Aashto r46 - Sma

Standard Practice for
Designing Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA)

AASHTO Designation: R 46-08
1.
1.1.
SCOPE
This standard practice covers the design of Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA) using the Superpave Gyratory Compactor (SGC). The SMA design is based on the volumetric properties of the SMA in terms of air voids (Va), voids in the mineral aggregate (VMA), and the presence of stone-onstone contact. The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The U.S. Customary units in parentheses are for information only. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.2.
1.3.
2.
2.1.
REFERENCED DOCUMENTS
AASHTO Standards: M 325, Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA) R 30, Mixture Conditioning of Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) T 19M/T 19, Bulk Density (Unit Weight) and Voids in Aggregate T 27, Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse Aggregates T 85, Specific Gravity and Absorption of Coarse Aggregate T 166, Bulk Specific Gravity of Compacted Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) Using Saturated Surface-Dry Specimens T 209, Theoretical Maximum Specific Gravity and Density of Hot Mix Asphalt Paving Mixtures T 283, Resistance of Compacted Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) to Moisture-Induced Damage T 305, Determination of Draindown Characteristics in Uncompacted Asphalt Mixtures T 312, Preparing and Determining the Density of Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) Specimens by Means of the Superpave Gyratory Compactor Asphalt Institute Publication: MS-2, Mix Design Methods for Asphalt Concrete and Other Hot-Mix Types
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2.2.
TS-2d
Copyright American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials Provided by IHS under license with AASHTO No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
R 46-1
Licensee=PennDOT/5958818001 Not for Resale, 08/21/2008 06:41:42 MDT
AASHTO
3.
3.1. 3.2.
TERMINOLOGY
Definitions: stone matrix asphalt (SMA)a hot mix asphalt (HMA) consisting of two parts, a coarse aggregate skeleton and a rich asphalt binder mortar. The mixture must have an aggregate skeleton with coarse aggregate-on-coarse aggregate contact (generally referred to as stone-on-stone contact). The coarse aggregate is generally considered to be that fraction of the aggregate retained on the 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve but may be designated as other sizes. air voids (Va)the total volume of the small pockets of air between the coated aggregate particles throughout a compacted paving mixture, expressed as a percent of the bulk volume of the compacted paving mixture (Note 1). Note 1Term defined in the Asphalt Institute Publication MS-2.
3.3.
3.4.
voids in the mineral aggregate (VMA)the volume of the intergranular void space between the aggregate particles of a compacted paving mixture that includes the air voids and the effective binder content, expressed as a percent of the total volume of the specimen (Note 1). voids in the coarse aggregate (VCA)the volume between the coarse aggregate particles. This volume includes filler, fine aggregate, air voids, asphalt binder, and stabilizing additive (if used). SMA mortara mixture of asphalt binder, filler [material passing the 0.075-mm (No. 200) sieve], and stabilizing additive. stabilizing additiveeither cellulose or mineral fiber.
3.5.
3.6.
3.7.
4.
4.1.
SUMMARY OF THE PRACTICE

