ACTIONAID-KENYA

MALINDI RURAL DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE

REPORT OF THE HOUSEHOLD SURVEY OF LANGO BAYA LOCATION, MALINDI DISTRICT

by

John Thinguri Mukui

MAY 2001
A

TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..................................................................................................................................... ii ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS .............................................................................................................. iii CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 1
BACKGROUND INFORMATION..................................................................................................................................... 1 TERMS OF REFERENCE ..................................................................................................................................................... 3 STUDY METHODOLOGY................................................................................................................................................... 4 OUTLINE OF THE REPORT .............................................................................................................................................. 4

CHAPTER TWO: SURVEY DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION ............................................................ 5

SURVEY COVERAGE............................................................................................................................................................ 5 INFORMATION COLLECTED .......................................................................................................................................... 5 ESTIMATION PROCEDURES ............................................................................................................................................ 5 LIMITATIONS OF THE SURVEY ..................................................................................................................................... 6 TRAINING OF ENUMERATORS AND PRE-TESTING OF SURVEY INSTRUMENTS ................................ 7 FIELDWORK ............................................................................................................................................................................ 7

CHAPTER THREE: RESULTS OF THE SURVEY ........................................................................................ 11

RESPONSE RATES ............................................................................................................................................................... 11 DEMOGRAPHIC AND OTHER HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS............................................................... 11 MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH .............................................................................................................................. 17 ALLOCATION OF TIME BY HOUSEHOLD MEMBERS ........................................................................................ 18 HOUSEHOLD AMENITIES, ASSETS AND ACCESS TO SERVICES.................................................................. 19 HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURES.................................................................................................. 21 ESTIMATED CALORIE AND PROTEIN AVAILABILITY ..................................................................................... 24 CROP PRODUCTION AND DISPOSAL........................................................................................................................ 25 LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION AND DISPOSAL .......................................................................................................... 26 SOURCES OF HOUSEHOLD INCOME ........................................................................................................................ 28 HOUSEHOLD MEMBERS IN WAGE AND SELF-EMPLOYMENT.................................................................... 29 LAND OWNERSHIP AND ACCESS ............................................................................................................................... 29 MEASURES OF INEQUALITY ......................................................................................................................................... 30

CHAPTER FOUR: SUMMARY OF FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS .................................. 33

SUMMARY OF THE MAIN FINDINGS ........................................................................................................................ 33 EMERGING ISSUES ............................................................................................................................................................. 38 ACCURACY OF THE SURVEY RESULTS .................................................................................................................... 39

REFERENCES.......................................................................................................................................................... 40 LIST OF ENUMERATORS ................................................................................................................................... 45 STATISTICAL ANNEX ......................................................................................................................................... 46 ENUMERATORS REFERENCE MANUAL ................................................................................................. 108 SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRES .......................................................................................................................... 149

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This report presents the findings of a detailed household survey undertaken in Lango Baya location of Malindi division, Malindi district, during December 2000. The survey covered 233 households in four sub-locations, namely, Lango Baya, Mkondoni, Makobeni and Malanga. The main objective of the baseline survey was to collect information from households so as to give insights into the socioeconomic profile of the population, and identify causes of poverty and the coping mechanisms adopted by households and the community. The research was funded by ACTIONAID-Kenya (AAK).

I thank Lawrence Mwagwabi, Munga Mwambura and Mejumaa Mweu of AAK-Malindi Rural Development Initiative (Lango Baya Location), and Doris Mwobobia (Regional Coordinator, AAK-Coast Region) for their support in the exercise. I also record my gratitude to the field enumerators for conducting the interviewers on the selected households. The list of the enumerators is appended to this report.

My appreciation goes to the chief of Lango Baya location and his assistants for the administrative support given prior and during the survey. I thank the selected households for providing the information that forms the basis of this report. Finally, I thank Jimmie M. Katabwa for editorial support.

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ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

AAK BCG CBO DI DPT IUD KAP KEPI NAWACO OTC PRA PTA RDA SPRED TBA URTI ACTIONAID-Kenya Bacille Calmette Guerin Community Based Organization Development Initiative Diphtheria, Pertussis and Tetanus Intrauterine Device Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices Kenya Expanded Programme on Immunization National Water Conservation and Pipeline Corporation Over the Counter Participatory Rural Appraisal Parents-Teachers Association Recommended Daily Allowance Strengthening Primary Education Traditional Birth Attendant Upper Respiratory Tract Infection

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CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND INFORMATION

1.1. In 1997, AAK expanded into new districts following the realization that the bulk of its resources were invested in only one province (Eastern province). The expansion into new areas was expected to increase the legitimacy of the organization when speaking out on national issues that impact on poverty eradication. The expansion in area coverage coincided with a shift in the organizations programme approach from service delivery to community empowerment, which aimed to place poor and marginalized people in the driving seat of development process. A community empowerment approach increases the capability of poor people to critically analyze, make decisions and organize themselves to claim rights as the key to poverty eradication. AAK developed the Development Initiative (DI) model to propel this approach forward at the grassroots level. The DI operational areas are small, usually covering 1-2 administrative locations with a population of up to 20,000. Each DI has an optimum staff level of three persons, with no support staff. 1.2 Lango Baya location is situated about 50 km from the coastal resort of Malindi. The location is subdivided into four administrative sub-locations, namely, Lango Baya, Mkondoni, Makobeni and Malanga. An assistant chief heads each sub-location assisted by selected village elders1. 1.3. Apart from the report on identification of Development Initiatives (DIs) for Coast region conducted in 1996, the initial report on the DI appears to be the Malindi DI Appraisal document. This was followed by the participatory rural appraisal (PRA) report of June-July 1997. Other subsequent studies were the household livelihoods study in August 1997, the Strengthening Primary Education (SPRED) report on education, and report on poverty and livelihoods. 1.4. According to the PRA report, the inhabitants are mainly Giriama (75%) of the larger Midzichenda (commonly known as Mijikenda) ethnic cluster, while the remaining 25% are mainly Rabai, Chonyi and Kamba. The nine Mijikenda ethnic clusters are Giriama, Jibana, Chonyi, Ribe, Rabai, Kambe, Kauma, Duruma and Digo. The kinship pattern of the Giriama is mainly paternal extended families. The PRA report stated that poverty manifested itself in low skills and knowledge, long distance to water points, poor leadership and low community participation, and lack of income-generating activities. The DI population was estimated at 14,970, with an average household size of 6 persons. 1.5. Women are more often than not expected to provide for the family, including the costs of the husbands entertainment. The definition of female-headship appears to follow the special case used of a household with no male support, rather than the textbook case which recognizes the possibility of onefamily, two-households e.g. where the wife is the head of the household because the husband lives away from home. 1.6. The indicators of wealth are mainly asset-based (e.g. wives and daughters, land cleared for cultivation, number of granaries, livestock) rather than income- or expenditure-based (e.g. meals per day and school expenses). The descriptions of socioeconomic groups of the poor include some demographic variables (factors) e.g. not married and old without support. Poverty is visually manifested through child vital statistics (anthropometry), otherwise called protein-energy malnutrition. Some of the factors that generate and sustain mass poverty include retrogressive traditional practices and high illiteracy2. The
1 Kenya has a hierarchically nested administrative organization, from nation, province, district, division, location, to sub-location. The hierarchically nested administrative organization of government is normally referred to as the provincial administration. It starts from the President all the way to the assistant chief at the sub-location level. 2 The concept of mass (rather than case) poverty is due to Galbraith (1979). Galbraith argues that mass poverty has the properties of a stubborn, persistent equilibrium, coupled with strong commitment these poor people have to the accommodation they have evolved.

report goes in detail on the characteristics of poverty e.g. inadequate skills and knowledge, distance to water points, few income opportunities and lack of entrepreneurial culture. The report noted that there was poor leadership and management skills and lack of communal activities, which may be a threat to community organization in the project. The study recommended a livelihoods study (which was conducted in August 1997). 1.7. The household livelihoods survey administered (a) checklists of questions to the district agricultural officer, district development officer and district education officer, and (b) schedules to primary schools to fill in data on enrolment, repetition and dropout for the years 1990 to 1997. The household survey was conducted on 832 households. Some of the sources of income identified in the survey include farming and livestock rearing (over 90% of the households), paid employment in the form of casual labor, while there was little by way of remittances and dividends. Some of the crops grown include maize, cassava and pulses; while millet and sorghum are hardly grown. Livestock include zebu cattle, goats and sheep. Cash crops include coconut palms, but cashew nuts are hardly grown. Some of the potential crops include citrus fruits, mangoes, guava, papaw, passion fruit, pineapple, sugarcane, pepper, bixa and tobacco. 1.8. The main expenditure items are maize flour, cooking oil, kerosene and medicine/treatment. Selfemployment (off-farm) income opportunities included brewing of traditional liquor, sand and firewood harvesting, and charcoal burning. Data on primary schools showed that there were fewer girls enrolled, and more girls repeated classes and dropped out of school. It was reported that early marriage for girls was still in vogue, while child labor and inability to pay school levies due to widespread poverty also affected enrolment. The report noted that the community incurs heavy expenses on rites of passage e.g. funerals. Child malnutrition is moderated by maternal buffering, i.e. the practice of a mother deliberately limiting her own intake in order to ensure that children usually recently-weaned toddlers get enough to eat (Maxwell, 1996). The report on the household livelihoods survey recommended a detailed baseline study on education. 1.9. The SPRED report on education noted that low participation in primary education was a concert of several factors, including high costs of education relative to incomes (poverty), negative cultural beliefs, long distance to schools, and poor school environment. The SPRED report also goes into detail on issues of school curriculum, governance, resource mobilization and planning, and teachers. Some of the negative cultural beliefs listed include expensive funerals, polygamy, witchcraft, and exorbitant fines for adultery with a mans wife or daughter (malu)3. Girls are married off early (10-15 years) for a going rate of Shs 10,000-15,000. The wealth ranking developed tallies closely with that used in the PRA but dropped number of wives and daughters as symbol of wealth. 1.10. The report on poverty and livelihoods lists the three main income-generating activities as farming, palm wine (mnazi) brewing/ selling, and charcoal burning and selling. Other activities include fishing, mat weaving (using makuti), and making herbal medication. The main expenditure items were food, clothing, education, funeral expenses, traditional liquor, transport, medical, penalty for adultery, and dowry. A preference ranking of expenditures showed that mnazi has a higher rank than education. Analysis of division of labor between men and women showed that women do most of the economic activities. 1.11. Efforts to improve the wellbeing of the poor can only be effective if seen in the context of the community, particularly at the household level. However, given the absence of benchmark information on which interventions could be based, it was difficult to identify the real problems facing the community. Although the PRA generated a lot of useful data, AAK felt that there was need for conducting a detailed household income and expenditure survey, to facilitate deeper analysis of the causes of poverty and the coping mechanisms adopted by households and the community. The survey findings
3 According to Parkin (1991), malu is actually called a peace payment, and requires that the disputants,

including the offending man, woman and her husband or father, tie strips of the slaughtered rams skin around their feet: the right foot in the case of the men and the left in the case of the woman. See also Barrett (1911).

are expected to lead to a better understanding of poverty and its concomitant effects on household food security, education, health and environmental sanitation.

TERMS OF REFERENCE
1.12. (a) (b) (c) The main objectives of the study are: To provide information required for targeting interventions on critical development issues in the operational area; To provide the DI staff with information that is required for participatory planning of development initiatives supported by AAK; To collate and analyze existing data from households/ community/ institutions which would form a benchmark for subsequent monitoring and evaluation of the impact of the DI on the population, especially on vulnerable groups; To inquire into the methods adopted by the population so as to cope with the constraints arising from poverty and social exclusion; To draw conclusions and make recommendations on possible areas of intervention and strategic objectives AAK should pursue to make an impact in the area. In order to meet the above objectives, the study was to focus on the following areas: Household and Demographic Analysis Household size and composition, age and sex distribution, marital status, and headship Occupational status by gender Literacy

(d) (e) 1.13.

Sources and Systems of Livelihoods Household living conditions and available material resources Resource availability, access, distribution and control by gender Sources of household income by season and gender Household expenditure on food and non-food items Nutritional status Land use patterns

Community Organization and Institutions Community institutions Community participation in self-help projects Types of community organizations and their use in socioeconomic development

Education Literacy levels School access, enrolment, dropout and completion rates by gender and age group Reasons for dropping out by gender and age group Home and school variables/factors that inhibit access and retention in schools Perception of pupils and parents on the benefits and cost of staying in school Magnitude and effect of early marriages and pregnancies on girls education Recommend strategies to raise educational standards in the area

Health, Water and Environmental Sanitation Morbidity by type and age Immunization coverage and prevalence of disabilities Household coping mechanisms and options for treatment Sources of water including safe water coverage Water collection, storage, quality and reliability Knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) on environmental sanitation Waste disposal methods including latrine coverage

Development and Advocacy Issues Identification and categorization of resources needed to support basic human goals Resource potential of the DI area Problems facing women with respect to access to land, labor and capital, control over resources and access to benefits of development Socioeconomic development problems affecting the participation of the households in ownership, management and control of resources as well as self-help and incomegenerating initiatives Recommend realistic DI interventions, strategies and resources required to promote household welfare and sustainable development

STUDY METHODOLOGY
1.14. The study was preceded by a visit to the DI to gather background information to be used in designing tailor-made survey instruments. A structured questionnaire was used to collect information on household demographics, child welfare and maternal health, allocation of time by household members, housing and living conditions, poverty and livelihoods, and household access to healthcare, water and sanitation. The enumerators reference manual was designed to guide enumerators and supervisors during the data collection phase of the survey. The manual defined main concepts used in the survey and presented procedures to be followed in completing each section of the questionnaire. OUTLINE OF THE REPORT 1.15. The report is divided into four main chapters. Chapter 2 focuses on survey design and implementation, including estimation procedures used in generating aggregates from the individual questionnaires. Chapter 3 presents the results of the household survey, while Chapter 4 presents summary of the main findings and recommendations based on the household survey and other information collected during the survey process. Appended to the report are selected references, statistical tables, and the survey instruments (enumerators reference manual and the questionnaire).

CHAPTER TWO: SURVEY DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION

SURVEY COVERAGE
2.1. The survey was carried out in the four sub-locations of Lango Baya location, namely, Lango Baya (with 738 households), Mkondoni (352 households), Makobeni (332 households) and Malanga (982 households). The sample containing household listings by village and sub-location was prepared in May 1999. The four sub-locations in the study area formed the basis of the frame, with each sub-location structured as a unit on its own. Numbers were sequentially assigned to all the households in the study area and a sample of 13% of the households selected through systematic selection with a random start. A sample of 312 households out of 2,404 households in the study area was selected based on the 13% sampling fraction. 2.2. The administrative decisions that dictated the Lango Baya sample design included: a) b) That the survey should include all sub-locations in the area; That the spatial unit of analysis would be the sub-location.

INFORMATION COLLECTED 2.3. The survey questionnaire consisted of the following modules/ forms that were administered to all selected households: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j) Household Composition (Forms M/L/B/1A and M/L/B/1B) Child Welfare, Child Immunization and Maternal Health (Form M/L/B/2) Labour Force Particulars (Form M/L/B/3) Housing, Assets and Amenities (Form M/L/B/4) Household Food Purchases for one Month (Form M/L/B/5) Household Regular Purchases for one Month (Form M/L/B/6) Household Non-regular Purchases for one Year (Form M/L/B/7) Crop Production and Disposal (Forms M/L/B/8A and M/L/B/8B) Livestock and Livestock Products (Form M/L/B/9) Household Non-Agricultural Income (Forms M/L/B/10 and M/L/B/11)

ESTIMATION PROCEDURES
Blanks and Non-Response 2.4. There are various sources of errors/ bias in a sample survey or census. Errors could be introduced by misreporting, lack of data, enumerator or respondent bias, non-response, and in data entry. This section deals with non-response and its effects on sample weights. Unit non-response occurs when sampled subjects do not participate in the survey, while item non-response occurs when participants in the survey fail to provide answers to some of the questions. In a household survey, unit non-response

could be introduced through refusals and failure to locate a household. Although it is difficult to rule out inclusion in the frame (N) of some households which did not exist or to exclude some which existed before the frame was constructed, i.e. out-of-scope, it was decided to treat the sample frame (N) as a true report of the number of households in May 1999. Therefore refusals and failure to locate were summed as non-response. 2.5. Completed survey and census questionnaires may contain blanks or missing values attributable to lack of data or a question that was not asked. Blanks and non-response split the original population (N) into two subclasses: M non-blank members and B blanks and non-response, i.e. N=M+B. The presence of blanks and non-response introduces variation in the size of the sample. This variation is a function of the proportion M=M/N. However, the selection interval (k) and selection fraction (f) do not change since the blanks and non-response are identified after the original sample had been selected. Weighting 2.6. In each sample, each element had an equal chance of selection. Therefore each element has the weight of 1 in the sample total, and F=1/f in the population total, where f is the selection fraction. Since the sampling fraction in each stratum was equal to the sampling fraction for the universe, the procedure ensured a self-weighting sample4. 2.7. The basic weights, before adjustment for non-response, are the reciprocals of the probabilities of selection, i.e. w= Where: w = m= n= m/n the weight in the stratum; the total number of households in the stratum; and the sample size in the stratum

2.8. In producing survey estimates, the basic weights were adjusted for non-response to arrive at final adjusted weight, which is the product of the basic weight and a non-response adjustment factor. The procedure of calculating the non-response (nr) factor for each stratum was as follows: nr = Where: n= i= nr = n/i the non-response adjustment factor;

the total number of originally selected households; the number of households which responded

The adjusted weights are wa = w * nr = (m/n)*(n/i) = m/i, i.e. the total number of households divided by the number of households which responded.

LIMITATIONS OF THE SURVEY

2.9. The recall period is the period for which respondents are asked to recall and report events of interest e.g. consumption in the past 12 months. A recall period may be bounded at one or both end points by the date of the events or by the interview, or it may be unbounded at the end further back in 4. Rounding of the strata sample to the nearest integer introduces slight departures in the values of actual sampling fractions. However, this trivial departure is usually ignored (Kish, 1965).

time e.g. an entire pregnancy history. A survey design that involves consecutive visits to the same household is bounded if the recall period is based on the period since my last visit. If a reference period (e.g. last month, last year) was not preceded by a notification to the respondent at the beginning of the reference period, bounded recall over a long period can lead to telescoping (mis-dating) errors, with consequent over-reporting or underreporting. Although this source of error cannot be completely eliminated, enumerators were instructed to assist the respondents by phrasing questions differently e.g. since December 1999 if the question refers to a one-year recall period.

TRAINING OF INSTRUMENTS

ENUMERATORS

AND

PRE-TESTING

OF

SURVEY

2.10. A two-day training of enumerators was conducted during November 29-30, 2000. The training was conducted using the draft questionnaire and the enumerators reference manual. On the third day of training, the 8 enumerators formed three groups of three persons each to conduct mock interviews on each other: one as enumerator, the other as respondent, while the third took notes about the interview process. This was followed by a debriefing meeting to consolidate the experiences gained during training and mock interviews, and to make the necessary alterations to the survey instruments. 2.11. On the fourth day, the enumerators conducted pre-tests in the study area in groups of two (enumerator and observer) and traded places such that each enumerator had a chance of conducting an interview. The total interview time was about three hours. Although some enumerators reported a few cases of respondent fatigue, it was decided to retain the whole questionnaire. Finally, a meeting was held with the enumerators and AAK personnel to reach a consensus on the final version of the survey instruments based on the findings of the pre-test, including the decision to retain the whole questionnaire despite the long duration taken to administer a questionnaire. 2.12. The enumerators were informed that a post-enumeration survey of a small sample of responding households will be conducted to gauge the quality of the information collected during the survey as a rough indicator of the confidence that should be placed on the survey findings. However, due to time constraints, the post-enumeration survey was not undertaken.

FIELDWORK
2.13. Fieldwork was undertaken in December 2000 during school holidays. Data collection for the main survey was conducted by eight enumerators, with two enumerators per sub-location. The enumerators were each given a list of sampled households in their operational area. The enumerators identified the households on their own using the lists provided, and occasionally with the assistance of village elders. Regular debriefing meetings were held to review and edit the questionnaires and give further directions on administrative and technical issues. At the end of the survey, a full-day meeting of enumerators, AAK personnel and the consultant was held to discuss the experiences and problems encountered in the entire survey process. The paragraphs below are based on the proceedings of that meeting. 2.14. The disadvantage of the timing related to questions on school dropouts and labor force particulars. Normally people drop out of school at the middle of a year. The analysis of dropouts was therefore restricted to 1997-1999. In the case of allocation of time for school-going children, it was not possible to get data on the activities they normally undertake when schools are open. 2.15. The sample frame was created one year before the survey. The sample frame was generally adequate. However, some population changes had taken place since the frame was created e.g. new households through marriages, and migration to and outside the area. During fieldwork, some ghost households were identified e.g. households which had moved out of the location, a household which had moved to another sub-location in the study area, and others that could not be traced. This might have introduced some errors in the weighting scheme and to overestimation of weighted aggregates e.g. on

total population, total crop production and disposal, and total livestock and livestock products. The names of some household heads in the household listing were nicknames, and it therefore took long to trace them. In one case, three household heads in the same neighborhood had the same name and the enumerator decided on his own the household to interview. 2.16. Some enumerators reported that some elderly respondents had difficulties in remembering when they were born or how old they were when they got married. The enumerators had to use the calendar of events to estimate the age of such respondents. 2.17. Some enumerators reported that some respondents had difficulties in remembering how long it took from birth to taking a particular child for first immunization. The recall problem was more serious if the mother of the index child was away and her husband responded on her behalf. 2.18. One enumerator had problems with assets that had been acquired on hire purchase. Since the particular respondent had not acquired title of ownership other than mere physical possession, he expressed concern about recording an ongoing hire-purchase item as actually owned. It was clarified that such an asset should be recorded as owned. Fortunately, the enumerator had done the same during the enumeration process. 2.19. One enumerator reported that the recall periods for sickness episodes (two weeks) and health costs (one month) was causing confusion to some respondents. Since information on sickness episodes was sought before asking questions on expenditure, at least one respondent thought that the health costs were only related to the sickness experiences of the two weeks preceding the interview. However, the enumerator handled the problem properly through further probing. 2.20. Some respondents had difficulties in remembering purchases that had a one-year recall period e.g. clothing. Some enumerators suspected that some households may have reported on purchases of, say, the six months preceding the interview. 2.21. Two enumerators reported that cassava ready for harvest was counted as if it was in store. During analysis, the quantity in store was ignored, as it was not possible to determine the extent to which the data had been contaminated by this source of error. An enumerator covering Makobeni sub-location reported that some respondents who grow cassava did not report any harvest since wild pigs ate the cassava. 2.22. Some respondents reported that they could not remember the number of livestock they owned in December 1999. The respondents recommended that they be informed in advance before such a survey is undertaken so that they can prepare the requisite information. 2.23. Refusals were rare and only one respondent chased away an enumerator. Some respondents expressed concern about the limited activities that AAK had undertaken in the area since the programme started. Other respondents complained about the distribution of AAKs resources between the four sublocations on the grounds that AAK raises sponsorship funds using child photos and case histories of children from the whole location. Lango Baya sub-location was reportedly lowest in accessing AAK resources. However, other respondents reported that they have started seeing signs of activity 2.24. Some enumerators reported that respondents started by interviewing the enumerators on AAKs mission and activities even before the respondents started responding to the information solicited in the questionnaire. Some respondents said that AAK took photos of their children (child case history for child sponsorship) but some households had not gained from AAKs presence in the area. 2.25. An enumerator reported that a father to a respondent asked why his son was recognized more than he was by being included in the survey while the father was not. The enumerator decided to interview the fathers household together with that of his son. This introduces errors in the household size and can lead to overestimation of the total population in the survey area.

2.26. A village elder complained that AAK had not informed them that a survey was to be undertaken. He felt that the village elders should have been given the responsibility of guiding the enumerators to the selected households. Others reported that the enumerators should have carried identification papers. They claimed that some people who had asked them similar questions before were agents of the managers of the company that reportedly holds the title to the land in the location, ostensibly on their behalf. They reported that a group of people from the neighboring Jirole location managed to secure a common title for the land in Lango Baya location and some parts of Jirole location. This had reportedly retarded development in the area since activities like irrigation cannot be undertaken when land ownership is in contention. 2.27. Some respondents indicated that the main development priority in Lango Baya sub-location is irrigation, but disputes over land ownership will not permit irrigation to be conducted. They reportedly said that their share of sponsorship funds should be kept intact until new avenues of development are explored. Concerns were also raised about the operation of some community-based organizations (CBOs). Some respondents complained that some CBOs do not work with communities although the community elects their leaders, and do not give their members any feedback when they attend seminars and visits organized by AAK. In the case of committees dealing with school bursaries, some respondents reported that illiterate leaders cannot control the activities of feeder and primary school headmasters since the leaders could not read and write. Other CBOs reportedly operate like partnerships rather than serving the common good. There is need for creating awareness on child sponsorship and AAKs mission and activities in the area and the role of CBOs as catalysts in development so as to avoid low subscription to child sponsorship. 2.28. The enumerators reported that a significant proportion of the population had migrated to the area in the last twenty years, mostly from Kilifi district and the rest of Malindi district. Development has not been even between the indigenes and the immigrants. For example, there is only one primary school teacher in the whole location from the indigenes in the study area. In addition, most of the personnel of the provincial administration do not come from the location and have families in the adjoining locations. The survey did not cover migration as the issue was only reported after fieldwork had been completed. 2.29. The enumerators reported that the survey period coincided with the planting season. It therefore proved difficult to get some respondents as most left their houses very early in the morning and returned late in the evening. The enumerators reported that the expenditures during the period could be abnormal, field administration in the planting season was problematic, and labour allocation of time by household members might not make much sense when the survey coincides with the period when all household members are busy on the farm. 2.30. Some enumerators reported that fieldwork would have been easier if village elders were given the responsibility of locating households. However, the enumerators were informed that the survey organizers had planned to use the village elders for the purpose, but it was feared that it would lead to inaccurate reporting of illegal activities e.g. time spent on hunting and charcoal burning, and the incomes the households derived from the illegal activities. 2.31. Sixteen household members (13 males and 3 females) who were reported as having never gone to school were reported that they could read and write. This was more common among men. The enumerators also reported that costs of books and stationery per child were mainly estimates by the respondents. 2.32. On health, it was reported that a significant proportion of the population does not go to hospital when they contract malaria. This was reported as a serious problem that requires public awareness. There were isolated cases of elephantiasis and inguinal-scrotal hernia in the survey area that should attract the attention of health authorities5.
5 According to the British Colonial Government (1925), elephantiasis is most insidious in its effects and

most troublesome to the medical staffs. The extent to which natives will allow this disease to afflict them without seeking medical attention is astounding.

2.33. There were some inconsistencies in data collection on immunization that might lead to overreporting of immunization status. The enumerators reported that reaction of children to vaccines (e.g. high body temperature associated with DPT) is one of the reasons for low immunization coverage in the area. 2.34. The enumerators reported that there might be errors in data on crop production and disposal. For example, in Mkondoni, there are wild vegetables harvested by the households. There is no market for the wild vegetables as each household gathers its own vegetables from the wild. Secondly, it was difficult to estimate cassava consumption since it is harvested regularly and eaten soon after harvest. Thirdly, area planted was a problem e.g. when a household has 10 palm trees scattered in the farm. 2.35. There were difficulties in remembering the number of chicken owned in December 1999. In addition, egg production could not balance with sales and consumption since some eggs are used as seeds to perpetuate the species. 2.36. There were problems in reporting salaries of household members who were not present during the interview e.g. a parent responding on behalf of a working offspring or a wife reporting on behalf of the husband.

