Chapter 2 SEWER SYSTEM 2.1 2.1.

1 SEWERS Design Requirement

The Department will approve plans for new systems, extensions to new areas or replacement sewers only when designed upon the separate system, in which rain water from roofs, streets and other areas, and groundwater from foundation drains are excluded. 2.1.2 Design Capacity

In general, sewer capacity should be designed for the estimated ultimate contributing population, except in consideration of parts of the systems that can be readily increased in capacity. A similar consideration should also be given to the maximum anticipated capacity of institutions, industrial parks etc. In determining the required capacity of sewers, the following factors should be considered:

Maximum hourly domestic sewage flow Additional maximum sewage or waste flow form industrial plants Topography of the area Location of the sewage treatment plant Depth of excavation Pumping requirements.

The basic of design for all sewer projects shall accompany the plan documents. More detailed computation may be required by the Department Design Sub-Committee for critical projects. 2.1.3

System Layout The layout take account of the following: Best use of available reservations should be made to ensure economy of design. Sewer depths should be sufficient to accommodate not only all existing properties but also any future properties likely to be erected within the area. In certain cases, the depth of basements may need to be borne in mind. Where main sewers are laid at considerable depths it may be more economic to lay shallow rider sewers to receive the local house connections and to connect the riders at a small number of convenient points into the main sewer. Consideration should be given to the likely form and method of construction as a consequence of depth and other factors such as nature of ground, groundwater and the proximity of foundations, services etc. Sewers should generally be kept as short as possible and unproductive lengths avoided.

Sewer gradients should be chosen to ensure velocities are high enough to prevent deposition of solid matter in the invert. TABLE NO.1 : DESIGN FLOWS Equivalent Population and Flows Daily Flow Litre / Head 180 225 275 275 275 70 350 50 100 Varies: to be advised 50 8 per m2 100

Development Type

Occupancy Rate

Low Cost Residential Medium Cost Residential High Cost Residential Large Villas / Palaces High Rise Educational *Hospital Commercial Mosques Wet Industry Dry Industry Army Camps

12-16 12-16 12-16 15-50 No. of flats x 5 No. of pupils + staff No. of beds + staff No. of staff Floor area in m2 N/A No. of staff No. of occupants

*No. of persons taken as twice the no. of beds

Where a scheme is to be developed in phases, consideration should be given to the likely flows following the initial stages of construction so that self cleaning velocities are attained at times of peak flow each day. The route and depth of a new sewer should take account of land where there is a possibility of future development. Steep gradients/high velocities should be avoided to reduce problems of turbulence and the consequent gas/odour release and increased corrosion potential. Adequate access provision for maintenance. Consideration should be given to such aspects as, - The position of other existing or proposed services - The proximity of existing buildings and their foundations - The nature of the road construction - The impact of the construction of the sewer and subsequent maintenance activities upon road users and the general public. When areas are being improved or redeveloped the possibility of replacing the existing sewerage system should be considered with a view to its relocation to a more suitable layout. Septicity development should be avoided as far as possible.

2.1.4

Site Features

Information on topography, below ground conditions, existing services, service reservations, future development etc should be collected. Ground investigation should be considered in the light of the knowledge of site conditions already gained and of the probable disposition and depths of excavation. The positions of all existing services should be ascertained as accurately as possible and physically checked by exploratory holes if considered necessary. Service reservations are prescribed by Town Planning Department. 2.1.5 Population / water usage statistics

Potable water consumption in not monitored and hence statistics are not available for assessment. In this region a large quantity of potable water is drawn from the distribution system and used for irrigation purposes both for private developments and by the Agricultural Section. 2.1.6 Trade Effluents

The discharge of trade effluents to a sewer is subject to conditions prescribed by the Department. Compliance with such conditions may require the discharge to be pretreated. 2.1.7 Hydraulic Design Equations

Design of sewers should be based on equations such as Manning, Colebrooke-White and Hazan Williams Pipe Roughness Factors

Manning Colebrook-White Hazen Williams Design Flows

- 0.013 - 0.6 - 140 for pipe diameters >500 135 for pipe diameters <500

2.1.8

Per capita flow Sewer systems shall be designed on the basis of details given in TABLE NO.1 Peak flow Sewers shall be designed on a peak flow basis using one of the following methods: - The ratio of peak to average daily flow as determined from FIGURE 1 - Value established from a study acceptable to the Design Sub-Committee - Use of other values for peak design flow if justified on the basis of extensive documentation. Other Criteria

2.1.9

Depth of flow: The design depth of flow should be 0.7 of the pipe diameter at peak flow. Minimum Pipe Diameter: No gravity sewer conveying raw sewage shall be less than 150 mm in diameter. Minimum and Maximum Velocity: The minimum velocity should be about 0.75 m/s at peak flow and in general the maximum mean velocity should not exceed 2 m/s at the design depth of flow. Minimum Gradient: 150mm diameter : 0.75% 200mm diameter : 0.30% The Operating Division shall be notified of those locations where gradients are less than those associated with minimum velocity. Maximum Depth to Invert: Nominally 10m Minimum Cover: Without protection With protection Under existing services : 1.2m (depth to top of pipe) : 0.5m (depth to top of protection) : 0.3m (minimum distance between)

