WEEK #12: Convergence and Applications of Improper Integrals Goals: Convergence of Improper Integrals Applications of Improper Integrals Textbook

ok reading for Week #12: Read Sections 4.7

Convergence of Improper Integrals From Section 4.7 Using Leading Behaviours In some problems, we may encounter improper integrals that are not easily eval 1 dt . Can we evaluate this uated. Consider the more dicult integral t + et 0 integral using the techniques we know?

Week 12 Convergence and Applications of Improper Integrals

Sometimes, when we cant get an exact value for an integral, we can at least answer the question is the integral convergent or divergent? Find the leading behaviour at innity for the integrand, and determine whether the integral converges or not.

Using the Comparison Test Another way to determine if a particular integral converges or not is to compare it to another, better known integral. sin( x) + 2 Consider the complicated integral dx. x2 1 sin( x) + 2 1 dx converges to show that dx also Use the fact that 2 2 x x 1 1 converges.

Week 12 Convergence and Applications of Improper Integrals

Comparison Test for Improper Integrals We are trying to determine the convergence of the integral the integrand you are working with, f (x), is positive.
a

f (x) dx. Assume

Take a best guess as to whether the integral converges or not.

If you believe the integral converges, nd a function g(x) larger than f (x), whose integral also converges. If you believe the integral diverges, nd a function g(x) smaller than f (x), whose integral also diverges.

Draw sketches of the graphs and areas for both scenarios of the Comparison Test.

Week 12 Convergence and Applications of Improper Integrals

Determine if swer.

ex dx converges. Use a comparison to support your an-

Innite Integrands Sometime, the integral involves an implicit innity e.g. when the integrand (function) goes to innity at the edge of our interval. Fortunately, we can use a similar limit approach to evaluate this case as well. Again, integrals may end up being innite or not, depending on how quickly the function approaches innity.

Week 12 Convergence and Applications of Improper Integrals

Example: Evaluate the integral

0

1 dx x

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Example: Evaluate the integral

0

1 dx x2

Week 12 Convergence and Applications of Improper Integrals

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Applications of Improper Integrals: Universal Law of Gravitation The Universal Law of Gravitation gives the force of attraction between two masses m1 and m2 (in kilograms) which are a distance of r meters apart by the formula Gm1m2 , 2 r is the gravitational constant and F is measured in F =

where G = 0.667 1010 newtons.

This formula is especially interesting when m2 is the mass of the Earth and m1 is the mass of an object in its gravitational eld. For objects close to the Earths surface, r r0 = 6.38 106 meters, the radius of the Earth.

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When an object of mass m1 is lifted away from the Earths surface by a small distance d meters (say a math prof going up two stories in an elevator), then the amount of work done by the elevator is equal to force times distance; that is, Gm1m2 Work = F d = d , 2 r0 with the result measured in joules (J). On the other hand, to put a satellite in an orbit at a height r meters from the Earths center, we have to account for the fact that force decreases as we move away from the Earth. This means that the total work done will be represented by an integral rather than simply the product F (r r0).

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Write down the integral that represents the work required to move a mass of m1 kg from the surface of the earth, r0 from the center, to a point completely out of the reach of Earths gravity.

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Evaluate the integral you found, using the following constants: m2 = 6 1024 kg as the mass of the earth m1 = 70 kg, the rough mass of a person

r0 = 6.38 106 m is the distance from the center to the Earths surface

G = 6.67 1011 N m2/kg2 is the universal gravitation constant

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Escape Velocity To escape the Earths pull without further assistance, a rocket must be moving fast enough so that its kinetic energy at the Earths surface is equal to the amount of energy we just found. This special threshold velocity is called the escape velocity of an object. 1 If the kinetic energy of an object moving at velocity v is given by E = 2 mv 2, how quickly must an object at the surface of the earth be moving escape the Earths gravitational pull completely?