Preliminary survey of river water quality in Jeneberang river basin Mid of November (Ibnu Samsi) 1.

Previous works of water quality 1.1.Water Quality Data Management There were past investigations or studies of water quality of Jeneberang River for various reasons by several institutions, the results are made at a written report and scattered into several places, so no single agency that responsible to manage and to administrate the water quality river data that can easily be retrieved or to produce easily for evaluation. Water Treatment Plant is the only institution to record the water quality in hourly basis because they use it to get the right dosage of treatment. Raw water quality data are reported monthly to the management and it is used as a part of management cycles and decision making in producing clean water for the city water supply. A list of Agency or Government Office in charge in Water Related Data
No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Agency in charge Bapedalda Province Bapedalda Regency Dinas PSDA Province Dinas PSDA Regency Health Service Province Forest Service Province Forest Service Regency Agriculture Service Province Agriculture Service Regency Geological Service Province Geological Service Regency JRBDP (project limited time) PDAM BPDAS (Forest Depart) PLN University Hasanudin Volunteer Organization River Discharge No No Yes No No No No No No No No Yes No No Yes Ocassional No River Water Quality Yes (Once a year) Yes (Once a year) No No No No No No No No No Yes Yes Occasional Occasional Occasional No Hydrology Data No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes No No No Occasional No Watershed Conservation No No No No No Yes Yes No No No No No No Yes No Occasional No

By the organization mission, Bapedalda is the government organization that is entitled to manage and to conserve the environment to control the environmental problems, and to assess the impact of new development to the environment in terms of physical, chemical, biological, as well as social economic viewpoints. In addition to that, Bapedalda has also a function to coordinate the activities in environment concern. There are two level of Bapedalda, provincial level and regency level. The concern of Bapedalda at Provincial 1

level are mainly to the environmental object that are located in more than 2 regency administration. A river that crosses 2 regency of administration is managed by provincial level of administration, whilst rivers that are located in 1 regency is managed by regency administration. The problem may arise when the regency is split into two regencies, a formerly objects was located in 1 regency now changed to two regencies. Like Bapedalda there are two levels of Dinas PSDA, the provincial level and the regency level. The PSDA provincial level is responsible to the Governor of the province, and manages all water resources that cover more than one regency area whereas the Dinas PSDA regency manages the water resources in their only regency area. All of these offices formerly were under the ministry of Public Works, but now each are under the provincial government and the regency or the local government. The central government at the ministerial level has a lot of function of technical assistance, and publish regulation into that office. Any decision made through management cycles from planning to evaluation in PSDA provincial and regency is responsible to the governor and the Bupati as the head of regency. In relating to water resource management PSDA has a lot of experience to construct dam and the irrigation infrastructure and facilities, however the water quality concerns not many. The water quality concern are usually contracted to other parties since they have no laboratory facilities. 1.2. National Clean River Program (Prokasih). Program There were a reported works that taken annually of the Jeneberang river water quality under the National Prokasih Program (National Clean River Program). Five sampling sites were selected i,e: 1. Upstream of Jene Berang (just upper of the confluence with Salo Malino River), 2. The downstream of Salo Malino, 3. The confluence of Salo Malino and Jeneberang, 4. The outlet of Bili-Bili Dam, and 5. The downstream of Jene Berang near the city of Makasar. The main objective of the program is to monitor the status of several rivers in the country. Jeneberang river is one of the selected in the program. Generally the activities of the Prokasih program are taking the water samples and examine them in the lab. Monitored parameters are pH, TSS, BOD, and COD. Based on the parameters selected the objective of that program is to assess the river water quality in terms of pollution from domestic source as well as from industrial source.. 1.3. JICA Study There was also a recent study conducted by JICA for 7 months periods between September 2004 to March 2005 just 6 months after the collapse of Mount Bawakaraeng, and that works was carried out by CES-UNHAS (Center for Environmental Science, University of Hasanuddin). The main objective of that study was to know the suspended load and the