Protection: Concrete bed and surround Bunds can be used in ground to be raised if initial cover is 1.0 1.5m When at shallow depth beneath highway then design check to be carried out. 2.1.10 Structural Design Soil Loading: Use the Marston Formulae Superimposed Loading: Use highway design standards as appropriate. Bedding Factors (or load factors): Refer to standard drawings nos. SPD/SD/006 and 007 Pipe Strength: National standards specify strengths for diameters and class of rigid pipe. For flexible pipe use the Spangler equation. The initial pipe stiffness should be used for calculating the initial pipe deflection expected after backfilling. For long term deflection, the pipe stiffness taken as o.4 x initial pipe stiffness for GRP pipes and 0.2 x initial pipe stiffness for uPVC pipes. 2.1.11 Manholes Location: At changes of slope in pipeline At changes of direction At junctions including property connections At changes of pipe diameter At termination of sewers At any designated special locations Spacing: Diameter Range 150 mm 200 500 mm 600- 1000 mm Spacing up to 60m up to 100m up to 120m

A greater spacing of 120m or more may be used for larger sewers. Tolerance: +10 or 15 metres subject to approval from the Department. Types: Refer to standard drawings nos SPD/SD/015 to 019 inclusive and SPD/SD/024 to 026 inclusive. Use of manholes is preferred on 200mm dia. Pipes if depth is less than 2.0 metres. Manholes Cover Levels: Paved areas : Cover level = final paved level Landscape areas : Cover level = final ground level + 0.1m Open, unpaved area : Cover level = final ground level + 0.25m

Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1. 1.1.1. GENERAL Scope

This Manual presents guidelines for the design of projects executed by the Sewerage Projects Committee. It does not include design theories and methods of calculation but provides local practices and criteria to be adopted. Where any deviation from these criteria is considered necessary by the designer, the Department shall be consulted and their approval obtained. 1.1.2 Contents and Arrangements

The Manual is divided into chapters as follows:

Introduction Sewer Systems Sewage Pumping Stations Sewage Treatment Treated Effluent Transfer & Distribution Storm water Drainage General Activities Standard Drawings Related Documents

1.1.3

The companion documents to this Manual are: Conditions of Engagement for Consulting Services Manual of Project Procedures Construction Specification Manual 1.2.1 Planning Horizons

In general, design shall provide the following life expectancies: Pipelines : 50 - 60 years Structures : 25 - 30 years Mechanical/ electrical : 10 15 years Instrumentation : 3- 5 years 1.2.2. Materials

Materials shall be chosen which result in the least maintenance and are not prone to decay by weathering or corrosion causing structural deterioration, leakage and infiltration. National Standards and Codes of Practice shall be followed, together with advice contained in reports from recognized organizations.

1.3.3

Safety in Design

The designer must be mindful of all his responsibilities in the design and detailing of a project. 1.3.4 Use of Computers

Computer design packages shall be used wherever possible. Manhole Covers:

Rectangular Circular

: 600mm x 750mm : 750mm diameter

Drop Manhole or Backdrop Connection: Use to be limited to unavoidable situations Minimum drop for 150mm dia. Pipe is 0.7m See standard drawing no SPD/SD/027 2.2 2.2.1 PROPERTY CONNECTIONS Limit of Works

Works within property lines: Refer to Developers Guide to Building Drainage issued by Drainage Networks Division. Future Connection Provision:

A chamber to be constructed in the approved reserve at the boundary of each known plot such that a connection can be made at any time in the future. Approval is required from the Department for each Contract. Also, stub pipes to be incorporated in selected manholes to facilitate system extension and property connection of possible future development. Pipework

2.2.2

General Arrangement: Each plot to drain separately to an inspection chamber outside boundary. Minimum Diameter: 150 mm 100 mm pipes may be used if necessitated by existing drainage. Gradient (%): Minimum Maximum : 0.75 : 10

Minimum Cover: Without protection : 1.2m (depth to top of pipe) With protection : 0.5m (depth to top of protection) Under existing services : 0.3m (minimum clearance between services) If plot internal system requires, then minimum cover with protection can be reduced to 0.3m.

