To determine impedance of unknown load by measuring VSWR and the position of first field minimum.

Equipment Required:
Klystron Power Supply, Reflex Klystron, Klystron Mount, Isolator Frequency meter, Variable attenuator, Slotted section, Tunable probe, Detector, VSWR meter, Short, Unknown load.

Theory:
The waveform from generator incident on the load is reflected (if the load is not a characteristic impedance). The magnitude and hence VSWR, the phase and hence the relative position (with respect to short-circuit) of the SWR minimum, are characteristic properties of the load. Determining these, load can be determined. The input impedance of a transmission line is given by

For lossless line

Where

is, the impedance at the receiving end,

is the characteristic

impedance and is the impedance at the input of the transmission line. bDI , being the electrical distance, is measured in wavelengths between position of termination and standing wave minimum.or

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Experimental setup:

Procedure:
1. 2. 3. 4. Set the components and equipments as shown in figure above. Initially set the variable attenuator for maximum attenuation. Terminate the receiving end with unknown load. Keep the control knob of Klystron power supply Beam voltage Mode switch Beam voltage knob Reflctor voltage knob Am-amplitude knob Am frequency & amplitude knob : : : : : Off Am Fully anti clock wise Full clock wise Full clock wise Mid posion

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Switch On the klystron power supply , vswr meter & cooling fan Switch On the beam voltage switch and set beam voltage at 300 v Rotate the reflector voltage knob to get deflection in vswr meter Tune the output by tuning the reflector voltage ,amplitude and frequency of am modulation Tune plunger of klystron mount and probe for maximum deflection in vswr meter
5. Keep the control knob of VSWR meter as below:

i. ii. iii. iv.

Switch Input switch

: :

normal Full anti clock wise Full clock wise Mid posion

Range db awitch : Gain control knob:

6. 7. 8. 9.

10.

11.

12. 13.

Connect detector output to SWR meter. Adjust the square wave modulation frequency to approximately 1 KHz. Tune the detector by adjusting short plunger for maximum meter deflection. Move the probe along slotted line, adjust it at standing wave minimum. Record the probe position as X,(this is the position of reference minimum) and next successive minimum position as X. Replace load by short circuit termination and move the probe carriage to new standing wave minimum and record the probe position as Xs (This is known as position of reference plane) Find the shift minima (X-X2 or X:X,). It will be positive if minimum is shifted towards load (i.e., for inductive load) and negative if minimum is shifted towards generator (for capacitive load). Shift in minimum for different loads can be easily known from the standing wave patterns given below. Convert the shift in wavelength units, i.e., (X:X,)II. Wavelengths. Position on minimum can be known more accurately if it is taken as midpoint of positions of equal responses on either side of minimum.

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Observations: S.NO Frequency of Excited wave Load VSWR Posion of Shift in minimum minima Load Short </4 Direction of Shift towards load/generator

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Calculations: (A) Using formula = 2* distance between two successive minimas = 2* (X, -X1) using relation

Guide wavelength,

Calculate free space wavelength ?

Compute load, using

(B)Using smith chart 1. Note VSWR and shift in minima 'X' in terms of wavelength. 2. Use smith chart and draw a VSWR circle with radius INSWR 3. Locate a point at a distance X from 0.0 (short circuit) moving in anti-clockwise direction (shift towards load) at the circumference. Join this point to the center of smith chart. 4. Point of intersection of VSWR circle and this line hives load; reactive component on reactive circle and resistive component on real circles. 5. This normalized impedance multiplied by characteristic impedance of the guide gives load impedance. Characteristic impedance of guide is given by relation

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EXPERIMENT NO.5

MEASURING VSWR Aim:

To become familiar with the basic technique for measuring voltage standing wave ratio.

Equipment Required:
Klystron power supply, Klystron mount, Klystron tube, Isolator, Frequency meter, Variable attenuator, Slotted section, Tunable probe, wave guide stands, Movable short Load, BNC cable, VSWR meter,

Experimental setup:

Setup for measuring Low Medium& High VSWR

Theory:
Standing waves are an indication of the quality of transmission . A well matched transmission line has no reflection and consequently the vswr is unity. The slotted line is the basic instrument. A probe Is moved along the line to sample the voltage, the output of the probe is detected and read on the vswr meter. The ratio between maximum voltage and minimum voltage is of course, the vswr. The output meter can be any kind of voltmeter, in practice, however, a standing wave ratio meter is used. This is an audio amplifier peaked at a modulation frequency with a meter calibrated especially for reading vswr . The probe is set at a voltage maximum, so that the vswr meter reads full scale . The probe is then moved to a minimum point and assuming there is a square law detector, the scale on the vswr meter reads vswr directly.