turbidity of river water quality as affected by the collapse of Mount Bawakaraeng which occurred at March 2004. It was reported that sampling was made at every two weeks at the seven locations. The sites of sampling were located at: 1. Sabo dam no.4 2. Sand pocket no.2 3. Bili-Bili reservoir 4. Bili-Bili dam 5. Jenelata river 6. Malengkeri intake 7. Jongaya-Panampu Drainage Canal 1.4. Environmental Impact Assessment of Bili-Bili dam study (1997 -2001). 1.5. Hydrology and monitoring Section of PSDA (1999 2003) 1.6. Other Institution, Though not many parameters of quality are observed, but the water treatment plant of Somba Opu (abstract raw water from Bili-Bili dam) is the only institutions that records data or information of water quality presented daily. Turbidity and pH are the parameters quality that are observed hourly and daily average. These information are presented as a part of management task to monitor the process of clean water production. 1.7. Pers Media Indonesia Online 27th December of 2005 reported that the turbidity of the raw water quality in Somba Opu Water Treatment Plant drastically changed their values from 316 NTU in the morning to 2800 NTU in the afternoon, and made the management to stop the production in the evening. The level of turbidity had exceeded the capacity of treatment plant to process raw water to clean water. Kompas daily reported at 22nd of January 2006 that water production at somba Opu water treatment was stopped due to the turbidity of raw water supplied from Bili-bili dam Jeneberang had exceeded the capability of water treatment plant to process water at 9000 NTU, whereas at that time the turbidity already reached the valued of 11600 NTU. The report also mentioned the turbidity of water once ever had reached 176.000 NTU. Head of the Subdinas of the Utility Management of Water Resource of South of Sulawesi in Daily Kompas 03rd of Feb 2005 stated that in the rainy season turbidity may reach 219.000 NTU, whereas usually at the previous of no collapse of Bawakaraeng the turbidity would never reach 100 NTU. 2. Methods of survey Using the electrode probe of water quality, the 5 parameters of quality may be directly examined onsite. Those 5 parameters are pH, temperature, conductivity, turbidity and

dissolved oxygen. Electrode probe method is actually rapid method to examine water quality. This method has a limitation in number of parameters, since not all parameters can be measured rapidly.

2.1.The objective of the survey The objective of the survey is particularly to get a general view of water quality in term of natural resources rather than to know the impact of domestic or industrial pollution. A further examination is required if the water is designed for particular purposes as for agriculture, for industry or for domestic purposes, or if we want to know the impact of any development in the river basin. In the river management, it must be bear in mind that the water quality is closely related to the flows of water. Since no flow measurement was carried out, the interpretation as a result of survey is very limited to the set quality of that time of survey, and a further study is required if we want to know the dynamic water quality that persist in the river basin. 2.2.Survey Sites Several sites were visited based on its accessibility, and the sites are also easily identified. Shortly a preliminary survey of water quality from several locations is required in order to know the location sampling sites that are suitable for sampling stations. When the identified of sampling sites are already fixed, it enable to know the temporal variation of river water quality. Several places at the upstream of Jeneberang and its tributaries were visited, see the Map of sampling sites. When it is necessary the sampling sites may be selected to be a sampling station in order to know the consistency of place and the temporal variation of river water quality and the volume of discharge of that river. 2.3.Variables observed at the survey The bare minimum information of river water quality may be obtained through preliminary observation and taking samples for only the following parameters: 1. Temperature 2. Electrical conductivity 3. pH 4. Dissolved Oxygen 5. Turbidity The five above parameters may give an indication of the general characteristic of river water in its geological properties where the river is located. Information of those five parameters of river water quality in natural states can give a picture of general quality of