2.2.3

Chambers

Classification: Refer to standard drawings nos SPD/SD/013 and 014 and SPD/SD/024 to 026 inclusive Non standard chambers may be required to accommodate the arrangement and number of outlets from the property internal drainage layout. Also in restricted areas where plan area/depth requirements not available and with Operating Division approval. Spacing: Spacing of collection chambers and inspection chambers should be between 20 and 50 meters. Chamber Cover Levels: Paved areas Landscaped areas Open and unpaved areas Chamber Covers: Except for chambers less than 0.75m deep then use: Rectangular : 600mm x 750mm Circular : 750mm diameter Venting: Should be provided at head chamber of every branch if not already installed within the property and should extend to one metre above roof of building. 2.2.4. Sand Traps : Cover level = final paved level : Cover level = final ground level + 0.1m : Cover level = final ground level + 0.25m

Sand traps should be installed on property connections where required and approved by the Department. Refer to standard drawing no. SPD/SD/031 for typical arrangement. Location: The trap should be installed on property connections where required and approved by the Department. Refer to standard drawing no SPD/SD/031 for typical arrangement. Location: The map should be installed at the upstream end of the property connection and upstream of the grit separator or petrol interceptor. It should be located to afford adequate access for maintenance and emptying. Capacity: As per German Standard DIN 1999 Part 2, provide recommended minimum capacities for flows up to 6 l/s as follows. Flow (l/s) Internal Dimensions (LXB) mm Minimum Capacity (l) 2 1000x800 520 3 1400x800 840 4 1750x1000 1400 5 2000x1000 1800 6 2500x1000 2500

Also the minimum capacity for car wash plants should be 5000 litres even when the rate of flow is under 6 l/s.

These capacities assume an emptying schedule which ensures that only half the trap capacity has been utilized and a maximum interval of six months. For a more frequent emptying schedule of say once per month, the following guidelines can be used: For every l/s wastewater throguhflow, a multiple of 100 litres of trap capacity shall be provided for an anticipated small accumulation of sediment. For every l/s wastewater throughflow, a multiple of 200 litres of trap capacity shall be provided for an anticipated normal accumulation of sediment. For every l/s wastewater throughflow, a multiple of 300 litres of trap capacity shall be provided for an anticipated large accumulation of sediment. 2.2.5 Grease Separators

Property connections to such premises as catering establishments, butchers and meat factories, fish processing establishments and some aspects of slaughter houses first require the elimination of grease. The wasterwater should be taken to grease separator prior to connection to the sewer. Refer to standard drawing no SPD/SD/032 for typical arrangement. Location: Grease separators should be provided as closely as possible to the outlet from the premises and wherever possible in the open and away from traffic but readily accessible for cleaning. Arrangement: Provision of the following is emphasized: Adequate ventilation Odour seals to upstream outlets like flow drains and to the separator outlet Secure covers Adequate access to all parts requiring maintenance including the inlet and outlet pipes. A minimum gradient of 1 in 50 on the inlet pipe. Capacity: provide, according to German Standard DIN 4040, a period of stay of wastewater in the separation compartment as follows: 3 mins minimum for 2 to 9 l/s throughflow 4 mins minimum for 10 to 19 l/s throughflow 5 mins minimum for 20 l/s and over throughflow For example a catering establishment serving 400 hot means per day will discharge a peak flow of around 4 l/s. A further 0.25 l/s should be added for every additional 100 heads. Also consider the following: Compartment water surface should be 0.25m2 per l/s inflow Ratio of width and length should be 1:1.8 2.2.6 Petrol / Oil Interceptors

Petrol interceptors should be provided on the outlets from vehicle washing bays, maintenance areas and the like prior to connection to the sewer. Refer to standard drawings nos SPD/SD/033 and 034 for typical arrangements.

Location: Interceptors must be installed as closely as possible to the point of wastewater source. Adequate access is essential so that the removal of its contents can be conveniently and effectively carried out. Interceptors should not be installed in closed premises. Arrangement: Provision of the following shall be taken into consideration. Adequate ventilation Odour seals at inlet and outlet Secure, non inflammable covers Uniform flow through the separation compartment Note: Domestic wastewater may not be taken to the interceptor Pumping installations must be located after the separation of the petrol / oil Collection chambers are normally provided into which the separated petrol/ oil is drawn off. This enables further separation in a non-agitated environment. Capacity: Comply with the following recommendations. For vehicle washing facilities allow 2 l/s per wash line Size of separator should be based on double the wastewater flow For light liquids retention time should be a minimum of 3 minutes up to a design flow of 20 l/s. For higher flows an additional minute can be added per 10 l/s increase. For vehicle maintenance bays where heavier liquids can be expected the retention time should be increased to 6 or even 9 minutes. Width to length ratio should be 1:1.8 Specialist input should be sought for the provision of a purpose designed interceptor for wastewater from commercial or industrial manufacturing processes.

3.1 3.1.1

GENERAL Location of Pumping Stations

The pumping station shall be readily accessible by maintenance vehicles during all weather conditions. The facility should be located off the trafficway of streets alleys. Pumping station's structures and electrical and mechanical equipment shall be protected from physical damage and fully operational and accessible during the twenty -five (25) year flood. 3.1.2 Selection of Equipment

Commercially standard available pumps should be chosen and should be capable of impeller adjustment to modify output. Pump type, size and numbers shall be selected to achieve the desire maximum and minimum pumping rates and so accommodate the variations in rates of discharge from the station. Pumping stations serving only a small tributary area shall a minimum of two identical units, either one capable of handling the design flow. In large stations the number of duty pump and standby units should be chosen appropriate to the strategic importance of the station. The possible consequences of pump failure at a time of peak incoming flow or with one pumpset undergoing maintenance at such a time should be considered. 3.1.3 Determination of Flow Rates