10

CHAPTER THREE: RESULTS OF THE SURVEY RESPONSE RATES

3.1. Table 1 show that a total of 233 households were covered out of the sampled 312 households, representing a response rate of 74.7%. The lowest response rate was recorded in Lango Baya sub-location (66.7%) and the highest in Mkondoni (84.4%). Most cases of non-response were due to households that had moved out of the survey area and others which were not interviewed at all.

DEMOGRAPHIC AND OTHER HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS

Household Composition 3.2. Table 2 shows the distribution of the responding population by age group and sex. The age structure of the population is in line with the national structure as per the 1989 Population and Housing Census, with 46.73% below the age of 15 years compared with the national average of 47.8%; while the population 60 years and above was 4.61% compared with the national average of 4.8%. There were gender differences in the age structure of the population, with males under 15 years (48.28%) exceeding females of the same age group (45.02%), and a higher percentage of males of 60 years and above (5.23%) compared with females (3.94%). 3.3. Table 3 shows the distribution of the population by sex and relation to household head. Most households were male-headed (88.4%). Malanga had the highest proportion of male-headed households (92.6%), followed by Mkondoni (92.1%), Makobeni (89.2%) and Lango Baya (79.7%). A reported 13.61% of the population was household heads of either sex. Most of the household members (99.8%) were relatives household head, spouse, son, daughter, parent, and other relative. The category of other relative includes daughters-in-law for households where the respondent stayed with married sons. Nonrelatives were virtually non-existent at 0.2% of the responding population. 3.4. As shown in Table 4, the majority of the responding population was never married (65.2%). In the four sub-locations, there were relatively more males (regardless of age) who were reported as never married (72.2%) compared with 57.6% for females. Analysis of conjugal relations show that there were 240 married males against 303 married females. This is mainly explained by the practice of polygamy and partly by husbands working outside the survey area, and hence not considered as usual members of the households. The unmarried category consisting of separation, divorce or death of spouse6 accounted for 3.0% of the population. The marriage institution in the survey area is largely intact as only 3.0% of the responding population was recorded as separated, divorced or widowed, with a high 5.2% for females and a low 1.1% for males. 3.5. Table 5 shows the distribution of the population by marital status, age group and sex. The institution of marriage is almost universal, with only 3 males and 3 females aged over 39 years who were reported as never married. In addition, women marry younger than men do as very few women above 24 years were reported as never married. Two girls of age 14 and below were reported as married, one in a monogamous union and the other in a polygamous union. In the entire responding population, the youngest married male was 19 years, the youngest male in polygamy was 32 years, and the youngest divorced male was 29 years. This compares with the youngest married female of 13 years, youngest female in a polygamous union of 14 years, and youngest divorced female at 40 years. Table 6 shows that the mean age at marriage was 22.8 years for males and 17.1 years for females. Mkondoni reported the lowest mean age at first marriage for both males and females, at 21.7 and 15.7 years, respectively. 3.6.
6

Table 7 shows that the estimated population using the survey data was 17,484 compared with In normal usage, unmarried means not married or single.

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12,739 reported in the household listing. The estimates exclude Metani estate, which was not included in the survey, as it is mainly occupied by employees of the National Water Conservation and Pipeline Corporation (NAWACO). The survey estimates of the population might be overstated since the grossing up factors used included ghost households, i.e. which were sampled but could not be located during the enumeration exercise. Education Profile of the Population 3.7. Table 8 shows the distribution of the population attending school. A reported 80.0% of those attending school were in primary school, only 2.6% were in secondary school, and a negligible 0.44% was in universities. In the entire responding population, there were only two males and no female who were enrolled for university education. The low level of enrolment in secondary education reflects the low rate of progression from primary to secondary school cycle. In Lango Baya and Makobeni, there were no females in the responding population who were enrolled in secondary school; while in Mkondoni there were no children (boys or girls) who were enrolled in secondary school. Low enrolment in secondary education is not a gender issue as it is insignificant for both sexes. 3.8. Table 9 shows the distribution of the responding population aged over 6 years who were not at school by highest level of education attained. A reported 54.6% had never gone to school, while 1.2% had nursery education. A reported 38.7% had attended part or whole primary school cycle, while only 5.5% had any secondary education. There were also major differences by gender. More females (72.4%) had no education compared with 36.2% for males. There were fewer females (24.4%) who had any primary education compared with 53.5% for males. There were a negligible 1.9% of females with any secondary education, compared with 9.2% of males. None was reported as having any university education. 3.9. Table 10 shows the education profile of the population aged over 6 years regardless of whether they were at school or not. It should be clarified that the information pertains to usual residents of Lango Baya location but excludes those hailing from the study area but reside elsewhere. A reported 37.6% had no education, 4.2% had nursery education, 53.3% had any primary education, 4.7% had any secondary education, and a negligible 0.2% had any university education. The comparable figures for males were 23.3% (no education), 5.7% (nursery education), 63.6% (any primary), 7.1% (any secondary), and 0.3% (any university education). The reported figures for females were 53.3% (no education), 2.7% (nursery education), 41.9% (any primary), 2.1% (any secondary), and 0.0% (any university education). Education Indicators 3.10. Education indicators usually include literacy, enrolment and dropout rates, and the age-grade mismatch in an education cycle. An important indicator is the dropout rate at various education levels and the reasons for dropping out. The drop-out rate is normally defined as the number of children who left school in the current year without completing the relevant education cycle divided by the total number of children enrolled in the current year (plus the dropouts). The age-grade mismatch shows the relationship between age and school grade. If the children started school older than is normally the case, dropped out of school or repeated some grades in the past, the children will find themselves in grades inappropriate for their age. A child with an age-grade mismatch will observe a different educational experience, in addition to the fact that such a child will have additional, but undesirable adult options compared with his/her classmates e.g. pregnancy, marriage or work. Other things being equal, age-grade mismatch is expected to be positively correlated with dropout rates. 3.11. The gross primary school enrolment rate is the total number of children regularly attending primary school in the current year regardless of age divided by the total number of children of primary school age (6-14 years). The net primary school enrolment is the total number of children of primary school age (6-14 years) currently attending primary school divided by the total number of children of primary school age. The difference between primary school gross and net enrolment rates show the children in primary school but were not of primary school age. The literacy rate is defined as the proportion of the population aged 15 and above who can, with understanding, both read and write a short, simple statement on their everyday life.

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3.12. As shown in Table 11, the number of children in nursery school who were above the rational age was 45 out of 78 (57.7%). In lower primary, those above the rational age were 129 out of 268 (48.1%) while the comparable figures for upper primary were 67 out 99 (67.7%). The reported age-grade mismatch did not show remarkable gender differences, although the data for girls should be interpreted within their lower relative enrolment compared with boys. In nursery school, there were 34 boys out of 52 (65.4%) above the rational age, compared with 11 girls out of 26 (42.3%). In lower primary, there were 72 boys out of 147 (49.0%) above the rational age, compared with 57 girls out of 121 (47.1%). In upper primary education, there were 42 boys out of 62 (67.7%) above the rational age, compared with 25 girls out of 37 (67.6%). 3.13. Table 12 shows the primary school net and gross enrolment. The overall net enrolment rate was reported at 64.8%, and was only slightly higher for boys (65.3%) compared with girls (64.1%). Lango Baya sub-location reported the lowest net enrolment rate for both boys (54.3%) and girls (52.3%), while Malanga reported the highest net enrolment rate. The overall gross enrolment rate was reported at 90.4%, with 92.9% for boys and 87.3% for girls. The lowest gross enrolment rates were recorded in Lango Baya and the highest in Malanga for both sexes. 3.14. Table 13 shows the mean annual household expenditure on primary and secondary education by gender of pupil. In the four sub-locations, the mean household expenditure on primary education was higher for boys than for girls, with a mean of Shs 754 spent on boys and Shs 493 spent on girls. The discrepancy between education costs by gender is more pronounced for the secondary school cycle. The mean annual expenditure on boys was Shs 1,064 compared with Shs 409 on girls. As shown in Table 8, Lango Baya, Mkondoni and Makobeni had no females enrolled in the secondary school cycle. Consequently, Mkondoni did not report any expenditure on secondary education, while Lango Baya, Mkondoni and Makobeni had no expenditure on female secondary education. The differences in household expenditure on education by gender of pupil are largely explained by the relatively higher enrolment of boys compared to girls. 3.15. Table 14 shows the literacy status of non-school population aged 15 years and above. In assessing literacy, the eligible household members were simply asked whether they could read or write a simple statement in any language. The overall literacy rate was 46.3%, with a low 24.4% for females compared with 68.6% for males. The highest literacy rates were recorded in Malanga (54.3%) and Makobeni (52.9%) while the lowest were recorded in Lango Baya (36.0%) and Mkondoni (41.4%). The highest male literacy rates were reported in Malanga (78.3%) and Makobeni (78.0%), while the lowest were in Lango Baya (54.7%) and Mkondoni (61.8%). The highest female literacy rates were reported in Makobeni (29.0%) and Malanga (28.3%), while the lowest were recorded in Lango Baya (19.2%) and Mkondoni (22.2%). However, the rates should be interpreted with caution given that the respondents were not tested on their ability to read or write. 3.16. Table 15 shows the dropout rates reported in the primary school cycle and the reasons for dropping out. The dropout rate was recorded at 3.2%, and was relatively higher for boys (3.7%) than for girls (2.6%). The highest dropout rates were reported in Lango Baya, at 11.6% for boys and 3.3% for girls. There might be slight underreporting of dropout rates if a household member who had dropped out of the primary school cycle did not indicate the year he/she dropped out. The major problem at the primary school cycle is low enrolment in the first year of the cycle rather than dropping out before completion of the cycle. 3.17. Most of those who dropped out of school during 1997-99 were reported to have done so due to lack of school fees/ levies (68.6%). Surprisingly, pregnancy and marriage did not feature prominently as a cause of dropout. This situation may not represent the true state if education ranks lower than marriage in peoples mission in life, and education is then viewed as interfering with marriage rather than vice-versa. This is borne out by the very low age at first marriage reported for girls, and the nature of the joking relationships between men and young girls, which make the young girls feel that they are ripe for

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marriage7. Membership in Self-help Groups 3.18. The survey solicited information on household members membership in self-help groups if they were 15 years and above. As shown in Table 16, only 6.4% of the eligible population was reported as belonging to any group. Participation in self-help groups was slightly higher among women (8.3%) compared with men (4.5%). Only a negligible proportion of the eligible population in Lango Baya sublocation was reported as members of self-help groups, at 1.6% for males and 1.5% for females. The most common membership in self-help groups was in crop farming (31.0%), livestock rearing (27.6%) and handwork makuti, mats, baskets, winnowing trays, brooms (20.7%). Health Seeking Behavior 3.19. The survey included four health-related questions which were to be answered for each household member: whether one was sick in the two weeks preceding the survey, the main type of sickness, and first and second health restoration actions taken. It is important to bear in mind that the information was collected on a self-reporting basis. There are normally significant differences in definitions of symptoms that constitute a sickness episode among different socioeconomic groups. In addition, one respondent answered on behalf of all household members, and the respondent may not be familiar with the health problems of all the household members or the health restoration actions the household members took. 3.20. Health behavior models distinguish between disease and illness. Disease is understood to be an objective phenomenon characterized by altered abnormal functioning of the body as a biological organism, while illness is a subjective phenomenon in which individuals perceive themselves as sick. Illness therefore includes both (a) symptoms of an actual disease, and (b) perception that one is sick without any organic processes of disease being manifested. A survey based on self-reporting rather than professional validation by trained health personnel can only collect responses on illness rather than disease. 3.21. The responses to the sickness episode need to be interpreted within a model of sickness experience relevant to the environment the data were collected. For example, are the health restoration actions in the questionnaire viewed as mutually exclusive options or a sequence of actions in the sickness experience? In normal circumstances, a sick person shops for other health restoration actions if the initial choice fails to restore health. This implies that the responses recorded in the filled questionnaires may depend on the point the index person was in seeking help to restore health. 3.22. Suchman (1963) provides a useful framework for studying the illness experience and medical care. His five-stage model starts with: Symptom experience stage when the individual perceives that something is wrong. The person either denies that he is sick, delays action awaiting further development of the symptoms, or attempts self-treatment with folk medicine and the popular over-the-counter (OTC) drugs e.g. antiseptics, cough/cold medicines, and antacid. Assuming the sick role and seeking provisional validation from family, friends and coworkers for his claim to the sick role. Provisional validation leads to the medical care contact stage when the person leaves the lay-care system and enters professional care, where the person seeks treatment and professional validation for his claim to the sick role. Dependent patient stage, where the person reaches the decision to undergo treatment. This stage

7 Joking relationships were first described by Radcliffe-Brown (1940; 1952): What is meant by the term

joking relationship is a relation between two persons in which one is by custom permitted, and in some cases required to tease or make fun of the other, who in return is required to take no offence (see also, Hay, 2000; and Christensen, 1963).

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is also accompanied by substantial loss of personal rights (especially rights to privacy); hence the reluctance to move from lay to professional healthcare. Recovery and rehabilitation, where the patient recovers and either leaves the sick role or gets hooked to the medical care system by feigning sickness to prevent relinquishing the sick role. The latter are referred to as malingerers.

3.23. Such a model is not necessarily relevant in all cultures or for all types of sicknesses e.g. an accident victim does not have to follow all the five stages. However, the importance of having a relevant model of health restoration behavior is important in the design of healthcare service delivery system and health education. For example, in some communities, religious leaders and faith healers, who is also the only health restoration point, give professional validation. In such communities, health education should focus on advising people on significance of symptoms and the need to consult trained health personnel for professional validation that those symptoms constitute sickness. 3.24. Within a health restoration model, lay persons only give provisional validation to the sick role. The sick person may not be aware of the symptoms that constitute a particular disease, unless the disease is common in the locality, or if the disease is recurring and the sick individual has previously received professional validation that the coincidental symptoms constitute a particular disease. However, trained health personnel do not always inform their patients on the disease they are suffering from, and hence the patient may define symptoms to refer to a particular sickness when the symptoms actually relate to a different pathological disease. 3.25. Table 17 shows that 18.6% of the responding population had fallen sick in the two weeks preceding the interview, with roughly the same proportions for males (17.8%) and females (19.4%). Out of those reported as having been sick, the most common sicknesses were malaria/ fever (34.0%), cough/ cold (29.9%), skin diseases (9.4%) and vomit/ diarrhea (6.0%). In the other category of diseases, there was one household member who was reported as having elephantiasis (in Lango Baya sub-location) and another as having inguinal-scrotal hernia (in Mkondoni sub-location). 3.26. As shown in Table 18, the proportion of the population that was sick during the reference period was highest in the age-group 0-5 years (22.5%) and lowest in age-group 6-15 years (15.8%). The age group 0-5 years recorded the highest incidence of malaria (40.0% of those who reported as sick during the reference period) and vomit/ diarrhea (10.7%). 3.27. Table 19 shows the types of sickness by first action taken to restore health. Overall, the first action to restore health regardless of the type of sickness was nothing (16.0%), traditional medicine/healer (6.0%), OTC drugs (58.5%) and hospital/ health facility (19.5%). In the case of malaria/ fever, 64 out of 108 sick persons (59.3%) used over-the-counter drugs as the first health restoration action and only 28 (25.9%) first visited a health facility, while 13 (12.0%) did nothing. In the case of cough/ cold, 67 out of 95 sick persons (70.5%) used OTC drugs and only 7 (7.4%) first went to a health facility. In the case of injury/ burns, two sick persons (33.3%) did nothing, three (50.0%) used traditional medicine, and one (16.7%) used OTC drugs. Analysis of the second action taken to restore health was not found necessary, as most sick household members had not taken a second action to restore health largely due to the short reference period of investigation (two weeks). Prevalence of Disabilities 3.28. A disability is a limitation in an individuals ability to perform an activity in a manner that is considered to be normal. Impairment is an abnormality in the structure or function of a part of the body or mind. Disabilities are caused by impairments, which are in turn caused by diseases, injuries, or congenital (inborn) or peri-natal conditions. The six common disabilities are difficulties in seeing, hearing, speaking, moving legs (lower limbs) or arms (upper limbs), and learning (mental retardation), either in mild or profound form. The definition of disability excludes injuries or conditions of duration of less than six months. 3.29. Surveys and censuses of disabled persons record data on the number of disabilities rather than

15

the number of disabled persons. Therefore, a person suffering from all six disabilities would be recorded six times, first as having difficulties in seeing, second as having difficulties in hearing, etc. A ratio of a disability to the total population is interpreted as the prevalence of that disability. The 1989 Population and Housing Census reported that the prevalence of disabilities in the total population was 1.4%, that most of the disabled persons had no education, and that the main disabilities were in the lower limbs, vision, hearing and mental retardation. 3.30. As shown in Table 20, there were 17 disabilities or 0.99% of the responding population. No multiple disabilities were reported in the survey. The most common disability was difficulties in seeing (0.35% of the responding population), followed by hearing (0.29%) and lower limbs (0.18%). There was higher prevalence of disability among males (1.45%) compared to females (0.49%). Males reported 0.56% prevalence of disabilities in seeing compared with females (0.12%). In the case of difficulties in hearing, males reported 0.33% compared with 0.25% for females. In the case of difficulties in speaking, males reported 0.22% compared with 0.00% for females. For the other major disabilities, males reported 0.11% for upper limbs compared with 0.00% for females; and males 0.22% for lower limbs compared with 0.12% for females. There were no disabilities reported for hunch and mental conditions. 3.31. Further analysis of the data showed that 13 out of the 17 disabled persons (76.5%) had no education, two (11.8%) were primary school dropouts, and two (11.8%) had completed the primary school cycle. None of the disabled persons was in school. The overall mean age of disabled persons was 46.7 years, with a high 50.7 years for males and a low 33.8 years for females. Distribution of Household Members by Occupation 3.32. Table 21 shows the distribution of out-of-school population of over 14 years by occupation. A reported 3.3% were employed in the public sector, with 4.5% of males and 2.2% of females. A reported 7.4% was employed in the private sector (other than as domestic workers), with males reporting 13.7% and females 1.2%. A reported 9.4% was self-employed in non-farm economic activities either as owners or unpaid household members in the household enterprises, with males reporting 13.2% and females 5.6%. Makobeni reported the highest proportion of self-employed persons and those engaged by the public sector. The other category (76.5%) were either engaged in household farms, as homemakers (in household chores as cooks, child minders), or were unemployed, with a high 90.0% for females compared with 62.8% for males. Religion 3.33. Table 22 shows the distribution of the population by religion regardless of the age of the household member. Table 23 is only for those household members older than 14 years, as they are considered old enough to make choices of faiths to follow. For those older than 14 years, 3.5% were reported as having no religion, a high 42.4% were reported as traditionalists, 6.1% were Muslims, 5.7% were Catholics, and 40.9% belonged to Christian protestant churches. Traditionalists are those who believe in divine powers e.g. Dini ya Msambwa and the Tent of the Living God. People with no religion are those who do not believe in the existence of supernatural powers and neither do they follow any particular religion. 3.34. Among those reported as having no religion or were traditionalists, Makobeni reported the lowest proportion, while Lango Baya reported the highest proportion. The prevalence of Islam was highest in Mkondoni and Makobeni and least in Lango Baya and Malanga. The proportion of those in protestant churches was highest in Makobeni and lowest in Mkondoni. There were insignificant gender differences, except where more males were reported as having no religion or were traditionalists (by 5.5 percentage points). The findings vindicate Holway (1970) who, based on the August 1962 Population Census, stated that African tribal religion remains most firmly entrenched among the Giryama (85 per cent), who show little influence from either Christianity or Islam, followed by the Duruma (42 per cent) and the Taita-Taveta (33 per cent). In addition, although Coast Province is often thought of as the Muslim part of Kenya, it is remarkable how many Christians there are in the Province. Even more remarkable is the large number of African people who hold to their traditional religion, and have not

16

adopted either Islam or Christianity. Holways (1970) analysis showed that, among the three most populous Mijikenda sub-tribes, the most Islamized in Coast Province were Digo (91%), compared with Duruma (25%) and Giryama (4%).

MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH

3.35. Form M/L/B/2 sought information on particulars relating to antenatal care, place of delivery and who assisted in delivery of the index child, immunization, breastfeeding and weaning practices, whether the mother received tetanus toxoid injection during their latest pregnancy, and whether mother use any form of family planning. Table 24 shows that 50.5% of the expectant mothers had visited a health facility, 29.5% visited traditional birth attendants (TBA), while 19.9% had virtually no antenatal care and relied on self and relatives/ friends. The proportion of those who visited a modern health facility was highest in Mkondoni (70.6%) and Lango Baya (67.1%); and lowest in Malanga (32.7%) and Makobeni (38.6%). A reported 78.6% had received tetanus toxoid injection during the latest pregnancy, with the highest recorded in Malanga (85.3%) and Lango Baya (83.3%) and the lowest in Mkondoni (62.5%) and Makobeni (71.4%). 3.36. Despite the fact that a reported 50.5% of the mothers received antenatal care from a modern health facility, Table 25 shows that only 7.8% delivered in a health facility, with a low 3.9% in Mkondoni and 13.6% in Makobeni (which was the highest in the survey area). Only 8.2% were assisted by trained health personnel during delivery, with a relatively high 18.2% in Makobeni and a low 3.9% in Mkondoni and 5.8% in Malanga. TBA assisted a reported 40.6% of the expectant mothers, while 51.2% had virtually no care and relied on self and relatives/friends. The highest proportion of expectant mothers who had virtually no care and relied on self and relatives/friends was reported in Mkondoni (74.5%) while the lowest was in Lango Baya (40.2%). 3.37. Table 26 shows low use of contraceptive methods. Out of 182 mothers, only 11 (6.0%) were reported as using any form of family planning. Only nine out of the eleven reported the type of family planning method they were using. Eight reported the family planning method used as injection while one reported that she was using pills. 3.38. Although information on immunization was collected for all children below five years, immunization coverage can only be computed for those who are supposed to have completed the immunization schedule, i.e. over 9 months. However, immunization coverage was computed for children of 11 completed months and over. Table 27 shows low full immunization coverage (67.4%), which is roughly the same for boys (67.5%) and girls (67.3%). The dropout rate from one vaccine to the next in the immunization schedule is minimal, other than the high dropout rate from DPT-3 to measles (9.1%). Although children are supposed to receive the first vaccines at birth (BCG and Polio-B), the mean age at which children were taken for first immunization was 3.51 months, with 3.57 months for boys and 3.44 months for girls. 3.39. Information on breastfeeding is divided into two categories: those still breastfeeding and those that have stopped. However, the information in Tables 28 and 29 is for those who have stopped breastfeeding, mainly because inclusion of those still breastfeeding does not give the correct picture of breastfeeding practices e.g. months of any breastfeeding. The average number of months of exclusive breastfeeding (i.e. without any supplementation) was 3.6 months, and 18.7 months of any breastfeeding (with or without supplementation). In addition, 32.5% were breastfed for up to 12 months (with or without supplementation), 51.7% were breastfed for 13-24 months, while 15.9% of the children were breastfed for over 24 months. 3.40. As shown in Table 29, the most common supplementation of mothers milk was plain maize porridge (80.1%), followed by semi-solids (12.6%) e.g. mashed potatoes and bananas. Only 3.3% of the

17

children received milk other than breast-milk as the first supplement8. 3.41. Tables 30 and 31 shows the relationships between mothers education and place of delivery, availability of the childs health card and immunization status of the index child. Table 30 shows that 50.0% of mothers with secondary education delivered in a hospital/ health facility compared with 13.2% for those with any primary education, and 4.4% for those with nursery or no education. The level of education did not significantly influence the possession of a child health card. However, the proportion of fully immunized children was higher for children whose mothers had secondary education (75.0%) compared with primary education (71.4%) and nursery or no education (63.5%). 3.42. As shown in Table 31, the mean months of any breastfeeding (with or without supplementation) were inversely related with mothers education (a longer period of breastfeeding was associated with lower levels of education). Those with secondary education reported about 13.3 months of any breastfeeding (with or without supplementation), while those with primary education reported 18.6 months and those with nursery or no education reported 18.9 months. However, the mean number of months of exclusive breastfeeding (without any supplementation) did not show significant relationship with mothers education. The months of exclusive breastfeeding (without any supplementation) were about four months across all education levels of the mother. 3.43. The survey data confirms the concerns of the health personnel in Lango Baya location on the relatively long time the mothers take from birth to taking their children for the first immunization. Those mothers with secondary education reported 3.0 months, compared with 2.8 months for primary education and 3.8 months for those with nursery or no education. However, the influence of mothers education on maternal health and child outcomes should be interpreted with caution as only 4 children had mothers with secondary education, compared with 91 with primary education and 183 with nursery or no education.

ALLOCATION OF TIME BY HOUSEHOLD MEMBERS

3.44. Form M/L/B/3 collected information from all household members 5 years or older (excluding those reported as disabled) with respect to number of hours they spent on specified activities in the seven days preceding the interview. The original intention was to capture child labor particulars (5-17 years), but it was felt that there would be serious underreporting if a respondent was to know that the purpose of the Form was to capture particulars of child labor in the responding household. Therefore, the Form was administered to all members of the household aged 5 years and above, i.e. excluding all children aged 0-4 years who were captured in Form M/L/B/2. The survey period was undertaken during the planting season in the study area and school holidays, and the data should therefore be interpreted within this background. 3.45. In the analysis of allocation of time, the responding population was split into several age groups: 5-17 years (child labor), 18-56 years, over 56 years, the entire adult population of age 18 and above, and the entire population of age 5 and above. The mean number of hours was derived by including the survey population within an age cohort irrespective of whether they worked or not. 3.46. Table 32 shows that children of age 5-17 years spent a mean of 31.3 hours per week on the specified activities, with 28.2 hours for boys and 35.3 for girls. The main activities for boys were crop farming (13.7 hours) and livestock rearing (10.1 hours), while girls mainly undertook activities on crop farming (15.9 hours), water and firewood (10.1 hours) and housekeeping (6.4 hours). Boys work for roughly the same number of mean hours in the four sub-locations. However, girls work for most hours in Makobeni (40.9 hours) due to the relatively longer time they spend in collecting firewood (7.2 hours) compared with the other three sub-locations. Children spent most of their time on household chores and household economic activities (crop farming and livestock rearing), and spent negligible time on self8

The 1994 National Welfare Monitoring Survey conducted by the Central Bureau of Statistics reported a national mean of 31.3% for milk other than breast, followed by porridge (26.0%).

