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Fatin Munirah Abd Latif 1022018 EDP 1610 Mid-Term Question 2: What is attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?

Explain with examples the subtypes of ADHD. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder or ADHD is a developmental disorder. It is the condition of the brain that makes it difficult for the children to control their behaviour. The symptoms of the ADHD child are divided into three categories, inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity. The inattention symptoms are the children often has a hard time paying attention, and tend to daydreams. They often does not seem to listen to what we said, easily distracted and lose focus. They also does not take care of details, makes careless mistake, does not follow instruction very well, disorganised, easily lose things and tend to forgets things. For hyperactivity symtomps, the child is always in constant motion, as if they like to move around and cannot stay still. They are too active and cannot play quietly. For example, they cannot stay seated,talks too much and they will running, jumping and climbing when it is not permitted. Meanwhile, the impulsivity symptomps is the child frequently act and speak without thinking and cannot wait for things. For example, they may run into the street without looking at the traffic, giving answer before the teacher finish reading the question and often interrupt others. However, not all children have all the symptopms. The ADHD have three subtypes, predominantly hyperactive-impulsive, predominantly inattentive and combined hyperactive-impulsive and inattentive. The children with predominantly hyperactive-impulsive have six or more symtomps of hyperactivity and impulsitivity. For example, they have trouble taking turns and talks a lot. The second is predominantly inattentive. They have more inattentive symptoms than hyperactivity and impulsivity symptoms. For example they sit quietly and seems like they are paying attention but the actual fact is they does not paying attention. It is quite dangerous because some teachers or parents cannot detect this symptoms. Last but not least is combined hyperactive-impulsive and inattentive subtypes. This child has all the symptoms in hyperactivity, impulsive and inattentive. For example, they frequently interrupt others, cannot stay seated and does not follow the instruction given. Most children with ADHD has combined types.

Fatin Munirah Abd Latif 1022018 Question 4: Discuss speech and language disorder and give two appropriate examples. Speech disorder is a disability in exhibits good production of sound or sound patterns, missing voice fluency and speech delays. It is because of the neurological, physical and psychological factors. Meanwhile, language disorder is impairment in the ability to understand or use words in context, both verbally and nonverbally. It is the difficulty in learning comprehension and difficulties in verbal, oral and written communication. In other words, language disorder is the difficulty to make use of the various rules in language. First example of speech disorder is orofacial myofunctional disorder. It refers to problem faced when the tongue thrusts forward inappropriately during speech. It is common to children but not to the adults. The exaggerating tongue movement may result in incorrect speech sound production. For example, when the kids want to pronounce some, they may end up pronounce thumb. The second example for speech disorder is shuttering. It is a disruption in the fluency of ones speech. It will begin during childhood and end up over a lifetime. Shuttering is a disfluency problem that hinders a successful communication. It may be due to unwanted repetitions of sounds or the extension of speech sound, syllables or words. It also have unintentional pause in speech. For example, a person that has dis-fluency may speak slowly. Meanwhile, the first example of language disorder is language-based reading disability. It refers to the difficulty in reading, spelling or writing that are different compared to the same age peers. Most children with these disabilities are at least of average intelligence, ruling out intellectual impairments as the casual factor. Next language disorder example is aphasia. It is due to stem from injury to the left side of the brain. It may result the unnatural way of expressing ourselves using language. It may affect our language reception, perception and recall of language. It means that we will take time to process the information and deliver our thought.

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