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The standing wave ratio is decibel is expressed as SWR ( db ) = 20 log vswr Reflection co- efficient ( R ) When a signal is sent down a transmission line, it travel smoothly until it reaches a discontinuity Then same of the energy is reflected, the size of the reflection depending on the size and nature of the discontinuity. The size of the reflection is called the reflection coefficient : the simplest standing wave occur when the reflection co-efficient is unity, this occurs when the load impedance is a short circuit, an open circuit. It does not occur if the load has a resistive component which will absorb some of the incident power. If the transmission line is terminated in a short or open circuit, the reflected voltage ( Er) is equal to the incident voltage ( El) & the reflection co-efficient is 1.0 and the vswr is infinite. If a matched termination is connected to the transmission line , the reflected wave is zero, the reflection co-efficient is also zero , and the vswr is 1.0. it should be noted that reflection co-efficient must lie between zero and one. Reflection co-efficient ( R) = the ratio of voltage reflected ( Er) to the voltage incident. However the same information could be presented by referring to the loss in decibels between the incident and reflected signals. This is called the return loss and is designated LR the relationship are LR = 20 log 10 Ei / Er = 20 log 10 1/(R) = 20 log 10 vswr + 1 / vswr-1. The electromagnetic field at any point of transmission line may be considered as the sum of two traveling waves the incident wave ,which propagate from the source to the load and the reflected wave which propagate towards the generator . The reflected wave is set up by reflection of incident wave from a discontinuity in the line or from the load impedance. The superposition of the two traveling waves., gives rise to a standing wave along the line. The maximum field strength is found where the waves are in phase and minimum where the two waves add in opposite phase. The distance between two successive minimum or maximum is half the guide wavelength on the line. The ratio of electrical field strength of reflected and incident wave is called reflection co-efficient. The voltage standing wave ratio is defined as ratio between maximum and minimum field strength along the line. VSWR = E max / E min = Ei + E r / Ei Er , (1) where Ei = incident voltage and Er = reflected voltage = 1 + reflection co-efficient / 1- reflection co-efficient Reflection Co-efficient ( R ) the size of reflection R = Er / Ei = Z1 Zoi ZI + ZO - (2) where ZI is load impedance , ZO is characterstics impedance the above equation following equations R = (vswr 1 )/( vswr + 1) - (3) Note :- The reflection co-efficient is expressed as a dimension less, the ratio of the voltage reflected to the voltage incident. It must be noted that reflection co-efficient must must lie between zero and one. If reflection co-efficient is zero there is no reflection , if reflection co-efficient is one , there is total reflection. The value of vswr is determined by the reflection co-efficient as indication in equation 1

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Procedure:
Set the equipments as figure (5) Keep variable attenuator in the minimum attenuation position Keep the control knob of vswr meter as below Range db Input switch Meter switch Gain Beam voltage Mod-switch Beam voltage knob Reflector voltage knob Am-amplitude knob Am frequency &amplitude knob

: 40dbto50db : Low impedance : Normal : Mid position Keep the control knob of Klystron power supply : O ff : Am : Full anti clockwise : Full clockwise : Full clockwise : Mid position

Switch On the klystron power supply, vswr meter & cooling fan Switch On the beam voltage switch and set beam voltage at 300 v Rotate the reflector voltage knob to get deflection in vswr meter Tune the output by tuning the reflector voltage , amplitude and frequency of am modulation Tune plunger of klystron mount and probe for maximum deflection in vswr meter If required change the range db switch variable attenuator position ana gain control knob to get deflection in the scale of vswr meter As we move probe along the slotted line, the deflection will change. (1) Measurement of low and medium VSWR: Move the probe along the slotted line to get maximum deflection in vswr meter Adjust the vswr meter gain control knob or variable attenuator until the meter indicates 1.0 on normal vswr scale Keep all the control knobs as it is, move the probe to next minimum position . Read the vswr on scale Repeat the above step for change of SS tuner probe depth and record the corresponding SWR If the vswr is between 3.2 and 10, change the range db to next higher position and read the vswr on second vswr (2) Measurement of high VSWR:

Set the depth of SS tuner slightly more for maximum vswr Move the probe along with slotted line until a minimum is indicated Adjust the vswr gain control knob and variable attenuator to obtain a reading of 3 db in the normal db scale ( 0 - 10 db ) of vswr meter Move the probe to the left on slotted line until full scale deflection is obtained on 0-10 db scale Note and record the probe position on slotted line let it be cll. Repeat the step 3 and then move the probe right along the slotted line until full scale deflection is obtained on 0- 10 db normal db let it be d2 Replace the SS tuner and termination by movable short Measure the distance between two successive minima positions of the probe > twice this distance is guide wave length.