Materials SelectionAsphalt binder, aggregate, mineral fillers, and stabilizing additives that meet the applicable specification are selected. Selecting Optimum GradationThree recommended trial aggregate gradations from the selected aggregates are blended. The dry-rodded unit weight for the coarse aggregate for each trial gradation is determined in accordance with T 19/T 19M. For each trial gradation, an initial trial asphalt binder content is selected and at least two specimens are compacted in accordance with T 312. Where no previous history is available, an initial trial asphalt binder content between 6.0 and 6.5 percent is recommended. Gradations of the three blends are selected to ensure that minimum VMA requirements and stone-on-stone contact are achieved. Selecting Design Binder Content Replicate specimens are compacted in accordance with T 312 at three binder contents. The design binder content is selected on the basis of satisfactory conformance with the requirements of Section 10 (Note 2). Note 2When an SMA mix cannot be designed within the minimum binder content requirements, the guidelines given in Table X2.1can be used to establish minimum binder content requirements based on the combined-aggregate bulk specific gravity.
4.2.
4.3.
4.4.
Evaluating Moisture SusceptibilityThe moisture susceptibility of the mixture, designed and compacted in accordance with T 312 to a Va content of 6.0 1.0 percent, is evaluated in accordance with T 283.
TS-2d
R 46-2
AASHTO
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4.5.
Evaluating DraindownThe mixture is evaluated for sensitivity to asphalt binder draindown in accordance with T 305. If the mixture fails the moisture susceptibility or draindown tests, it must be modified so that the specification requirements are met.
5.
5.1.
TEST SPECIMENS
Number of SamplesA total of nine samples are initially required; at least three samples at each of the three trial gradations are produced. Each sample is mixed with the trial asphalt binder content, and two of the three samples for each trial gradation are compacted. The remaining sample of each trial gradation is used to determine the theoretical maximum density in accordance with T 209. Preparation of AggregatesDry aggregates to a constant mass at 105C to 110C (221F to 230F), and separate the aggregates by dry-sieving into the desired size fractions. The following size fractions are recommended: 37.5 mm (11/2 in.) to 25.0 mm (1 in.), 25.0 mm (1 in.) to 19.0 mm (3/4 in.), 19.0 mm (3/4 in.) to 12.5 mm (1/2 in.), 12.5 mm (1/2 in.) to 9.5 mm (3/8 in.), 9.5 mm (3/8 in.) to 4.75 mm (No. 4), 4.75 mm (No. 4) to 2.36 mm (No. 8), 2.36 mm (No. 8) to 0.075 mm (No. 200), and Passing 0.075 mm (No. 200). Determination of Mixing and Compaction Temperatures: The temperature to which the asphalt binder must be heated to produce a viscosity of 170 20 cSt shall be the mixing temperature. The temperature to which the asphalt binder must be heated to produce a viscosity of 280 30 cSt shall be the compaction temperature. Note 3While the temperatures given in Sections 5.3.1 and 5.3.2 are appropriate for neat asphalt binders, the selected temperatures may not be applicable to modified asphalt binders. In those cases, it is recommended that the manufacturers guidelines for mixing and compaction temperatures be used.
5.2.
5.3. 5.3.1.
5.3.2.
5.4. 5.4.1. 5.4.2.
Preparation of Mixtures: A mechanical mixing apparatus shall be used. An initial batch shall be mixed for the purpose of buttering the mixing bowl and stirrers. This batch shall be emptied after mixing, and the sides of the bowl and stirrers shall be cleaned of mixture residue by scraping with a small limber spatula but shall not be wiped with a cloth or washed clean with solvent, except when a change is to be made in the asphalt binder or at the end of a design. Into separate pans for each test specimen, weigh sufficient material to produce compacted samples of the desired volume, approximately 4700 g. Mix the aggregate in each pan. Place the aggregate in an oven and heat to a temperature not exceeding the mixing temperature established in Section 5.3 by more than approximately 28C (50F). Heat the asphalt binder to the established R 46-3
5.4.3.
TS-2d
AASHTO
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mixing temperature. The stabilizing additive is added to the heated aggregate prior to the introduction of the asphalt binder. Note 4It is recommended that the stabilizing additive be manually mixed with the heated aggregate. This procedure is needed to ensure an even distribution of the stabilizing additive during the laboratory mixing process. The use of stabilizing additives generally requires slightly longer mixing times. 5.4.4. Form a crater in the dry blended aggregate and stabilizing additive, and weigh the preheated required amount of asphalt binder into the crater. Care must be exercised to prevent loss of the mix during mixing and subsequent handling. At this point, the temperature of the aggregate and asphalt binder shall be within the limits of the mixing temperature established in Section 5.3. Mix the aggregate and asphalt binder rapidly until the aggregate is thoroughly coated. Compaction of SpecimensThe compaction temperature is determined in accordance with Section 5.3. Laboratory samples of SMA are short-term conditioned in accordance with R 30 and then compacted for 100 gyrations. Note 5When aggregates have a Los Angeles Abrasion loss value greater than 30 percent, the desirable number of SGC design gyrations is 75.
5.5.
6.
6.1.
SELECTION OF TRIAL GRADATIONS

The trial gradations must be selected to be within the desired specification range as defined in M 325. To design an SMA mixture, it is recommended that at least three trial gradations be initially evaluated. It is suggested that one of the trial blends fall along the coarse limits, one along the fine limits, and one in the middle of the gradation bands as defined in M 325. When the bulk specific gravities of the different aggregates to be used in the mixture vary by more than 0.2, the trial blend gradations should be based upon volumetric percentage. An example problem illustrating how to blend aggregates based on volume is given in Appendix X1.1.
7.
7.1.
SELECTION OF TRIAL BINDER CONTENT