In pump selection the following flow rates shall be considered: the design peak flow the initial and design average flow the initial minimum flow The pumps shall be capable of handling the design peak flow. The initial and design average flow rates shall be considered for efficient operation of the equipment whereas the initial minimum flow rates shall be considered in sizing the force main so that the solids at low velocity may not plug the main. The initial minimum flows to be pumped may be approximated by using the multipliers in the following table: average flow 1/s: 50 500 2500 5000 min. flow factor: 0.25 0.35 0.45 0.50 3.1.4 Electrical Equipment Electrical equipment located in the wet well shall be suitable for use under corrosive conditions. A fused disconnecting switch located above ground shall be provided for all pumping stations. When such equipment is exposed to weather, it shall meet the requirements of weather equipment (NEMA IP65 or approved equal).

3.1.5 Environmental Aspects Pumping stations are conspicuous by their function and every effort should be made to disguise them and reduce to a minimum their environmental impact. Architectural and layout design and material should be chosen for access roads, boundary walls, building superstructures and landscaping to ensure that the general appearance of the above ground structures blend in "naturally" with the neighboring arrangements. Odour control is of primary importance to ensure that such nuisance does not arise. 3.1.6 Arrangement Considerations

The following should be incorporated so that the pumping station installation facilities operations and maintenance work: the provisions of facilities and standards of equipment that are considered suitable and acceptable to the Abu Dhabi environment and are necessary in the types of pumping stations adopted. the provision of all necessary health, safety and welfare features appropriate to the numbers of personnel and the frequency of visits to the station. where applicable duplication of incoming sewers, inlet pumps, valves, penstocks, control panels, pumps and incoming power supplies. pump operation should be automatically controlled using a wet well level sensing system which sequences pump operation with the rise and fall of the water surface. consideration of planned capacity in relation to development phasing.

appropriate wet well and sewer inlet design to minimize turbulence and air entrainment and so reduce odour emission corrosive potential of the atmosphere and possible pump cavitations. For large stations model tests should be considered. the wet well volume between high level and low level and the number of pumps should be such the pumps will not be cycled more often than recommended by the manufacturer and that the retention time of the sewage will be as short as possible. the lower part of wet well or pump should be shaped to suit the pump suctions and to prevent deposition of grit and sewage solids. well arranged all flanged pipework including proper support and anchorage, drainage facilities for emptying isolated pumps and pipework, cross connections and valves to enable suction lines to be back flushed, flexible and dismantling couplings and station bypass connection. liberal dimensional tolerance in level and location for all installed items so the they can be conveniently fitted together and fixed to the structure. good access facilities and working space to and around all equipment.

 adequate access openings for the introduction and removal of all operational and safety items.

adequate ventilation to all areas to be accessed. exhausted gases fro the wet well should be deodorized before discharge to the atmosphere. provision of proper lighting and electrical power points for portable lights and tools. hosing facilities for cleaning. floor drainage in the pump well and valve chambers. provisions for emptying the wet well and the activated carbon vessels. good access to site for vehicles and plant for maintenance and emergency considerations. provisions of irrigation connection to wet well for flushing.

3.2 DESIGN 3.2.1 Site Investigation

Should be carried out to establish: 3.2.2 topographical features subsoil conditions and physical properties of the soil to a depth of at least 1.5 x depth to station foundation. safe allowable bearing capacity of formation nature of groundwater and its normal level historical and predicted maximum flood level Substructure Configuration

unless specific or special circumstances prevail the arrangement is circular or rectangular for submersible type stations and rectangular for wet/dry well stations. See standard drawings nos SPD/SD/035, 037 & 038. in all cases the ground floor slab level should be 30,, above predicted maximum flood level. the dry well should be adequately dimensioned to accommodate pumps, pipework, access facilities and ventilation ducting. A clear space between each pump or plinth of 1 metre minimum should be achieved. the wet well should be designed minimize retention time and ensure 'still' ares cannot develop which can lead to deposition and accumulation of solids.

pump start/stop levels should be spaced to suit a pumping regime which produces the best compromise between stop/starts and "continuous" flow. The minimum live volume in the sump per pump is: V = 0.25 QT Where Q is the pump capacity T is the minimum on/off cycle time offered by the pump manufacturer.

for an installation with several identical duty pumps, the start and stop levels of all the pumps differ by a constant value determined by the characteristics of the control system. The difference in levels should be large enough to eliminate accidental pump starts and normally in the range 200-300mm. the inlet arrangement shall minimize turbulence and hence emission of gases. side slopes to wet well benching should be a minimum of 40-45