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Compute VSWR from the following equation.

Where Xg is the guide wavelength, dl and d2 are locatimes of double minimum points Note: This method overcomes this effect of probe loading, since the probe is loading always around a voltage minimum However. it does not overcome the effect of detector Characteristics For high values of VSWR, the twica-minimum method should be used. In this method the probe is moved to a point where the power is twice the minimum. This position is denoted d-1. probe is moved to the twice power point on the other side of the minimum. the position designated d-2. The VSWR may be found by the relationship.

The units of wavelength (Xg) and distance are same

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EXPERIMENT NO.3

ATTENUATOR CHARACTERISTICS

Aim:
To study the attenuation characteristics of a variable attenuator.

Equipment Required:
Klystron Power Supply, Klystron Tube 2k25, Klystron Mount, Isolator, Frequency Meter, Variable Attenuator, , Detector Mount, Wave Guide Stands, Vswr Meter, BNC Cable Etc.

Experimental setup:

Setup for Attenuator Characteristics

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Procedure:
1. 2. 3. 4. Set the components and equipments as shown in figure above. Initially set the variable attenuator for maximum attenuation. Terminate the receiving end with unknown load. Keep the control knob of Klystron power supply Beam voltage Mod-switch : : Off Am Full anti clockwise Full clockwise Full clockwise Mid positio

Beam voltage knob : Reflector voltage knob Am-amplitude knob Am frequency & amplitude knob

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Switch On the klvstron power supply, vswr meter & cooling fan Switch On the beam voltage switch and set beam voltage at 300 v Rotate the reflector voltage knob to get deflection in vswr meter Tune the output by tuning the reflector voltage, amplitude and frequency of am modulation Tune plunger of klystron mount and probe for maximum deflection in vswr meter 5. Keep the control knob of VSWR meter as below: i. Switch normal ii. Input switch Low. impedance iii. Range db switch 40db iv. Gain control knob Fully clockwise 6. 7. 8. 9. Connect detector output to SWR meter. Adjust the square wave modulation frequency to approximately 1 KHz. Tune the detector by adjusting short plunger for maximum meter deflection. Move the probe along slotted line, adjust it at standing wave minimum. Record the probe position as X,(this is the position of reference minimum) and next successive minimum position as X,. Replace load by short circuit termination and move the probe carriage to new standing wave minimum and record the probe position as X, (This is known as position of reference plane) Find the shift minima (X,-X, or Xs-X1). It will be positive if minimum is shifted towards load (i.e., for and negative if minimum is shifted towards generator (for capacitive load). Shift in minimum for different loads can be easily known from the standing wave patterns given below. Convert the shift in wavelength units, i.e., (X,-X,)/I. Wavelengths. Position on minimum can be known more accurately if it is taken as midpoint of positions of equal responses on either side of minimum.

10.

11.

12. 13.

TABULAR COLUMN Micrometer Reading : 11.79 mm Frequency 9.97 GHz :9.97 GHz

Observations:

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EXPERIMENT NO.2

STUDY OF GUNN OSCILLATOR Aim:

To study I-V Characteristics of Gunn Diode and depth of modulation of PIN Diode.

Equipment Required:
Gunn power supply, Gunn oscillator, PIN modulator, Isolator, Frequency Meter, Variable attenuator, Detector mount, Slotted Section, VSWR meter.

Theory:
The Gunn Oscillator is based on negative differential conductivity effect in bulk semiconductors. Gunn diode has two conduction bands separated by an energy gap (greater than thermal agitation energies). When an electron is moved to the satellite energy band, it will have negative differential mobility. This produces the negative resistance required for the oscillations. In a Gunn Oscillator, the Gunn diode is placed in a resonant cavity. In this case the oscillation frequency is determined by cavity dimension than by diode itself. Although Gunn oscillator can be amplitude-modulated with the bias voltage, separate PIN modulator through is used in this experiment. A square wave modulating signal is applied through the modulator on to the microwave carrier signal.