18

employment and paid employment. However, the survey was undertaken during school holidays and the number of hours spent on the activities may be overstated in the case of school-going children. 3.47. For those of age 18-56 years, the mean number of hours per week spent on the specified activities was 46.9, with a high 53.7 for women and 39.0 for men. Men devoted most of their time on crop farming (17.8 hours), paid employment (10.0 hours), self-employment (3.4 hours), tapping and selling mnazi (3.2 hours), and livestock rearing (1.7 hours). Women on the other hand spent most of their time on crop farming (26.2 hours), housekeeping (11.9 hours), fetching water (6.2 hours) and collecting firewood (5.1 hours). Men work longest in Lango Baya (44.8 hours) and least in Mkondoni (30.4 hours). Women work longest in Lango Baya (62.8 hours) and least in Makobeni (36.0 hours). Women spent most time in fetching water in Mkondoni (9.9 hours) and Lango Baya (6.1 hours). Fishing from Sabaki/Athi River (which forms one of the sub-location boundaries) was an exclusive male activity and was mainly reported in Lango Baya (1.5 hours). Tapping and selling mnazi was almost an exclusive male activity and was mainly reported in Lango Baya (5.7 hours) followed by Malanga (2.6 hours). Men spent more hours in non-farm self-employment and paid employment (a total of 13.4 hours) compared to women (3.2 hours). The mean number of hours men spent on paid employment was highest in Malanga (19.7 hours). 3.48. Table 34 shows that the mean number of hours spent by those over 56 years on the specified economic activities was 43.5, with a low 37.8 for men and a high 51.6 for women. Men devoted most of their time on crop farming (24.0 hours), paid employment (5.9 hours), and tapping/selling mnazi (5.1 hours). Women devoted most of their time on crop farming (30.1 hours), housekeeping (10.9 hours), water (3.5 hours) and firewood (4.3 hours). Men work longest in Lango Baya (45.7 hours), mainly due to the relatively higher number of hours they spend on tapping and selling mnazi (20.5 hours). Men work least in Makobeni (21.7 hours) and the bulk of that time is devoted to paid employment (20.0 hours). Women work most in Lango Baya (60.3 hours), mainly in crop farming (36.1 hours), collecting water (2.6 hours) and firewood (6.1 hours), and housekeeping (15.4 hours). Women work least in Makobeni (19.7 hours), and mainly in crop farming (10.0 hours), livestock rearing (5.7 hours) and collecting firewood (2.7 hours). In Makobeni, both men and women retire relatively early, while they do not retire in Lango Baya sub-location. 3.49. Table 35 shows the allocation of time for all adults of age 18 and above. The mean number of hours spent on the specified activities was 46.5, with a low 38.8 for men and a high 53.5 for women. The difference in the allocation of time by gender and sub-location is almost identical to that of the population of age 18-56 shown in Table 33 since those over 56 years were relatively few. 3.50. Table 36 shows the allocation of time by all responding household members of age 5 years and above. The mean number of hours spent on the specified activities was 39.4, with a low 33.4 for men and a high 45.7 for women. Men spent bulk of the time on crop farming (16.2 hours), livestock rearing (5.9 hours), and paid employment (5.0 hours). Women spent the bulk of their time on crop farming (22.0 hours), water (5.6 hours), collecting firewood (5.0 hours) and housekeeping (9.5 hours). Crop farming took least time in Makobeni for both sexes. Water took most of the womens time in Mkondoni (8.0 hours) and least in Makobeni (3.8 hours). Tapping and selling mnazi was a male domain and was mainly reported in Lango Baya (3.8 hours), while paid employment was a male domain where the highest number of hours was reported in Makobeni (9.3 hours).

HOUSEHOLD AMENITIES, ASSETS AND ACCESS TO SERVICES

The Main Residential Structure 3.51. An important indicator of a households living standards is the quality of the dwelling unit. Almost all main residential structures were made of temporary walls. Table 37 shows that only 3 of 233 residential structures (1.3%) had permanent (stone/cement) walls, while the rest were made of temporary materials, mainly mud (93.6%). Two households in Lango Baya and one in Makobeni reported as dwelling in structures with stone/cement walls, while Mkondoni and Malanga did not report any dwelling units with stone/cement walls. As shown in Table 38, only 7 out of 233 dwelling units had stone/cement

19

floors (3.0%), while the rest had earth floors. Once again, the stone/cement floors were reported only in Lango Baya and Makobeni. Table 39 shows that most of the roofs were made of makuti (82.8%) and grass (11.6%), while only 5.6% were of iron sheets. In short, only 1.3% of the main dwelling units had walls of permanent materials, 3.0% had permanent floors and 5.6% had permanent roofs. 3.52. The quality of dwelling units in the study area is summarized in Table 40 by combining construction materials. Out of 233 dwelling units, 217 (93.1%) had temporary wall, floor and roof. Only two dwelling units (0.86%) had permanent walls, floors and roofs. The remaining 14 dwelling units (6.0%) had various combinations of permanent and temporary walls, floors and roofs. Water and Sanitation 3.53. Table 41 shows that the main sources of water during the wet season were piped water (55.4%), followed by stagnant ponds/ wells (24.0%) and river (15.0%). Piped was the main source in Makobeni (94.6%) and least in Mkondoni (2.6%). Rivers were most prevalent in Lango Baya (25.0%) and Mkondoni (34.2%) and virtually non-existent in the other two sub-locations. In Mkondoni the main source of water in the wet season was stagnant ponds/ wells (63.2%). 3.54. As shown in Table 42, the main sources of water in the dry season were piped water (68.7%) and river (20.6%). Piped is the main source of water in Lango Baya (84.4%), Makobeni (97.3%) and Malanga (68.1%). Rivers were the main source in Mkondoni at 84.2%. 3.55. Table 43 presents one-way distance to the main water source during wet season in kilometers. A reported 54.9% of the households had access to water at not more than 0.5 km in the wet season, the highest being recorded in Lango Baya (68.8%), followed by Malanga (60.6%), Makobeni (51.4%) and Mkondoni (21.1%). A reported 18.5% of the households fetched water from sources that were above 1 km from the dwelling units. The highest was recorded in Mkondoni (47.3%), followed by Malanga (17.1%), Lango Baya (9.3%) and Makobeni (8.1%). The mean distance to water source was 0.9 km, and the lowest was recorded in Lango Baya (0.7 km) and Makobeni (0.7 km), while the highest was recorded in Mkondoni (1.9 km). 3.56. As shown in Table 44, the mean distance to water sources increases in the dry season. A reported 45.1% of the households had access to water at not more than 0.5 km in the dry season compared with 54.9% during the wet season. The highest proportion of households travelling not more than 0.5 km to water source in the dry season was recorded in Malanga (53.2%), followed by Lango Baya (53.1%), Makobeni (48.6%) and Mkondoni (7.9%). A reported 31.3% of the households fetched water from sources that were above 1 km from the dwelling units compared with a low 18.5% during the wet season. The highest proportion of households travelling more than 1 km was recorded in Mkondoni (78.9%) followed by Lango Baya (28.1%), Malanga (23.4%) and Makobeni (8.2%). The mean distance to water source was about 1.4 km, and the lowest was recorded in Makobeni (0.7 km), Lango Baya (1.0 km) and Malanga (1.0 km), while the highest was in Mkondoni (3.6 km). Table 45 shows that household members who normally fetch water were mainly women and girls (96.4%). 3.57. Most of the households had no toilet facilities, as bush was reported as the main destination for human excreta (87.6%), with the highest recorded in Mkondoni (94.7%), followed by Lango Baya (89.1%), Malanga (85.1%) and Makobeni (83.8%). The remaining households used pit latrines, as there were no other types of toilet among the responding households. The quality of drinking water is of great importance to the health of household members. It was however reported that 94.8% of the households do not do anything to the water before drinking with the highest recorded in Lango Baya (100.0%) and the lowest in Mkondoni (89.5%). All the other households (5.2%) reported that they boil water before drinking. Sources of Cooking and Lighting Fuels 3.58. A reported 228 out of 233 households (97.9%) use firewood and charcoal as the main cooking fuels. As shown in Table 46, only one household reported that it was using gas (in Lango Baya) and four

20

households (2 in Lango Baya and 2 in Makobeni) reported that they were using paraffin as the main cooking fuel. 3.59. The main source of lighting fuel for the majority of the households was paraffin (97.9%). Two households reported that they used electricity (0.9%) as the main source of lighting fuel, while three households (1.3%) reported that they do not use anything for lighting at night. There is no rural electrification program in the area. However, power from the main grid serves the National Water Conservation and Pipeline Corporation (NAWACO) plant and staff quarters which are located in the study area. The NAWACO staff quarters were excluded from the survey coverage. Distance to Nearest Health Facility and Primary School 3.60. Table 47 shows that the mean distance to the nearest health facility was 3.6 km, with the shortest mean distance recorded in Lango Baya (2.2 km) followed by Malanga (2.4 km) and Makobeni (3.4 km), while the longest was reported in Mkondoni (8.9 km). The mean distance to the nearest primary school was 1.9 km. The shortest mean distance to the nearest primary school was recorded in Lango Baya (1.4 km) followed by Makobeni (1.7 km) and Malanga (1.8 km), while the longest was reported in Mkondoni (3.2 km). Ownership of Selected Household Assets 3.61. Data on ownership of selected assets was collected on the basis of the actual number of the listed assets that the household owned. However, the analysis was based on whether a household owned at least one operational unit of each of the listed assets. This was because additional units of the same household asset (e.g. an additional radio) are likely to face a steep declining marginal utility curve9. As shown in Table 48, the most commonly owned asset was granary (73.8%), with the highest reported in Lango Baya (82.8%) and the lowest in Makobeni (51.4%). 3.62. A reported 6.0% of the households owned at least one stove, with the highest recorded in Mkondoni (7.9%) and Malanga (7.4%) and the lowest in Makobeni (2.7%). The ownership of bicycle, radio, and torch was fairly identical at around 37%. The ownership of at least one bicycle was highest in Makobeni (48.6%) and lowest in Mkondoni (28.9%). The ownership of at least one radio was highest in Malanga (45.7%) and lowest in Mkondoni (21.1%). The ownership of at least one torch was highest in Mkondoni (47.4%) and Malanga (42.6%) and lowest in Makobeni (24.3%). A reported 6.4% of the households owned at least one sewing machine, with the highest recorded in Lango Baya (9.4%) and the lowest in Mkondoni (2.6%). A reported 14.2% of the households had at least one iron box. 3.63. The ownership of assets was also analyzed by gender of household head. Male-headed households had higher ownership of stove (by 2.5 percentage points), bicycle (15.9 percentage points), radio (16.4 percentage points), torch (16.9 percentage points) and iron box (11.8 percentage points). None of the responding female-headed households owned a sewing machine, motorcycle, posho mill, television set, wheelbarrow or handcart. However, the ownership of granaries is the exact opposite, with 73.2% of male-headed households owning at least one granary compared with 84.6% of female-headed households.

HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURES

Total Household Consumption Expenditures 3.64. The consumption items were grouped into few categories:

a) Bread: bread and buns

A person with two watches is never sure of the time.

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b) Cereals: maize, maize flour, relief food in form of maize grains, rice, wheat, millet grain, and millet flour c) Pulses: beans, pigeon peas, cowpeas, and green grams d) Meat: beef, goat meat, sheep meat, chicken, dry fish, fresh fish, prawns, and game meat (e.g. kadzora, maungu) e) Milk and eggs: milk, eggs f) Fats: cooking fat, cooking oils, local ghee, other oils and fats g) Fruits: ripe bananas, oranges, papaws, pineapples, mangoes, passion fruit, tangerines, other fruits h) Vegetables: cooking bananas, cabbages, kale, mchicha, mnavu, pumpkins, madzungu, ladyfinger, brinjals, eggplant, tomatoes, onions, other vegetables i) Roots: English potatoes, sweet potatoes, cassava, other roots and tubers j) Sugar k) Beverages: tea, coffee, cocoa and cocoa products, madafu and soda l) Flavors: salt, coconut milk (huwi), other spices and flavors m) Other food: meals eaten out n) Fuel: firewood, charcoal, paraffin, gas, electricity o) Household operations: water, soap, batteries, and domestic workers p) Alcohol: beer, local brew, and other alcoholic beverages q) Tobacco: cigarettes, snuff r) Transport: bicycle repair, other transport s) Personal: haircut, hairdressing, and other personal t) Health: hospital charges, medicine/injections, other medical costs u) Clothing: mens clothing, womens clothing, childrens clothing, and other clothing v) Footwear: mens footwear, womens footwear, childrens footwear, and other footwear w) Furniture. 3.65. Consumption expenditure includes purchases of goods and services and consumption from own crops and livestock and livestock products. Consumption of own crop production was computed as the average of monthly equivalent of annual consumption of own crop produce and consumption of own crop produce during the month of November 2000. 3.66. According to Table 49A, the mean monthly household consumption was estimated at Shs 4,029, with the highest consumption recorded in Lango Baya (Shs 4,662), followed by Malanga (Shs 4,091), Makobeni (Shs 4,028) and Mkondoni (Shs 2,809). The share of food purchases in total purchases was 57.1%, and was highest in Lango Baya (64.1%) and lowest in Mkondoni (43.4%). Cereals took the bulk of food purchases at around 31.0% of total food and non-food purchases. Purchase of vegetables was only significant in Lango Baya (8.4% of total food and non-food purchases). Consumption of alcohol and tobacco was highest in Lango Baya (7.0%) and Mkondoni (10.8% of total cash outlays). Expenditure on education as proportion of total purchases of goods and services was 7.7% and was highest in Malanga (11.4%) and lowest in Lango Baya (4.8%). 3.67. Consumption of own-produce represented 16.2% of total consumption, and was mainly in the form of crops (13.4%) and an insignificant amount of livestock and livestock products (2.8%). Mkondoni had the highest share of own consumption (25.9%) while the lowest was in Makobeni (10.8%). The ratio of food (purchases and own consumption) to total consumption expenditure was 64.0%, with the highest recorded in Lango Baya (69.5%) and lowest in Mkondoni (58.1%). 3.68. As shown in Table 50A, mean household consumption expenditure per month in male-headed households was Shs 4,200 compared with Shs 2,724 in female-headed households. The share of food in total consumption was slightly higher in female-headed households (65.2%) compared with male-headed households (63.9%). On average, male-headed households had a richer diet as shown by higher food expenditure and relatively higher purchases of pulses, meat and vegetables. Alcohol consumption was higher in female-headed households (7.0% of cash outlays) compared with 2.3% in male-headed households; while that of tobacco, health and education was higher in male-headed households. In general, in the study area, the share of education in total cash outlays was low at 7.7%. The relatively lower share of education in female-headed households has implications for intergenerational transfer of

22

poverty in those of households. 3.69. Food purchases were highest in households headed by persons aged 35-50 years (Shs 2,428) followed by over 50 years (Shs 1,703) and those below 35 years (Shs 1,698). Alcohol consumption was highest in households headed by persons aged 35-50 years, while the share of education expenditure tends to increase with age of household head. 3.70. Household consumption expenditure was converted to per capita by dividing with household size. Household size was converted to adult equivalents using 0-3 years of age as 0.4 equivalent adult, 4-12 years as 0.7 equivalent adult and 13 years and over as 1.0 equivalent adult. The information on mean household size and adult equivalence by various analytical domains is shown in Tables 51 to 54. 3.71. The mean household size was 7.35 persons, with the highest in Mkondoni (8.24 persons) followed by Lango Baya (7.78), Makobeni (7.24) and Malanga (6.73). Male-headed households had a higher household size (7.65 persons) compared with female-headed households at 5.04 persons. Household size increases with age of household head, beginning with 5.43 persons for heads aged below 35 years, 8.19 persons for heads aged 35-50 years, and 8.28 persons for heads above 50 years of age. The mean adult equivalent was 6.04, with the highest recorded in Mkondoni (6.64) followed by Lango Baya (6.37), Makobeni (5.97) and Malanga (5.60). The ratio of household size to equivalent adults was highest in Mkondoni (1.24), which implies that it has the highest youthful population; while the lowest was recorded in Malanga (1.20), which implies that it has a relatively lower youthful population. Although adult equivalence scales are normally derived from recommended daily allowance of calories, they are often used over the entire expenditure profile. 3.72. Table 51A shows that the mean per capita consumption was Shs 643, with the highest recorded in Lango Baya (Shs 719) followed by Makobeni (Shs 705), Malanga (Shs 673) and Mkondoni (Shs 381). There was rank reversal between Makobeni and Malanga when consumption is ranked by household rather than per capita, with Makobeni occupying third place in household consumption and second place in per capita consumption. The other two sub-locations retained their ranks under both classifications. 3.73. As shown in Table 52A, the gap between male-headed and female-headed households was narrowed when consumption is expressed in per capita terms due to the relatively higher household size in male-headed households. Per capita consumption was Shs 645 in male-headed households and Shs 630 in female-headed households. Per capita consumption decreases with the age of household head, from Shs 765 for heads below 35 years, Shs 649 for heads aged 35-50 years and Shs 532 for heads above 50 years. The share of food in per capita consumption was higher in female-headed households (68.0%) compared with 64.7% in male-headed households, which is consistent with female bias towards nonwasteful expenditure and Engels law10. The diet in female-headed households has less purchase of pulses, meat and vegetables, but relatively higher milk and eggs consumption. The share of food in per capita purchases was higher in female-headed households (62.6%) compared with male-headed households (57.7%). 3.74. As shown in Table 53A, the mean consumption per equivalent adult was Shs 772, with the highest recorded in Lango Baya (Shs 866) followed by Makobeni (Shs 825), Malanga (Shs 812) and Mkondoni (Shs 462). There was no rank reversal by sub-location when consumption is measured in per capita compared with that measured in equivalent adults. The ratio of household size to equivalent adults was higher in male-headed households (1.22) compared with female-headed households (1.19) due to a relatively larger share of youthful population in male-headed households. As expected, the ratio of household size to equivalent adults decrease with age of household head, with those of heads below 35 years recording a ratio of 1.26, compared with 1.21 for those aged 35-50 years and 1.19 for those over 50 years. As shown in Table 54A, adult equivalent consumption was higher in male-headed households (Shs 778) compared with female-headed households (Shs 726). Adult equivalent consumption decreases with age of household head, from Shs 952 for those below 35 years, Shs 770 for those aged 35-50 years and
10 .

Engels Law, sometimes attributed to the limited capacity of the human stomach, states that the proportion of a familys budget devoted to food declines as the familys income increases.

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Shs 619 for those of over 50 years. Consumption of Own Produce 3.75. Tables 55 and 56 show the consumption of own produce from crops and livestock and livestock products. The mean monthly consumption of own crop produce was Shs 539 and was highest in Mkondoni (Shs 616) and lowest in Makobeni (Shs 350). A reported 62.9% of consumption of own produce was in the form of maize. The highest maize consumption from own produce was reported in Mkondoni (Shs 563) and lowest in Makobeni (Shs 244). The mean consumption of animal products was Shs 112, which was mainly in the form of cattle milk (Shs 50), chicken (Shs 30) and goat meat (Shs 27). During year 2000, there was no reported consumption of onions, capsicum, sheep, fish and duck eggs from own production. 3.76. As shown in Table 56A, the imputed mean monthly household consumption from own produce was higher in male-headed households (Shs 687) compared with female-headed households (Shs 375). Consumption of crop produce from household production was higher in male-headed households (Shs 563) compared with female-headed households (Shs 352), mainly on account of a relatively higher maize consumption in male-headed households. Consumption of animal products from household production was negligible in female-headed households. Household consumption of own produce did not show much variation when analyzed by age of household head.

ESTIMATED CALORIE AND PROTEIN AVAILABILITY

3.77. A retail price survey was conducted alongside the household survey to determine the prevailing market prices that would be used to convert food costs to weight in kilograms for the purpose of estimating calorie supply by the use of food-to-energy conversion tables. The retail market survey entailed purchasing the food items in representative markets in the study area and weighing them. The commodities were weighed after removing the non-edible matter so that ratios of price to kilos of edible matter could be computed. Total household size reported in the survey was converted to adult equivalents using the weights recommended in the food consumption tables published by the Government of Kenya (Sehmi, 1993; see also Platt, 1962). 3.78. As shown in Table 57A, the estimated calorie availability was 2,599.4 kilocalories per equivalent adult. The highest was recorded in Lango Baya (3,286.2), followed by Malanga (2,579.1), Makobeni (2,040.3) and Mkondoni (2,022.1). The main sources of calorie supply were cereals (1,700.2) and meat (647.9). Lango Baya had the highest calorie supply from livestock other than milk. The mean cost of one kilocalorie was cents 0.644, with the highest in Makobeni (cents 0.854), followed by Malanga (cents 0.667), Lango Baya (cents 0.610) and Mkondoni (cents 0.465). There was rank reversal between Makobeni and Malanga when compared in adult equivalent expenditure and calorie availability per adult equivalent due to Malangas lower cost of calories compared with Makobeni. The difference in the cost of calories is largely determined by choice of foods and their retail price profiles. Overall, the ranking is sensitive to the age-structure of the population, food consumption expenditure, and the choice of the food basket. The omission of meals eaten out does not invalidate the estimated calorie supply since it was an insignificant proportion of total food purchase. In most rural settings, eating food in ones house has the significance of a covenant. 3.79. The mean protein availability was 190.5 units, with a high 313.6 in Lango Baya followed by Mkondoni (157.8), Malanga (151.7) and Makobeni (108.9). The diets in Lango Baya and Mkondoni are relatively richer in proteins compared with Makobeni and Malanga as shown by the relatively lower calorie/ protein ratio in the former. As shown in Table 58, calorie supply was higher in male-headed households (2,644.2) compared with female-headed households (2,259.2), while diets in male-headed households were relatively richer in proteins compared with female-headed households. Table 58A also shows that calorie availability was highest in households headed by persons aged 35-50 years (3,019.4), followed by those below 35 years (2,680.9) and those of over 50 years (2,167.7). The mean cost of one kilocalorie was higher in female-headed households (cents 0.730) compared with cents 0.634 in male-

24

headed households. The cost of one kilocalorie was highest for households with heads of below 35 years (cents 0.733) followed by those of over 50 years (cents 0.599) and those of 35-50 years (cents 0.567). 3.80. Although the recommended daily allowance (RDA) is 2,600 kilocalories, the survey assumes lower energy requirements (2,400) due to the hot climate. Based on this assumption, 144 households (62.1%) did not meet the adjusted RDA of 2,400 units, while 85 households (36.6%) did not meet the minimum protein requirements of 49 units. The difference between the ratios of those meeting the minimum calories and the minimum protein requirements can be explained by the preference for high fruit and vegetable content in the diet among the coastal people of Kenya, and the relatively high cost of cereals imported from upcountry. 3.81. However, the use of fixed food weight-to-energy conversion factors over the entire income (expenditure) profile might be inappropriate due to changing food quality and food preparation methods. As income rises, rich households are likely to consume more expensive calories (Behrman and Deolalikar, 1987; Bouis, 1992; Bouis, 1994). Distribution of welfare using calorie intake will concomitantly appear more egalitarian than that derived using money-metric food expenditures. In line with the United Nations Household Survey Capability Program, a household is deemed poor if, prudently managing its budget, cannot even meet its nutritional requirements11. Some households or individuals may report food calorie deficit due to high consumption of non-food items and/or consumption of expensive calories. In addition, household budget survey data does not normally specify whether quantities consumed were fresh or dry, which makes it difficult to apply the correct food-to-energy conversion factors. Estimates of food energy from consumption data are highly vulnerable to quality of data. Experience has shown that bad data can disguise itself as starvation. 3.82. Household calorie availability also needs to be adjusted for leakage due to plate waste, loss in cooking and other food preparation, feeding of animals, and feeding non-household members such as guests, hired farm laborers, and servants. Nutrient intake is also affected by other variables e.g. (a) nonnutrient food attributes - freshness of food products purchased, their cleanliness, their storability or shelflife, and so forth; (b) privately-provided inputs - time and care to prepare food including cleaning, cooking, boiling water and refrigeration which ensures that food does not get contaminated or spoilt; (c) publicly-provided inputs - sewerage, water, electricity, and nutritional information; and (d) health status (e.g. gut parasites) which can influence the degree of absorption of nutrients.

CROP PRODUCTION AND DISPOSAL

3.83. Tables 59 to 63 shows crop production and disposal for year 2000 for the short and long rains seasons separately. The Tables show the mean value per responding household and estimates of aggregate values for the entire area (obtained by grossing up survey data with the appropriate weights). Estimates are reported for area planted, harvest in monetary terms, sales, and consumption in monetary terms. The planted area cannot be summed up since very little mono-cropping is practiced. The estimated harvest includes sales and annual household consumption, but excluded what was in store at the time of the survey. This is because some enumerators included cassava that was ready for harvest but had not been harvested as in store. The data for consumption differs from that presented in the consumption tables above since it only includes annual reported consumption while that reported in household consumption tables takes into account the consumption reported in November 2000.
11

Food poverty can be crudely described as set within utility space, where utility is measured in terms of calorie intake. However, the minimum non-food expenditure required can also be taken as measurable within the same utility space (i.e. calorie intake) if we take the non-food items to be the basic needs that ensure than an individual does not need to take more than the required minimum calorie allowance. For example, an individual who does not have the minimum clothing, shelter and medical care would require a higher minimum calorie intake. In addition, the minimum non-food items might be more economically acquired than the supplementary food intake required to compensate for lack of, say, clothing and shelter, while food energy can be more effectively increased by raising food-to-energy conversion through reduction in gut parasites, i.e. medical care (Lipton, 1988).

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3.84. The data shows that the main crop grown in Lango Baya is maize, and earned the sub-location slightly over Shs 10 million in year 2000 (sales and home consumption). All the maize grown was for home consumption. Production of cassava and cowpeas was also reported, and was mainly for home consumption. Lango Baya sub-location accounted for almost all mchicha and mnavu grown in the location. The brinjals and cashew nuts grown were mainly for sale. The production of other listed crops was minimal. Lango Baya sub-location earned an estimated Shs 13.37 million from crop produce (sales and home consumption) in year 2000. 3.85. Mkondoni sub-location reported production of maize, cowpeas, green grams and cashew nuts. The maize was mainly for household consumption; about a third of the cowpeas were sold and the balance consumed; the entire green grams harvested were consumed in the households; and all the cashew nuts harvest was sold. Mkondoni sub-location earned an estimated Shs 5.29 million from crop produce (sales and home consumption) in year 2000. 3.86. In Makobeni, there was very little harvest of the short rains maize planted. Almost all the maize harvest was consumed within the households. All the cowpeas harvested were for home consumption. The bananas harvested were for home consumption while cashew nuts were for sale. Production of papaws was only reported in Makobeni and Malanga. Makobeni sub-location earned an estimated Shs 2.81 million from crop produce (sales and home consumption) in year 2000. 3.87. Malanga had the biggest variety of crops planted. Most of the coconut, cashew nuts and passion fruits harvested in the location were from Malanga, about half of the maize and cowpeas, and over half of cassava and green grams. The coconut harvest was shared equally between sales and home consumption while most of the maize, cassava, cowpeas, green grams, bananas and mangoes were for home consumption. Most of the okra, cashew nuts, and passion fruits were for sale. Malanga sub-location earned an estimated Shs 15.99 million from crop produce (sales and home consumption) in year 2000. Text Table 1: Summary of Crop Production and Disposal (Shs) Mkondoni Makobeni Lango Baya Sales 1,557,685 244,035 252,408 Consumption 11,808,497 5,044,483 2,557,783 Harvest 13,366,181 5,288,518 2,810,191 Malanga 3,691,991 12,296,982 15,988,973 Total 5,746,119 31,707,745 37,453,864

3.88. In the entire location, maize accounted for 67.8% of the value of total production expressed in monetary terms, followed by cashew nuts (7.4%), cassava (6.5%), cowpeas (4.7%), coconut (3.9%), green grams (3.0%) and passion fruit (2.4%). The above-mentioned crops contributed 95.7% of total value of crop production in year 2000. Malanga sub-location contributed 42.7% of total value of crop production, followed by Lango Baya (35.7%), Mkondoni (14.1%) and Makobeni (7.5%). The location earned an estimated Shs 37.45 million from crop produce (sales and home consumption) in year 2000. Households in Lango Baya and Malanga contributed more to total crop production and had higher ratios of sales to total production compared with Mkondoni and Makobeni.