water for variety of use. Though turbidity and conductivity are not put in the standard of quality, but their information is useful to asses the water quality in the perspective of as a natural resource rather than in designated of use. Some parameters mentioned in the standard are closely related to the values of conductivity as well as in turbidity values. Turbidity values may be related to suspended solid, particle solids, whereas conductivity may be related to the dissolved salts or dissolved solids in water. Application of electrode probe is a very useful for rapid assessment of water quality, since laboratory examination is not required. Water quality standards do not mention conductivity requirement but it mentions dissolved solids. The objective of measurement of dissolved solids is to know the impurities that dissolve in water. The conductivity measurement is made in order to know the impurities that dissociate in water. Impurities that dissociates in water are also dissolve in water, but dissolves in water not necessarily dissociate. For the purpose of survey the conductivity measurement is enough because it is quick and it provides partial information of dissolved solids. A similar thing happens to turbidity and suspended solids. Water quality standards do not require turbidity values but put suspended solids in the standard. When the series of suspended solids data and turbidity data are available the value of suspended solids may be obtained. For the purpose of survey, examination of turbidity is more likely close to the objective of disaster reduction of Jeneberang river and Billi-Billi reservoir since turbidity consist of suspended solids and settleable solids that flows together with water. Comparable of parameters in survey and in Standard of Water Quality* Standard of quality* Temperature pH Dissolved Solids Dissolved Oxygen Suspended Solids Survey Temperature pH Conductivity Dissolved Oxygen Turbidity Note Onsite examination A further study is required to derive a formula of its relationship Onsite examination A further study is required to derive a formula of its relationship

1 2 3 4 5

*Governor Decision of South Sulawesi no: 14 Year 2003 The following chart is expected to clarify the relationship between solid particles, conductivity and suspended solids. Solid particles create conductivity and turbidity in water, each has its own characteristic

The relationship of turbidity,conductivity and solid particles. Solid Particles in water

Conductivity Not filterable Dissolved in water Only High level of filtration can do (reverse osmosis) Not settled in quiet condition

Turbidity Filterable Undissolved in water Applicable to rapid and slow sand filtration Settled in quiet condition except very fine that makes Suspended Solid

The quality parameter of any suspected of pollution of the human activities as well as the parameter for the designated of use of river water quality are not made. Taking water samples for to know the level of pollution from organic wastes that may be represented in BOD, COD, TOC, nitrogen, phosphorus values and microbiological of fecal and total coli are not included in this survey, the examination will be contracted to the third party. 2.4.Time and General condition of survey The survey was made within two weeks in working days of the 3rd and the 4th of November 2006. It was noted that most of the time during the survey there was no rain, but rain started at the last day of survey at Friday of 24th of November 2006. The rivers are almost at the lowest flow at that time, and some rivers almost no water. Vegetation like Lantana Tamara looked so dry around the traveled roads and the river banks. It may be noted here that almost no survey sites absence of cows manure, and even a dried human manures. There were a lot of leaf debris around the sites, even in the main Jeneberang rivers. For the purpose to know the recent condition at the upstream after the collapse of Mount Bawakaraeng at 26th of March 2004, therefore the survey is particularly made at the upstream of the river. The survey is carried out at November 2006, and that is the end of dry season of the year.

2.5. Basin and sub Basin Division. For the management purposes the watershed of the study areas are grouped into the Jeneberang river system and the Jenelata river system. The survey sites and its location in the watershed system see Table 1 Table1 The water quality survey sites and its basin B A S I N J E N E B E R A N G Survey Sites B1 B2

Sub-Basin Jeneberang 1 Jeneberang 2 Jeneberang 3 Jeneberang 4 Takapala R Malino R Kunisi R Bengo,Angasia Tasese R Rakikang r

Description of location Mt Bawakaraeng Caldera area Upstream Jeneberang Matoanging to Bulutana Midstream Jeneberang Bengo to Sumelu Surrounding Bili-Bili area Takapala river area Malino River area Kunisi river area Bengo and angasia river area Tasese river area Rakikang river area Sapaya R (Upstream) Midstream Midstream Jenelata