Experimental setup:

Setup for study of Gunn Oscillator Characteristics

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Procedure:
1. Set the components and equipment as shown in figure above. 2. Initially aet the variable attenuator for maximum attenuation. 3. Keep the control knob of Gunn power supply as below:

Meter knob Gunn bias knob Pin bias/Mod amplitude Pin Mod frequency : : :

Off Fully anti clockwise Mid position Mid position

4. Keep the , control knob of VSWR meter as below: Meter switch : Input switch : Range db switch : Gain control knob :
5. 6. 7. 8.

normal crystal low impedance/200k 50db Fully clockwise

9. 10. II. 12. 13. 14.

15.

Set the micrometer of Gunn Oscillator between 5-7mm for required frequency of operation. 'ON' the Gunn power supply, VSWR meter and cooling fan. Keep the mode switch of Gunn power supply to square wave/Internal Modulation. Turn the meter knob to voltage position; apply Gunn bias voltage around 5volts. Now change the meter switch to current position and note that, as Gunn bias voltage is varied current starts decreasing. This indicates negative resistance characteristic of Gunn diode. Apply the voltage such that the device is in the middle of the negative resistance region. Connect detector output to SWR meter. Adjust the square wave modulation frequency to approximately I KHz. Change the meter range if no deflection is observed. Keep the slotted line probe at position where maximum deflection in meter is observed. Adjust the attenuator setting; gain control knob on VSWR meter and tune the detector plunger for the pointer to indicate VSWR 1. Move detector probe along the slotted line and note position of probe where pointer comes to extreme left position, which is first minimum. In order to know exact position of minimum note the positions of equal response points on either side of the minimum and then the mid point of those positions will give position of minimum. The same way note next minimum positions. Repeat the above procedure for different settings of micrometer.

Depth of Modulation of PIN Diode : 1. Apply Gunn Bias Voltage Slowly so that panel meter of Gunn Power Supply reads 8V. lune the PIN modulator bias voltage and frequency knob for maximum output on the oscilloscope. Concide the bottom of square wave oscilloscope to some reference level and not down the micrometer, reading of variable attenuator. Now with help of variable attenuator concide the top of square wave to same reference level and note down the micrometer reading.

2. 3.

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4.

Connect VSWR to detector mount and note down the dB reading in VSWR Meter for both the micrometer reading the variable attenuator. The difference of both dB reading of VSWR meter gives the modulation depth of PIN modulator. Note : After tuning the Gunn source, the procedure for VSWR & Impedance measurement depth of PIN modulator.

5.

Current voltage characteristics of Gunn Oscillator

Observations:

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EXPERIMENT NO.4

PROPERTIES OF DIRECTIONAL COUPLER Aim:

To measure coupling factor, directivity and insertion loss of a directional coupler.

Equipment Required:
`Klystron power supply, Reflex klystron, Isolator, Frequency Meter, Variable Attenuator (or Gunn Power Supply, Gunn Oscillator, Isolator, Pin Modulator), Termination, Crystal detector, VSWR meter, Directional coupler

Experimental setup:

Setup for study the properties of Directional coupler

Directional coupler

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Theory:
The standing wave detector picks up and detects the field along a transmission line. This field is the sum of the incident and reflected wave on the line. Instead of measuring the sum of two waves it is possible to measure, the two waves separately. A device, which can separate two waves traveling in opposite directions, is the directional coupler. A directional coupler is a four-port wave-guide junction. It consists of a primary waveguide 1-2 and secondary waveguide 3-4. When all ports are terminated to their characteristic impedance, there is free transmission of power, without reflection between port 1 and 2 an d there is no transmission of power between port 1 and 4 or between ports 2 and 3. The coupling between (1 and 3) and (2 and 4) depends upon the structure of the coupler. To measure coupling and directivity one of the ports of the coupler is terminated with a matched load. Coupling (dB) = - 10 log P3/P, Isolation (dB) = - 10 logP4/P1 Directivity (dB) = - 10 log P4/11, Insertion loss (dB) = -10 log 132/13, Thus the coupling is a measure of how strongly the primary and secondary arms are coupled to each other and the directivity is a measure of how good separation 'between the incident and reflected waves is accomplished.

Procedure:
1. Set up the equipment as shown in fig. b without the directional coupler i.e. Directly connect crystal detector with VSWR meter in order to measure input after attenuator. 2. Set the variable attenuator at maximum position. 3. Keep the control knobs of VSWR meter as below: Range db Input switch Meter switch Gain 4. : : : : 50db crystal low impedance/200k Normal position Mid position

Keep the control knobs of klystron power supply as below: Mod switch Beam voltage knob Reflector voltage AM-amplitude knob AM-frequency knob : : : : : Am Fully anti clock wise Fully clock wise Around fully clock wise Around mid position

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5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

12. 13. 14.

