Fourth Edition

CHAPTER

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Ferdinand P. Beer, E. Russell Johnston, Jr., John T. DeWolf

Lecturer: Nazarena Mazzaro, Ph.D. Aalborg University Denmark

Analysis and Design of Beams for Bending

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Part 1: 45 min
Introduction Shear and Bending Moment Diagrams Example 5.01 Sample Problem 5.1 Sample Problem 5.2 Relations Among Load, Shear, and Bending Moment Example 5.03 Sample Problem 5.3 Sample Problem 5.5

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Analysis and Design of Beams for Bending

Part 2: 30 min
Design of Prismatic Beams for Bending Sample Problem 5.8 Singularity Functions Example 5.05

Exercises

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Introduction

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Objective - Analysis and design of beams Beams - structural members supporting loads at various points along the member Transverse loadings of beams are classified as concentrated loads or distributed loads Applied loads result in internal forces consisting of a shear force (from the shear stress distribution) and a bending couple (from the normal stress distribution) Normal stress is often the critical design criteria
x =
My I

m =

Mc M = I S

Elastic Flexure Formulas

Requires determination of the location and magnitude of largest bending moment

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Introduction
Classification of Beam Supports

Beer Johnston DeWolf

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5-4

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Shear and Bending Moment Diagrams

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Determination of maximum normal and shearing stresses requires identification of maximum internal shear force V and bending couple M. Shear force and bending couple at a point are determined by passing a section through the beam and applying an equilibrium analysis on the beam portions on either side of the section. Sign conventions for shear forces V and V and bending couples M and M -> positive

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Example 5.01

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Draw the shear and bending-moment diagrams for a simply supported beam AB of span L subjected to a single concentrated load P at it midpoint C

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Example 5.01

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Determination of the reactions RA=RB=1/2P

Cut the beam at D and plot free body diagrams with positive V and M. Equilibrium equations:

Fy = 0; R V = 0;V = R = 1 / 2 P M = 0; R x + M = 0; M = R x = Px / 2
A A D A A

Fy = 0; R + V = 0;V = R = 1 / 2 P M = R ( L x) M = 0; M = P( L x) / 2
B B E B

V is constant between concentrated loads and M varies linearly

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Sample Problem 5.1
SOLUTION:

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Treating the entire beam as a rigid body, determine the reaction forces Section the beam at points near supports and load application points. Apply equilibrium analyses on resulting free-bodies to determine internal shear forces and bending couples Identify the maximum shear and bending-moment from plots of their distributions. Apply the elastic flexure formulas to determine the corresponding maximum normal stress.
Nazarena Mazzaro, AAU 5-8

For the timber beam and loading shown, draw the shear and bendmoment diagrams and determine the maximum normal stress due to bending.

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Sample Problem 5.1
SOLUTION:

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Treating the entire beam as a rigid body

Fy = 0 = 20 + R 40 + R R =60 R M = 0 = 20 2,5 40 3 + R 5 R = 14
B D D B B D D

RD = 14; RB = 46

Section the beam and apply equilibrium analyses on resulting free-bodies

Fy = 0 M1 = 0 Fy = 0 M2 = 0 20 kN V1 = 0 V1 = 20 kN M1 = 0 V2 = 20 kN M 2 = 50 kN m

(20 kN )(0 m ) + M1 = 0
20 kN V2 = 0

(20 kN )(2.5 m ) + M 2 = 0
V3 = +26 kN V5 = 14 kN

M 3 = 50 kN m M 5 = +28 kN m

V4 = +26 kN M 4 = +28 kN m V6 = 14 kN M 6 = 0
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Sample Problem 5.1

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Identify the maximum shear and bendingmoment from plots of their distributions.
Vm = 26 kN M m = M B = 50 kN m

Apply the elastic flexure formulas to determine the corresponding maximum normal stress.
S = 1 b h 2 = 1 (0.080 m )(0.250 m )2 6 6 = 833.33 10 6 m3 MB 50 103 N m m = = S 833.33 10 6 m3