As a starting point, for aggregates with bulk specific gravities approximately equal to 2.75, a binder content of approximately 6.0 percent or greater, by mass, needs to be selected. If the bulk specific gravity of the coarse aggregate exceeds 2.75, the trial binder content can be reduced by approximately 0.1 percent for each specific-gravity increment of 0.05 above 2.75. If the bulk specific gravity of the coarse aggregate is below 2.75, the trial binder content can be increased approximately 0.1 percent for each specific gravity increment of 0.05 below 2.75 (see Table X2.1).
8.
8.1.
DETERMINATION OF VCA IN COARSE-AGGREGATE FRACTION OF MIXTURE

For best performance, the SMA must have a coarse-aggregate skeleton with stone-on-stone contact. The course-aggregate fraction is that portion of the total aggregate blend retained on the 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve for 12.5-mm (1/2-in.) and 19-mm (3/4-in.) SMA. For the 9.5-mm (3/8-in.) nominal-maximum aggregate size SMA, the coarse-aggregate is that portion of the total aggregate blend retained on the 2.36-mm (No. 8) sieve. The condition of stone-on-stone contact within an SMA is defined as the point at which the VCA of the compacted mixture is less than the VCA of the coarse aggregate in the dry-rodded test.
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TS-2d
R 46-4
AASHTO
8.2.
The dry-rodded VCA of the coarse-aggregate fraction (VCADRC) is determined by compacting the stone with the dry-rodded technique in accordance with T 19M/T 19. When the dry-rodded density of the stone fraction has been determined, the VCADRC can be calculated using Equation 1:
VCADRC =
GCA w s 100 GCA w
(1)
where: GCA = the bulk specific gravity of the coarse aggregate (T 85), s = the unit weight of the coarse-aggregate fraction in the dry-rodded condition [kg/m3 (lb/ft3)] (T 19/T 19M), and w = the unit weight of water [1000 kg/m3 (62.4 lb/ft3)].
9.
9.1.
SELECTION OF DESIRED GRADATION

After the trial samples have been compacted and allowed to cool, they are removed from the molds and tested to determine their bulk specific gravity in accordance with T 166. The uncompacted samples are used to determine the theoretical maximum density in accordance with T 209. Using the bulk specific gravity and theoretical maximum density, the Va, VMA, and VCA of the compacted mixture (VCAmix) can be calculated using Equations 2, 3, and 4:
VMA = 100 ( Gmb Gsb ) Ps
VCA mix = 100 ( Gmb GCA ) PCA
(2) (3) (4)
Va = 100 (1 (Gmb Gmm ))
where: Gmb = Gsb = Ps = GCA = PCA = Gmm = 9.2.
the bulk specific gravity of the compacted mixture (T 166), the bulk specific gravity of the total aggregate, the percent of aggregate in the mixture, the bulk specific gravity of the coarse-aggregate fraction (T 85), the percent of coarse aggregate in the total mixture, and the theoretical maximum density of the mixture (T 209).
Of the three trial gradations evaluated, the one with the lowest percent of coarse aggregate that meets or exceeds the minimum VMA requirement, and has a VCAmix less than VCADRC, is selected as the desired gradation. The trial gradation selected, based on the above conditions, is referred to as the optimum gradation. Note 6If possible, the selected gradation should have a VMA somewhat higher than the minimum criteria to allow for some reduction in VMA during plant production.
10.
10.1.
SELECTION OF OPTIMUM BINDER CONTENT

Once the optimum gradation of the mixture has been chosen, it may be necessary to raise or lower the binder content to obtain the proper amount of Va in the mixture. In this case, additional samples are prepared using the selected gradation and varying the binder content. The optimum binder content is chosen to produce the Va in the mixture specified in M 325. Twelve samples are needed for this portion of the procedure. This number provides for three compacted samples and one uncompacted sample (used to determine the theoretical maximum density) at each of the three binder contents. The mixture properties are determined and the optimum binder content is selected to provide the desired Va level. The SMA selected should have
10.2.
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TS-2d
R 46-5
AASHTO
properties meeting the criteria as specified in M 325. If these criteria are not satisfied, the mixture should be modified so that the requirements are satisfied.
11.
11.1.
MOISTURE SUSCEPTIBILITY
Moisture susceptibility of the selected mixture is determined in accordance with T 283 using samples compacted in accordance with T 312 to a Va content of 6.0 1.0 percent. The retained tensile strength level of the SMA shall be as specified in MP 8 at 6.0 1.0 percent Va.
12.
12.1.
DRAINDOWN SENSITIVITY
Draindown sensitivity of the selected mixture is determined using T 305. Draindown sensitivity is determined at the anticipated plant-production temperature and shall satisfy the requirements of M 325.
13.
13.1.
ADJUSTING MIXTURE TO MEET PROPERTIES