'ON' the klystron power supply, VSWR Meter and cooling fan. Turn the meter switch of power supply to beam voltage position and beam voltage at 300Volt with the help of beam voltage knob. Adjust the reflector voltage to set klystron for maximum mode of operation. Get some deflection ,in VSWR meter Maximize the deflection with AM amplitude and frequency control knob of power supply and set some reference reading in VSWR meter. Note this attenuator setting as (Al) dB Now insert directional coupler as shown in fig.b. Feed the power through port! and measure output at port 2 by terminating port 3 using matched termination. Reduce the attenuation to get the reference reading obtained in step 8 on VSWR meter. Note down the attenuator setting as (A2) dB Now terminate port 2 with matched load and measure output at port 3. Reduce the attenuation to get reference reading obtained in step 8. Note the attenuator setting as (A3) dB.. Reverse the directional coupler and feed the power through port 2 and measure the output at port 3. Let the attenuator setting for this reading be (A4) dB Calculate directivity, coupling, isolation and insertion loss Repeat the experiment at other frequencies to obtain coupling characteristics over the band of interest

Observations:

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EXPERIMENT NO.8

STUDY OF POWER DIVISION IN MAGIC TEE Aim:

To measure isolation between E and Harms of the magic tee & Demonstrate 3dB power division in the side arm of the magic tee

Equipment Required:
Klystron Power Supply, Klystron Mount, Isolator, Attenuator, frequency meter,VSWR meter, Magic tee and matched terminations.

Experimental setup:

For coupled/Isolated Power measurement

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Theory:
A four port junction which is a combination of an [-plane and H-plane Tees is called Hybrid Tee. When matching elements are introduced to reduce the reflections, it is called a Magic Tee. It has four arms or ports which have the names indicated in figure

The arm which makes an H-plane tee with the collinear arms is called H-arm or shunt arm. The fourth arm which makes [-plane tee with the collinear arms is called [-arm or series arm. The shunt and series arms are cross polarized, i.e., the voltage vectors in these two arms are perpendicular to each other. Therefore as long as there is nothing within the junction to rotate the polarization, there can be no co upling between the two arms. The [and H arms are matched by employing posts and irises to minimize reflections from these

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two ports. The magic associated with the hybrid junction is the way in which the power is divided in the various arms. The signal fed into the shunt or H-arm divides its If equally and in phase in the two side arms with no coupling in the [-arm. When the signal is fed into the series or [-arm it also divides itself equally in the two arms, but this time the two halves are 180 out of phase and there is no coupling to the H-arm. If the power is fed into one of the side arms, it divides equally in the shunt and series arm and there is no coupling in the other side arm. That is to say finally that 'in a magic tee, opposite arms are isolated'.

A magic can be also as a singnal combiner. If the signals are fed to both the side arms, they will combine in phase in H-arm and 180 out of phae in e-arm. A magic tee is normally characterized by two quantities 1. Isolation between [and Harms 2. Power division in collinear arms

Isolation between E and Harms If the power flowing into [arm is taken as P, and power flowing out of H-arm asP,,then Isolation (dB) = -10 log 10 PH/PE This assumes that both the collinear arms are match terminated. Power division The power fed in either the E or H arm should divide itself equally in both the side arms, when the opposite port is match terminated. If we designate the power entering the Farm as P, and power in side arms as P a and P the ratio of the power coupled in side arms to that entering in the [-arm is given by the relation.

Procedure: General
1. 2. Set up the equipment as shown in fig 9a Keep the control knobs of klystron Power Supply as below Mode Switch AM Beam Voltage Knob : Fully Anti Clockwise Repeller Voltage Knob : Fully Clockwise Meter Switch Cathode Voltage Position Measurement or isolation between E and Harms

3.

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3.1 Set the attenuator around 20dB. Let this setting be (A,) dB

3.2 Achieve a state reference reading on the SWR meter, preferably in 40dB range of the SWR meter. 3.3 Disconnect and setup as shown in fig.9b 3.4 Reduce the attenuation till the SWR meter reads the value obtained in step 3.2 Note the attenuation setting (A2)d0. The difference in the attenuator settings (A1-A 2) dB gives the isolation in dB.. 4. Experimental setup for demonstrating the 3dB power division in the collinear arms.