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION AND DISPOSAL

3.89. Tables 64 to 68 show changes in stocks for livestock, and sales and consumption of livestock and livestock products. There were no responses to the questionnaire on fish and fish products. The reported sales income does not include milk and eggs as data for milk and eggs is shown separately. In Lango Baya, an average household owned 2.3 cattle, 7.3 goats, 1.1 sheep, 11.7 chickens and 1.5 ducks. In the whole of Lango Baya sub-location, the estimated total population of livestock at the end of year 2000 was 1,631 cattle, 5,542 goats, 890 sheep, 8,650 chickens and 1,168 ducks. The population of cattle, sheep and ducks went up during the year, while that of goats and chicken declined. The decline in the population of chickens was substantial to almost a half due to the high mortality rate experienced during the year. The number of livestock and poultry that died during the year is estimated at 159 cattle, 1,053 goats, 35 sheep, 9,936 chickens and 313 ducks.

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3.90. Most of the livestock income in Lango Baya sub-location was derived from the sale of goats followed by cattle. The sub-location produced an estimated 69,017 litres of milk, half of which was sold and the other half consumed. An average household produced slightly less than one egg per month. There were no sales or consumption of ducks. 3.91. In Mkondoni, an average household owned 0.2 cattle, 7.1 goats, 1.6 sheep, 17.7 chickens and 0.3 of a duck. In the whole of Mkondoni sub-location, the estimated total population of livestock at the end of year 2000 was 75 cattle, 2,410 goats, 500 sheep, 6,221 chickens and 107 ducks. The population of cattle went down during the year, while that of goats, sheep, chicken and ducks increased. As in Lango Baya sub-location there was high mortality rate of chicken experienced during the year. The number of livestock and poultry that died during the year is estimated at 16 cattle, 291 goats, 16 sheep, 2,642 chickens and 57 ducks. 3.92. Most of the livestock income in Mkondoni sub-location was derived from the sale of goats followed by chicken. The sub-location produced an estimated 10,248 litres of milk, all of which was consumed within the households. An average household produced about four eggs per month. There were limited sales and consumption of ducks. 3.93. In Makobeni, an average household owned 0.3 cattle, 7.2 goats, 1.4 sheep, 15.8 chickens and 0.9 of a duck. In the whole of Makobeni sub-location, the estimated total population of livestock at the end of year 2000 was 88 cattle, 2,381 goats, 452 sheep, 5,287 chickens and 301 ducks. The population of cattle slightly declined during the year, while that of goats, sheep, chicken and ducks increased. As in Lango Baya and Mkondoni, there was high mortality rate of chickens experienced during the year. The number of livestock and poultry that died during the year is estimated at 26 cattle, 285 goats, nil sheep, 1,368 chicken and 86 ducks. 3.94. Most of the livestock income in Makobeni sub-location was derived from the sale of goats followed by chicken. The sub-location did not report any milk production during the year, while egg production was minimal at about half an egg per household per month. There were limited sales and consumption of ducks. 3.95. In Malanga, an average household owned 1.5 cattle, 5.6 goats, 0.4 sheep, 35.2 chickens and 0.3 of a duck. In the whole of Malanga sub-location, the estimated total population of livestock at the end of year 2000 was 1,234 cattle, 5,947 goats, 426 sheep, 36,126 chickens and 297 ducks. The population of all of the listed livestock and poultry species went up during the year. As in the other three sub-locations, there was high mortality rate of chicken experienced during the year. The number of livestock and poultry that died during the year is estimated at 129 cattle, 864 goats, 34 sheep, 14,281 chickens and 417 ducks. 3.96. Most of the livestock income in Malanga sub-location was derived from the sale of goats followed by cattle and chicken. The sub-location produced an estimated 93,469 litres of milk, and about two thirds of the milk was sold while the balance was consumed within the households. An average household produced about half an egg per month. 3.97. In the entire location, an average household owned 1.3 cattle, 6.6 goats, 0.9 sheep, 22.8 chickens and 0.8 of a duck. In the whole location, the estimated total population of livestock at the end of year 2000 was 3,027 cattle, 16,280 goats, 2,268 sheep, 56,284 chickens and 1,873 ducks. The population of the listed species of livestock and poultry went up during the year. There was high mortality rate of chicken (an estimated 11 per household) experienced during the year. The number of livestock and poultry that died during the year is estimated at 330 cattle, 2,493 goats, 85 sheep, 28,226 chickens and 873 ducks. 3.98. Most of the livestock income in the location was derived from the sale of goats followed by cattle and chicken. The location produced an estimated 172,733 litres of milk, more than half of which was sold and the rest consumed within the households. An average household produced slightly over one egg per month. There were only limited sales and consumption of ducks.

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SOURCES OF HOUSEHOLD INCOME

3.99. a) b) c) d) e) f) g) The analytical categories of income used were:

Wage income: cash, in-kind, pension Self-employment income: share of profit accruing to the household Rental income: lease/ rent of land, other rental income, interest/ dividends, and other income Transfers-in: cash and in-kind Transfers out: cash and in-kind Crop income: sales and own consumption Income from livestock and livestock products: sales and own consumption

3.100. According to Table 69A, mean monthly household income was estimated at Shs 4,850, with the highest reported in Malanga (Shs 5,830) followed by Mkondoni (Shs 5,294), Lango Baya (Shs 3,920) and Makobeni (Shs 3,512). The main sources of livelihoods were wage employment (38.0%), self-employment (28.2%), crop income (25.1%) and livestock and poultry income (6.4%). Malanga had the highest share of wage income to total household income (46.0%) while Mkondoni had the lowest (27.8%). Mkondoni and Makobeni reported the highest shares of self-employment income at 42.1% and 41.0%, respectively; while Malanga reported the lowest (21.9%). The highest share of crop income was reported in Lango Baya (33.6%) while the lowest was recorded in Makobeni (19.8%). An estimated 73.2% of wage income was earned outside the location, with the highest recorded in Mkondoni (92.9%) and the lowest in Lango Baya (44.9%). 3.101. As shown in Table 71, the mean monthly per capita income was Shs 761, with the highest recorded in Malanga (Shs 1,013) followed by Mkondoni (Shs 648), Lango Baya (Shs 585) and Makobeni (Shs 542). The ranks of sub-locations by household income and per capita income were the same. The ranking of main sources of income expressed in per capita terms was not different from that obtained at the household level but the proportions were slightly different, with wage income (38.2%), selfemployment income (27.0%), crops income (26.2%) and livestock and poultry income (6.5%). Other than Malanga that reported the highest household income, per capita income in the other three sub-locations were close to each other. The gap between the mean household income reported in Mkondoni compared with Lango Baya and Makobeni was slightly reduced when measured in per capita terms due to the arbitrage of the relatively higher household size in Mkondoni. 3.102. As shown in Table 73, mean household income in male-headed households was Shs 5,250 compared with Shs 1,793 in female-headed households. Male-headed households reported larger absolute magnitudes of wage income, self-employment income, crop income and livestock income compared with female-headed households. Male-headed households derived 38.4% of their household income from wage employment (compared with 28.1% in female-headed households); and 28.9% from selfemployment (compared with 10.7% in female-headed households). Female-headed households derived 43.2% of the household income from crops (compared with 24.3% in male-headed households), and 7.4% from livestock and livestock products (compared with 6.4% in male-headed households). However, although the shares of crops and livestock income are higher in female-headed households, the absolute magnitudes from the two sources are higher in male-headed households than in female-headed households. 3.103. As shown in Table 73, there was no consistent association between mean household income and age of household head. The highest household income was reported in households whose heads were 3550 years (Shs 5,523) followed by below 35 years (Shs 4,697) and over 50 years (Shs 4,410). The biggest share of wage income was reported in households whose heads were below 35 years (50.0%) and the least in households whose heads were 35-50 years (24.7%). The biggest share of self-employment income was in households whose heads were 35-50 years (44.3%) while the largest share of crop income was in households whose heads were over 50 years (29.0%). 3.104. A comparison of Tables 73 and 74 shows that the arbitrage of the household size narrows the

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gap of per capita income between male-headed and female-headed households. The reported mean monthly per capita income in male-headed households was Shs 806 compared with Shs 420 in femaleheaded households. Households whose heads were above 50 years reported the lowest per capita income (Shs 571) as they did in comparison based on household income. However, due to the arbitrage of household size, per capita income was highest in households with heads aged below 35 years (Shs 1,024), followed by those aged 35-50 years (Shs 719). 3.105. Findings on household income and per capita income may lead to different conclusions and policy choices since the latter factors in household size. For example, per capita income by sex of household head paints a less unequal picture due to the fact that female-headed households are normally smaller than male-headed households. In addition, the positive correlation between household income and age of household head for heads below 50 years is spurious since household size in Lango Baya location increased with age of household head. 3.106. Table 75 compares mean household expenditure and income by sub-location. Overall, the mean expenditure was 82.5% of mean income. Normally, households underreport income rather than expenditure. The data for Lango Baya and Makobeni sub-locations shows that reported mean expenditure is higher than mean income, which is consistent with expected underreporting of income, while the situation is the reverse in Mkondoni and Malanga sub-locations. Despite the fact Mkondoni reported the lowest ratio of household members in self-employment (Tables 21 and 77) it reported the highest absolute magnitude of income from self-employment.

HOUSEHOLD MEMBERS IN WAGE AND SELF-EMPLOYMENT

3.107. Table 77 shows that 121 household members in the responding households were in paid employment and 108 in self-employment. In all, 229 household members about one member per household -- were either in paid or self-employment. A reported 34.7% of those in paid employment were regular workers while the rest were casuals. Virtually all those in self-employment were owners (93.5%) while the rest are unpaid family workers residing in the household of the respective owners of household enterprises. 3.108. Table 78 shows employment creation in household non-farm enterprises. Out of the 116 persons working in household enterprises, only 8 (6.9%) were paid employees who did not belong to the households of the owners of the household enterprises. Most of the non-farm enterprises were therefore one-person outfits and only a few engaged unpaid family members and paid employees.

LAND OWNERSHIP AND ACCESS

3.109. Table 79 shows that there were only 4 responding households (all from Lango Baya sub-location) that were landless, which translates to 1.7% of the responding households in the entire sample. For the purpose of the survey, landlessness was defined as not owning or accessing land anywhere in the country, and was not restricted to owning land in the survey area. A reported 96.1% of the households owned or had access to land within the location, with the highest recorded in Mkondoni (100.0%) and the lowest in Lango Baya (89.1%). A reported 8.2% of the households owned land outside the location, with the highest recorded in Makobeni (18.9%), followed by Mkondoni (10.5%), Lango Baya (6.3%) and Malanga (4.3%). 3.110. The mean parcel size for land the households owned within the survey area, including those who were reported as landless, was 9.38 acres, with the highest recorded in Mkondoni (12.22 acres), followed by Makobeni (11.80 acres), Malanga (9.38 acres) and Lango Baya (6.30 acres). The mean parcel size owned outside the survey area was 0.76 acres, which includes those that did not own land outside. This implies that the few who own land outside the location have relatively large chunks of land elsewhere compared to the average holding within the location.

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3.111. Table 80 shows the mean household parcel size by gender, education and age of household head. Anatomy is destiny, at least for nine months at a time12. However, in the study area, the destiny extends to land ownership between male-headed and female-headed households. The mean holding was 10.65 acres in male-headed households compared with 6.23 acres in female-headed households. In every sublocation, male-headed households had higher mean holding compared with female-headed households. Other than in Lango Baya sub-location, female-headed households do not own land outside the study area. The difference in mean parcel size by gender of household head is most pronounced in Makobeni (where mean parcel size in female-headed households was 32.1% of male-headed households) and Malanga (45.8%), and was highest in Lango Baya (85.6%) and Mkondoni (84.5%). 3.112. The data shows a weak positive association between mean parcel size and education level of the household head. Those with no education had a mean ownership of 9.63 acres, followed by primary education (10.35 acres) and secondary education (11.63 acres). Similar consistent association between level of education of the household head and mean parcel size was reported in Lango Baya and Malanga. In Mkondoni, the situation was the exact opposite, with education having a consistent negative association with parcel size. In Makobeni, those with no education reported the lowest mean holding, while households whose heads had primary education had higher mean parcel size than those with secondary education. 3.113. Over the entire sample, there was weak positive association between mean parcel size and age of household head, with those below 35 years having 8.29 acres, compared with 10.12 acres for those of 3550 years and 11.74 acres for those over 50 years. In Malanga, there is a positive association between age of household head and mean parcel size, with those below 35 years having 7.89 acres, followed by 35-50 years (10.38 acres) and those over 50 years (11.02 acres). The situation in Makobeni is the exact opposite of Malanga, with mean parcel size being negatively associated with age of household head. In Mkondoni, there was a strong positive association between mean holding and the age of the household head as those above 50 years owned twice as those of below 35 years and those in the 35-50 year age bracket. In Lango Baya sub-location, those below 35 years own about half of those falling in 35-50 and over 50 year old brackets.

MEASURES OF INEQUALITY
3.114. The measure of inequality used is the Gini coefficient. Suppose there are n families with income Yi (1,2, , n) Y= (Y1, Y2 , , Yn) 0 Sy= (Y1+Y2+ + Yn) > 0, and y= (y1+y2+ +yn) = Y1/s1, Y2/s2, , Yn/Sn, where y= (y1+y2+ +yn) =1 and (Y1 Y2 Yn) 3.115. Note that incomes are arranged in a monotonically non-decreasing order, such that the first household or individual is poorest and the last is wealthiest. The Gini coefficient is a nonnegative fraction that takes on extreme values of 1 to represent extreme inequality and zero to represent extreme equality. In addition, if the incomes of all households change by a common multiple, the Gini coefficient will not change. 3.116. The Gini coefficient of Y is defined as13:

12 The rather harsh verdict that anatomy is destiny is due to Sigmund Freud (1912). The theory of biological determinism is deemed to have condemned women to perpetual inferiority, representing them as castrated males whose lives were dominated by efforts to compensate for this fundamental defect. 13 See, Fei et al (1979), pages 330-331.

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= Uy-, where Gy = 2/n, = (n+1)/n, and = 1y1 + 2y2 + 3y3 +. + nyn, where Uy (y1 y2 yn), and 1=1, 2=2, 3=3, , n=n. Therefore Gy = (2/n)Uy (n+1)/n =(1/n) (2Uy n +1). i is the income rank of the i family, and Uy is the weighted average of the income ranks, commonly referred to as the rank index of Y. Since many statistical packages do not have menu-driven algorithms for calculating the Gini coefficient, the circuitous technique used was to rank the data in an ascending order, and compute the value of Uy using the ranks and the reordered expenditure data.
SPSS: Let p represent income or expenditure, and nation=1 for all households: * The following step assigns values of 1,2,..n. RANK p (A) by nation /TIES MEAN /RANK INTO q. * The following step generates the total number of cases. RANK p (A) by nation /N INTO r. Save outfile = stepone.sav /keep nation p q r /compressed. Aggregate /outfile=steptwo.sav /break=nation /s =sum(p). get file = stepone.sav. Match files /file = * /table = steptwo.sav /by nation. Compute share=p/s. Compute cumulus=q*share. Aggregate /outfile =stepthr.sav /break=nation /t=sum(cumulus) /caset=mean(r). Get file =stepthr.sav. Compute gini=(2/caset*t)-((caset+1)/caset). save outfile=gini.sav /drop=t caset.

3.117. Table 81 shows the Gini coefficients by sub-location computed over total household expenditure (purchases plus consumption of own produce), per capita expenditure and adult equivalent expenditure. The Gini coefficient computed on household expenditure was 0.3633, with the highest inequality recorded in Lango Baya (0.3656), and the lowest recorded in Malanga (0.3367). When expenditure is adjusted for household size (i.e. computed per household member) the observed degree of concentration increases to 0.3775. The highest inequality in per capita expenditure was observed in Makobeni (0.4348) and the lowest in Malanga (0.3165). When total expenditure is adjusted for household size and the agestructure of the population, i.e. computed on adult equivalent expenditure, the observed index of concentration was 0.3700, with the highest recorded in Makobeni (0.4136) and the lowest in Malanga (0.3168). 3.118. Malanga showed the lowest inequality measured over household expenditure, per capita expenditure and adult equivalent expenditure. Makobeni had the highest inequality under both per capita and adult equivalent expenditure. Under both per capita and adult equivalent expenditure, the order of inequality starting from the highest to the lowest was Makobeni, followed by Lango Baya, Mkondoni and Malanga. The sub-location order was retained under both per capita and adult equivalent expenditures since the sub-location order under both household size and adult equivalents was similar. Lango Baya location had more equal distribution of adult equivalent expenditure (0.3700) compared with the whole of rural Kenya of 0.4877 observed in 1992 (Mukui, 1994). The degree of inequality reported in Lango Baya

31

location was still below that reported for the entire rural Coast province (0.4355) for reference year 199214. 3.119. Table 82 shows income shares of adult equivalent groups using expenditure as surrogate for income. The bottom 40% of the households had 16.65% share of total adult equivalent expenditure, while the top 20% had 42.43% share. The bottom 50% had 24.23% share of total adult equivalent expenditure compared with 75.77% for the top 50%.

14

The computed Gini coefficients for reference year 1992 (Mukui, 1994) used grouped data while the Lango Baya survey used expenditure data measured on an interval scale. Grouped data always underestimates the degree of inequality.

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CHAPTER FOUR: SUMMARY OF FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS SUMMARY OF THE MAIN FINDINGS
Demographic and Other Household Characteristics 4.1. The age structure of the surveyed population is in line with the national structure depicted by the results of the 1989 Population and Housing Census, with 46.73% below the age of 15 compared with the national average of 47.8%; while the population over 60 years was 4.61% compared with the national average of 4.8%. Most households were male-headed (88.4%), while most of the household members were members of the nuclear family. The institution of marriage is almost universal, with only 3 males and 3 females aged over 39 who were reported as never married. In addition, women marry younger than men do as very few women above 24 years were reported as never married. The mean age at first marriage was 22.8 years for males and 17.1 years for females. There is a prolonged phase of male youth, resulting into separate collectivities of young and older men. However, in the case of girls, there is hardly any collectivity of youth as women due to early marriages15. Most girls do not get the opportunity to invent themselves as individuals and as a group, and do not have narratives on what it means to be young16. 4.2. A reported 80.0% of those attending school were in primary school, only 2.6% were in secondary school, and a negligible 0.44% was in universities. There were only two males and no females who were enrolled for university education. In three of the four sub-locations, there were no females enrolled in secondary school. 4.3. For household members aged over 6 years who were not at school, 54.6% had never gone to school, 1.2% had nursery education, 38.7% had attended part or whole primary school cycle, and only 5.5% had any secondary education. There were major differences by gender, with males reported as having more education than females. 4.4. For children who were in school, there was high age-grade mismatch in every education cycle, i.e. children above the rational age for that school cycle. The overall primary school net enrolment rate was 64.8%, and was only slightly higher for boys (65.3%) compared with girls (64.1%). In the four sublocations, the mean household expenditure on primary education was higher for boys than for girls, with a mean of Shs 754 spent on boys and Shs 493 spent on girls. The discrepancy between education costs by gender is more pronounced for the secondary school cycle. 4.5. The overall literacy rate of non-school population of age 15 years and above was 46.3%, with a low 24.4% for females compared with 68.6% for males. Most of those who dropped out of school during 1997-99 were reported to have done so due to lack of school fees/ levies (68.6%). The dropout rate was recorded at 3.2%, and was relatively higher for boys (3.7%) than for girls (2.6%). The major problem at the primary school cycle is low enrolment in the first year of the cycle rather than dropping out before completion of the cycle. 4.6. The most common membership in self-help groups was in crop farming (31.0%), livestock rearing (27.6%) and handwork (20.7%). However, only 6.4% of the eligible population was reported as belonging to any group. Participation in self-help groups was slightly higher among women (8.3%)
15 Collective identity includes a notion of identification with shared features along with recognition of shared opportunities and constraints afforded by those features (Melucci, 1989). Collective identity is the shared definition of a group that derives from members common interests, experiences, and solidarity (Taylor and Whittier, 1999). Collective identity is a group-level phenomenon central to giving a group or category the coherence and energy necessary to mobilize its constituents into collective action. See Polletta (1998a; 1998b) on the notion of narratives and their role in social movements. 16 See also, Frederiksek (2000) for a fairly similar situation among young girls in Pumwani, a poor neighbourhood in Nairobi.

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compared with men (4.5%). 4.7. A reported 18.6% of the responding population had fallen sick in the two weeks preceding the interview, with roughly the same proportions for males (17.8%) and females (19.4%). The most common sicknesses were malaria/ fever (34.0% of those reported as having been sick), cough/ cold (29.9%), skin diseases (9.4%) and vomit/ diarrhea (6.0%). The proportion of the population that was sick during the reference period was highest in the age-group 0-5 years (22.5%) and lowest in age-group 6-15 years (15.8%). The age group 0-5 years recorded the highest incidence of malaria (40.0% of those reported as sick during the reference period) and vomit/ diarrhea (10.7%). Overall, the first action to restore health regardless of the type of sickness was nothing (16.0%), traditional medicine/ healer (6.0%), OTC drugs (58.5%) and hospital/health facility (19.5%). 4.8. The survey reported 17 disabilities or 0.99% of the responding population. No multiple disabilities were reported in the survey. The most common disability was difficulties in seeing (0.35% of the population), followed by hearing (0.29%) and legs (0.18%). There was higher prevalence of disability among males (1.45%) compared to females (0.49%). There were no disabilities reported for hunch and mental conditions. 4.9. For those older than 14 years, 3.5% reported as having no religion, a high 42.4% were traditionalists, 6.1% were Muslims, 5.7% were Catholics, and 40.9% belonged to Christian protestant churches. There were insignificant gender differences. Maternal and Child Health 4.10. A reported 50.5% of the expectant mothers visited a health facility for antenatal care, 29.5% visited TBA, and 19.9% had virtually no antenatal care and relied on self and relatives/ friends. A reported 78.6% had received tetanus toxoid injection during the latest pregnancy. Despite the fact that a reported 50.5% of the mothers received antenatal care from a modern health facility, only 7.8% delivered in a health facility. During delivery, a reported 8.2% of the mothers were assisted by trained health personnel, compared with 40.6% that were assisted by TBA and 51.2% who had virtually no care and relied on self and relatives/ friends. Only 6.0% of the mothers used any form of family planning. 4.11. Full immunization coverage was 67.4%, which was roughly the same for boys (67.5%) and girls (67.3%). The dropout rate from one vaccine to the next in the immunization schedule was minimal, other than the high dropout rate from DPT-3 to measles (9.1%). The mean age at which children were taken for first immunization was 3.5 months, with 3.6 months for boys and 3.4 months for girls. 4.12. The average number of months of exclusive breastfeeding was 3.6 months, and 18.7 months of any breastfeeding (with or without supplementation). In addition, 67.5% of the children are breastfed for over 12 months. The most common supplementation of mothers milk was plain maize porridge (80.1%), followed by semi-solids (12.6%) e.g. mashed potatoes and bananas. Only 3.3% of the children received milk other than breast-milk as the first supplement. In comparison, the 1994 National Welfare Monitoring Survey conducted by the Central Bureau of Statistics reported a national mean of 31.3% for milk other than breast, followed by porridge (26.0%). The mean months of any breastfeeding was inversely related with mothers education (a high number of months were associated with lower levels of mothers education) while the number of months of exclusive breastfeeding did not show significant relationship with mothers education. Allocation of Time by Household Members 4.13. Children aged 5-17 years spent 31.3 hours per week on the specified activities, with 28.2 hours for boys and 35.3 for girls. The main activities for boys were crop farming (13.7 hours) and livestock rearing (10.1 hours), while girls mainly understood activities on crop farming (15.9 hours), water and firewood (10.1 hours) and housekeeping (6.4 hours). Children spent most of their time on household chores and household economic activities (crop farming and livestock rearing), and spent negligible time on self-employment and paid employment.

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4.14. For those aged 18-56 years, the mean number of hours per week spent on the specified activities was 46.9, with a high 53.7 for women and 39.0 for men. Men devoted most of their time on crop farming (17.8 hours), paid employment (10.0 hours), self-employment (3.4 hours), tapping and selling mnazi (3.2 hours), and livestock rearing (1.7 hours)17. Women spent most of their time on crop farming (26.2 hours), housekeeping (11.9 hours), fetching water (6.2 hours), and collecting firewood (5.1 hours). Men spent more hours in self-employment and paid employment (a total of 13.4 hours) compared to women (3.2 hours). 4.15. Those over 56 years spent 43.5 hours on the specified economic activities, with a low 37.8 for men and a high 51.6 for women. Men devoted most of their time on crop farming (24.0 hours), paid employment (5.9 hours), and tapping/ selling mnazi (5.1 hours). Women devoted most of their time on crop farming (30.1 hours), housekeeping (10.9 hours), water (3.5 hours) and firewood (4.3 hours). Men work longest in Lango Baya (45.7 hours), mainly due to the relatively higher number of hours they spend on tapping and selling mnazi (20.5 hours). Men work least in Makobeni (21.7 hours) and the bulk of that time is devoted to paid employment (20.0 hours). Women work most in Lango Baya (60.3 hours), mainly in crop farming (36.1 hours), collecting water (2.6 hours) and firewood (6.1 hours), and housekeeping (15.4 hours). Women work least in Makobeni (19.7 hours), and mainly in crop farming (10.0 hours), livestock rearing (5.7 hours) and collecting firewood (2.7 hours). In Makobeni, both men and women retire relatively early, while they do not retire in Lango Baya sub-location. Household Amenities, Assets and Access to Services 4.16. Almost all main dwelling units were made of temporary walls. Only 1.3% of the residential structures had permanent stone/ cement walls, while the rest were made of temporary materials. Only 3.0% were made of stone/ cement floor, while the rest were on earth floor. Most of the roofs used makuti (82.8%) and grass (11.6%), while only 5.6% used iron sheets. In short, only 1.3% of the walls were made of permanent materials, 3.0% of the structures had permanent floors and 5.6% had permanent roofs. Out of 233 households, 217 (93.1%) had temporary walls, floors and roofs. Only two dwelling units (0.86%) had permanent walls, floors and roofs. The remaining 14 dwelling units (6.0%) had various combinations of permanent and temporary walls, floors and roofs. 4.17. The main sources of water during the wet season were piped (55.4%), followed by stagnant ponds/ wells (24.0%) and river (15.0%). During the dry season, the main sources of water are piped (68.7%) and river (20.6%). 4.18. A reported 54.9% of the households had access to water at not more than 0.5 km in the wet season. A reported 18.5% of the households fetched water from sources that were more than 1 km from the dwelling units. The mean distance to water source was 0.9 km, and the lowest was recorded in Lango Baya (0.7 km) and Makobeni (0.7 km), while the highest was in Mkondoni (1.9 km). The mean distance to water sources increase in the dry season. A reported 45.1% of the households had access to water at not more than 0.5 km in the dry season, while 31.3% of the households fetched water from sources that were more than 1 km from the dwelling units. The household members who normally fetch water were predominantly women and female children (96.4%). 4.19. Most of the households had no toilet facilities, as bush was reported as the main destination for human excreta (87.6%). The remaining households used pit latrines, as there were no other types of toilet among the responding households. A reported 94.8% of the households do not do anything to the water before drinking, while the remaining households reported that they boil water before drinking. 4.20. A reported 97.9% of the households use firewood and charcoal as the main cooking fuels. Only one household reported that it was using gas and four households reported that they were using paraffin.
17 Among the Giriama, regular wage employment, which is enjoyed by only a small minority, confers superior social status compared with subsistence sector though it does not always yield a higher income (Parkin, 1979; Schwimmer, 1980; and Grillo, 1999).