V1=-20, M1=0; V2=-20, M2=-50; V3= 26, M3=-50; V4=26, M4= 28; V5=-14, M5=28, V6=-14, M6=0
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m = 60.0 106 Pa

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Sample Problem 5.2
SOLUTION:

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Replace the 10 kip load with an equivalent force-couple system at D. Find the reactions at B by considering the beam as a rigid body. Section the beam at points near the support and load application points. Apply equilibrium analyses on The structure shown is constructed of a resulting free-bodies to determine W10x112 rolled-steel beam. (a) Draw internal shear forces and bending the shear and bending-moment diagrams couples. for the beam and the given loading. (b) determine normal stress in sections just Apply the elastic flexure formulas to to the right and left of point D. determine the maximum normal stress to the left and right of point D.

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Sample Problem 5.2
SOLUTION:

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Replace the 10 kip load with equivalent forcecouple system at D. Find reactions at B. Section the beam and apply equilibrium analyses on resulting free-bodies.
From A to C : Fy = 0 M1 = 0 3x V = 0 V = 3 x kips = 0 M = 1.5 x 2 kip ft

(3x )(1 x )+ M 2

From C to D : Fy = 0 24 V = 0

V = 24 kips

M 2 = 0 24( x 4) + M = 0 M = (96 24 x ) kip ft

From D to B : V = 34 kips

M = (226 34 x ) kip ft

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Sample Problem 5.2

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Apply the elastic flexure formulas to determine the maximum normal stress to the left and right of point D. From Appendix C for a W10x112 rolled steel shape, S = 126 in3 about the X-X axis.
To the left of D :

m =

M 2016 kip in = S 126 in 3 To the right of D : M 1776 kip in = S 126 in 3

m = 16.0 ksi

m =

m = 14.1 ksi

Concentrated loads: V constant M varies linearly Distributed load: V varies linearly M parabola
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Relations Among Load, Shear, and Bending Moment

Relationship between load and shear:
Fy = 0 : V (V + V ) w x = 0 V = w x
dV = w dx VD VC = w dx
xC xD

Relationship between shear and bending moment:

M C = 0 :

(M + M ) M V x + wx x = 0

2 1 M 2 M = V x 1 w (x ) = V wx 2 2 x

x 0;

dM =V dx
xD

M D MC =
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xC

V dx
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Example 5.03

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Draw the shear and bending moment diagrams for the simply supported beam and determine the maximum value of the bending moment.

SOLUTION: RA=RB=wL/2 Determination of V and M at any distance from A:

V VA = w.dx = wx
0 x

V = VA wx =
x

1 1 wL wL = w( L x) 2 2

M M A = V .dx; M A = 0
0

wL2 1 1 2 M = w( L x)dx = w( Lx x ) M max 2 2 8 0

x

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Sample Problem 5.3
SOLUTION:

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Taking the entire beam as a free body, determine the reactions at A and D. Apply the relationship between shear and load to develop the shear diagram. Draw the shear and bending moment diagrams for the beam and loading shown. Apply the relationship between bending moment and shear to develop the bending moment diagram.

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Sample Problem 5.3
SOLUTION:

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Taking the entire beam as a free body, determine the reactions at A and D.
MA = 0 0 = D(24 ft ) (20 kips )(6 ft ) (12 kips )(14 ft ) (12 kips )(28 ft ) D = 26 kips Fy = 0

0 = Ay 20 kips 12 kips + 26 kips 12 kips Ay = 18 kips

Apply the relationship between shear and load to develop the shear diagram.
dV = w dx dV = w dx

- zero slope between concentrated loads - linear variation over uniform load segment
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Sample Problem 5.3

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Apply the relationship between bending moment and shear to develop the bending moment diagram.
dM =V dx dM = V dx

- bending moment at A and E is zero - bending moment variation between A, B, C and D is linear - bending moment variation between D and E is quadratic - net change in bending moment is equal to areas under shear distribution segments
M D M C = V .dx
C D

- total of all bending moment changes across the beam should be zero (108-16-140+48=0)
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Sample Problem 5.5
SOLUTION:

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Taking the entire beam as a free body, determine the reactions at C. Apply the relationship between shear and load to develop the shear diagram. Draw the shear and bending moment diagrams for the beam and loading shown. Apply the relationship between bending moment and shear to develop the bending moment diagram.