Main Rivers Jeneberang R Jeneberang R Jeneberang R

B3, B4 B5 Jeneberang R B6 Takapala R, Parang R, M1, P1, Manapa R Tk1 MP1 Malino R, Bulang R, Ahuwa R, Pambola R Kunisi R Bengo R Angasia R Tasese R Rakikang R Balang Patutanga R Binanga Pateteang R B. Talanggantarang R Balang Kampala Binanga Sapaya R Binanga Kaluarang Jenelata River M1, M2, M3, M4, M5,M6, M7 K1 TS1 RK1 L4, L6, L7, L5 L3 L1, L2 L8

J E N E L A T A

Sapaya R 1 Sapaya R 2 Toka Jenelata

Table 2. Survey sites and 5 parameters quality in the Jeneberang River basin Mid of Novemeber 2006
Survey Sites B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 R1 M6 M7 M1 M4 M2 M3 M5 K1 P1 MP 1 M1 T1 TS 1 Leng 1 Ave Max Min Temp(oC) 21.3 24.9 28.6 26.3 33.1 32.3 34.8 30.6 29.8 27.7 20.6 23.2 24.3 27.8 21.9 21.8 22.2 22.6 21.8 33 18.8 26.06667 33 18,8 pH 7.9 7.9 7.7 7.6 7 8.2 7.8 9 7.4 7.4 7.1 7.6 7.5 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.1 7.1 7.2 7.9 7.1 7.36 9 7 Diss.Ox (mg/l) 10.92 9.12 5.2 6 1.82 6 4.83 3.3 3.1 11.64 9.25 6.81 9.15 5.78 6.65 6.7 6.89 7.2 7.1 1.6 12.6 6.745714 12,6 1,6 Conduc (mS/m) 26 29 25 27 12 28 19 11 12 13 9 15 14 11 9 5 5 5 7 8 5 14.04762 29 5 Turbid (NTU) 25 36 19 16 10 10 10 7 16 12 9 6 11 12 15 10 8 7 11 5 12 12.71429 36 5

Table 2. Survey sites and 5 parameters quality in the Jenelata River basin Novemeber 2006
Survey sites L1 L4 L3 L6 L5 L7 L2 L8 Temp(oC) 26.9 25.9 32.6 33.3 31.1 31 28.5 33 pH 7.1 7.2 7.8 7.7 7.6 7.5 7.6 7.7 Diss.Ox(mg /l) 5.03 4 2 1.84 1.7 1.7 3.96 3.87 Conduc (mS/m) 14 10 11 10 7 8 14 13 Turbid (NTU) 13 5 2 1.8 9 6 2 10