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Two households reported that electricity was the main source of lighting fuel (0.9%); the majority (97.9%) reported they were using paraffin, and three households (1.3%) reported that they do not use anything for lighting at night. The mean distance to the nearest health facility was 3.6 km, while the mean distance to the nearest primary school was 1.9 km. 4.21. The most commonly owned asset was granary (73.8%). A reported 6.0% of the households owned at least one stove, while the ownership of bicycle, radio, and torch was fairly identical at around 37%. A reported 6.4% of the households owned at least one sewing machine, and 14.2% of the households had at least one iron box. Male-headed households had higher ownership of stove, bicycle, radio, torch and iron box. None of the responding female-headed households owned a sewing machine, motorcycle, posho mill, television set, wheelbarrow or handcart. However, the ownership of granaries is the exact opposite, with 73.2% of male-headed households owning at least one granary compared with 84.6% of female headed households. Household Consumption Expenditures 4.22. The mean monthly household consumption was estimated at Shs 4,029, with the highest in Lango Baya (Shs 4,662), followed by Malanga (Shs 4,091), Makobeni (Shs 4,028) and Mkondoni (Shs 2,809). The share of food purchases in total purchases was 57.1%, and was highest in Lango Baya (64.1%) and lowest in Mkondoni (43.4%). Cereals took the bulk of food purchases at around 31.0% of total food and non-food purchases. Consumption of alcohol and tobacco was highest in Lango Baya (7.0%) and Mkondoni (10.8% of total cash outlays). Expenditure on education as proportion of total purchases of goods and services was 7.7%. Consumption of own-produce represented 16.2% of total consumption, and was mainly in the form of crops (13.4%) and an insignificant amount of livestock and livestock products (2.8%). The ratio of food (purchases and own consumption) to total expenditures was 64.0%. 4.23. Total consumption in male-headed households was Shs 4,200 compared with Shs 2,724 in female-headed households. On average, male-headed households had a richer diet as shown by higher food expenditure and relatively higher purchases of pulses, meat and vegetables. Alcohol consumption was higher in female-headed households (7.0% of cash outlays) compared with 2.3% in male-headed households; while that of tobacco, health and education was higher in male-headed households. The relatively low share of education in female-headed households has implications for intergenerational transfer of poverty. 4.24. Food purchases were highest in households with heads aged 35-50 years (Shs 2,428) followed by over 50 years (Shs 1,703) and those below 35 years (Shs 1,698). Alcohol consumption was highest in households with heads aged 35-50 years, while the share of education expenditure increases with age of household head. 4.25. The mean per capita consumption was Shs 643, with the highest recorded in Lango Baya (Shs 719) followed by Makobeni (Shs 705), Malanga (Shs 673) and Mkondoni (Shs 381). The gap between male-headed and female-headed households was narrowed when consumption is expressed in per capita terms due to the relatively higher household size in male-headed households. Per capita consumption was Shs 645 in male-headed households and Shs 630 in female-headed households. Per capita consumption decreases with the age of household head. 4.26. Mean consumption per equivalent adult was Shs 772, with the highest recorded in Lango Baya (Shs 866) followed by Makobeni (Shs 825), Malanga (Shs 812) and Mkondoni (Shs 462). Adult equivalent consumption was higher in male-headed households (Shs 778) compared with female-headed households (Shs 726). Adult equivalent consumption decreases with age of household head. Estimated Calorie and Protein Availability 4.27. The estimated calorie availability was 2,599.4 kilocalories per equivalent adult. The main sources of calorie supply were cereals (1,700.2) and meat (647.9). The mean protein availability was 190.5 units. Calorie supply was higher in male-headed households (2,644.2) compared with female-headed households

36

(2,259.2), while diets in male-headed households are relatively richer in proteins compared with femaleheaded households. Calorie availability was highest in households whose heads were 35-50 years (3,019.4), followed by those below 35 years (2,680.9) and those of over 50 years (2,167.7). Crop Production and Disposal 4.28. In the entire location, maize accounted for 67.8% of the value of total production expressed in monetary terms, followed by cashew nuts (7.4%), cassava (6.5%), cowpeas (4.7%), coconut (3.9%), green grams (3.0%) and passion fruit (2.4%). The above-mentioned crops contributed 95.7% of total value of crop production. Malanga contributed 42.7% of total value of crop production, followed by Lango Baya (35.7%), Mkondoni (14.1%) and Makobeni (7.5%). The location earned an estimated Shs 37.45 million from crop produce (sales and home consumption) in year 2000. Households in Lango Baya and Malanga sub-locations contribute more to total crop production and have higher ratios of sales to total production compared with Mkondoni and Makobeni. Livestock Production and Disposal 4.29. In the entire location, an average household owned 1.3 cattle, 6.6 goats, 0.9 sheep, 22.8 chickens and 0.8 of a duck. In the whole location, the estimated total population of livestock at the end of year 2000 was 3,027 cattle, 16,280 goats, 2,268 sheep, 56,284 chickens and 1,873 ducks. The population of the listed species of livestock and poultry went up during the year. There was high mortality rate of chicken (an estimated 11.0 per household) experienced during the year. The number of livestock and poultry that died during the year is estimated at 330 cattle, 2,493 goats, 85 sheep, 28,226 chickens and 873 ducks. 4.30. Most of the livestock income in the location was derived from the sale of goats followed by cattle and chicken. The location produced an estimated 172,733 liters of milk, more than half of which was sold and the rest consumed within the households. An average household produced slightly over one egg per month. There were only limited sales and consumption of ducks. Sources of Household Income 4.31. Mean monthly household income was estimated at Shs 4,850. The main sources of livelihoods were wage employment (38.0%), self-employment (28.2%), crop income (25.1%) and livestock and poultry income (6.4%). An estimated 73.2% of the wage income was earned outside the location. 4.32. The mean monthly per capita income was Shs 761. The main sources of income expressed in per capita terms were wage income (38.2%), self-employment income (27.0%), crops (26.2%) and livestock (6.5%). Other than Malanga that reported the highest income, per capita income in the other three sublocations were close to each other. The gap between the mean household income reported in Mkondoni compared with Lango Baya and Makobeni was slightly reduced when measured in per capita terms due to the arbitrage of the relatively higher household size in Mkondoni. 4.33. Mean household income in male-headed households was Shs 5,250 compared with Shs 1,793 in female-headed households. Male-headed households reported larger absolute magnitudes of wage income, self-employment income, crop income and livestock income compared with female-headed households. Male-headed households derived 38.4% of their household income from wage employment (compared with 28.1% for female-headed households) and 28.9% from self-employment (compared with 10.7% for female-headed households). On the other hand, female-headed households derived 43.2% of the household income from crops (compared with 24.3% in male-headed households), and 7.4% from livestock and livestock products (compared with 6.4% in male-headed households). However, although the share of crops and livestock are higher in female-headed households, the absolute magnitudes of income from the two sources are higher in male-headed households than in female-headed households. The arbitrage of the household size narrows the gap of per capita income between male-headed households and female-headed households.

37

Land Ownership and Access 4.34. There were only 4 responding households (1.7%) that were landless. A reported 96.1% of the households owned or had access to land within the location, while 8.2% owned land outside the location. The mean parcel size for land the households owned within the survey area, including those who were reported as landless, was 9.38 acres, while the mean parcel size owned outside the survey area was 0.76 acres. 4.35. The mean holding was 10.65 acres in male-headed households compared with 6.23 acres in female-headed households. In every sub-location, male-headed households had higher mean holding size compared with female-headed households. Other than in Lango Baya sub-location, female-headed households do not own land outside the study area. Measures of Inequality 4.36. The Gini coefficient computed on household expenditure was 0.3633. When expenditure is adjusted for household size (i.e. computed per household member) the observed degree of concentration increases to 0.3775. When total expenditure is adjusted for household size and the age-structure of the population, i.e. computed on adult equivalent expenditure, the observed index of concentration was 0.3700. Lango Baya location had more equal distribution of adult equivalent expenditure (0.3700) compared with the whole of rural Kenya of 0.4877 observed in 1992 (Mukui, 1994). The degree of inequality reported in Lango Baya location was still below that reported for the entire rural Coast province (0.4355) for reference year 1992. 4.37. The bottom 40% of the responding households had 16.65% share of total adult equivalent expenditure, while the top 20% had 42.43% share. The bottom 50% had 24.23% share of total adult equivalent expenditure compared with 75.77% for the top 50%.

EMERGING ISSUES
4.38. The emerging issues arising from the survey findings that should be of concern to AAK and other development partners include: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j) (k) (l) (m) (n) The concerns of respondents about AAKs mission and vision, and the role of CBOs in fulfilling that mission. Early marriages, especially for girls. Low enrolment in the primary school cycle for both sexes. The high age-grade mismatch as shown by the proportion of children in an education cycle that were above the rational age for that cycle. Age-grade mismatch in the primary school cycle in the area is mainly due to late entry to that cycle rather than repeating of classes. Discrepancies in gender access to education especially at the secondary school level. The fact that the responding households in three out of the four sub-locations had no girl attending secondary school is alarming. The low literacy rate, especially among females. The threat to AAKs community organization given the low membership of adults in self-help groups. The prevalence of rare diseases e.g. elephantiasis and inguinal-scrotal hernia. The over-reliance on OTC drugs and other self-medication to restore health. The relatively low attendance of expectant mothers to health facilities for antenatal care (50.5%) and assistance in child delivery (7.8%). Low contraceptive prevalence rates. Low immunization coverage and failure to take children for immunization immediately after birth. Long distance to water points, especially in Mkondoni sub-location. Lack of toilet facilities.

38

(o) (p) (q) (r)

Long distance to health facilities, especially in Mkondoni. The heavier workload on women and girls compared with men and boys. Poverty in female-headed households as shown by ownership of household assets and income levels in comparison with male-headed households. The contentious issue of land ownership in the entire location.

ACCURACY OF THE SURVEY RESULTS

4.39. In this survey, a maximum of three visits was made to each household so as to improve the overall response rate. Discussions with enumerators revealed that the non-responding households were not likely to have different socioeconomic characteristics from those who responded. This is principally because non-response of identified households was mainly due to time constraints arising from the fact that the questionnaire was overloaded, thus taking too long to administer. 4.40. However, the grossing up factors for estimating weighted aggregates is likely to have been contaminated by two factors. First, there were a few cases where enumerators redefined the concept of the household by combining a sampled household with that of his/per parents due to interference by the parent of the sampled household. This would introduce an error in reported household size. Secondly, there were ghost households in the list of sampled households e.g. households which could not be traced and others which had migrated outside the location. The errors are likely to have led to overestimation of total population and weighted aggregates e.g. on crop and livestock production and disposal. 4.41. The survey results may have been compromised by inaccuracy of information provided, errors by interviewers in recording responses, and errors in editing, coding and data entry. Although little can be done about deliberate inaccurate reporting by respondents, errors by enumerators were probably minimal due to training and the provision of enumerators reference manual. There was also very close supervision of data entry and manual rechecking of all keyed data.

39

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Fletcher, John Madison, An Experimental Study of Stuttering, The American Journal of Psychology, 25(2), April 1914 Frederiksek, B.F., Popular Culture, Family Relations and Issues of Everyday Democracy: A Study of Youth in Pumwani, Working Paper No. 530, Institute for Development Studies, University of Nairobi, 2000. Freud, Sigmund, On the universal tendency to debasement in the sphere of love, 1912 Galbraith, J.K., The Nature of Mass Poverty, Penguin, Harmondsworth, 1979 Grillo, Ralph, An African Railwayman is a Railwayman ... Or the Subject of the Subject of the Subject, in: John R. Campbell and Alan Rew (editors), Identity and Affect: experiences of identity in a globalising world, Pluto Press, 1999 Hay, Jennifer, Functions of humor in the conversations of men and women, Journal of Pragmatics, 32, 2000 Herlehy, Thomas J., Ties That Bind: Palm Wine and Blood-Brotherhood at the Kenya Coast during the 19th Century, International Journal of African Historical Studies, 17(2), 1984 Herlehy, T.J., An Historical Dimension of the Food Crisis in Africa: Surviving Famines along the Kenya Coast, ca. 1880-1980, Boston, African Studies Centre, 1983 Holway, James D., The Religious Composition of the Population of the Coast Province of Kenya, Journal of Religion in Africa, 3(2), 1970 International Labour Organization, Sixteenth International Conference of Labour Statisticians, Measurement of Income from Employment, 1998 International Labour Organization, Current International Recommendations on Labour Statistics, Geneva, 1988 Joyce, Rosemary A., Girling the girl and boying the boy: the production of adulthood in Mesoamerica, World Archeology, 31(3), February 2000 Kenya, Central Bureau of Statistics, Welfare Monitoring Survey II - 1994: Basic Report, Nairobi, 1996 Kenya, Central Bureau of Statistics, Kenya Population Census, 1989: Volumes I & II, Government Printer, Nairobi, 1994 Kenya, Central Bureau of Statistics, Economic Survey 1991 (Chapter 3: The 1989 Population Census Provisional Results), Government Printer, Nairobi, 1991 Kish, Leslie, Statistical Design for Research, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1987 Kish, Leslie, Survey Sampling, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1965 Klaver, W., and R.K.N. Mwandime, Food Consumption and Nutrition in the Kenyan Coast, ASC Working Paper 31/1998, African Studies Centre, Leiden, Netherlands, 1998 LeVine, R.A., and W.H. Sangree, The Diffusion of Age Group Organisation in East Africa: A controlled comparison, Africa, Journal of the International African Institute, 32(2), April 1962 Lipton, Michael, The Poor and the Poorest: Some Interim Findings, World Bank Discussion Paper No. 25, World Bank, Washington, D.C., 1988

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Macro International Inc., Sampling Manual, DHS-III Basic Documentation No. 6, Calverton, Maryland, 1996 Maundu, P.M., E.I. Njiro, J.A. Chweya, J.K. Imungi and E.N. Seme, Traditional green leafy vegetables of Kenya, In: J.A. Chweya and P.B. Eyzaguirre (eds.), The Biodiversity of Traditional Leafy Vegetables, IPGRI, Rome, Italy, 1999 Maxwell, Daniel, et al, Urban Livelihoods and Food and Nutrition Security in Greater Accra, Ghana, International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, D.C., 2000 Maxwell, D.G., Measuring Food Insecurity: The Frequency and Severity of Coping Strategies, Food Policy, 21(3), 1996 Melucci, A., Nomads of the Present, Temple University Press, Philadelphia, 1989 Morton, R.F., New Evidence regarding the Shungwaya Myth of Miji Kenda Origins, The International Journal of African Historical Studies, 10(4), 1977 Morton, R.F., The Shungwaya Myth of Miji Kenda Origins: A Problem of Late Nineteenth-Century Kenya Coastal History, The International Journal of African Historical Studies, 5(3), 1972 Moser, C.A. and G. Kalton, Survey Methods in Social Investigation, Heinemann educational Books, London, 1979 Mukui, John T., Household Survey of Ziwa la Ngombe Area, Mombasa Municipality, Report Prepared for ACTIONAID-Kenya, May 2000 Mukui, John T., Household Survey of Lelaitich Location, Bomet District, Report Prepared for ACTIONAIDKenya, April 1998 Mukui, John T., Kenya: Poverty Profiles, 1982-92, Consultant Report Prepared for the World Bank and the Ministry of Planning and National Development, March 1994 Pace Setters Communications Network, Participatory Research: Poverty and Livelihood Analysis: Lango Baya Location, Report Prepared for ACTIONAID-Kenya, 1998 Pace Setters Development Consultants, Malindi Rural Development Initiative: Lango Baya Participatory Rural Appraisal, Report Prepared for ACTIONAID-Kenya, June-July 1997 Parkin, David, Sacred Void: Spatial images of work and ritual among the Giriama of Kenya, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1991 Parkin, D.J., The categorization of work: cases from coastal Kenya, in S. Wallman (editor), Social Anthropology of Work, Academic Press, 1979 Parkin, David, Politics of Ritual Syncretism: Islam among the Non-Muslim Giriama of Kenya, Africa: Journal of the International African Institute, 40(3), July 1970 Patterson, K. David, The Giriama Risings of 1913-1914, African Historical Studies, 3(1), 1970 Platt, B.S., Tables of Representative Values of Foods Commonly Used in Tropical Countries, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, 1962 Polletta, Francesca, Contending Stories: Narrative in Social Movements, Qualitative Sociology, 21(4), 1998a

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Polletta, Francesca, It was like a fever...: Narrative and identity in social protest, Social Problems, 45(2), 1998b Radcliffe-Brown, A.R., Structure and Function in Primitive Society: Essays and Addresses, The Free Press, Glencoe, Illinois, 1952 Radcliffe-Brown, A.R., On joking relationships, Africa: Journal of the International African Institute, 13(3), July 1940 Rodgers, Gerry (ed.), New Approaches to Poverty Analysis and Policy-I: The Poverty Agenda and the ILO: Issues for Research and Action, International Labor Organization (International Institute for Labor Studies), 1995 Schwimmer, Erik, The limits of the economic ideology: a comparative anthropological study of work concepts, International social science journal, Published quarterly by UNESCO, Vol. XXXII, No. 3, 1980 Sehmi, J.K., National Food Composition Tables and the Planning of Satisfactory Diets in Kenya, Government Printer, Nairobi, 1993 Spear, Thomas T., Traditional Myths and Historian's Myths: Variations on the Singwaya Theme of Mijikenda Origins, History in Africa, Vol. 1, 1974 Subramanian, Shankar, and Angus Deaton, The Demand for Food and Calories, Journal of Political Economy, 104(1), February 1996 Suchman, Edward A., Social Patterns of Illness and Medical Care, Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 6(1), 1965 Suchman, Edward A., Stages of Illness and Medical Care , Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 6(3), 1965 Suchman, E.A., Sociology and the Field of Public Health, Russell Sage Foundation, New York, 1963 Taylor, V, and N.E. Whittier, Collective identity in social movement communities: lesbian feminist mobilization, In: J Freeman and V Johnson (editors), Waves of Protest: Social Movements Since the Sixties, Oxford University Press, 1999 Taylor, W.E., Giryama Vocabulary and Collections, 1891 United Kingdom, Secretary of State for the Colonies, Report of the East Africa Commission, London, April 1925 United Nations, National Household Survey Capability Programme, Household Income and Expenditure Surveys: A technical study, 1989 United Nations, Studies in Methods: Handbook of Household Surveys, 1984 Wanjala, P. and F. Akwanalo, Participatory Research Report into Factors Affecting Access to and Quality of Basic Education in Malindi District (Lango Baya Location), Report Prepared for ACTIONAID-Kenya SPRED II Component II Program, 1998 Weisner, Thomas S., One Family, Two Households: Rural-Urban Kin Networks in Nairobi, University of Nairobi, 1970 Willis, Justin, and Suzanne Miers, Becoming a Child of the House: Incorporation, Authority and Resistance in Giryama Society, The Journal of African History, 38(3), 1997

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World Bank, Staff Appraisal Report: Kenya Second Mombasa and Coastal Water Supply Engineering and Rehabilitation Project, Report No. 10093-KE, Infrastructure Operations Division, Eastern Africa Department, December 16, 1991

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LIST OF ENUMERATORS Mwathethe Zablon Francis Katana Felix Kagohu Moses Kazungu Sammy Kazungu Dominica Mwagandi Nguma Nyiro Charity Mapenzi Teacher, Viriko Primary School, Makobeni Sub-location Teacher, Mkondoni Primary School, Mkondoni Sub-location Teacher, Pishimwenga Primary School, Makobeni Sub-location Teacher, Viriko Primary School, Makobeni Sub-location Teacher, Mkondoni Primary School, Mkondoni Sub-location Metani Estate, Lango Baya Sub-location Teacher, Viriko Primary School, Makobeni Sub-location Teacher, Gandini Feeder School, Lango Baya Sub-location

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STATISTICAL ANNEX
Table 1: Distribution of Households by Interview Status Table 2: Distribution of Responding Population by Age Group and Sex Table 3: Distribution of Population by Sex and Relation to Head Table 4: Distribution of Population by Sex and Marital Status Table 5: Distribution of Population by Marital Status, Age Group and Sex Table 6: Age at First Marriage Table 7: Estimates of Total Population Using Weighted Data Table 8: Distribution of the Population Attending School Table 9: Distribution of the Population Not at School, > 6 years Table 10: Education Profile of the Population, > 6 years Table 11: Age-Grade Mismatch in the Education Cycle Table 12: Primary School Enrolment Table 13: Mean Annual Household Expenditure on Primary and Secondary Education by Sex (Shs) Table 14: Literacy Status of the Non-school Population, > 14 Years Table 15: Reasons for Dropping Out of Primary School, 1997-1999 Table 16: Distribution of Group Membership by Type of Self-Help Group (15+ years) Table 17: Types of Sickness in the Preceding Two Weeks by Sex Table 18: Types of Sickness in the Preceding Two Weeks by Age Table 19: Types of Sickness by First Action Taken Table 20: Number of Disabilities in the Responding Population Table 21: Distribution of Out-of-School Population by Occupation, >14 Years Table 22: Distribution of the Population by Religion Table 23: Distribution of the Population by Religion, > 14 Years Table 24: Distribution of Mothers Latest Delivery of Under-Five by Antenatal Care Provider Table 25: Distribution of Under-Fives by Place of Delivery and Delivering Personnel Table 26: Distribution of Mothers of Under-Fives by Use of Any Family Planning Method Table 27: Immunisation Status by Sex, 11-59 Months Table 28: Distribution of Under-Fives by Months Breastfed Table 29: Distribution of Under-Fives by Type of First Supplement Table 30: Distribution of Under-Fives by Place of Delivery, Health Card and Mothers Education Table 31: Distribution of Under-Fives by Immunisation, Months Breastfed and Mothers Education Table 32: Allocation of Time, 5-17 Years: Child Labour Table 33: Allocation of Time, 18-55 Years Table 34: Allocation of Time, > 55 Years Table 35: Allocation of Time, > 17 Years Table 36: Allocation of Time, >= 5 Years Table 37: Distribution of the Main Residential Structure by Construction Materials: Wall Table 38: Distribution of the Main Residential Structure by Construction Materials: Floor Table 39: Distribution of the Main Residential Structure by Construction Materials: Roof Table 40: Combination of Construction Materials of the Main Residential Structure Table 41: Distribution of Households by Source of Water: Wet Season Table 42: Distribution of Households by Source of Water: Dry Season Table 43: Distribution of Households by Distance to Water Source: Wet Season Table 44: Distribution of Households by Distance to Water Source: Dry Season Table 45: Distribution of Households by Sanitation and Household Members Responsible for Collecting Water Table 46: Distribution of Households by Main Types of Cooking and Lighting Fuels Table 47: Distribution of Households by Distance to Nearest Health Facility and Primary School (km) Table 48: Distribution of Households by Whether Owned Selected Assets Table 49A: Household Consumption per Month (Shs) Table 49B: Household Consumption Patterns (%) Table 50A: Household Consumption per Month by Sex and Age of Household Head (Shs) Table 50B: Household Consumption Patterns by Sex and Age of Household Head (%) Table 51A: Per Capita Consumption per Month (Shs)

46

Table 51B: Per Capita Consumption Patterns (%) Table 52A: Per Capita Consumption per Month by Sex and Age of Household Head (Shs) Table 52B: Per Capita Consumption Patterns by Sex and Age of Household Head (%) Table 53A: Adult Equivalent Consumption per Month (Shs) Table 53B: Adult Equivalent Consumption Patterns (%) Table 54A: Adult Equivalent Consumption per Month by Sex and Age of Household Head (Shs) Table 54B: Adult Equivalent Consumption Patterns by Sex and Age of Household Head (%) Table 55A: Household Consumption of Own Produce (Shs) Table 55B: Household Consumption of Own Produce (%) Table 56A: Household Consumption of Own Produce by Sex and Age of Household Head (Shs) Table 56B: Household Consumption of Own Produce by Sex and Age of Household Head (%) Table 57A: Estimated Calorie and Protein Availability per Adult Equivalent Table 57B: Estimated Calorie and Protein Availability per Adult Equivalent (%) Table 58A: Estimated Calorie and Protein Availability per Adult Equivalent by Sex and Age of Household Head Table 58B: Estimated Calorie and Protein Availability per Adult Equivalent by Sex and Age of Household Head (%) Table 59: Annual Crop Production and Disposal, 2000: Lango Baya Sub-location (Shs) Table 60: Annual Crop Production and Disposal, 2000: Mkondoni Sub-location (Shs) Table 61: Annual Crop Production and Disposal, 2000: Makobeni Sub-location (Shs) Table 62: Annual Crop Production and Disposal, 2000: Malanga Sub-location (Shs) Table 63: Annual Crop Production and Disposal, 2000: Total (Shs) Table 64: Annual Livestock and Livestock Products, 2000: Lango Baya Sub-location Table 65: Annual Livestock and Livestock Products, 2000: Mkondoni Sub-location Table 66: Annual Livestock and Livestock Products, 2000: Makobeni Sub-location Table 67: Annual Livestock and Livestock Products, 2000: Malanga Sub-location Table 68: Annual Livestock and Livestock Products, 2000: Total Table 69A: Mean Household Income by Sub-location (Shs) Table 69B: Mean Household Income by Sub-location (%) Table 70A: Mean Household Income by Sub-location, excluding non-response on income (Shs) Table 70B: Mean Household Income by Sub-location, excluding non-response on income (%) Table 71: Per Capita Income by Sub-location (Shs) Table 72: Per Capita Income by Sub-location excluding non-response on income (Shs) Table 73: Mean Household Income per Month by Sex and Age of Household Head (Shs) Table 74: Per Capita Income per Month by Sex and Age of Household Head (Shs) Table 75: Discrepancies between Mean Monthly Household Consumption and Income (Shs) Table 76: Discrepancies between Mean Monthly Household Consumption and Income excluding income non-response (Shs) Table 77: Distribution of the Responding Population in Gainful Employment Table 78: Persons Engaged in Household Self-Employment Enterprises Table 79: Distribution of Households by Land Ownership Anywhere in the Country Table 80: Mean Parcel Size by Sex, Education and Age of Household Head Table 81: Measures of Concentration: the Gini Coefficient Table 82: Distribution of Adult Equivalent Expenditure by Decile, Year 2000 (%)

47

Table 1: Distribution of Households by Interview Status Responded Lango Baya Mkondoni Makobeni Malanga Total 64 38 37 94 233 Selected 96 45 44 127 312 Response Rate (%) 66.7 84.4 84.1 74.0 74.7

Table 2: Distribution of Responding Population by Age Group and Sex Lango Baya Mkondoni Makobeni Malanga TOTAL PERCENT Lango Baya Mkondoni Makobeni Malanga TOTAL SEX RATIO Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Total Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Total Lango Baya Mkondoni Makobeni Malanga Total 0-4 43 46 30 22 22 28 50 44 145 140 285 16.9 18.9 18.0 15.1 15.7 21.9 14.8 14.9 16.1 17.2 16.6 93.5 136.4 78.6 113.6 103.6 5-9 48 32 29 19 25 16 54 40 156 107 263 18.8 13.2 17.4 13.0 17.9 12.5 16.0 13.5 17.4 13.2 15.4 150.0 152.6 156.3 135.0 145.8 10-14 39 30 26 27 21 17 47 45 133 119 252 15.3 12.3 15.6 18.5 15.0 13.3 13.9 15.2 14.8 14.6 14.7 130.0 96.3 123.5 104.4 111.8 15-24 44 60 29 24 30 24 73 67 176 175 351 17.3 24.7 17.4 16.4 21.4 18.8 21.7 22.6 19.6 21.5 20.5 73.3 120.8 125.0 109.0 100.6 25-39 43 33 29 30 19 19 60 48 151 130 281 16.9 13.6 17.4 20.5 13.6 14.8 17.8 16.2 16.8 16.0 16.4 130.3 96.7 100.0 125.0 116.2 40-59 25 30 9 16 14 17 43 47 91 110 201 9.8 12.3 5.4 11.0 10.0 13.3 12.8 15.9 10.1 13.5 11.7 83.3 56.3 82.4 91.5 82.7 60+ 13 12 15 8 9 7 10 5 47 32 79 5.1 4.9 9.0 5.5 6.4 5.5 3.0 1.7 5.2 3.9 4.6 108.3 187.5 128.6 200.0 146.9 Total 255 243 167 146 140 128 337 296 899 813 1,712 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 104.9 114.4 109.4 113.9 110.6