3.2.3

General Requirements

Three categories or pumping station types have been identified which are related to design flow: Type 1 - design flow up to 100 1/s (submersible type can be used). Type 2 - design flow up to 300 1/s. Type 3 - design flow greater than 300 1/s. For each category the following factors should be considered at-design stage: A. B. C. D. E. F. G. Design parameters Wet well arrangement Dry well arrangement Superstructure External Works Ancillaries Instrumentation Pumping Station Type No. Item 1 Design flow Up to 100 1/s 2 Design flow Up to 300 1/s 3 Design flow >300 1/s

A. DESIGN PARAMETERS 1 No. of duty pumps No. of standby pumps Service Rating Type of Impeller Solids handling capacity Running hours per day/pump Pipework velocity at: - Maximum flow - Maximum flow Maximum velocity through valves Maximum speed rpm 1 1 2 1 3 1

2 3 4 5 6 7 8

No. of pumps depends on flow regime favoured 25 years design life Mixed flow 100mm 8 -10 hrs 2.5 m/s 1.0 m/s 2.5 m/s 1500 (for small pumps up to 51/s, 3000 rpm okay)

Pumping Station Type No. Item

1 Design flow Up to 100 1/s

2 Design flow Up to 300 1/s

3 Design flow >300 1/s

B. WET WELL ARRANGEMENT 1 2 3 No. of Wells No. of Inlets Inlet Control Screens 1 1 2 1 3 1

4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Penstock Motorized or Manual To be used only where required when possibility of large size material is anticipated Raked Raked Manual Either Manual or Motorized Auto Automatic Macerators Submersible type and used as an alternative to screens Inlet Baffle To be considered Benching Shaped to suit pump suctions and to prevent deposition of solids Access Temporary access Landings, handrailing and ladders used provided only if directed by the Department. Deodorizers Activated carbon or chemical scrubbing units depending on H2S concentration anticipated Internal finish Protective liners or coating Lifting Equipment Portable davit or Provided in stations as overhead crane as fixed frame fixed installation C. DRY WELL ARRANGEMENT No. of pumps and 1 duty/1 1d/1s 2d/1s At least 1 metre clear access around pump arrangement standby Station Pipework Protection coatings internally and externally Suction Line Control N/A Isolation valves required Delivery Line Isolation valves required. Throttling valves not recommended. Control All valves manual unless size requires motorization Station Bypass Provision to be considered for each installation Sump Pump Not applicable Duty/standby provided to prevent Provision flooding. Discharge to wet well. Access Not required Stairs with hand railing to pump/motor location Internal finishes Protective liner or Floors and walls to be tiled. Pump coating plinths and any concrete soffits painted. Lifting Equipment Portable davit Fixed permanent motorized lifting equipment

Pumping Station Type No. Item

1 Design flow Up to 100 1/s

2 Design flow Up to 300 1/s

3 Design flow >300 1/s

D. SUPERSTRUCTURE 1 2 Wet Well (no superstructure) Wet Well (with superstructure) Dry Well (no superstructure) RC cover slab with protective coating to underside. Openings with covers and sealing plates sized located to suit access needs. N/A N/A On large stations Construction integral with pump well. Separate air conditioned building for elect/control N/A N/A equipment or, if insufficient space, kiosk on top of cover slab RC columns and ground/roof slabs with blockwork walls. Painted internally with tiles to walls and floor. Paint finish N/A externally with minimal decoration. Air conditioning provided to control room. Sand trap louvers and roof ventilation for motor room. E. EXTERNAL WORKS 1 2 3 4 5 6 Minimum of area land required Delineation of boundary Access Landscaping Services Watchman Facilities 100m 400m 900m

Dry Well (with superstructure)

Preferably walls with pedestrian and vehicular access for operation and maintenance At least 6m wideturning circle, hardstanding for vehicles preferably with loading bay Department's instruction to be obtained Not required Telephone lines for Outstanding/telemetry and hand set. Water supply for mess room and possible irrigation Toilet facilities required plus mess room fully equipped on larger stations.

Pumping Station Type No. Item

1 Design flow Up to 100 1/s

2 Design flow Up to 300 1/s

3 Design flow >300 1/s

F. ANCILLARIES 1 2 Small Power & Lighting Provisions Fire Protection & Detection (Detectors, alarms, portable, hose reel system, electrical protection) Earthing System Standby Generator (Location, protection) Welfare Facilities WED supply Transformer requirements Vehicular access for sump - to clean sand debris Ventilation equipment for personnel and auxiliary cooling Air conditioning Surge protection and auxiliary equipment Wet Well Water Level Sensor Wet Well H2S Level Sensor SCADA equipment Pumping Monitoring Flow Monitoring Valve Status Indication Full internal and external site lighting. All stairways, landings provided with emergency DC lighting. Fire detection and alarm Fire detection, and alarm and optional firefighting Fire detection, alarm and fire fighting system

3 4 5 6 7 8

All PS rely on earth rods Recommendation is to use neutral as a "P.M.E" system Always provide socket for portable generator but on larger stations should be provided. To be provided N/A N/A Possible space requirement Always required to access sump

9 10

Provide minimum air change capacity of: Portable only 15 per hour during maintenance 5 per hour at other times Air conditioning of Control Panel rooms only Sometimes not Always provided required G. INSTRUMENTATION Choice of air reaction, electrode, ultrasonic, pressure sensors and magnetic switches. Sump level depth measurement recording optional Practice recommended Provide data transmission through Etisalat lines compatible with existing system Hrs run only Larger motor units will be fitted with temperature monitors for alarm and protection circuits Electromagnetic flowmeters to provide integrated flow None If motorized valves then valve status indication provided.