Ave Max Min

30.2875 33.3 25.9

7.49 7.8 7.1

3.0125 5.03 1.7

10.875 14 8

6.1 13 1.8

3.1.The standard quality of water The standard of water quality produced by the Governor of South Sulawesi divide the impurities in water into physical, microbiology, inorganic as well as organic chemical and radioactive. All of these impurities are categorized into parameters that require examination in the chemistry lab. The water quality mentioned in the standards should follow the examination as it written in the standard methods of examination. 1. The physical parameters in water include Temperature, Dissolved Solid, and Suspended Solids. 2. The inorganic chemical impurities are pH,BOD,COD,Dissolved Oxygen, Total phosphate,NO3 (nitrate), Ammonia (NH3-N), Arsen, cobalt, Barium,Boron,Selenium, Cadmium, Chrom(VI),Copper, Iron, Lead, Mangan,quicksilver, Chloride, Zinc,Cyanide,Fluoride,Nitrite,Sulfate,Residual Chlorine, Hydrogen Sulfide 3. The microbiology parameters are Fecal Coliform and Total Coliform. 4. The radioactive parameters are Gross A and Gross-B 5. The organic parameters includes hydrocarbon, fats, detergent, phenol, and insecticide such as BHC lindan, Dieldrin, Aldrin,Chlordane,DDT, Endrin Toxaphene, PCB, Heptachlor and Heptachlor epoxide. Based on that parameters the water quality are then classified according to the designated of use or suitability of that water. The class 1 of water quality is waters that may be used as raw water for the production of drinking water or water supply for domestic purposes. The class 2 waters are water that may be used for recreation purposes, fish culture, or other purposes as the quality is similar to the required quality as the class 2 quality. The class 3 is suitable for fish culture fresh water. The class 4 is suitable for plant irrigation or other purposes that require such quality of water. 3.2.Relation of water quality standards and the results of survey. The survey is carried out in mid of November 2006 and used electrode probe methods. Parameter of temperature, dissolved oxygen and pH are comparable to standard of water quality, because those three parameters are set in the standards and it is measured onsite. The general practice of taking water samples for several purposes the temperature, the pH and the Dissolved Oxygen are taken onsite, in case of no probes they use the BOD bottles to get the Dissolved Oxygen Values. Conductivity and turbidity were not explicitly mentioned in the standard, but in the standards the values may be close to residu terlarut (the dissolved solids) for conductivity and residu tersuspensi (the suspended solids) may close to turbidity. Residu terlarut or dissolved solids is measured by passing the water through the filter and the filtrate are measured for its content of dissolved salts such as chloride, carbonate, or other sulfate. Unlike in metal the conduction is carried out by electron, whereas in water the electric conductivity is carried by ion. The ions come from salts that dissociate in water.

Measurement is stated in Siemens. 1 Siemens = 1000 milli Siemens (mS) and and mS= 1000 Siemens, so 1 Siemens= 1000000 Siemens Turbidity is not mentioned explicitly in the standard of water but the values of turbidity is very close to the suspended solids, however the units used are quite different. Turbidity is stated in Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU), whilst Suspended Solid is in mg/l. Turbidity is measured by dispersion of light when entering the mass of water media containing impurities, suspended solids is measured by filtering the water into media filter and weigh the media filter after undergo process of drying. Turbidity is actually a rapid estimate method of measurement of suspended solids, rather than using a routine procedure to measure suspended solids in the lab. That is why in water production industry (water treatment plant) they use turbidity values in order to be able to estimate the right dosage of coagulating agent. However, the water quality standards put the maximum values of suspended solids 5000 mg/l for conventional water treatment plant

Conductivity

Conductivity at Jeneberang Basin November 2006

mS/M 100 90 80 Conductivity 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 MP 1 T k1 R1 M6 M7 M1 M4 M2 M3 M5 P1 M1 Ts1 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 K1 Leng 1

Survey Sites

Exclusion of B5 survey site, high values of conductivity were noticed in survey sites B1, B2, B3, B4, and B6. Indicating that the main river of Jeneberang contained more dissolved solids than the water in surrounding river as from Malino river M1, M2, M3, M4, M5,M6, M7, Kunisi river, Takapala, Parang, Manapa river. Water conductivity is caused by the

10

dissolved solids in water, and this could be dissolved salts, such as chloride, carbonate, sulfate etc. A further study is required in order to know the reason why the Jeneberang river conductivity is higher at the upstream than the surrounding river. In the natural condition the conductivity values are generally constant over the time except there is a new discharge of salt containing water or higher evaporation at a constant volume of water. In addition to that, the decreasing conductivity of surrounding river probably are caused The conductivity values may provide information that the dissolved values derived from conductivity are not exceeding the standard of total dissolved solids quality 800 mg/l, standard at class 1 water quality. The relation of conductivity and dissolved solids see table .