48

Table 3: Distribution of Population by Sex and Relation to Head

Head Male 51 35 33 87 206 10.2 11.2 12.3 13.7 12.0 Head Female 13 3 4 7 27 2.6 1.0 1.5 1.1 1.6 Spouse 59 43 34 99 235 11.8 13.7 12.7 15.6 13.7 Son 141 109 80 240 570 28.3 34.8 29.9 37.9 33.3 Daughter 105 58 71 169 403 21.1 18.5 26.5 26.7 23.5 Other relative 128 65 44 30 267 25.7 20.8 16.4 4.7 15.6 Nonrelative 1 0 2 1 4 0.2 0.0 0.7 0.2 0.2 Total 498 313 268 633 1,712 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Male headed (%) 79.7 92.1 89.2 92.6 88.4

Lango Baya Mkondoni Makobeni Malanga Total PERCENT Lango Baya Mkondoni Makobeni Malanga Total

Table 4: Distribution of Population by Sex and Marital Status Lango Baya Mkondoni Makobeni Malanga TOTAL PERCENT Lango Baya Mkondoni Makobeni Malanga TOTAL Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Total Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Total Never Married 183 135 116 76 103 80 247 177 649 468 1,117 71.8 55.6 69.5 52.1 73.6 62.5 73.3 59.8 72.2 57.6 65.2 Monogamous 54 67 39 37 23 23 74 76 190 203 393 21.2 27.6 23.4 25.3 16.4 18.0 22.0 25.7 21.1 25.0 23.0 Polygamous 15 25 11 29 10 18 14 28 50 100 150 5.9 10.3 6.6 19.9 7.1 14.1 4.2 9.5 5.6 12.3 8.8 Unmarried 3 16 1 4 4 7 2 15 10 42 52 1.2 6.6 0.6 2.7 2.9 5.5 0.6 5.1 1.1 5.2 3.0 Total 255 243 167 146 140 128 337 296 899 813 1,712 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

49

Table 5: Distribution of Population by Marital Status, Age Group and Sex Lango Baya Male 0-4 5-9 10-14 15-24 25-39 40-59 60+ 0-4 5-9 10-14 15-24 25-39 40-59 60+ 0-4 5-9 10-14 15-24 25-39 40-59 60+ 0-4 5-9 10-14 15-24 25-39 40-59 60+ 0-4 5-9 10-14 15-24 25-39 40-59 60+ 0-4 5-9 10-14 15-24 25-39 40-59 60+ 0-4 5-9 10-14 15-24 25-39 40-59 60+ 0-4 Never Married 43 48 39 39 12 1 1 46 32 30 23 3 0 1 30 29 26 26 5 0 0 22 19 25 9 1 0 0 22 25 21 29 6 0 0 28 16 17 16 1 0 2 50 54 47 71 24 1 0 44 Monogamous 0 0 0 5 28 16 5 0 0 0 27 22 15 3 0 0 0 3 20 7 9 0 0 1 9 17 6 4 0 0 0 1 9 10 3 0 0 0 5 10 8 0 0 0 0 2 34 35 3 0 Polygamous 0 0 0 0 2 7 6 0 0 0 9 6 9 1 0 0 0 0 3 2 6 0 0 1 5 10 9 4 0 0 0 0 2 4 4 0 0 0 2 8 6 2 0 0 0 0 0 7 7 0 Unmarried 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 2 6 7 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 3 3 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 Total 43 48 39 44 43 25 13 46 32 30 60 33 30 12 30 29 26 29 29 9 15 22 19 27 24 30 16 8 22 25 21 30 19 14 9 28 16 17 24 19 17 7 50 54 47 73 60 43 10 44

Female

Mkondoni

Male

Female

Makobeni

Male

Female

Malanga

Male

Female

50

Total

Male

Female

5-9 10-14 15-24 25-39 40-59 60+ 0-4 5-9 10-14 15-24 25-39 40-59 60+ 0-4 5-9 10-14 15-24 25-39 40-59 60+ 0-4 5-9 10-14 15-24 25-39 40-59 60+ 0-4 5-9 10-14 15-24 25-39 40-59 60+

Never Married 40 45 45 3 0 0 145 156 133 165 47 2 1 140 107 117 93 8 0 3 100.0 100.0 100.0 93.8 31.1 2.2 2.1 100.0 100.0 98.3 53.1 6.2 0.0 9.4

Monogamous 0 0 18 30 27 1 0 0 0 11 91 68 20 0 0 1 59 79 56 8 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.3 60.3 74.7 42.6 0.0 0.0 0.8 33.7 60.8 50.9 25.0

Polygamous 0 0 3 10 14 1 0 0 0 0 7 20 23 0 0 1 19 34 38 8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.6 22.0 48.9 0.0 0.0 0.8 10.9 26.2 34.5 25.0

Unmarried 0 0 1 5 6 3 0 0 0 0 6 1 3 0 0 0 4 9 16 13 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.0 1.1 6.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.3 6.9 14.5 40.6

Total 40 45 67 48 47 5 145 156 133 176 151 91 47 140 107 119 175 130 110 32 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Total (%)

Male

Female

Table 6: Age at First Marriage Male 23.3 21.7 22.7 23.1 22.8 Mean Female 17.5 15.7 16.7 17.8 17.1 Difference 5.8 6.0 6.0 5.3 5.7 Male 23 20 22 23 22 Median Female 17 15 17 18 17 Difference 6 5 5 5 5

Lango Baya Mkondoni Makobeni Malanga Total

51

Table 7: Estimates of Total Population Using Weighted Data Survey Results Male Female Total Lango Baya 2,784 2,758 5,542 Mkondoni 1,503 1,337 2,840 Makobeni 1,259 1,139 2,398 Malanga 3,594 3,110 6,704 Total 9,140 8,344 17,484 * Data excludes Metani estate Table 8: Distribution of the Population Attending School
Lango Baya Mkondoni Makobeni Malanga Total TOTAL PERCENT Lango Baya Mkondoni Makobeni Malanga TOTAL Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Total Nursery 10 6 9 4 14 5 19 11 52 26 78 16.9 16.7 18.8 10.3 26.4 16.7 17.1 13.3 19.2 13.8 17.0 Lower Prim 42 24 22 32 27 20 56 45 147 121 268 71.2 66.7 45.8 82.1 50.9 66.7 50.5 54.2 54.2 64.4 58.4 Upper Prim 5 6 17 3 10 5 30 23 62 37 99 8.5 16.7 35.4 7.7 18.9 16.7 27.0 27.7 22.9 19.7 21.6 Lower Sec 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 3 3 3 6 1.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.9 0.0 0.9 3.6 1.1 1.6 1.3

Household Listing Total 3,770 2,143 1,092 5,734 12,739

Upper Sec 1 0 0 0 1 0 3 1 5 1 6 1.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.9 0.0 2.7 1.2 1.8 0.5 1.3

University 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.8 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.4

Total 59 36 48 39 53 30 111 83 271 188 459 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

52

Table 9: Distribution of the Population Not at School, > 6 years

None Lango Baya Mkondoni Makobeni Malanga Total TOTAL PERCENT Lango Baya Mkondoni Makobeni Malanga TOTAL Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Total 70 115 30 64 19 42 42 114 161 335 496 50.0 77.2 40.0 75.3 29.2 62.7 25.5 70.4 36.2 72.4 54.6 Nursery 2 4 0 1 1 1 2 0 5 6 11 1.4 2.7 0.0 1.2 1.5 1.5 1.2 0.0 1.1 1.3 1.2 Lower Prim 18 15 14 11 10 12 24 14 66 52 118 12.9 10.1 18.7 12.9 15.4 17.9 14.5 8.6 14.8 11.2 13.0 Upper Prim 45 11 28 9 28 10 71 31 172 61 233 32.1 7.4 37.3 10.6 43.1 14.9 43.0 19.1 38.7 13.2 25.7 Lower Sec 1 1 3 0 3 0 4 1 11 2 13 0.7 0.7 4.0 0.0 4.6 0.0 2.4 0.6 2.5 0.4 1.4 Upper Sec 4 3 0 0 4 2 22 2 30 7 37 2.9 2.0 0.0 0.0 6.2 3.0 13.3 1.2 6.7 1.5 4.1 University 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Total 140 149 75 85 65 67 165 162 445 463 908 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Table 10: Education Profile of the Population, > 6 years

None Lango Baya Mkondoni Makobeni Malanga TOTAL PERCENT Lango Baya Mkondoni Makobeni Malanga TOTAL Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Total Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Total 70 115 30 64 19 42 42 114 161 335 496 35.9 64.2 24.6 54.7 17.4 44.7 15.9 47.9 23.3 53.3 37.6 Nursery 11 6 8 1 9 3 11 7 39 17 56 5.6 3.4 6.6 0.9 8.3 3.2 4.2 2.9 5.7 2.7 4.2 Lower Prim 57 37 36 40 34 32 78 56 205 165 370 29.2 20.7 29.5 34.2 31.2 34.0 29.5 23.5 29.7 26.3 28.1 Upper Prim 50 17 45 12 38 15 101 54 234 98 332 25.6 9.5 36.9 10.3 34.9 16.0 38.3 22.7 33.9 15.6 25.2 Lower Sec 2 1 3 0 4 0 5 4 14 5 19 1.0 0.6 2.5 0.0 3.7 0.0 1.9 1.7 2.0 0.8 1.4 Upper Sec 5 3 0 0 5 2 25 3 35 8 43 2.6 1.7 0.0 0.0 4.6 2.1 9.5 1.3 5.1 1.3 3.3 University 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.2 Total 195 179 122 117 109 94 264 238 690 628 1,318 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

53

Table 11: Age-Grade Mismatch in the Education Cycle

Male 0-6 7-10 11-14 15-18 19+ Total 0-6 7-10 11-14 15-18 19+ Total 0-6 7-10 11-14 15-18 19+ Total 0-6 7-10 11-14 15-18 19+ 0-6 7-10 11-14 15-18 19+ 0-6 7-10 11-14 15-18 19+ Nursery 18 30 4 0 0 52 15 10 1 0 0 26 33 40 5 0 0 78 34.6 57.7 7.7 0.0 0.0 57.7 38.5 3.8 0.0 0.0 42.3 51.3 6.4 0.0 0.0 Lower Primary 8 67 60 11 1 147 8 56 48 9 0 121 16 123 108 20 1 268 5.4 45.6 40.8 7.5 0.7 6.6 46.3 39.7 7.4 0.0 6.0 45.9 40.3 7.5 0.4 Upper Primary 0 1 19 38 4 62 0 0 12 22 3 37 0 1 31 60 7 99 0.0 1.6 30.6 61.3 6.5 0.0 0.0 32.4 59.5 8.1 0.0 1.0 31.3 60.6 7.1 Secondary 0 0 0 3 5 8 0 0 0 4 0 4 0 0 0 7 5 12 0.0 0.0 0.0 37.5 62.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 58.3 41.7 University 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Total 26 98 83 52 12 271 23 66 61 35 3 188 49 164 144 87 15 459 9.6 36.2 30.6 19.2 4.4 12.2 35.1 32.4 18.6 1.6 10.7 35.7 31.4 19.0 3.3

Female

Total

PERCENT Male

Female

Total

Table 12: Primary School Enrolment

Population Lango Baya Mkondoni Makobeni Malanga TOTAL Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total 70 44 114 40 39 79 37 27 64 78 71 149 225 181 406 Net enrolment 38 23 61 25 26 51 23 20 43 61 47 108 147 116 263 Net enrolment ratio (%) 54.3 52.3 53.5 62.5 66.7 64.6 62.2 74.1 67.2 78.2 66.2 72.5 65.3 64.1 64.8 Gross enrolment 47 30 77 39 35 74 37 25 62 86 68 154 209 158 367 Gross enrolment ratio (%) 67.1 68.2 67.5 97.5 89.7 93.7 100.0 92.6 96.9 110.3 95.8 103.4 92.9 87.3 90.4

54

Table 13: Mean Annual Household Expenditure on Primary and Secondary Education by Sex (Shs) Primary Secondary Male Female Male Female Lango Baya 608 326 1,309 0 Mkondoni 741 690 0 0 Makobeni 679 443 912 0 Malanga 888 547 1,386 1,013 Total 754 493 1,064 409 Table 14: Literacy Status of the Non-school Population, > 14 Years Can read Cant read Can write Cant write Lango Baya Male 64 53 64 53 Female 25 105 25 105 Total 89 158 89 158 Mkondoni Male 42 26 42 26 Female 16 56 16 56 Total 58 82 58 82 Makobeni Male 46 13 46 13 Female 18 44 18 44 Total 64 57 64 57 Malanga Male 123 34 123 34 Female 41 104 41 104 Total 164 138 164 138 TOTAL Male 275 126 275 126 Female 100 309 100 309 Total 375 435 375 435 PERCENT Lango Baya Male 54.7 45.3 54.7 45.3 Female 19.2 80.8 19.2 80.8 Total 36.0 64.0 36.0 64.0 Mkondoni Male 61.8 38.2 61.8 38.2 Female 22.2 77.8 22.2 77.8 Total 41.4 58.6 41.4 58.6 Makobeni Male 78.0 22.0 78.0 22.0 Female 29.0 71.0 29.0 71.0 Total 52.9 47.1 52.9 47.1 Malanga Male 78.3 21.7 78.3 21.7 Female 28.3 71.7 28.3 71.7 Total 54.3 45.7 54.3 45.7 TOTAL Male 68.6 31.4 68.6 31.4 Female 24.4 75.6 24.4 75.6 Total 46.3 53.7 46.3 53.7 Can read/write 64 25 89 42 16 58 46 18 64 123 41 164 275 100 375 54.7 19.2 36.0 61.8 22.2 41.4 78.0 29.0 52.9 78.3 28.3 54.3 68.6 24.4 46.3 Total 117 130 247 68 72 140 59 62 121 157 145 302 401 409 810 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

55

Table 15: Reasons for Dropping Out of Primary School, 1997-1999

Pregnancy Lango Baya Mkondoni Makobeni Malanga TOTAL TOTAL (%) Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Total Male Female Total 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Marriage 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0.0 8.3 2.9 Fees 14 3 0 2 1 1 2 1 17 7 24 73.9 58.3 68.6 Failed exam 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 2 2 0.0 16.7 5.7 Other 2 0 1 1 2 1 1 0 6 2 8 26.1 16.7 22.9 Total 16 3 1 3 3 4 3 2 23 12 35 100.0 100.0 100.0 Enrolment 138 90 117 99 108 75 255 204 618 468 1,086 Dropout rate (%) 11.6 3.3 0.9 3.0 2.8 5.3 1.2 1.0 3.7 2.6 3.2

56

Table 16: Distribution of Group Membership by Type of Self-Help Group (15+ years)
Lango Baya Mkondoni Makobeni Malanga TOTAL PERCENT Lango Baya Mkondoni Makobeni Malanga TOTAL Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Total Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Total Farming 2 2 0 6 3 1 3 1 8 10 18 100.0 100.0 0.0 42.9 50.0 16.7 33.3 6.7 38.1 27.0 31.0 Bicycle repair 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 2 0 2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 16.7 0.0 11.1 0.0 9.5 0.0 3.4 Handwork 0 0 3 8 0 1 0 0 3 9 12 0.0 0.0 75.0 57.1 0.0 16.7 0.0 0.0 14.3 24.3 20.7 Livestock rearing 0 0 0 0 0 4 2 10 2 14 16 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 66.7 22.2 66.7 9.5 37.8 27.6 Selling grains/flour 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 2 3 2 5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 33.3 0.0 11.1 13.3 14.3 5.4 8.6 Other 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 2 3 2 5 0.0 0.0 25.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 22.2 13.3 14.3 5.4 8.6 Total 2 2 4 14 6 6 9 15 21 37 58 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Grand Total 125 135 82 78 72 67 186 167 465 447 912 % in Groups 1.6 1.5 4.9 17.9 8.3 9.0 4.8 9.0 4.5 8.3 6.4

Table 17: Types of Sickness in the Preceding Two Weeks by Sex Vomit/ diarrhea Malaria/ fever Cough/ cold Male 8 60 46 Female 11 48 49 Total 19 108 95 PERCENT Male 5.0 37.5 28.8 Female 7.0 30.4 31.0 Total 6.0 34.0 29.9

URTI 9 9 18 5.6 5.7 5.7

Worms 2 3 5 1.3 1.9 1.6

Measles 3 3 6 1.9 1.9 1.9

Injury/ burns 2 4 6 1.3 2.5 1.9

Skin 13 17 30 8.1 10.8 9.4

Other 17 14 31 10.6 8.9 9.7

Total sick 160 158 318 100.0 100.0 100.0

Grand Total 899 813 1,712

Sick (%) 17.8 19.4 18.6

57

Table 18: Types of Sickness in the Preceding Two Weeks by Age

0-5 6-15 16+ Total PERCENT 0-5 6-15 16+ Total Vomit/ diarrhea 8 1 10 19 10.7 1.2 6.2 6.0 Malaria/ fever 30 27 51 108 40.0 33.3 31.5 34.0 Cough/ cold 21 23 51 95 28.0 28.4 31.5 29.9 URTI 2 4 12 18 2.7 4.9 7.4 5.7 Worms 2 0 3 5 2.7 0.0 1.9 1.6 Measles 3 3 0 6 4.0 3.7 0.0 1.9 Injury/ burns 1 0 5 6 1.3 0.0 3.1 1.9 Skin 5 18 7 30 6.7 22.2 4.3 9.4 Other 3 5 23 31 4.0 6.2 14.2 9.7 Total sick 75 81 162 318 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Grand Total 334 514 864 1,712 Sick (%) 22.46 15.76 18.75 18.57

Table 19: Types of Sickness by First Action Taken

Vomit/ diarrhea Nothing Traditional medicine/ healer OTC drugs Hospital facility Total PERCENT Nothing Traditional medicine/ healer OTC drugs Hospital facility Total 0 4 6 9 19 0.0 21.1 31.6 47.4 100.0 Malaria/ fever 13 3 64 28 108 12.0 2.8 59.3 25.9 100.0 Cough/ cold 18 3 67 7 95 18.9 3.2 70.5 7.4 100.0 URTI 5 2 5 6 18 27.8 11.1 27.8 33.3 100.0 Worms 0 0 2 3 5 0.0 0.0 40.0 60.0 100.0 Measles 2 0 4 0 6 33.3 0.0 66.7 0.0 100.0 Injury/ burns 2 3 1 0 6 33.3 50.0 16.7 0.0 100.0 Skin 4 2 20 4 30 13.3 6.7 66.7 13.3 100.0 Other 7 2 17 5 31 22.6 6.5 54.8 16.1 100.0 Total 51 19 186 62 318 16.0 6.0 58.5 19.5 100.0

Table 20: Number of Disabilities in the Responding Population

Male Female Total PERCENT Male Female Total Seeing 5 1 6 0.56 0.12 0.35 Hearing 3 2 5 0.33 0.25 0.29 Speaking 2 0 2 0.22 0.00 0.12 Upper limbs 1 0 1 0.11 0.00 0.06 Lower limbs 2 1 3 0.22 0.12 0.18 Hunch 0 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 Mental 0 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 Total Disabilities 13 4 17 1.45 0.49 0.99 Total Population 899 813 1,712 100.00 100.00 100.00 Mean age 50.7 33.8 46.7

58

Table 21: Distribution of Out-of-School Population by Occupation, >14 Years

Employee Public Lango Baya Mkondoni Makobeni Malanga TOTAL PERCENT Lango Baya Mkondoni Makobeni Malanga TOTAL Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Total Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Total 6 5 0 0 5 4 7 0 18 9 27 5.1 3.8 0.0 0.0 8.5 6.5 4.5 0.0 4.5 2.2 3.3 Non-farm self employed 10 3 3 1 17 10 23 9 53 23 76 8.5 2.3 4.4 1.4 28.8 16.1 14.6 6.2 13.2 5.6 9.4 Domestic employee (outside household) 11 1 2 0 1 1 9 2 23 4 27 9.4 0.8 2.9 0.0 1.7 1.6 5.7 1.4 5.7 1.0 3.3 Other private employee 2 2 14 0 6 1 33 2 55 5 60 1.7 1.5 20.6 0.0 10.2 1.6 21.0 1.4 13.7 1.2 7.4 Other 88 119 49 71 30 46 85 132 252 368 620 75.2 91.5 72.1 98.6 50.8 74.2 54.1 91.0 62.8 90.0 76.5 Total 117 130 68 72 59 62 157 145 401 409 810 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Table 22: Distribution of the Population by Religion

Lango Baya Mkondoni Makobeni Malanga TOTAL PERCENT Lango Baya Mkondoni Makobeni Malanga TOTAL Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Total Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Total None 3 4 21 20 0 0 10 7 34 31 65 1.2 1.6 12.6 13.7 0.0 0.0 3.0 2.4 3.8 3.8 3.8 Traditionalist 133 119 48 38 21 22 124 95 326 274 600 52.2 49.0 28.7 26.0 15.0 17.2 36.8 32.1 36.3 33.7 35.0 Muslim 14 15 15 11 17 16 16 12 62 54 116 5.5 6.2 9.0 7.5 12.1 12.5 4.7 4.1 6.9 6.6 6.8 Catholic 4 5 26 25 12 7 21 19 63 56 119 1.6 2.1 15.6 17.1 8.6 5.5 6.2 6.4 7.0 6.9 7.0 Protestant 101 100 44 35 90 83 166 163 401 381 782 39.6 41.2 26.3 24.0 64.3 64.8 49.3 55.1 44.6 46.9 45.7 Other 0 0 13 17 0 0 0 0 13 17 30 0.0 0.0 7.8 11.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.4 2.1 1.8 Total 255 243 167 146 140 128 337 296 899 813 1,712 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

59

Table 23: Distribution of the Population by Religion, > 14 Years None Traditionalist Muslim Catholic Lango Baya Male 1 77 5 3 Female 2 70 6 2 Mkondoni Male 13 32 8 6 Female 9 27 8 9 Makobeni Male 0 18 9 6 Female 0 20 8 3 Malanga Male 4 81 8 11 Female 3 62 4 12 TOTAL Male 18 208 30 26 Female 14 179 26 26 Total 32 387 56 52 PERCENT Lango Baya Male 0.8 61.6 4.0 2.4 Female 1.5 51.9 4.4 1.5 Mkondoni Male 15.9 39.0 9.8 7.3 Female 11.5 34.6 10.3 11.5 Makobeni Male 0.0 25.0 12.5 8.3 Female 0.0 29.9 11.9 4.5 Malanga Male 2.2 43.5 4.3 5.9 Female 1.8 37.1 2.4 7.2 TOTAL Male 3.9 44.7 6.5 5.6 Female 3.1 40.0 5.8 5.8 Total 3.5 42.4 6.1 5.7

Protestant 39 55 18 18 39 36 82 86 178 195 373 31.2 40.7 22.0 23.1 54.2 53.7 44.1 51.5 38.3 43.6 40.9

Other 0 0 5 7 0 0 0 0 5 7 12 0.0 0.0 6.1 9.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.1 1.6 1.3

Total 125 135 82 78 72 67 186 167 465 447 912 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Table 24: Distribution of Mothers Latest Delivery of Under-Five by Antenatal Care Provider Antenatal care Tetanus toxoid injection Lay (none, relative/ Modern (doctor, nurse/ TBA Total Yes No Total friend) midwife) Lango 15 55 12 82 45 9 54 Baya Mkondoni 10 36 5 51 20 12 32 Makobeni 13 17 14 44 20 8 28 Malanga 18 34 52 104 58 10 68 Total 56 142 83 281 143 39 182 PERCENT Lango 18.3 67.1 14.6 100.0 83.3 16.7 100.0 Baya Mkondoni 19.6 70.6 9.8 100.0 62.5 37.5 100.0 Makobeni 29.5 38.6 31.8 100.0 71.4 28.6 100.0 Malanga 17.3 32.7 50.0 100.0 85.3 14.7 100.0 Total 19.9 50.5 29.5 100.0 78.6 21.4 100.0

60

Table 25: Distribution of Under-Fives by Place of Delivery and Delivering Personnel

Place of Delivery Hospital/ health Home facility 8 74 2 6 6 22 9.8 3.9 13.6 5.8 7.8 49 38 98 259 90.2 96.1 86.4 94.2 92.2 Total 82 51 44 104 281 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Doctor, nurse/ midwife Delivering Personnel TBA Other (self, relative/ friend) 7 42 33 2 8 6 23 8.5 3.9 18.2 5.8 8.2 11 15 46 114 51.2 21.6 34.1 44.2 40.6 38 21 52 144 40.2 74.5 47.7 50.0 51.2 Total 82 51 44 104 281 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Lango Baya Mkondoni Makobeni Malanga Total PERCENT Lango Baya Mkondoni Makobeni Malanga Total

Table 26: Distribution of Mothers of Under-Fives by Use of Any Family Planning Method Use Family Planning Method Type of Family Planning Method Yes No Total Pill Injection Total Lango Baya 5 49 54 1 2 3 Mkondoni 2 30 32 0 2 2 Makobeni 0 28 28 0 0 0 Malanga 4 64 68 0 4 4 Total 11 171 182 1 8 9 PERCENT Lango Baya 9.3 90.7 100.0 33.3 66.7 100.0 Mkondoni 6.3 93.8 100.0 0.0 100.0 100.0 Makobeni 0.0 100.0 100.0 Malanga 5.9 94.1 100.0 0.0 100.0 100.0 Total 6.0 94.0 100.0 11.1 88.9 100.0

61

Table 27: Immunization Status by Sex, 11-59 Months

Male Female Total PERCENT Male Female Total Card 92 81 173 80.7 77.9 79.4 BCG 89 87 176 78.1 83.7 80.7 BCG Scar 87 84 171 76.3 80.8 78.4 Polio-B 92 86 178 80.7 82.7 81.7 Polio-1 93 86 179 81.6 82.7 82.1 Polio-2 90 83 173 78.9 79.8 79.4 Polio-3 86 78 164 75.4 75.0 75.2 DPT-1 89 83 172 78.1 79.8 78.9 DPT-2 86 81 167 75.4 77.9 76.6 DPT-3 82 77 159 71.9 74.0 72.9 Measles 72 67 139 63.2 64.4 63.8 Fully immunized 77 70 147 67.5 67.3 67.4 Total 114 104 218 First immunization (months) 3.57 3.44 3.51

62

Table 28: Distribution of Under-Fives by Months Breastfed 0-12 13-24 >24 Total Mean Months Exclusive Breastfeeding 68 37 12 117 3.04 Stopped 49 78 24 151 3.62 PERCENT Breastfeeding 58.1 31.6 10.3 100.0 Stopped 32.5 51.7 15.9 100.0 Table 29: Distribution of Under-Fives by Type of First Supplement Milk other than breast Maize porridge Breastfeeding 3 89 Stopped 5 121 Total 8 210 PERCENT Breastfeeding 2.6 76.7 Stopped 3.3 80.1 Total 3.0 78.7
Place of Delivery Hospital/ health facility Home 8 175 12 79 2 2 4.4 13.2 50.0 95.6 86.8 50.0