1 2 3 4 5 6

3.3 PUMPING/FORCE MAINS 3.3.1 Hydraulic Designs:

Design Basis: equations such as Manning, Colebrook-White and Hazen Williams should be used. Pipe Roughness Factor: Manning Colebrook-White Hazen Williams 0.0075 0.06mm -140 for pipe diameters >500 135 for pipe diameters <500

Energy Losses: given as equivalent pipe length i.e. factor x pipe diameter as follows: Item Factor Item Factor Non-Return Valve Gate Valve Butterfly Valve Radial Tee Tee Piece Taper (15- 60angle) Bellmouth exit Minimum Velocity: 1.0 m/sec Maximum Velocity: 2.5 m/sec Minimum Gradient: none Maximum Pipe Diameter: 100 mm Maximum Bend 90 9radius to suit deflection measurement requirements) Note: sharp bend to be avoided as much as possible Surge Protection: maximum Negative Pressure : Specified as 1.0m water head means of Control Air Valves : }Means adopted generally depends on dimension of control required. Regulating Valves : }Preferred method is regulating vessel(s). The use of controlled valve }closure only as a last option. Air valves along the main not to be Regulating Vessel :}included in surge analysis Pump Flywheel :}Pump flywheel not suitable for submersible type pumps Surge: pressure and velocity changes can be related by the Joukowskey or an equivalent equation 45 7 45 22 54 22 9 Bend - 22 Bend - 45 Bend - 90 Bend - 22 Bend - 45 Bend - 90 } } r=d } } } r =7d } 7 14 34 5 9 18

3.3.2

Other Features

Minimum Cover: without protection 1.2m (depth to top of pipe) with protection 0.5m (depth to top of protection) Pipe Bedding: refer to standard drawings nos SPD/SD/006 and 007 Pipeline Protection: use of concrete slab whre required Thrust Blocks: see standard drawings no SPD/SD/010 check manufacturer's recommendations for maximum bend without restraint. wherever possible blocks should take the form of a cradle wedged against the undisturbed trench side design based on the safe bearing pressure of the ground. pilling may be required to achieve support from the ground at depth (subject to results of soils investigation). arrangement should not impede flexibility or expansion. check for friction (fos 1.5), sliding (fos 2.0), overturning (fos 2.0) and bearing capacity. Washouts: at all low pints along pumping main se standard drawing no SPD/SD/023 Air Valves: at all high points along pumping main. Also, at selected locations to suit isolation and emptying of main including in vicinity of pumping station so that station pipework can be dismantled without emptying the whole main. (maximum spacing in the order of 1000m) see standard drawing no SPD/SD/022 Provision of Access: cleaning chamber at start of main in vicinity of pumping station for all diameters and on 100mm and 150mm diameter mains chambers to be provided at 200 metre spacing. Discharge Chamber: should be so arranged to avoid turbulence or splashing. Vertical drop pipes should be avoided and the end of the pumping main should always be full. Surfaces of structure should be protected against corrosion. see standard drawing no SPD/SD/020 Twin Mains: to accommodate short term/long term requirements of pumping arrangement. Duplication could be limited to critical lengths if restraints applied. Also used where pump characteristics do not lend themselves to combined working through a single main. space between must ensure no interaction Cross Over Chambers: at selected locations for isolation and emptying and hence dependent on individual configuration.

Chapter 6 STORMWATER DRAINAGE 6.1 6.1.1 GENERAL Overall System Planning

Stormwater drainage must be considered in the context of an overall drainage plan. Drainage of each site should be considered for the effect it may have on the overall drainage area. Watershed lines should be identified to establish the drainage basin. Stormwater collection can then be developed for sub areas to suit outfall locations and topography and to offer a cost effective solution. The approach should reduce drain lengths and hence depths which is especially important when considering an outfall adjacent to the sea. System planning should endeavor to achieve a fully gravitational arrangement whenever possible. Town Planning Development plans indicate the land use within the drainage area. These plans identify principal roads, access and services roads, parking facilities and footpaths, residential, industrial and recreational areas and landscape/park areas, This information should be used to assign system performance and runoff factors. Services reservations are allocated by town Planning Department and best use of these should be made to ensure optimum design. Conflict with other services is always a potential problem and should be considered and clarified at the earliest. 6.1.2 System Performance Requirements

The performance required is dependent on the importance of the catchment area and the possible consequences of it flooding. Areas under consideration should be classified into one of the following priority groups to establish the level of service to be provided. Priority 1 2 3 4 5 Catchment Type Major roads, freeways, arterials and underpasses Business sector, minor and service roads Residential sector roads Industrial sector roads Open areas, parks and areas of infrequent use and not subject to building flooding.

