EEE 309, Communication Theory

Study Guide on CT3: FM modulation, Sampling and Reconstruction

[Note: The study guide provides a general over view of the topics covered in the class. However, you must be prepared of any question that is not cited here but may be asked from the topics in dierent ways]

Direct method of FM generation and Verication of Carsons Formula

1. Explain the direct method of generating FM by using varactor and show that C 2f = C0 fc and it satises the assumption C/C0 2. Show that for Tone FM

1 required for generating FM

xFM (t) = Ac
n=

Jn () cos (c + nm ) t

and further verify the Carsons formula, i.e., show that the eective bandwidth of FM signal is given by BFM = 2( + 1)fm = 2(f + B) 3. Provide the expression of Jn () and draw it w.r.t. n and . What is the general trend of Jn ()? 4. Draw the typical spectrum of xFM (t) as obtained from the verication of Carsons formula.

Demdulation of FM signals
5. Explain the basic functionality of FM demodulator based on PLL by draw the equivalent block diagram of PLL and show that the loop lter output is given by e0 (t) kf m(t) c

Sampling and Reconstruction Sampling

6. State the Nyquist Sampling Theorem. 7. g(t) is a band-limited signal with bandwidth B Hz. It is sampled with an idle sampler Ts (t) = n= (t nTs ). The sampled output is g (t). Answer the following: (a) Draw g (t) for any arbitrary g(t). (b) Show that the spectra of g (t) is given by 1 G(f ) = Ts [Hint: g (t) = g(t)
n= (t n=

G(f nfs )
n= 1 Ts n= (

nTs ) G(f ) = G(f )

ns )]

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EEE 309, Communication Theory

(c) Draw G(f ) and using this prove the Nyquist sampling theorem. (d) According to sampling theorem how far apart the two sampling points can be? (e) Draw G(f ) for the following cases: i. Case I - Under Sampling ii. Case II - Nyquist Sampling iii. Case III - Over Sampling (f) Draw the above cases when g(t) = A cos(2fm t), a single tone sinusoid. (g) What is the problem with under sampling? (h) What is aliasing? When does aliasing occur? How can you nd out aliasing frequency when a signal having frequency fm is sampled at frequency fs where fs < fN , where fN implies Nyquist frequency. (i) What is the problem with Nyquist Sampling? Can you always reconstruct back the original signal with Nyquist rate even using ideal low-pass lter? Justify your answer. (j) What is the advantage of over sampling? 8. g(t) is sampled with periodic rectangular pulses with unit amplitude, Tp width and Ts period. The output of the sampler is given by g (t). Answer the following: (a) Draw g (t) for any arbitrary g(t). (b) Show that the Fourier spectra of g (t) is given by

G(f ) =
n=

Cn G(f nfs )

where Cn = (c) Draw G(f ).

1 Tp sin n n Ts

Tp Tp sinc n Ts Ts

(d) Is it possible to perfectly reconstruct g(t) from g (t)? Justify your answer.

Reconstruction
9. (a) Find the frequency response of the ideal LPF from the spectra of G(f ) that would perfectly reconstruct g(t) from g (t). (b) What is interpolation? Show that the use of ideal LPF lter manifests as sinc interpolation in time domain and at Nyquist rate given by

g(t) = g (t) h(t) =

k=

g(kTs )h(t kTs ) =

k=

g(kTs ) sin(2Bt k)

where h(t) = sin(2Bt) is the impulse response of the ideal LPF with bandwidth B Hz. (c) Draw g(t) showing shifted sinc pulses as interpolating functions.

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EEE 309, Communication Theory

Anti-Aliasing Filter
10. (a) Assume that g(t) is not band-limited. Draw the spectra G(f ) with fs = 2B Hz? (b) To avoid aliasing what you should do in this case? Draw the spectra G(f ) if you use an anti aliasing lter. Can you reconstruct g(t) from the sampled signal in this case? Justify your answer.

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