Total Dissolved Solids Jeneberang Basin November 2006

1000 900 800

Dissolved Solids

700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0

800 mg/l is Clas I standards for Total Dissolved solid

Survey Sites

1 P 1 M P 1 M 1 T k1 Ts Le 1 ng 1

3 M

11

Conductivity at Jenelata Basin Novem ber 2006

m S/m 100 90 Conductivity 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 L1 L4 L3 L6 L5 L7 L2 L8 Survey Sites

Turbidity at Jeneberang Basin November 2006

mg/l 100 90 80 70 Turbidity 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 MP 1 T k1 R1 M6 M7 M1 M4 M2 M3 M5 P1 M1 Ts1 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 K1 Leng 1

Survey Sites

12

Turbidity Jenelata Basin 2006

100 90 80 Turbidity 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 L1 L4 L3 L6 L5 L7 L2 L8 Survey Sites

5.3. Turbidity Turbidity is the key quality of parameter in relation to the Jeneberang basin and the BiliBili reservoir. Turbidity as well as conductivity may create sedimentation. Both turbidity and conductivity are caused by solid particles. Conductivity is caused by solid particles that dissolves in water whilst turbidity is caused by particles that not easily dissolved in water, but are in suspension form in water due to its fine and very fine of physical properties. The undissolved of solid particles are mostly that create turbidity. The suspended solids are the solids that create turbidity and not easily settled though the water is in quiet or undisturbed. The suspended solids are caused by very fine particles in water. In addition to very fine particles, some particles such as algae, plankton or microbe in water may contribute to the turbidity of water. The value Profile at Jeneberang River Basin water in the system Temperature of turbidity from 5 to 36 indicates that was normal in time a long of dry season. As a matter of fact that the low value of turbidity November 2006 during the survey indicates that the solid particles as well as the suspended solids were low during Celcius the survey. The general practice of local people in hilly location is to use that water 50 for domestic purposes particularly as a source of drinking water. They are transporting 45 them by plastic hose to their home. During rainy seasons they admit that water getting turbid and they have to allow the turbid to settle after sometimes. 40 It is clear that is very difficult to assess the result of survey to figure out the general 35 condition of turbidity in the basin since there was no flow measurement at that time. Visual 30 examination of the flow only the river Jeneberang had a higher flow compared to other 25 rivers.
Temperature 20 15 10 5 0
B1 B2 B3 B5 B6 B4

MP 1

T k1

M6

M7

M1

M4

M2

M3

M5

P1

M1

R1

Ts1

K1

Leng 1

13

Survey site s

T m e tu P fileo J n la B s e p ra re ro f e e ta a in N v me 2 0 oe br 06
5 0 4 5 4 0 3 5 3 0 2 5 2 0 1 5 1 0 L 1 L 4 L 3 L 6 L 5 L 7 L 2 L 8

5.2. Temperature.

14

Temperatures of water during the survey were between 220C to 33.1. Not much can we conclude from this temperature information. There was no activity that create increasing of high temperature in the location (heat pollution). The normal condition prevail in that area of survey. The higher is the location of river the lower is the water temperature in the area the temperature decrease to 220C.

15

5.1.pH From 31 survey sites all show that the pH of water in the basin were between 7 to 8 these showed that water in the watersheds were predominantly neutral to basic. Generally when no rain at a long time (dry season at that time) the sources of water in the channel are dominantly comes from the soil moisture storage and the groundwater storage rather than from the surface run off. The water quality from this storage is very much influenced by the process of weathering, mineralization, and leaching from the ground. However visual examination in the river showed that the discharge of the river was very low, some showed dry and no water at all. This indicates that the upstream condition was very poor or lack of water source or source of river water is dominantly from rain. The pH of 7 to 8 indicated that water can support the live organism in water. However, the pH itself is actually not enough information to explain the general quality of water in terms of ability to retain the pH value. Stability of pH against acid to support life is also important. Alkalinity is a measure of water ability to resist of pH change for any addition of acid into the water, and therefore it requires alkalinity measurement of water. The level of alkalinity was between 50 to 60 mg/l (source:Study of Environmental Impact Assessment) on the works for sediment control October 2004. This indicated of low level alkalinity and this means prone to pH change, and that means the river water has low pH stability. 0 to 100 mg/l of alkalinity is considered poor, 100 to 150 mg/l is considered fair, whilst 150 to 200 has a good buffering capacity.