In the case where the route of a drain travels through areas of differing priority, the criterion applied to the upstream area of higher importance should be carried through the downstream area of lower importance.

6.2 6.2.1

RAINFALL & RUNOFF Storm Profiles

In the Gulf Region, storms are historically intense, of short duration and very infrequent. Average annual rainfall in the Abu Dhabi area is generally less than 100mm and occurs on but a few days during the year between the month of October and April. Analysis of available rainfall records has produced the graphs nos. 1 and 2 for storm frequencies of 1 in 1 year to 1 100 years. 6.2.2 Storm Return Period

The approach to stormwater drainage design should achieve a sensible balance between cost and acceptable level of performance. For the most part of the year, the Abu Dhabi area has no rainfall and it would be uneconomic to provide a system with a long return period except in very specific locations. In Abu Dhabi, storm drainage and foul sewerage are provided as separate systems. The consequences of flooding in the stormwater drainage system due to the design storm being exceeded is less of a health hazard than in a combined system. In addition, the mode and amount of rainfall allows ample time for draining away the surface water. With these prevailing conditions, it is generally considered acceptable to tolerate some temporary ponding or surface storage of rainfall. It must also be remembered that stormwater drainage system have inherent storage capacities. Actual surface flooding will probably occur at a much lower frequency (between 1 in 3 and 1 in 5 years) depending upon the amount of surcharge that the system can tolerate. A system may flow surcharged without surface flooding. A in 2 year return period should be chosen for design as standard with a 1 in 5 or 10 year storm being used for critical areas.

6.3

DESIGN

Design parameters are as follows: General: The design procedure adopted is dependent on the system outlet condition and whether or not it is submerged. For system with a free outlets, the design proceeds using the Rational Method with pipe sizes chosen to match the design peak flow, commencing with the most upstream length on the longest line. Where the outlet is submerged normally when outfalling to the sea, much of the system will be below high tide level and thus will remain full of water most of the time. In such cases, pipes are sized using a backwater hydraulic grade line computation commencing at the most down stream section and using the design flows calculated by the Rational Method. Total friction loss for the main pipeline must not exceed available head difference between street level on the most upstream end and design elevation on outlet. Moreover losses at manholes and junctions must also be included. Both methods involve reiterative computation to determine the optimum pipe sizes and it is preferable to carry out detailed design by computer to enable the designer to examine system performance and be assured of its suitability. Storm return period:

1 in 2 year generally 1 in 5 to 10 years if area considered particularly sensitive or prone to flooding. However, if a higher level of performance is considered necessary then this shall be discussed and approved by the Department. Storm duration: Priority 1 2 3 4 5 Catchment Type Major roads, freeways, arterials and underpasses Business sector, minor and service roads Residential sector roads Industrial sector roads Open areas, parks and areas of infrequent use and not subject to building flooding Duration equal to Time of concentration 1.5 x Time of concentration 3.0 x Time of concentration 6.0 x Time of concentration 12.0 x Time of concentration

Rainfall intensity: use graphs nos 1 and 2 Runoff Coefficients paved areas unpaved areas walled plots 0.9 0.25 0.2

In low density residential areas it is common practice for individual properties to have boundary walls which effectively contain the runoff within the property and delay/reduce potential runoff onto the roads and into the drainage system. Ignoring the effect of these boundary walls would lead to unrealistically high flows and uneconomic design. Time of entry 5 minutes Hydraulic Design basis : Colebrook - White, Manning or Hazen Williams Formula roughness : 0.06, 0.013, 135/140 respectively min. velocity : 0.75m/s desirable but dependent on system planning Minimum Pipe Diameter: Pipes should be sized to take the design flow but with a minimum diameter of 300mm. Oversizing in the upper reaches of the system should be avoided as greater flows would be passed more quickly when the design storm frequency is exceeded. This could cause flooding in the lower reaches of the system at an earlier stage. Minimum Gradient: Min. gradient : 0.04 % desirable but dependent on system planning

Collection of runoff: By kerb inlet - catch basins at 20 metre to 50 metre spacing dependent on road grading and system performance requirements.

6.3 6.3.1

OTHER CONSIDERATIONS Flow Attenuation

The design philosophy already incorporate an overall attenuation of flow and provides for some surface ponding. However, further localisted control and balancing of flows should be examined. It could prove cost effective to store flows from upstream areas and hence reduce the required carrying capacity of the down stream system. Oversized trunk sewers or controlled surface ponding in paved areas are most suitable for urban areas where land is at a premium. In some locations where ground conditions allow, overflow to soakaways could provide a practicable solutions. 6.3.2 Collection

Wind blown sand is a particular feature of the Abu Dhabi region causing sand to accumulate against road kerbs. Special measures need to be taken to prevent the passage of sand into the system to minimize maintenance requirements. The preferred method of collection of stormwater runoff is by kerb inlet - catch basin structures. The clearance rate should correspond to the level of service required for the catchment area with kerb inlets spaced to suit. Catch basins should be provided at each kerb inlet and at bends in the collector drains. 6.3.3 Soakaways

Soakaway arrangements should be flexible to suit the requirements of the location layout. Various combinations of chamber/pit and trench or mattress should be examined. The mattress type has particular suitability where GWT is high. A site investigation should be carried out to determine the soil gradation, structure and density and hence infiltration rate. Consideration should be given to the sinking of cased boreholes to sub strata aquifers to enhance the outflow rate.