Va ContentThe amount of Va in the mixture can be controlled by the binder content. However, a problem occurs when low Va contents exist at binder contents below the minimum values specified. Lowering the binder content below these values to achieve a proper amount of Va violates the minimum binder-content specification. Instead, the mixture gradation must be modified to increase the VMA. VMAThe VMA may be raised by increasing the percentage of coarse aggregate. Changing the aggregate source may also be required to increase VMA. VCAmixIf the VCAmix is higher than the VCADRC, then the mixture gradation must be modified. This modification is typically accomplished by increasing the percentage of coarse aggregate. Moisture SusceptibilityIf the mixture fails to meet the moisture-susceptibility requirements, anti-strip agents can be used. If these measures prove ineffective, the aggregate source and/or binder source can be changed to obtain better aggregate/binder compatibility. Draindown SensitivityProblems with draindown sensitivity can be remedied by increasing the amount of, or by selecting a different, stabilizing additive.
13.2.
13.3.
13.4.
13.5.
14.
14.1. 14.1.1. 14.1.2.
REPORT
Report the following information: Identification of the project name and project number; Information on the materials used including aggregate source, binder source and performance grade, type and amount of stabilizing additive, and material quality characteristics; Results of the gradation optimization (results of all trial gradations); Optimum gradation and binder content;
14.1.3. 14.1.4.
TS-2d
R 46-6
AASHTO
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14.1.5. 14.1.6. 14.1.7.
Volumetric properties for each trial blend and at the optimum binder content; Moisture susceptibility results; and Draindown sensitivity results.
APPENDIX
(Nonmandatory Information)
X1.
X1.1.
EXAMPLE OF BLENDING AGGREGATE COMPONENTS TO SATISFY SMA GRADATION BANDS

In HMA designs, specified aggregate gradations should be based on aggregate volume and not aggregate mass. However, for most conventional HMA mixtures (dense-graded), the specific gravities of the different aggregate stockpiles are assumed to be sufficiently comparable to make the gradations based on mass percentages similar to those based on volumetric percentages. This assumption is often not true in the aggregate components and, particularly in the mineral fillers used in SMA, where specific gravities vary widely. Therefore, in SMA, the specified gradation bands presented in the mixture design procedure are based on the percent passing by volume. This appendix gives an illustrative example with the objective of providing guidance on blending aggregate components based on volumes to meet the SMA gradation bands. However, if the Gsb of the different aggregates to be used within the mixture varies by 0.2 or less, gradations based on mass percentages may be used. The first step is to perform gradation tests based on mass in accordance with T 27 for the various aggregates to be used in SMA. For the example covered in this appendix, a 19.0-mm (3/4-in.) nominal-maximum aggregate size SMA is to be blended. Table X1.1 provides the results of the gradation tests performed on four aggregates that are to be blended. Also needed to determine aggregate gradations based on volume are the Gsb of the different aggregates. Table X1.1 also provides the Gsb values for each aggregate. Notice that the Gsb values differ by more than 0.2. The second step is to determine the percent, by mass, retained on each sieve for the different aggregates. For a given sieve, this calculation is performed by subtracting the percent passing the given sieve from the percent passing the next larger sieve. For example, using Aggregate C, the percent, by mass, retained on the 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve would be calculated as follows: Percent retained on 4.75-mm (No. 4) Sieve = 84.6 48.9 = 35.7 percent where: 84.6 = the percent by mass passing the 9.5-mm (3/8-in.) sieve (Table X1.1), 48.9 = the percent by mass passing the 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve (Table X1.1), and 35.7 = the percent by mass retained on the 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve.
X1.2.
X1.3.
TS-2d
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R 46-7
AASHTO
Table X1.1Results of Gradation and Specific Gravity Tests for Aggregates to be Used Sieve
19.0 mm (3/4 in.) 12.5 mm (1/2 in.) 9.5 mm (3/8 in.) 4.75 mm (No. 4) 2.36 mm (No. 8) 1.18 mm (No. 16) 0.60 mm (No. 30) 0.30 mm (No. 50) 0.075 mm (No. 200) Gsb
Stockpile Designation and Percent Passing Based on Mass Aggregate A Aggregate B Aggregate C Mineral Filler
100.0 66.0 43.0 9.0 5.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.0 2.616 100.0 71.0 46.0 6.0 4.0 4.0 3.0 3.0 1.5 2.734 100.0 97.4 84.6 48.9 27.8 16.6 10.7 7.6 4.6 2.736 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 72.5 2.401
X1.4.
In the third step, assume the mass of each aggregate stockpile is 100 g. Using this assumption allows for the mass that would be retained on each sieve for each aggregate to be determined and shown to be equal to the numbers displayed in Table X1.2. Table X1.2 presents the values for the percent, by mass, retained for all sieves and aggregates. Note that a row has been added to reflect the material finer than the 0.075-mm (No. 200) sieve.
X1.5.
Table X1.2Percent, by Mass, Retained on Each Sieve Sieve