pH Profile of Jeneberang Basin November 2006

14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6

pH Value

MP 1

T k1

M6

M1

M4

M2

M5

P1

M1

Ts1

R1

M7

M3

K1

Survey sites

Leng 1

16

pH Profile Jenelata Basin November 2006

14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 L1 L4 L3 L6 L5 L7 L2 L8 Survey Sites

Similar happens to Jenelata river basin system, the pH was in the range between 7 and 8. Since no alkalinity values were reported, it is difficult to assess the stability of pH of the river system in the basin. If the values of alkalinity similar to Jeneberang river the stability of pH is low or has low buffering capacity.

pH

17

pH Profile Jenelata Basin November 2006

14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 L1 L4 L3 L6 L5 L7 L2 L8 Survey Sites

Dissolved Oxygen

pH

Dissolved Oxygen Profile at Jeneberang Basin November 2006

20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
P 1 M P 1 M 1 T k1 Ts Le 1 ng 1 1 1 2 3 6 7 1 2 3 4 6 4 5 M 5 R M M M M M M B B B B B B K 1

Dissolved Oxygen

Survey Sites

18

Dissolved O xygen Profile in Jenelata Basin Novem ber 2006

15 Dissolved Oxygen 13 11 9 7 5 3 1 L1 L4 L3 L6 L5 L7 L2 L8 Survey s ites

5.Discussion

3. A table of water quality parameter and its meaning No Parameters 1 Temperature Meaning Unless no direct sunlight comes into the river, the water temperature naturally is always below the surrounding air temperature, however the higher water temperature may be caused by the shallowness of

19

Turbidity

pH

Conductivity

Dissolved Oxygen

the river so the sun lights heats the bottom of the river and increase the water temperature. Higher temperature may increase the metabolism rate of aquatic organism in water. This parameter represent particulate matters or solids in water, in natural condition, the surface water may contains clay, silt, finely particles, divided organic and inorganic matter, soluble colored organic compounds, plankton and or microscopic organisms. An examination of turbidity is a reflection of suspended solids, dissolved solids, or Total dissolved solid. Monitoring of turbidity is very important in water treatment plant in order to know the right dosage of the application coagulant the treatment process of raw water. Local people tend to refuse the turbid water for their consumption unless the solids settled down in their water container. Though not quite the same, in standard of quality for designated of use, turbidity values is represented in physical properties of water in Total Suspended Solid Values A pH of pure water is 7, the environment where the water flows influence the pH. A pH of less than 7 is considered acid, while more than 7 is basic. In natural condition the pH of surface water is very much affected by geological properties of the area where the surface water is located and the presence of O2CO2 in the air. In natural condition aquatic animals can live in the pH of 5 to 9. If the pH of water bodies beyond that ranges, it may destroy of living organism in water. Study of pH shows of synergetic properties of toxic material to aquatic organism. A pH of less than 6 and greater than 8 are significantly more toxic to aquatic organism. The pH also affects the solubility of metal in water and this increase a lethal effect of metal in water. Conductivity in water is the ability of water to conduct electric current. Unlike in metal material, the conductivity is passed through the electron, in water the conductivity goes through in ionic form, this is caused by the dissolved salts in water. So conductivity values may show the impurities in water particularly the solid such as salts that can dissociate in water, such as chloride. With different methods of examination the conductivity values is represented in Dissolved Solids. Dissolved oxygen is very important to aquatic life. Dissolved oxygen present in water comes from the air, the natural pressure of air force the oxygen gets into the water. The algae photosynthesis produces oxygen in water during daylights. In moving water like in river the Dissolved concentration may exceed the normal percentage of dissolved oxygen in water due to the turbulence of water in reaching downstream.