6.3.4

Groundwater Control

Consideration should be given to installing groundwater collection systems at the same time as the stormwater system. French drains comprising porous pipes and granular material wrapped in geotextile are the preferred arrangement. These can be constructed within the stormwater drain trench and connected to it at suitable locations. The drawdown required is normally in the 1.5m to 2.0m range.. Rates of flow from groundwater systems relatively low compared to stormwater design flows. It is not considered to include an allowance for groundwater flows in the stormwater drainage system. 6.3.5 Materials

The relative merits of the various pipe materials normally used (PVC-U, GRP, AC, RE and VC) should be compared with respect to suitability and cost before specifying. 6.3.6 Lifting Stations

The provision of low lift pump stations should be considered so that the drainage system can be emptied for maintenance and to keep flow moving through the system in conjunction with groundwater lowering. A submersible type station with a suitable capacity should be designed as necessary.

Chapter 7 GENERAL ACTIVITIES

7.1 7.1.2

STRUCTURAL DESIGN General

Structural design calculations shall be submitted to the municipal Engineer's Department of Abu Dhabi Municipality for approval. Design should be generally in accordance with their publication 'Building Regulations & Recommendations for Structural Design & Concrete Practices'. The structural design submission shall include a separate design information sheet which contains the following: 7.1.2 code of practice adopted for design imposed loadings clear cover to main reinforcement concrete properties protective methods used for concrete reinforcement properties and coating safe allowable bearing capacity of soil (soil report to be attached) pile foundation arrangement where appropriate types of structures dewatering requirements concrete curing methods formwork removal notes Concrete Structures

Calculations should satisfy the requirements of ACI 318-63 or ACI318-83, BS 8007 or BS 8110 or any equivalent and acceptable international code of practice. For serviceability limit state the following apply: partial safety factor for all loads is 1 factor of safety against flotation is 1.1 design crack width is 0.2mm liquid level to the working TWL allowable steel stress in direct or flexual tension is 130 N/mm For ultimate limit state the following apply: partial safety factor for each and water pressure is 1.4

allowable anchorage bond stress is 1.6 N/mm and 2 N/mm compression maximum sheer stress is 4.75 N/mm Other principal factors are:characteristic strength of concrete is 40 N/mm yield strength of steel is 460 N/mm for high yield defined bars minimum reinforcement is 0.35% of the cross section in each direction and in both faces maximum bar spacing is 300mmor the thickness of the section 7.1.3 Steel Structures

In general the design of structural steelwork shall be in accordance with AISC - Manual of Steel Construction, BS 449 or BS 5950 or other equivalent and acceptable international standard. Both the working stress and the ultimate stress methods of calculation are acceptable but it should be in accordance with the recognized standard. Steel should be A36 to ASTM & AISC and grade 43 to BS. Consideration must given to fire and corrosion protection and appropriate methods applied.

7.2 7.2.1

DESIGN PRESENTATION Calculations and Backup

All calculations are to be presented on standard A4 size calculation sheets. All information contained on the sheets is to be printed and the title blocks are to be filled in completely. All pages are to be numbered and sketches used as required to clarify the calculations. All assumptions, references, units and calculations are to be clearly stated. The original of all calculations are to be indexed and bound for submittal. 7.2.2 Drawing Size and Format

Standardized drawing format shall be used for all design projects. All contract drawings will be prepared using A1 size sheets. All drawings are to be signed by a professional engineer and two initial of the draughter, designer and checker must be included as appropriate in the title block All design dimensions shall be expressed in metric units only. 7.2.3 Drawing Content

Drawings should generally be presented in the following arrangement: cover sheet index of drawings location plan project drawings standard drawings Drawings should be drawn at a scale that will show all information clearly Existing utilities are to be indicated on plans and profiles only where they clash with the proposed works. The size and material should also be given. All notes are to be numbered and general notes shall be formatted similarly. A standard north arrow shall be included on each plan. 7.2.4 Design Quality Control

The consultant has total responsibility for he accuracy and completeness of the plans, calculations and related documents as required under the scope of work. Prior to final design submittal, the Consultant is expected to perform an internal quality control review carried out by engineers experienced in the appropriate disciplines to ensure a product of

neat appearance , technically and grammatically correct and checked and signed by the draughter, designer and checker where appropriate. 7.2.5 Value Engineering Examination of the various projects elements for the purpose of identifying cost savings should be performed subsequent to the preliminary design review. If a significant savings or advantage is recognized, a report should be submitted to the Department in sufficient detail to determine the course of action.