19.0 mm (3/4 in.) 12.5 mm (1/2 in.) 9.5 mm (3/8 in.) 4.75 mm (No. 4) 2.36 mm (No. 8) 1.18 mm (No. 16) 0.60 mm (No. 30) 0.30 mm (No. 50) 0.075 mm (No. 200) 0.075 mm (No. 200) Total,
Stockpile Designation and Percent, by Mass, Retained on Each Sieve Aggregate A Aggregate B Aggregate C Mineral Filler
0.0 34.0 23.0 34.0 4.0 3.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 100 0.0 29.0 25.0 40.0 2.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 1.5 1.5 100 0.0 2.6 12.8 35.7 21.1 11.2 5.9 3.1 3.0 4.6 100 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 27.5 72.5 100
X1.6.
The fourth step converts the masses determined in Step 3 to volumes per sieve. To make this conversion, the Gsb of the individual aggregates is needed. The volume of aggregate retained on each sieve for each aggregate can be determined from Equation X1.1:
Volume of aggregate for a given sieve (cm 3) = Mass of aggregate retained, g Specific gravity x w
(X1.1)
where: w X1.7. = the unit weight of water (1.0 g/cm3).
The following calculation applies for the volume of the aggregate retained on the 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve of Aggregate C. 35.7 g Volume = = 13.05 cm 3 2.736 1 g/cm 3
TS-2d
R 46-8
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AASHTO
where: 35.7 g 2.736 1.0 g/cm3 13.05 cm3 X1.8.
= = = =
the mass of Aggregate C retained on the 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve (Table X1.2); the bulk specific gravity of Aggregate C (Table X1.1); the unit weight of water; and the volume of Aggregate C retained on the 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve.
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The volumes retained on all sieves for each of the four aggregates are provided in Table X1.3.
Table X1.3Volumes of Aggregate Retained on Each Sieve Sieve