Mean months Total 12.32 18.70

Semi-solids 9 19 28 7.8 12.6 10.5

Other 15 6 21 12.9 4.0 7.9

Total 116 151 267 100.0 100.0 100.0

Table 30: Distribution of Under-Fives by Place of Delivery, Health Card and Mothers Education
None Primary Secondary PERCENT None Primary Secondary Total 183 91 4 100.0 100.0 100.0 Yes 138 74 3 75.4 81.3 75.0 Health Card No Total 45 183 17 91 1 4 24.6 18.7 25.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Table 31: Distribution of Under-Fives by Immunization, Months Breastfed and Mothers Education Fully Immunized First immunization (months) Months Yes No Total Breastfed Exclusive** None 94 54 148 3.80 18.91 3.51 Primary 50 20 70 2.82 18.60 3.85 Secondary 3 1 4 3.00 13.33 4.00 PERCENT None 63.5 36.5 100.0 Primary 71.4 28.6 100.0 Secondary 75.0 25.0 100.0

**For those who have stopped breastfeeding

63

Table 32: Allocation of Time, 5-17 Years: Child Labor

Crop farming Lango Baya Mkondoni Makobeni Malanga Total TOTAL Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female 9.2 15.7 21.7 17.6 9.9 15.7 14.9 15.4 13.7 15.9 14.7 Livestock rearing 15.1 1.7 4.3 0.9 11.3 6.7 8.5 1.2 10.1 2.1 6.5 Charcoal burning 0.1 0.0 0.7 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 Water fetching 1.2 4.6 0.9 6.3 1.1 4.2 0.7 5.2 0.9 5.1 2.8 Collecting firewood 0.6 5.9 0.3 2.9 0.8 7.2 0.2 4.6 0.4 5.0 2.5 Fishing 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.5 0.1 0.4 0.0 0.2 Hunting 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tapping/ selling mnazi 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 Self-employment 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.6 1.4 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.2 0.2 Paid employment 1.2 0.6 0.0 0.0 1.1 0.0 0.3 0.8 0.7 0.5 0.6 Housekeeping 0.6 6.1 0.4 4.5 2.0 5.6 2.2 7.8 1.4 6.4 3.6 Total 28.0 34.5 29.3 32.5 28.2 40.9 27.7 35.2 28.2 35.3 31.3

Table 33: Allocation of Time, 18-55 Years

Crop farming Lango Baya Mkondoni Makobeni Malanga Total TOTAL Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female 21.4 27.2 14.7 27.6 9.5 15.9 18.8 27.0 17.8 26.2 22.3 Livestock rearing 2.8 0.4 0.9 0.9 2.5 1.0 0.9 0.5 1.7 0.6 1.1 Charcoal burning 0.3 0.0 0.8 0.4 1.0 1.2 0.4 0.0 0.5 0.2 0.3 Water fetching 0.4 6.1 0.1 9.9 0.9 3.6 0.1 5.4 0.3 6.2 3.5 Collecting firewood 0.3 6.3 0.0 4.2 0.2 4.1 0.0 4.8 0.1 5.1 2.8 Fishing 1.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.2 Hunting 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.2 Tapping/ selling mnazi 5.7 0.7 1.0 0.0 1.6 0.0 2.6 0.1 3.2 0.3 1.6 Selfemployment 3.6 1.7 1.1 0.0 2.4 2.0 4.5 2.6 3.4 1.8 2.5 Paid employment 8.1 1.2 10.8 0.0 19.7 4.9 8.1 1.3 10.0 1.4 5.3 Housekeeping 0.6 19.2 0.2 9.0 0.2 3.4 2.1 9.1 1.1 11.9 6.9 Total 44.8 62.8 30.4 51.9 38.0 36.0 38.1 50.9 39.0 53.7 46.9

64

Table 34: Allocation of Time, > 55 Years

Crop farming Lango Baya Mkondoni Makobeni Malanga Total TOTAL Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female 24.0 36.1 27.6 29.3 1.7 10.0 29.2 26.0 24.0 30.1 26.6 Livestock rearing 0.0 0.0 4.8 2.3 0.0 5.7 0.0 0.6 1.2 1.1 1.2 Charcoal burning 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 2.7 0.0 1.0 0.1 0.6 Water fetching 1.2 2.6 0.3 6.6 0.0 1.3 0.0 3.1 0.4 3.5 1.7 Collecting firewood 0.0 6.1 0.3 3.3 0.0 2.7 0.0 2.1 0.1 4.3 1.8 Fishing 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Hunting 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tapping/ selling mnazi 20.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 7.1 5.1 1.5 3.6 Selfemployment 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Paid employment 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 20.0 0.0 8.9 0.0 5.9 0.0 3.4 Housekeeping 0.0 15.4 0.6 8.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 8.3 0.1 10.9 4.6 Total 45.7 60.3 33.4 49.9 21.7 19.7 40.8 47.3 37.8 51.6 43.5

Table 35: Allocation of Time, >17 Years

Crop farming Lango Baya Mkondoni Makobeni Malanga Total TOTAL Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female 21.7 28.4 17.5 27.9 8.4 15.3 20.2 26.9 18.7 26.5 22.8 Livestock rearing 2.5 0.4 1.8 1.1 2.1 1.4 0.8 0.5 1.6 0.6 1.1 Charcoal burning 0.3 0.0 0.6 0.4 0.9 1.1 0.7 0.0 0.6 0.2 0.4 Water fetching 0.5 5.6 0.1 9.5 0.8 3.3 0.1 5.3 0.3 6.0 3.3 Collecting firewood 0.3 6.3 0.1 4.1 0.2 3.9 0.0 4.7 0.1 5.1 2.7 Fishing 1.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.2 Hunting 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.1 Tapping/ selling mnazi 7.5 0.6 0.8 0.0 1.4 0.0 2.2 0.5 3.5 0.4 1.9 Selfemployment 3.2 1.4 0.9 0.0 2.0 1.8 3.9 2.5 2.9 1.6 2.2 Paid employment 7.1 1.0 8.5 0.0 19.7 4.4 8.3 1.2 9.4 1.2 5.1 Housekeeping 0.5 18.7 0.3 8.9 0.2 3.1 1.8 9.1 0.9 11.8 6.7 Total 44.9 62.5 31.1 51.7 35.5 34.4 38.5 50.7 38.8 53.5 46.5

65

Table 36: Allocation of Time, >= 5 Years

Crop farming Lango Baya Mkondoni Makobeni Malanga Total TOTAL Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female 15.6 23.8 19.7 23.1 9.2 15.5 17.6 21.9 16.2 22.0 19.0 Livestock rearing 8.7 0.9 3.1 1.0 7.3 4.3 4.6 0.8 5.9 1.3 3.6 Charcoal burning 0.2 0.0 0.7 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.0 0.4 0.1 0.2 Water fetching 0.9 5.3 0.5 8.0 0.9 3.8 0.4 5.3 0.6 5.6 3.1 Collecting firewood 0.4 6.1 0.2 3.5 0.5 5.7 0.1 4.7 0.3 5.0 2.6 Fishing 0.7 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.2 Hunting 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.1 Tapping/ selling mnazi 3.8 0.4 0.4 0.0 0.6 0.0 1.3 0.3 1.8 0.2 1.0 Selfemployment 1.6 0.9 0.4 0.0 1.8 1.6 2.0 1.4 1.6 1.0 1.3 Paid employment 4.2 0.9 4.1 0.0 9.3 2.0 4.4 1.1 5.0 0.9 3.0 Housekeeping 0.6 14.2 0.4 6.8 1.2 4.5 2.0 8.5 1.2 9.5 5.2 Total 36.6 52.4 30.1 42.7 31.4 37.9 33.2 44.0 33.4 45.7 39.4

66

Table 37: Distribution of the Main Residential Structure by Construction Materials: Wall Grass Mud Plastered mud Stone/ cement Temporary Permanent Lango Baya 0 60 2 2 62 2 Mkondoni 4 34 0 0 38 0 Makobeni 3 31 2 1 36 1 Malanga 1 93 0 0 94 0 Total 8 218 4 3 230 3 PERCENT Lango Baya 0.0 93.8 3.1 3.1 96.9 3.1 Mkondoni 10.5 89.5 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 Makobeni 8.1 83.8 5.4 2.7 97.3 2.7 Malanga 1.1 98.9 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 Total 3.4 93.6 1.7 1.3 98.7 1.3 Table 38: Distribution of the Main Residential Structure by Construction Materials: Floor Earth Stone/ cement Temporary Permanent Lango Baya 59 5 59 5 Mkondoni 38 0 38 0 Makobeni 35 2 35 2 Malanga 94 0 94 0 Total 226 7 226 7 PERCENT Lango Baya 92.2 7.8 92.2 7.8 Mkondoni 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 Makobeni 94.6 5.4 94.6 5.4 Malanga 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 Total 97.0 3.0 97.0 3.0 Table 39: Distribution of the Main Residential Structure by Construction Materials: Roof Makuti Grass Iron sheets Temporary Permanent Lango Baya 55 5 4 60 4 Mkondoni 25 12 1 37 1 Makobeni 26 7 4 33 4 Malanga 87 3 4 90 4 Total 193 27 13 220 13 PERCENT Lango Baya 85.9 7.8 6.3 93.8 6.3 Mkondoni 65.8 31.6 2.6 97.4 2.6 Makobeni 70.3 18.9 10.8 89.2 10.8 Malanga 92.6 3.2 4.3 95.7 4.3 Total 82.8 11.6 5.6 94.4 5.6

Total 64 38 37 94 233 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Total 64 38 37 94 233 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Total 64 38 37 94 233 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

67

Table 40: Combination of Construction Materials of the Main Residential Structure NUMBER Temporary Roof Floor Wall Temporary Permanent Temporary 217 2 Permanent 0 1 Total 217 3 Permanent Roof Floor Wall Temporary Permanent Total PERCENT Temporary Roof Floor Wall Temporary Permanent Total Permanent Roof Floor Wall Temporary Permanent Total Temporary 81.8 0.0 69.2 Permanent 18.2 100.0 30.8 Shallow well 0 0 2 11 13 0.0 0.0 5.4 11.7 5.6 Temporary 99.1 0.0 98.6 Permanent 0.9 100.0 1.4 Temporary 9 0 9 Permanent 2 2 4

Total 219 1 220

Total 11 2 13

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 Total 64 38 37 94 233 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Table 41: Distribution of Households by Source of Water: Wet Season Piped River Stagnant pond/ well Lango Baya 40 16 8 Mkondoni 1 13 24 Makobeni 35 0 0 Malanga 53 6 24 Total 129 35 56 PERCENT Lango Baya 62.5 25.0 12.5 Mkondoni 2.6 34.2 63.2 Makobeni 94.6 0.0 0.0 Malanga 56.4 6.4 25.5 Total 55.4 15.0 24.0

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Table 42: Distribution of Households by Source of Water: Dry Season Piped River Stagnant pond/ well Lango Baya 54 10 0 Mkondoni 6 32 0 Makobeni 36 0 0 Malanga 64 6 13 Total 160 48 13 PERCENT Lango Baya 84.4 15.6 0.0 Mkondoni 15.8 84.2 0.0 Makobeni 97.3 0.0 0.0 Malanga 68.1 6.4 13.8 Total 68.7 20.6 5.6 Table 43: Distribution of Households by Distance to Water Source: Wet Season
Lango Baya Mkondoni Makobeni Malanga Total PERCENT Lango Baya Mkondoni Makobeni Malanga Total 1 0-0.5 44 8 19 57 128 68.8 21.1 51.4 60.6 54.9 2 <=1.0 14 12 15 21 62 21.9 31.6 40.5 22.3 26.6 3 <=2.0 5 7 3 12 27 7.8 18.4 8.1 12.8 11.6 4 <=5.0 1 10 0 4 15 1.6 26.3 0.0 4.3 6.4 5 >5.0 0 1 0 0 1 0.0 2.6 0.0 0.0 0.4 3+4+5 6 18 3 16 43 9.4 47.4 8.1 17.0 18.5 Total 64 38 37 94 233 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Shallow well 0 0 1 11 12 0.0 0.0 2.7 11.7 5.2

Total 64 38 37 94 233 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Mean distance (km) 0.71 1.88 0.70 0.79 0.93

20-litre containers 3.85 4.76 3.78 4.43 4.23

Table 44: Distribution of Households by Distance to Water Source: Dry Season

Lango Baya Mkondoni Makobeni Malanga Total PERCENT Lango Baya Mkondoni Makobeni Malanga Total 1 0-0.5 34 3 18 50 105 53.1 7.9 48.6 53.2 45.1 2 <=1.0 12 5 16 22 55 18.8 13.2 43.2 23.4 23.6 3 <=2.0 12 6 3 16 37 18.8 15.8 8.1 17.0 15.9 4 <=5.0 6 14 0 5 25 9.4 36.8 0.0 5.3 10.7 5 >5.0 0 10 0 1 11 0.0 26.3 0.0 1.1 4.7 3+4+5 18 30 3 22 73 28.1 78.9 8.1 23.4 31.3 Total 64 38 37 94 233 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Mean distance (km) 0.96 3.60 0.73 0.99 1.37

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Table 45: Distribution of Households by Sanitation and Household Members Responsible for Collecting Water Members responsible for collecting water Toilet Water treatment Wife/ female Husband/ male Total Pit Bush Total Nothing Boil Total children children latrine Lango 56 3 59 7 57 64 64 0 64 Baya Mkondoni 36 0 36 2 36 38 34 4 38 Makobeni 33 2 35 6 31 37 34 3 37 Malanga 90 3 93 14 80 94 89 5 94 Total 215 8 223 29 204 233 221 12 233 PERCENT Lango 94.9 5.1 100.0 10.9 89.1 100.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 Baya Mkondoni 100.0 0.0 100.0 5.3 94.7 100.0 89.5 10.5 100.0 Makobeni 94.3 5.7 100.0 16.2 83.8 100.0 91.9 8.1 100.0 Malanga 96.8 3.2 100.0 14.9 85.1 100.0 94.7 5.3 100.0 Total 96.4 3.6 100.0 12.4 87.6 100.0 94.8 5.2 100.0 Table 46: Distribution of Households by Main Types of Cooking and Lighting Fuels Cooking Fuel Lighting Fuel Firewood/ Charcoal Gas Paraffin Total Electricity Paraffin None Lango Baya 61 1 2 64 1 62 1 Mkondoni 38 0 0 38 0 37 1 Makobeni 35 0 2 37 0 37 0 Malanga 94 0 0 94 1 92 1 Total 228 1 4 233 2 228 3 PERCENT Lango Baya 95.3 1.6 3.1 100.0 1.6 96.9 1.6 Mkondoni 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 97.4 2.6 Makobeni 94.6 0.0 5.4 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 Malanga 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 1.1 97.9 1.1 Total 97.9 0.4 1.7 100.0 0.9 97.9 1.3

Total 64 38 37 94 233 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Table 47: Distribution of Households by Distance to Nearest Health Facility and Primary School (km) Health Facility Primary School Lango Baya 2.2 Mkondoni 8.9 Makobeni 3.4 Malanga 2.4 Total 3.6

1.4 3.2 1.7 1.8 1.9

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Table 48: Distribution of Households by Whether Owned Selected Assets

Kerosene stove NUMBER Lango Baya Mkondoni Makobeni Malanga Total GENDER Male Female Total PERCENT Lango Baya Mkondoni Makobeni Malanga Total GENDER Male Female Total Male-Female (percentage points) 3 3 1 7 14 13 1 14 4.7 7.9 2.7 7.4 6.0 6.3 3.8 6.0 2.5 Bicycle 23 11 18 34 86 80 6 86 35.9 28.9 48.6 36.2 36.9 39.0 23.1 36.9 15.9 Radio 25 8 11 43 87 81 6 87 39.1 21.1 29.7 45.7 37.3 39.5 23.1 37.3 16.4 Torch 21 18 9 40 88 82 6 88 32.8 47.4 24.3 42.6 37.8 40.0 23.1 37.8 16.9 Sewing machine 6 1 2 6 15 15 0 15 9.4 2.6 5.4 6.4 6.4 7.3 0.0 6.4 7.3 Motorcycle 1 0 0 1 2 2 0 2 1.6 0.0 0.0 1.1 0.9 1.0 0.0 0.9 1.0 Iron box 9 4 6 14 33 32 1 33 14.1 10.5 16.2 14.9 14.2 15.6 3.8 14.2 11.8 Posho mill 0 0 1 1 2 2 0 2 0.0 0.0 2.7 1.1 0.9 1.0 0.0 0.9 1.0 Granary 53 31 19 69 172 150 22 172 82.8 81.6 51.4 73.4 73.8 73.2 84.6 73.8 -11.4 TV/Video 1 1 3 0 5 5 0 5 1.6 2.6 8.1 0.0 2.1 2.4 0.0 2.1 2.4 Wheelbarrow 3 1 2 2 8 8 0 8 4.7 2.6 5.4 2.1 3.4 3.9 0.0 3.4 3.9 Handcart 1 1 0 0 2 2 0 2 1.6 2.6 0.0 0.0 0.9 1.0 0.0 0.9 1.0 Total 64 38 37 94 233 205 26 233 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0

71

Table 49A: Household Consumption per Month (Shs) Lango Baya FOOD PURCHASES Bread 135 Cereals 1,144 Pulses 214 Meat 172 Fats 68 Fruits 45 Vegetables 333 Roots 53 Milk and Eggs 71 Sugar 252 Beverages 27 Flavors 23 Meals-out 2 Total food purchases 2,540 NON-FOOD PURCHASES Fuel 248 Household operations 315 Alcohol 159 Tobacco 118 Transport 105 Personal 10 Health 121 Cloth-wear 138 Footwear 14 Education 192 Furniture 2 Total non-food purchases 1,422 TOTAL PURCHASES Own: Crops Own: Animals Total own consumption Food purchases Total food Non-food purchases Grand total 3,962 588 112 700 2,540 3,240 1,422 4,662

Mkondoni 31 602 7 71 7 0 17 5 37 45 7 40 34 904 125 154 95 129 228 15 163 126 7 128 8 1,178 2,082 616 111 727 904 1,631 1,178 2,809

Makobeni 83 869 247 248 45 21 81 21 109 151 25 102 45 2,044 139 430 121 67 231 4 74 234 46 198 7 1,550 3,595 350 84 434 2,044 2,478 1,550 4,028

Malanga 68 1,235 100 59 36 18 46 19 49 176 16 39 20 1,881 137 340 30 67 210 29 171 132 24 389 11 1,539 3,420 548 123 672 1,881 2,552 1,539 4,091

Total 83 1,049 140 122 42 23 126 26 62 172 19 45 21 1,929 166 317 91 91 188 17 141 149 22 262 7 1,450 3,378 539 112 651 1,929 2,579 1,450 4,029

72

Table 49B: Household Consumption Patterns (%) Lango Baya FOOD PURCHASES Bread 3.4 Cereals 28.9 Pulses 5.4 Meat 4.3 Fats 1.7 Fruits 1.1 Vegetables 8.4 Roots 1.3 Milk and Eggs 1.8 Sugar 6.4 Beverages 0.7 Flavors 0.6 Meals-out 0.1 Total food purchases 64.1 NON-FOOD PURCHASES Fuel 6.3 Household operations 8.0 Alcohol 4.0 Tobacco 3.0 Transport 2.7 Personal 0.2 Health 3.1 Cloth-wear 3.5 Footwear 0.3 Education 4.8 Furniture 0.0 Total non-food purchases 35.9 Food purchases Non-food purchases TOTAL PURCHASES Own: Crops Own: animals Total own consumption Food purchases Total food Non-food purchases Grand total 64.1 35.9 100.0 12.6 2.4 15.0 54.5 69.5 30.5 100.0

Mkondoni 1.5 28.9 0.3 3.4 0.4 0.0 0.8 0.2 1.8 2.1 0.3 1.9 1.6 43.4 6.0 7.4 4.6 6.2 10.9 0.7 7.8 6.0 0.3 6.1 0.4 56.6 43.4 56.6 100.0 21.9 4.0 25.9 32.2 58.1 41.9 100.0

Makobeni 2.3 24.2 6.9 6.9 1.2 0.6 2.2 0.6 3.0 4.2 0.7 2.8 1.2 56.9 3.9 12.0 3.4 1.9 6.4 0.1 2.0 6.5 1.3 5.5 0.2 43.1 56.9 43.1 100.0 8.7 2.1 10.8 50.8 61.5 38.5 100.0

Malanga 2.0 36.1 2.9 1.7 1.0 0.5 1.4 0.6 1.4 5.2 0.5 1.1 0.6 55.0 4.0 9.9 0.9 2.0 6.2 0.8 5.0 3.9 0.7 11.4 0.3 45.0 55.0 45.0 100.0 13.4 3.0 16.4 46.0 62.4 37.6 100.0

Total 2.4 31.0 4.1 3.6 1.2 0.7 3.7 0.8 1.8 5.1 0.6 1.3 0.6 57.1 4.9 9.4 2.7 2.7 5.6 0.5 4.2 4.4 0.6 7.7 0.2 42.9 57.1 42.9 100.0 13.4 2.8 16.2 47.9 64.0 36.0 100.0

73

Table 50A: Household Consumption per Month by Sex and Age of Household Head (Shs) Male Female <35 Years 35-50 FOOD PURCHASES Bread 75 136 118 81 Cereals 1,081 803 814 1,347 Pulses 150 60 86 228 Meat 131 51 140 146 Fats 43 28 42 47 Fruits 25 7 32 22 Vegetables 134 62 158 147 Roots 29 9 19 23 Milk and Eggs 64 47 47 81 Sugar 173 159 144 220 Beverages 20 9 26 16 Flavors 47 29 41 40 Meals-out 24 0 32 30 Total food purchases 1,998 1,401 1,698 2,428 NON-FOOD PURCHASES Fuel 169 140 151 197 Household operations 325 258 326 337 Alcohol 81 166 58 161 Tobacco 99 32 69 128 Transport 200 96 236 146 Personal 17 19 16 19 Health 157 18 100 153 Cloth-wear 154 110 160 184 Footwear 21 26 28 24 Education 285 82 71 227 Furniture 8 3 11 8 Total non-food purchases 1,515 948 1,227 1,584 TOTAL PURCHASES Own: Crops Own: Animals Total own consumption Food purchases Total food Non-food purchases Grand total 3,513 563 124 687 1,998 2,685 1,515 4,200 2,349 352 23 375 1,401 1,776 948 2,724 2,925 518 98 616 1,698 2,314 1,227 3,541 4,012 521 128 649 2,428 3,077 1,584 4,661

>50 53 997 110 86 37 17 80 35 60 154 16 53 5 1,703 152 292 59 79 181 17 164 109 14 456 4 1,527 3,230 572 111 682 1,703 2,386 1,527 3,913

74

Table 50B: Household Consumption Patterns by Sex and Age of Household Head (%) Male Female <35 Years 35-50 FOOD PURCHASES Bread 2.1 5.8 4.0 2.0 Cereals 30.8 34.2 27.8 33.6 Pulses 4.3 2.6 2.9 5.7 Meat 3.7 2.2 4.8 3.6 Fats 1.2 1.2 1.4 1.2 Fruits 0.7 0.3 1.1 0.5 Vegetables 3.8 2.7 5.4 3.7 Roots 0.8 0.4 0.7 0.6 Milk and Eggs 1.8 2.0 1.6 2.0 Sugar 4.9 6.8 4.9 5.5 Beverages 0.6 0.4 0.9 0.4 Flavors 1.3 1.2 1.4 1.0 Meals-out 0.7 0.0 1.1 0.7 Total food purchases 56.9 59.6 58.1 60.5 NON-FOOD PURCHASES Fuel 4.8 5.9 5.2 4.9 Household operations 9.2 11.0 11.2 8.4 Alcohol 2.3 7.0 2.0 4.0 Tobacco 2.8 1.4 2.3 3.2 Transport 5.7 4.1 8.1 3.6 Personal 0.5 0.8 0.6 0.5 Health 4.5 0.8 3.4 3.8 Cloth-wear 4.4 4.7 5.5 4.6 Footwear 0.6 1.1 1.0 0.6 Education 8.1 3.5 2.4 5.6 Furniture 0.2 0.1 0.4 0.2 Total non-food purchases 43.1 40.4 41.9 39.5 Food purchases Non-food purchases TOTAL PURCHASES Own: Crops Own: Animals Total own consumption Food purchases Total food Non-food purchases Grand total 56.9 43.1 100.0 13.4 2.9 16.4 47.6 63.9 36.1 100.0 59.6 40.4 100.0 12.9 0.8 13.8 51.4 65.2 34.8 100.0 58.1 41.9 100.0 14.6 2.8 17.4 48.0 65.3 34.7 100.0 60.5 39.5 100.0 11.2 2.7 13.9 52.1 66.0 34.0 100.0

>50 1.7 30.9 3.4 2.7 1.1 0.5 2.5 1.1 1.9 4.8 0.5 1.6 0.2 52.7 4.7 9.0 1.8 2.5 5.6 0.5 5.1 3.4 0.4 14.1 0.1 47.3 52.7 47.3 100.0 14.6 2.8 17.4 43.5 61.0 39.0 100.0

75

Table 51A: Per Capita Consumption per Month (Shs) Lango Baya FOOD PURCHASES Bread 27 Cereals 163 Pulses 32 Meat 43 Fats 13 Fruits 10 Vegetables 51 Roots 9 Milk and Eggs 8 Sugar 44 Beverages 4 Flavors 4 Meals-out 0 Total food purchases 409 NON-FOOD PURCHASES Fuel 44 Household operations 52 Alcohol 23 Tobacco 16 Transport 13 Personal 2 Health 12 Cloth-wear 25 Footwear 2 Education 29 Furniture 0 Total non-food purchases 220 TOTAL PURCHASES Own: Crops Own: Animals Total own consumption Food purchases Total food Non-food purchases Grand total Household size 629 76 14 89 409 498 220 719 7.78

Mkondoni 5 83 1 11 1 0 3 1 6 7 1 6 2 127 18 19 17 16 25 2 16 16 1 16 1 148 275 93 13 106 127 233 148 381 8.24

Makobeni 22 132 28 51 8 6 20 11 27 31 3 20 6 366 25 71 16 17 43 1 12 38 8 24 1 255 621 67 17 84 366 450 255 705 7.24

Malanga 13 193 16 10 7 4 9 2 8 29 3 7 4 304 24 60 5 9 40 5 23 27 5 45 2 246 550 102 21 123 304 427 246 673 6.73

Total 17 157 20 26 8 5 21 5 11 30 3 8 3 314 29 53 14 13 31 3 17 27 4 33 1 224 538 88 17 105 314 419 224 643 7.35

76

Table 51B: Per Capita Consumption Patterns (%) Lango Baya FOOD PURCHASES Bread 4.3 Cereals 26.0 Pulses 5.1 Meat 6.9 Fats 2.1 Fruits 1.7 Vegetables 8.0 Roots 1.4 Milk and Eggs 1.3 Sugar 7.0 Beverages 0.6 Flavors 0.6 Meals-out 0.1 Total food purchases 65.0 NON-FOOD PURCHASES Fuel 7.0 Household operations 8.3 Alcohol 3.7 Tobacco 2.6 Transport 2.1 Personal 0.3 Health 2.0 Cloth-wear 4.0 Footwear 0.4 Education 4.7 Furniture 0.1 Total non-food purchases 35.0 Food purchases Non-food purchases TOTAL PURCHASES Own: Crops Own: Animals Total own consumption Food purchases Total food Non-food purchases Grand total 65.0 35.0 100.0 10.5 1.9 12.4 56.9 69.4 30.6 100.0