20

Conductivity Seawater has 3.5% of chloride and this is equal to = 3.5/100 = 3.5gr/100gr = 35gr/1000gr = 35000mg/l chloride = = in the range of 50 000 S/cm

21

1mS/m = 0.01mS/cm=1000 S/cm

conversion from miliSiemens/m (mS/m) to microSiemens/Cm (S/cm) = 0.01 x 1000 = 10 or ten times All figure in Column 2 times 10 to get column 4 in S/cm

Table 3 Conversion of Conductivity in mS/m into mg/l of Total Dissolved Solids for Jeneberang river Basin
Conversion of 3 Conductivit y (S/cm) 4 260 290 250 270 120 280 190 110 120 130 90 150 140 110 90 50 50 50 70 80 50 Conversion of 5 TDS (TotalDissolved Solids) mg/l 6 169 188.5 162.5 175.5 78 182 123.5 71.5 78 84.5 58.5 97.5 91 71.5 58.5 32.5 32.5 32.5 45.5 52 32.5

Survey Sites 1 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 R1 M6 M7 M1 M4 M2 M3 M5 K1 P1 MP 1 M1 T k1 Ts1 Leng 1

Conduc (mS/m) 2 26 29 25 27 12 28 19 11 12 13 9 15 14 11 9 5 5 5 7 8 5

mS/m to S/cm X 10

S/cm to mg/l X 0.65

Comparing this figure to sea water with the concentration of Dissolved Solids 35.000mg/l the concentration of dissolved solids in the Jeneberang was in the range between 32.5 mg/l and 188.5 mg/l or less than 0.01%. It was very low, whereas the dissolved solids or conductivity in rain water generally up to 100mg/l. This indicates that quality of water was about or similar to rain water, it is low of dissolved solids, less chloride, carbonate, sulfate or mineral content in water. Table 3 Conversion of Conductivity in mS/m into mg/l of Total Dissolved Solids for Jenelata river Basin

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Surve y sites L1 L4 L3 L6 L5 L7 L2 L8

Conduc (mS/m) 14 10 11 10 7 8 14 13

Conversion of mS/m to S/cm X 10

Conduct (S/cm) 140 100 110 100 70 80 140 130

Conversion of S/cm to mg/l X 0.65

TDS (Total Dissolved Solids) mg/l 91 65 71.5 65 45.5 52 91 84.5

Similar situation occurs in Jenelata river basin the total dissolved solids were in the range of 45.5 mg/l to 91 mg/l, it is within the range of rain water. The quick impression from this survey showed that the source of surface water in this area is mostly from rainwater, or the river water has not much of eternal springs that keep to supply the river with a high flow of water Conclusion and recommendation 1. The result of survey by quick assessment of water quality checker for 5 parameters in the system of Jeneberang basin in November 2006 shows that. - Water quality in terms of Disssolved Oxygen, Temperature, and pH indicating of water in the normal natural condition - Since no alkalinity were measured during the survey, the pH stability of water can not be measured. - Low values of Total dissolved solids derived from the conductivity measurement shows that the Jeneberang as well as Jenelata river system have a low salts concentration, the quality of water was close to the rain water. This is indicating that the water quality in the basin have a short time of contact between water and the basin sediments. Or another way the supply of water to the river are much comes from the rain water rather than from the ground water. A very very low flow during the dry season compare to the wet seasons indicating that the supply from ground water so minimal these are due inability of upstream to hold water during the wet season - The low values of turbidity was very much caused by the low flow, so the the turbid get down of the water. - Unless no further examination of water quality during the wet season, no conclusion can be made from this short time of survey to show the general quality of water in the Jeneberang and Jenelata basin system. 2. A further examination of water quality covering several parameters are required during the wet and the dry season

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