19.0 mm (3/4 in.) 12.5 mm (1/2 in.) 9.5 mm (3/8 in.) 4.75 mm (No. 4) 2.36 mm (No. 8) 1.18 mm (No. 16) 0.60 mm (No. 30) 0.30 mm (No. 50) 0.075 mm (No. 200) 0.075 mm (No. 200)
Stockpile Designation and Volume of Aggregate Retained on Each Sieve, cm3 Aggregate A Aggregate B Aggregate C Mineral Filler
0.00 13.00 8.79 13.00 1.53 1.15 0.00 0.00 0.38 0.38 0.00 10.61 9.14 14.63 0.73 0.00 0.37 0.00 0.55 0.55 0.00 0.95 4.68 13.05 7.71 4.09 2.16 1.13 1.10 1.68 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 11.45 30.20
X1.9.
The values provided in Table X1.3 are used to blend the different aggregates to meet the desired gradation based on volumes. In this procedure, the aggregate is blended by mass; then the final gradation is determined based on volume. As with gradations based on mass, this is a trial-anderror process. To perform the blending, select the estimated percentages, by mass, of the different aggregates to be used. For this example, the percentages in Table X1.4 will be tried first.
Table X1.4Percentages of the Four Aggregates Used for the First Trial Stockpile
Aggregate A Aggregate B Aggregate C Mineral Filler
% of Blend by Mass
30 30 30 10
X1.10.
Notice that the percentages in Table X1.4 are based on mass. This format indicates that the volume represented by 30 percent of Aggregate A, by mass, will be used in the blending of the aggregates based on volumes. The percent of each aggregate in the blend is multiplied by the volume retained on a given sieve for each aggregate to determine the total volume retained on that sieve. Using the 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve, the total volume retained on the 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve is calculated as follows:
X1.11.
TS-2d
R 46-9
AASHTO
Total volume retained on the 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve = (0.30 13.00) + (0.30 14.63) + (0.30 13.05) + (0.10 0.00) = 12.20 cm3 where: 0.30, 0.30, 0.30 and 0.10 = the percentage, by mass, of each aggregate in the blend expressed as a decimal; and 13.00, 14.63, 13.05 and 0.00 = the volume retained on the 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve for each aggregate (Table X1.3). X1.12. The calculation in Section X1.11 is performed for each of the sieves in the gradation. Table X1.5 presents the total volume retained for each of the sieves in the gradation.
Table X1.5Total Volumes Retained for Each Sieve for the First Trial Sieve
19.0 mm ( /4 in.) 12.5 mm (1/2 in.) 9.5 mm (3/8 in.) 4.75 mm (No. 4) 2.36 mm (No. 8) 1.18 mm (No. 16) 0.60 mm (No. 30) 0.30 mm (No. 50) 0.075 mm (No. 200) 0.075 mm (No. 200) Total Volume,
3
Volume Retained for Each Sieve, cm3

0.00 7.37 6.78 12.20 2.99 1.57 0.76 0.34 1.75 3.80 37.56
X1.13.
Now, based on the total volume retained per sieve and the total volume of the blended aggregates, the percent retained for each sieve, by volume, can be determined for the blend. This calculation is accomplished for a given sieve by dividing the volume retained on that sieve by the total volume of the blend. The following illustrates this calculation for the 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve.
Percent volume retained on the 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve = 12.20 cm3 100 = 32.48 percent 37.56 cm3
where: 12.20 cm3 = 37.56 cm3 = 32.48 = X1.14.
the volume retained on the 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve (Table X1.5); the total volume of the blend (Table X1.5); and the percent volume of the blend retained on the 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve.
Using the percent retained per sieve based on volume, the percent passing, by volume, for the gradation can be determined similarly to the method used for gradations based on mass. Determine the cumulative percent retained for each sieve, and then subtract that value from 100. Table X1.6 provides the percents retained, based on volumes, for each of the sieves and converts these values to percent passing.
X1.15.
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R 46-10
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AASHTO
Table X1.6Percents Passing Based on Volumes for the First Trial Sieve
Percent Retained on Each Sieve

0.0 19.6 18.0 32.5 8.0 4.2 2.0 0.9 4.7 10.1
Cumulative Percent Retained

0.0 19.6 37.6 70.1 78.1 82.3 84.3 85.2 89.9 100.0
Percent Passing by Volume

100.0 80.4 62.4 29.9 21.9 17.7 15.7 14.8 10.1 0.0
X1.16.
Now, the blended gradation is compared to the required gradation band (also based on volume). Table X1.7 compares the gradation band for a 19.0-mm (3/4-in.) nominal-maximum aggregate size SMA from MP 8 to the gradation shown in Table X1.6.
Table X1.7Comparison of Gradation Blend Based on Volume for the First Trial to Specified Gradation Band Sieve
19.0 mm (3/4 in.) 12.5 mm (1/2 in.) 9.5 mm (3/8 in.) 4.75 mm (No. 4) 2.36 mm (No. 8) 1.18 mm (No. 16) 0.60 mm (No. 30) 0.30 mm (No. 50) 0.075 mm (No. 200)
a
Gradation Band
90100 5088 2560 2028 1624 8.011.0
Percent Passing for Blend