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5 - 19

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Sample Problem 5.5
SOLUTION:

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Taking the entire beam as a free body, determine the reactions at C.

Fy = 0 = 1 w0 a + RC 2 a M C = 0 = 1 w0 a L + M C 2 3 a M C = 1 w0 a L 2 3 RC = 1 w0 a 2

Results from integration of the load and shear distributions should be equivalent. Apply the relationship between shear and load to develop the shear diagram.
x 2 x VB V A = w0 1 dx = w0 x a 2a 0 0
a a

VB = 1 w0 a = ( area under load curve) 2

- No change in shear between B and C. - Compatible with free body analysis

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Sample Problem 5.5

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Apply the relationship between bending moment and shear to develop the bending moment diagram.
2 3 2 w x x dx = w x x MB MA = 0 0 2a 0 2 6a 0

M B = 1 w0 a 2 3
M B M C = 1 w0 a dx = 1 w0 a(L a ) 2 2
a L

a w0 a M C = 1 w0 a(3L a ) = L 6 2 3

Results at C are compatible with free-body analysis

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Design of Prismatic Beams for Bending

Beer Johnston DeWolf

The largest normal stress is found at the surface where the maximum bending moment occurs.
M max c M max m = = I S

A safe design requires that the maximum normal stress be less than the allowable stress for the material used. This criteria leads to the determination of the minimum acceptable section modulus.
m all
S min = M max

all

Among beam section choices which have an acceptable section modulus, the one with the smallest weight per unit length or cross sectional area will be the least expensive and the best choice.
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Design of Prismatic Beams for Bending

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Determine all (If all is the same for tension and compresion then follow 1,2,3 Otherwise consider 4 in step 2) 1-Draw shear and bending-moment diagrams and determine |M|max 2-Determine Smin 3-Find the dimentions of the beam to use: b, h for S>Smin 4-Select the beam section so that m<= all for tensile and compressive stresses.

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Sample Problem 5.7
60 kN/m 20 kN/m 90 mm

Beer Johnston DeWolf

SOLUTION: Considering the entire beam as a freebody, determine the reactions at A and B. Develop the shear diagram for the beam and load distribution. From the diagram, determine the maximum bending moment.

2.4 m

1.2 m

A 3.6 m-long overhanging timber beam AC is to be designed to support the distributed and concentrated loads shown. Knowing that timber of 100mm nominal width (90-mm actual Determine the minimum acceptable width) with a 12 MPa allowable stress beam section modulus. Find the value is to be used, determine the minimum for the h. required depth h of the beam.

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Sample Problem 5.7
14.4 kN 20 kN

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Considering the entire beam as a free-body

M
2.4 m 1.2m

= 0 = B(2.4 m ) (14.4 kN )(1.2 m ) (20 kN )(3.6 m ) = 0 = Ay + 37.2kN 14.4 kN 20 kN

B = 37.2 kN = Vc

F
20 kN

Ay = 2.8 kN = VA

(+24)

Plot shear diagram and determine Mmax. VB VA = (area under load curve) = (6kN / m)(2.4m) = 14.4kN
VB = VA 14 4 = 2.8kN 14.4kN = 17.2kN VB = 17.2 kN

-2.8 kN

(+24)

-17.2 kN

MA=Mc=0, Between A and B, M decreases an amount equal to area VAB, and between B and C in increases the same amount. Thus the |M|max= 24 kN.m
S min = M

all

max

24kN .m = 2 10 6 mm 3 12 MPa

1 2 1 bh S min (90mm)h 2 2 10 6 mm 3 h 365.2mm 6 6

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