4.3

4.1 Now the power input be either at E or Harms. 4.2 Set the attenuator to get reference reading on the SWR meter without the component under test. Note the attenuator setting (A,)db Connect the component under test (Magic tee) 4.4 Reduce the attenuation to get the reference reading obtained in step 4.2 4.5 Note down the attenuator setting (Az) dB The difference :n the attenuator settings gives the ratio of the power coupled to the collinear to that in the main arm, in dB. This value should be around 3dB.

Observations:
Isolation measurement Attenuator setting when measuring input to E-arm
A id B

Attenuator setting when measuring power to H - arr

A2c1B

Measurement of power division Attenuator setting when measuring input to E/Harm

A,dB

Attenuator setting when measuring power at collinear to am A2c113

Calculations:
Isolation between Land H arm (dB) = (A1-A2) dB Coupling between collinear arms and E/H arms (dB) = (A1-A2) dB

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EXPERIMENT NO.9

ISOLATOR & CIRCULATOR CHARACTERISTICS

Aim:
To study operation of ferrite circulator, isolator and hence measure insertion loss and isolation offered by these devices.

Equipment Required:
Klystron Power Supply, Klystron Mount, Variable attenuator, Matched termination, Crystal detector, VSWR meter, Isolator, Circulator.

Experimental setup:

Theory:
Ferrites are non-metallic materials with magnetic properties. Ferrites have one more peculiar . property, which is useful at microwave frequencies, i.e., the non-reciprocal property. When two circularly polarized wave one rotating clockwise and other rotating anticlockwise are made to propagate through ferrite, the material reacts differently to the two rotating fields, thereby presenting different effective permeabilities to both the waves. Isolator and circulator are two microwave devices that make use of Faraday rotation principle.

Isolator is a two port device which permits unattenuated transmission in one direction (forward direction) but provides very high attenuation in reverse direction (backward direction). This is generally used between the source and rest of the setup to avoid overloading of the source due to reflected power. Circulator is a multiport device such that wave incident on nth port is coupled to (n + I port

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only. That is, if power is incident in port I, port 2 is coupled but not port 3.

Three port circulator Insertion loss : The ratio of power supplied by a source to the input arm, to the power detected by a detector in the coupled arm with all other ports matched terminated. Isolation: Ratio of power fed in Arm 1 by a matched generator to the power detected in port 3 by a detector with ports 2 terminated in matched loads.

1. 2. 3.

Set up the equipment as shown in figure without the ferrite device i.e., directly connect detector with VSWR meter in order to measure input. Set the variable attenuator at maximum position. Keep the control knob of Klystron power supply as below:
Mode Switch Beam Voltage Knob Repeller Voltage Knob Meter Switch : : : : : : : : AM Fully Anti Clockwise Fully Clockwise Cathode Voltage Position 50db position Crystal low impedance Normal position Mid position

4.

Keep the control knobs of VSWR meter as below:.

Range db Input switch Meter switch Gain (coarse and fine)

5. 6.

'ON' theklystron power supply, VSWR Meter and cooling fan. Set some reference reading in VSWR meter by adjusting the variable attenuator. Note this attenuator setting as (A,) db

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Circulator:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Carefully remove the detector setup and insert the circulator as in the set-up, with power fed through port I. Measure output at port 2 with port 3 terminated in matched load. Reduce the attenuation to get the reference reading obtained in step 6.
i. Note down the attenuator setting as (A2) dB

Determine insertion loss or forward loss in decibels by noting the change in attenuator setting in order to get reference reading in VSWR meter. Interchange the positions of detector set-up and matched load between ports 2 and 3. Adjust the attenuator setting to get reference reading on SWR meter. Note the attenuator setting as (A3) dB. Determine the isolation (or attenuation) in db by noting the change in attenuator setting (with reference reading in VSWR meter).

Isolator: 1. Now insert isolator in place of circulator with input power fed to port I. 2. Measure output at port 2, adjust the attenuator to get reference reading in indicating meter. Note this attenuator setting as,, db. 3. Inter change the ports of isolator and adjust the attenuator to get reference reading in indicating meter. Note the attenuator setting as A21 db .

Observations:

Calculations:
Circulator Insertion loss dB = A1-A2 dB Isolation dB = A1-A4 dB Isolator Insertion loss dB = A1-A1, dB Isolation dB = A1-A21 dB

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KESHAV MEMORIAL INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

NARAYAGUDA, HYDERABAD

LABORATORY MANUAL (Microwave and Digital Communications Lab)

epartment of

ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

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