100.0 80.4 62.4a 29.9a 21.9 17.7 15.7 14.8 10.1
Does not meet the applicable requirements.
X1.17.
Based on Table X1.7, the blended gradation did not meet the specified gradation band for a 19.0mm (3/4-in.) nominal-maximum aggregate size SMA. Therefore, different blending percentages for the various aggregates are needed. Table X1.8 shows the percentages of the four aggregates used for the second trial.
Table X1.8Percentages of the Four Aggregates Used for the Second Trial
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Stockpile
% of Blend by Mass
40 41 10 9
X1.18.
Table X1.9 presents the blending of the four aggregates for the second trial. The second trial blend percentages were used along with the values from Table X1.3 to determine the percent passing, by volume, for the blend.
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R 46-11
AASHTO
Table X1.9Percents Passing Based on Volumes for the Second Trial Percent Retained on Each Sieve by Volume
0.0 25.6 20.5 33.2 4.5 2.3 1.0 0.3 4.0 8.6
Sieve
Cumulative Percent Retained by Volume

0.0 25.6 46.1 79.3 83.8 86.1 87.1 87.4 91.4 100.0
Percent Passing by Volume

100.0 74.4 53.9 20.7 16.2 13.9 12.9 12.6 8.6
Percent Passing by Mass (for Comparison)

100.0 74.3 53.5 20.0 15.4 13.1 12.1 11.8 8.0
Gradation Band by Volume

90100 5088 2560 2028 1624 8.011.0
X1.19.
Based on Table X1.9, the following percentages in Table X1.10 produce a gradation, based on volume, which satisfies the 19.0-mm (3/4-in.) nominal-maximum-aggregate size gradation band for SMA.
Table X1.10Acceptable Blend of the Four Aggregates Stockpile

% of Blend by Mass
40 41 10 9
X2.
ADJUSTMENT OF MINIMUM BINDER CONTENT BASED ON BULK SPECIFIC GRAVITY (GSB) OF THE COMBINED AGGREGATES
Table X2.1Guide to Adjust Minimum Binder Content Based on Varying Gsb of Combined Aggregates Combined Aggregate, Gsb
2.40 2.45 2.50 2.55 2.60 2.65 2.70 2.75 2.80 2.85 2.90 2.95 3.00
Minimum Binder Content, %

6.8 6.7 6.6 6.5 6.3 6.2 6.1 6.0 5.9 5.8 5.7 5.6 5.5
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TS-2d
R 46-12
AASHTO

Aashto r46 - Sma

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Standard Practice for

Designing Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA)

SUMMARY OF THE PRACTICE

5.4. 5.4.1. 5.4.2.

SELECTION OF TRIAL GRADATIONS

SELECTION OF TRIAL BINDER CONTENT

DETERMINATION OF VCA IN COARSE-AGGREGATE FRACTION OF MIXTURE

GCA w s 100 GCA w

SELECTION OF DESIRED GRADATION

(2) (3) (4)

Va = 100 (1 (Gmb Gmm ))

where: Gmb = Gsb = Ps = GCA = PCA = Gmm = 9.2.

SELECTION OF OPTIMUM BINDER CONTENT

ADJUSTING MIXTURE TO MEET PROPERTIES

14.1.5. 14.1.6. 14.1.7.

EXAMPLE OF BLENDING AGGREGATE COMPONENTS TO SATISFY SMA GRADATION BANDS

Table X1.2Percent, by Mass, Retained on Each Sieve Sieve

where: w X1.7. = the unit weight of water (1.0 g/cm3).

Licensee=PennDOT/5958818001 Not for Resale, 08/21/2008 06:41:42 MDT

where: 35.7 g 2.736 1.0 g/cm3 13.05 cm3 X1.8.

Table X1.3Volumes of Aggregate Retained on Each Sieve Sieve

Volume Retained for Each Sieve, cm3

where: 12.20 cm3 = 37.56 cm3 = 32.48 = X1.14.

Licensee=PennDOT/5958818001 Not for Resale, 08/21/2008 06:41:42 MDT

Percent Retained on Each Sieve

Cumulative Percent Retained

Percent Passing by Volume

Percent Passing for Blend

Does not meet the applicable requirements.

Cumulative Percent Retained by Volume

Percent Passing by Volume

Percent Passing by Mass (for Comparison)

Gradation Band by Volume

Table X1.10Acceptable Blend of the Four Aggregates Stockpile

Minimum Binder Content, %

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