Mkondoni 1.7 30.2 0.4 4.0 0.4 0.0 0.9 0.3 2.1 2.6 0.4 2.3 0.8 46.1 6.5 7.1 6.3 5.7 9.2 0.8 6.0 5.9 0.3 5.8 0.4 53.9 46.1 53.9 100.0 24.4 3.4 27.8 33.3 61.1 38.9 100.0

Makobeni 3.5 21.2 4.5 8.2 1.3 1.0 3.3 1.7 4.3 5.0 0.6 3.3 1.0 58.9 3.9 11.4 2.5 2.7 6.9 0.1 1.9 6.2 1.4 3.9 0.1 41.1 58.9 41.1 100.0 9.5 2.4 11.9 51.9 63.8 36.2 100.0

Malanga 2.3 35.2 2.8 1.8 1.3 0.7 1.6 0.4 1.5 5.3 0.5 1.3 0.7 55.3 4.4 10.9 0.9 1.7 7.4 0.9 4.2 4.9 0.9 8.2 0.4 44.7 55.3 44.7 100.0 15.1 3.2 18.3 45.2 63.5 36.5 100.0

Total 3.1 29.2 3.6 4.8 1.5 1.0 3.9 0.9 2.0 5.5 0.6 1.5 0.6 58.3 5.3 9.8 2.5 2.5 5.7 0.6 3.2 4.9 0.8 6.1 0.2 41.7 58.3 41.7 100.0 13.6 2.7 16.3 48.8 65.1 34.9 100.0

77

Table 52A: Per Capita Consumption per Month by Sex and Age of Household Head (Shs) Male Female <35 Years 35-50 FOOD PURCHASES Bread 14 35 25 19 Cereals 154 180 168 167 Pulses 21 11 18 28 Meat 27 16 29 33 Fats 8 7 10 9 Fruits 6 2 9 4 Vegetables 22 16 30 22 Roots 5 4 7 3 Milk and Eggs 10 14 9 12 Sugar 28 42 31 35 Beverages 3 2 5 2 Flavors 8 9 9 7 Meals-out 3 0 5 4 Total food purchases 311 338 354 344 NON-FOOD PURCHASES Fuel 28 33 37 30 Household operations 51 64 72 49 Alcohol 12 27 10 23 Tobacco 14 6 14 17 Transport 33 17 53 16 Personal 3 4 4 3 Health 19 2 19 18 Cloth-wear 27 26 39 28 Footwear 4 8 6 5 Education 35 13 11 26 Furniture 1 1 2 1 Total non-food purchases 227 202 266 216 TOTAL PURCHASES Own: Crops Own: Animals Total own consumption Food purchases Total food Non-food purchases Grand total Household size 538 88 19 107 311 417 227 645 7.65 540 83 7 90 338 428 202 630 5.04 620 123 23 145 354 499 266 765 5.43 560 74 15 89 344 433 216 649 8.19

>50 8 140 14 17 6 4 13 5 11 24 2 9 1 253 21 40 8 11 25 2 16 14 2 57 0 196 449 69 14 83 253 337 196 532 8.28

78

Table 52B: Per Capita Consumption Patterns by Sex and Age of Household Head (%) Male Female <35 Years FOOD PURCHASES Bread 2.7 6.5 4.0 Cereals 28.7 33.3 27.1 Pulses 3.9 2.0 2.9 Meat 5.0 2.9 4.7 Fats 1.5 1.4 1.6 Fruits 1.1 0.4 1.4 Vegetables 4.0 3.0 4.8 Roots 1.0 0.7 1.1 Milk and Eggs 1.9 2.5 1.5 Sugar 5.2 7.8 5.1 Beverages 0.6 0.4 0.8 Flavors 1.5 1.7 1.4 Meals-out 0.6 0.0 0.8 Total food purchases 57.7 62.6 57.0 NON-FOOD PURCHASES Fuel 5.2 6.2 5.9 Household operations 9.5 11.8 11.5 Alcohol 2.2 4.9 1.6 Tobacco 2.7 1.2 2.2 Transport 6.1 3.2 8.5 Personal 0.5 0.8 0.7 Health 3.6 0.5 3.1 Cloth-wear 4.9 4.8 6.3 Footwear 0.7 1.4 1.0 Education 6.6 2.4 1.7 Furniture 0.3 0.1 0.4 Total non-food purchases 42.3 37.4 43.0 Food purchases Non-food purchases TOTAL PURCHASES Own: Crops Own: Animals Total own consumption Food purchases Total food Non-food purchases Grand total 57.7 42.3 100.0 13.7 2.9 16.6 48.2 64.7 35.3 100.0 62.6 37.4 100.0 13.2 1.1 14.3 53.7 68.0 32.0 100.0 57.0 43.0 100.0 16.0 3.0 19.0 46.2 65.2 34.8 100.0

35-50 3.4 29.9 5.0 5.8 1.6 0.7 4.0 0.6 2.1 6.2 0.4 1.2 0.7 61.5 5.3 8.7 4.2 2.9 2.9 0.4 3.2 5.1 0.8 4.7 0.2 38.5 61.5 38.5 100.0 11.4 2.3 13.7 53.1 66.8 33.2 100.0

>50 1.8 31.2 3.1 3.8 1.2 0.8 2.8 1.1 2.5 5.4 0.5 2.0 0.2 56.4 4.6 8.9 1.9 2.4 5.5 0.5 3.5 3.2 0.4 12.7 0.1 43.6 56.4 43.6 100.0 13.0 2.6 15.6 47.6 63.3 36.7 100.0

79

Table 53A: Adult Equivalent Consumption per Month (Shs) Lango Baya Mkondoni FOOD PURCHASES Bread 30 6 Cereals 199 99 Pulses 39 1 Meat 50 13 Fats 16 1 Fruits 12 0 Vegetables 61 3 Roots 11 1 Milk and Eggs 11 7 Sugar 52 9 Beverages 5 1 Flavors 5 8 Meals-out 1 3 Total food purchases 491 152 NON-FOOD PURCHASES Fuel 51 22 Household operations 63 23 Alcohol 28 19 Tobacco 19 19 Transport 17 31 Personal 2 3 Health 16 20 Cloth-wear 30 20 Footwear 3 1 Education 34 20 Furniture 0 1 Total non-food purchases 265 180 TOTAL PURCHASES Own: Crops Own: animals Total own consumption Food purchases Total food Non-food purchases Grand total Adult equivalent 757 92 17 110 491 601 265 866 6.37 332 113 17 130 152 282 180 462 6.64

Makobeni 24 159 36 61 9 7 22 11 29 34 4 23 8 426 28 83 19 19 51 1 16 46 9 29 1 302 728 77 20 96 426 523 302 825 5.97

Malanga 15 236 19 12 8 5 10 2 10 35 4 8 5 370 29 72 6 12 49 6 28 32 6 55 3 296 666 120 26 146 370 516 296 812 5.60

Total 19 191 24 31 9 6 25 6 12 35 4 10 4 377 34 63 16 16 38 4 21 32 5 39 2 270 646 104 21 126 377 502 270 772 6.04

80

Table 53B: Adult Equivalent Consumption Patterns (%) Lango Baya Mkondoni FOOD PURCHASES Bread 4.0 1.8 Cereals 26.2 29.9 Pulses 5.2 0.3 Meat 6.7 3.9 Fats 2.1 0.4 Fruits 1.6 0.0 Vegetables 8.0 0.9 Roots 1.4 0.3 Milk and Eggs 1.4 2.0 Sugar 6.9 2.8 Beverages 0.7 0.4 Flavors 0.6 2.3 Meals-out 0.1 0.8 Total food purchases 64.9 45.7 NON-FOOD PURCHASES Fuel 6.8 6.7 Household operations 8.3 7.0 Alcohol 3.7 5.9 Tobacco 2.5 5.7 Transport 2.3 9.5 Personal 0.3 0.8 Health 2.2 6.0 Cloth-wear 4.0 5.9 Footwear 0.4 0.3 Education 4.5 6.1 Furniture 0.1 0.4 Total non-food purchases 35.1 54.3 Food purchases Non-food purchases TOTAL PURCHASES Own: Crops Own: animals Total own consumption Food purchases Total food Non-food purchases Grand total 64.9 35.1 100.0 10.6 2.0 12.6 56.7 69.4 30.6 100.0 45.7 54.3 100.0 24.4 3.7 28.2 32.9 61.0 39.0 100.0

Makobeni 3.4 21.8 4.9 8.4 1.3 0.9 3.0 1.5 4.0 4.7 0.6 3.1 1.1 58.5 3.9 11.4 2.6 2.6 7.0 0.1 2.2 6.3 1.3 3.9 0.1 41.5 58.5 41.5 100.0 9.3 2.4 11.7 51.7 63.4 36.6 100.0

Malanga 2.3 35.4 2.9 1.9 1.3 0.7 1.6 0.4 1.4 5.2 0.5 1.3 0.8 55.5 4.3 10.8 0.9 1.8 7.4 0.9 4.1 4.8 0.9 8.2 0.4 44.5 55.5 44.5 100.0 14.8 3.2 18.0 45.5 63.5 36.5 100.0

Total 3.0 29.6 3.8 4.7 1.5 1.0 3.9 0.9 1.9 5.5 0.6 1.5 0.6 58.3 5.2 9.8 2.5 2.5 5.8 0.6 3.3 4.9 0.8 6.1 0.2 41.7 58.3 41.7 100.0 13.5 2.7 16.3 48.8 65.1 34.9 100.0

81

Table 54A: Adult Equivalent Consumption per Month by Sex and Age of Household Head (Shs) Male Female <35 Years 35-50 FOOD PURCHASES Bread 17 36 30 21 Cereals 188 213 209 201 Pulses 26 14 23 35 Meat 32 17 38 37 Fats 9 9 12 10 Fruits 7 2 11 5 Vegetables 26 18 36 26 Roots 6 4 8 4 Milk and Eggs 12 14 12 14 Sugar 34 49 40 39 Beverages 4 3 6 3 Flavors 9 10 11 8 Meals-out 4 0 6 5 Total food purchases 375 390 442 407 NON-FOOD PURCHASES Fuel 33 39 44 35 Household operations 62 74 89 58 Alcohol 14 32 13 28 Tobacco 17 7 17 20 Transport 40 19 66 20 Personal 3 5 5 3 Health 24 3 24 21 Cloth-wear 32 28 47 34 Footwear 5 8 8 5 Education 42 16 14 32 Furniture 2 1 3 1 Total non-food purchases 275 232 330 257 TOTAL PURCHASES Own: Crops Own: Animals Total own consumption Food purchases Total food Non-food purchases Grand total Adult equivalent 650 105 23 128 375 503 275 778 6.28 621 97 8 105 390 495 232 726 4.22 772 150 29 180 442 622 330 952 4.30 663 88 19 107 407 514 257 770 6.75

>50 9 167 17 19 6 4 14 6 12 28 3 10 1 295 24 46 10 12 29 3 19 17 2 68 0 229 524 79 16 95 295 390 229 619 6.93

82

Table 54B: Adult Equivalent Consumption Patterns by Sex and Age of Household Head (%) Male Female <35 Years 35-50 FOOD PURCHASES Bread 2.6 5.8 3.9 3.2 Cereals 29.0 34.2 27.1 30.3 Pulses 4.0 2.2 3.0 5.2 Meat 5.0 2.8 4.9 5.6 Fats 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.6 Fruits 1.0 0.3 1.4 0.7 Vegetables 4.0 2.9 4.7 3.9 Roots 0.9 0.7 1.0 0.6 Milk and Eggs 1.9 2.2 1.5 2.0 Sugar 5.2 7.9 5.2 5.9 Beverages 0.6 0.5 0.8 0.4 Flavors 1.5 1.6 1.4 1.2 Meals-out 0.7 0.0 0.8 0.7 Total food purchases 57.7 62.7 57.3 61.3 NON-FOOD PURCHASES Fuel 5.1 6.3 5.7 5.2 Household operations 9.5 12.0 11.5 8.8 Alcohol 2.2 5.1 1.6 4.2 Tobacco 2.7 1.2 2.2 3.0 Transport 6.2 3.1 8.6 3.0 Personal 0.5 0.8 0.7 0.4 Health 3.7 0.5 3.2 3.2 Cloth-wear 4.9 4.4 6.1 5.1 Footwear 0.7 1.3 1.0 0.8 Education 6.5 2.6 1.8 4.9 Furniture 0.3 0.1 0.4 0.2 Total non-food purchases 42.3 37.3 42.7 38.7 Food purchases Non-food purchases TOTAL PURCHASES Own: Crops Own: Animals Total own consumption Food purchases Total food Non-food purchases Grand total 57.7 42.3 100.0 13.6 2.9 16.5 48.2 64.7 35.3 100.0 62.7 37.3 100.0 13.3 1.2 14.5 53.6 68.1 31.9 100.0 57.3 42.7 100.0 15.8 3.1 18.9 46.4 65.3 34.7 100.0 61.3 38.7 100.0 11.4 2.4 13.9 52.8 66.7 33.3 100.0

>50 1.7 31.9 3.2 3.6 1.2 0.7 2.7 1.1 2.3 5.3 0.5 1.9 0.2 56.3 4.6 8.8 1.9 2.4 5.4 0.5 3.6 3.2 0.4 12.9 0.1 43.7 56.3 43.7 100.0 12.7 2.6 15.3 47.6 63.0 37.0 100.0

83

Table 55A: Household Consumption of Own Produce (Shs) Lango Baya Mkondoni Coconut 3.3 2.3 Maize 484.7 562.7 Cassava 48.5 4.1 Cowpeas 20.0 27.3 Pigeon peas 0.0 0.0 Green grams 6.8 19.2 Tomatoes 3.8 0.0 Mchicha 8.4 0.0 Mnavu 8.5 0.0 Kale 0.4 0.0 Brinjals 0.1 0.2 Okra 0.0 0.0 Bananas 0.0 0.0 Cashew nuts 0.9 0.0 Oranges 0.0 0.0 Mangoes 2.6 0.0 Passion fruit 0.0 0.0 Tangerines 0.0 0.0 Papaw 0.0 0.0 TOTAL CROPS 587.9 615.9 Cattle Goats Chicken Ducks Cattle milk Goat milk Eggs ANIMAL PRODUCTS Total crops Animal products Total 0.0 24.3 18.9 0.0 69.0 0.0 0.0 112.3 587.9 112.3 700.1 0.0 40.1 14.5 0.7 53.5 0.0 2.6 111.4 615.9 111.4 727.4

Makobeni 0.9 244.2 58.2 14.4 0.0 13.1 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 15.0 349.8 0.0 60.1 20.3 3.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 83.8 349.8 83.8 433.6

Malanga 27.2 361.2 53.8 38.8 0.1 24.2 2.7 0.4 0.5 0.7 0.1 4.9 16.2 0.0 1.4 8.5 3.5 0.7 3.3 548.1 6.2 9.9 47.8 0.0 56.0 2.9 0.5 123.4 548.1 123.4 671.5

Total 12.4 409.4 45.0 27.9 0.0 16.8 2.2 2.5 2.5 0.4 0.1 2.0 7.1 0.2 0.6 4.1 1.4 0.3 3.7 538.6 2.5 26.8 30.1 0.6 50.3 1.2 0.6 112.1 538.6 112.1 650.7

Note: Consumption of onions, capsicum, sheep, fish, and duck eggs was nil.

84

Table 55B: Household Consumption of Own Produce (%) Lango Baya Mkondoni Coconut 0.5 0.3 Maize 69.2 77.4 Cassava 6.9 0.6 Cowpeas 2.9 3.7 Pigeon peas 0.0 0.0 Green grams 1.0 2.6 Tomatoes 0.5 0.0 Mchicha 1.2 0.0 Mnavu 1.2 0.0 Kale 0.1 0.0 Brinjals 0.0 0.0 Okra 0.0 0.0 Bananas 0.0 0.0 Cashew nuts 0.1 0.0 Oranges 0.0 0.0 Mangoes 0.4 0.0 Passion fruit 0.0 0.0 Tangerines 0.0 0.0 Papaw 0.0 0.0 TOTAL CROPS 84.0 84.7 0.0 0.0 Cattle 0.0 0.0 Goats 3.5 5.5 Chicken 2.7 2.0 Ducks 0.0 0.1 Cattle milk 9.9 7.4 Goat milk 0.0 0.0 Eggs 0.0 0.4 ANIMAL PRODUCTS 16.0 15.3 Total crops Animal products Total 84.0 16.0 100.0 84.7 15.3 100.0

Makobeni 0.2 56.3 13.4 3.3 0.0 3.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.5 80.7 0.0 0.0 13.9 4.7 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 19.3 80.7 19.3 100.0

Malanga 4.1 53.8 8.0 5.8 0.0 3.6 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.7 2.4 0.0 0.2 1.3 0.5 0.1 0.5 81.6 0.0 0.9 1.5 7.1 0.0 8.3 0.4 0.1 18.4 81.6 18.4 100.0

Total 1.9 62.9 6.9 4.3 0.0 2.6 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.1 0.0 0.3 1.1 0.0 0.1 0.6 0.2 0.0 0.6 82.8 0.0 0.4 4.1 4.6 0.1 7.7 0.2 0.1 17.2 82.8 17.2 100.0

85

Table 56A: Household Consumption of Own Produce by Sex and Age of Household Head (Shs) Male Female <35 Years 35-50 Coconut 13.9 1.4 15.1 12.9 Maize 427.3 272.6 364.5 383.7 Cassava 44.6 47.8 66.1 39.5 Cowpeas 28.4 23.8 25.2 38.4 Pigeon peas 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 Green grams 18.6 3.0 12.8 24.6 Tomatoes 2.5 0.0 0.0 3.5 Mchicha 2.8 0.0 6.8 0.5 Mnavu 2.9 0.0 7.0 0.6 Kale 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.5 Brinjals 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 Okra 2.2 0.0 0.0 1.8 Bananas 7.6 2.8 8.7 6.1 Cashew nuts 0.3 0.0 0.7 0.1 Oranges 0.7 0.0 1.8 0.0 Mangoes 4.6 0.7 6.8 2.2 Passion fruit 1.6 0.0 2.3 2.1 Tangerines 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 Papaw 4.2 0.0 0.2 3.8 TOTAL CROPS 563.0 352.1 518.0 520.7 Cattle Goats Chicken Ducks Cattle milk Goat milk Eggs ANIMAL PRODUCTS Total crops Animal products Total 2.8 29.5 31.8 0.7 56.9 1.3 0.7 123.8 563.0 123.8 686.8 0.0 6.2 16.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 22.9 352.1 22.9 375.0 7.9 19.7 31.9 1.4 32.4 3.7 0.9 97.9 518.0 97.9 615.9 0.0 28.2 35.5 0.7 63.1 0.0 0.4 128.0 520.7 128.0 648.7

>50 9.7 469.9 31.4 21.2 0.0 13.7 3.0 0.4 0.3 0.6 0.1 3.8 6.4 0.0 0.0 3.5 0.0 0.7 6.7 571.5 0.0 31.7 23.8 0.0 54.8 0.0 0.6 110.9 571.5 110.9 682.4

86

Table 56B: Household Consumption of Own Produce by Sex and Age of Household Head (%) Male Female <35 Years 35-50 Coconut 2.0 0.4 2.4 2.0 Maize 62.2 72.7 59.2 59.2 Cassava 6.5 12.7 10.7 6.1 Cowpeas 4.1 6.3 4.1 5.9 Pigeon peas 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Green grams 2.7 0.8 2.1 3.8 Tomatoes 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.5 Mchicha 0.4 0.0 1.1 0.1 Mnavu 0.4 0.0 1.1 0.1 Kale 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 Brinjals 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Okra 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.3 Bananas 1.1 0.7 1.4 0.9 Cashew nuts 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 Oranges 0.1 0.0 0.3 0.0 Mangoes 0.7 0.2 1.1 0.3 Passion fruit 0.2 0.0 0.4 0.3 Tangerines 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Papaw 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.6 TOTAL CROPS 82.0 93.9 84.1 80.3 Cattle Goats Chicken Ducks Cattle milk Goat milk Eggs ANIMAL PRODUCTS Total crops Animal products Total 0.4 4.3 4.6 0.1 8.3 0.2 0.1 18.0 0.0 82.0 18.0 100.0 0.0 1.6 4.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.1 0.0 93.9 6.1 100.0 1.3 3.2 5.2 0.2 5.3 0.6 0.1 15.9 0.0 84.1 15.9 100.0 0.0 4.3 5.5 0.1 9.7 0.0 0.1 19.7 0.0 80.3 19.7 100.0

>50 1.4 68.9 4.6 3.1 0.0 2.0 0.4 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.6 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.1 1.0 83.8 0.0 4.6 3.5 0.0 8.0 0.0 0.1 16.2 0.0 83.8 16.2 100.0

87

Table 57A: Estimated Calorie and Protein Availability per Adult Equivalent Lango Baya Mkondoni Makobeni CALORIES Cereals 1,680.9 1,430.4 1,435.9 Beans 104.1 23.7 100.0 Meat 1,236.9 519.9 300.5 Milk and Eggs 25.7 14.2 34.9 Fruits 10.5 0.0 7.9 Vegetables 32.6 1.2 7.7 Roots 46.0 4.3 51.0 Sugar 148.7 27.1 97.2 Huwi 0.7 1.2 5.2 TOTAL 3,286.2 2,022.1 2,040.3 PROTEINS Cereals Beans Meat Milk and Eggs Fruits Vegetables Roots Huwi TOTAL Food expenditure Calorie cost (cents) 53.0 7.2 249.1 1.2 0.1 2.6 0.4 0.0 313.6 601.0 0.610 50.0 1.7 105.2 0.7 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 157.8 281.8 0.465 47.5 7.2 50.9 1.7 0.1 0.7 0.7 0.2 108.9 522.8 0.854

Malanga 1,923.5 72.3 434.1 24.2 4.0 8.0 11.1 99.0 2.9 2,579.1 58.1 5.2 86.6 1.1 0.0 0.4 0.1 0.1 151.7 515.8 0.667 Malanga 74.6 2.8 16.8 0.9 0.2 0.3 0.4 3.8 0.1 100.0 38.3 3.4 57.1 0.8 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.1 100.0

Total 1,700.2 77.8 647.9 24.7 5.8 13.7 26.0 101.0 2.4 2,599.4 53.7 5.5 128.7 1.2 0.1 1.0 0.3 0.1 190.5 502.2 0.644 Total 65.4 3.0 24.9 1.0 0.2 0.5 1.0 3.9 0.1 100.0 28.2 2.9 67.5 0.6 0.0 0.5 0.2 0.0 100.0

Table 57B: Estimated Calorie and Protein Availability per Adult Equivalent (%) Lango Baya Mkondoni Makobeni CALORIES Cereals 51.2 70.7 70.4 Beans 3.2 1.2 4.9 Meat 37.6 25.7 14.7 Milk and Eggs 0.8 0.7 1.7 Fruits 0.3 0.0 0.4 Vegetables 1.0 0.1 0.4 Roots 1.4 0.2 2.5 Sugar 4.5 1.3 4.8 Huwi 0.0 0.1 0.3 TOTAL 100.0 100.0 100.0 PROTEINS Cereals Beans Meat Milk and Eggs Fruits Vegetables Roots Huwi TOTAL 16.9 2.3 79.4 0.4 0.0 0.8 0.1 0.0 100.0 31.7 1.1 66.7 0.4 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 100.0 43.7 6.6 46.8 1.5 0.1 0.7 0.6 0.2 100.0

88

Table 58A: Estimated Calorie and Protein Availability per Adult Equivalent by Sex and Age of Household Head Male Female <=35 Years 36-50 >50 CALORIES Cereals 1,679.6 1,856.6 2,065.1 1,670.3 1,408.1 Beans 82.1 44.7 75.7 106.7 54.7 Meat 711.5 165.5 336.1 1,063.5 562.5 Milk and Eggs 25.8 16.8 25.1 26.5 22.9 Fruits 6.4 1.5 9.3 4.3 4.1 Vegetables 14.2 9.7 20.0 14.6 7.3 Roots 26.4 23.4 32.8 19.6 25.5 Sugar 95.9 139.2 113.6 112.1 80.4 Huwi 2.5 1.8 3.1 1.9 2.2 TOTAL 2,644.2 2,259.2 2,680.9 3,019.4 2,167.7 PROTEINS Cereals 53.1 58.4 65.8 52.9 43.9 Beans 5.8 3.1 5.3 7.5 3.9 Meat 141.6 30.9 63.6 213.9 112.1 Milk and Eggs 1.2 0.8 1.2 1.3 1.1 Fruits 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 Vegetables 1.0 0.7 1.4 1.1 0.5 Roots 0.3 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 Huwi 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 TOTAL 203.2 94.5 137.9 277.1 161.9 Food expenditure Calorie cost (cents) 503.1 0.634 494.6 0.730 621.8 0.773 513.6 0.567 389.5 0.599

Table 58B: Estimated Calorie and Protein Availability per Adult Equivalent by Sex and Age of Household Head (%) Male Female <=35 Years 36-50 >50 CALORIES Cereals 63.5 82.2 77.0 55.3 65.0 Beans 3.1 2.0 2.8 3.5 2.5 Meat 26.9 7.3 12.5 35.2 26.0 Milk and Eggs 1.0 0.7 0.9 0.9 1.1 Fruits 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.2 Vegetables 0.5 0.4 0.7 0.5 0.3 Roots 1.0 1.0 1.2 0.7 1.2 Sugar 3.6 6.2 4.2 3.7 3.7 Huwi 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 TOTAL 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 PROTEINS Cereals 26.1 61.9 47.7 19.1 27.1 Beans 2.9 3.3 3.8 2.7 2.4 Meat 69.7 32.7 46.1 77.2 69.2 Milk and Eggs 0.6 0.8 0.9 0.5 0.7 Fruits 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 Vegetables 0.5 0.7 1.0 0.4 0.3 Roots 0.1 0.5 0.3 0.1 0.2 Huwi 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 TOTAL 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

89

Table 59: Annual Crop Production and Disposal, 2000: Lango Baya Sub-location (Shs)
Coconut Maize Cassava Onions Cowpeas Pigeon peas Green grams Tomatoes Mchicha Mnavu Kale Capsicum Brinjals Okra Bananas Cashew nuts Oranges Mangoes Short rains Long rains Short rains Long rains Short rains Long rains Short rains Long rains Short rains Long rains Short rains Long rains Short rains Long rains Short rains Long rains Short rains Long rains Short rains Long rains Short rains Long rains Short rains Long rains Short rains Long rains Short rains Long rains Short rains Long rains Short rains Long rains Short rains Long rains Short rains Long rains Area (acres) 0.18 0.36 3.26 3.61 0.33 0.94 0.00 0.00 0.25 0.25 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.33 0.00 0.00 0.09 0.13 0.01 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.08 0.27 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 Weighted area 133.2 254.6 2,389.2 2,662.9 241.5 750.8 0.0 0.0 196.7 196.7 0.0 0.0 44.4 276.8 2.8 2.8 62.0 94.2 5.0 10.2 0.0 2.8 0.0 0.0 38.1 40.5 0.0 2.5 0.0 0.0 52.6 216.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 11.3 Mean harvest 0.0 640.9 7,324.7 3,912.3 450.8 659.4 0.0 0.0 315.6 246.9 0.0 0.0 79.7 104.7 70.3 18.8 437.5 21.9 250.0 12.5 0.0 7.0 0.0 0.0 32.8 0.0 0.0 8.2 0.0 0.0 270.9 864.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 70.3 Weighted harvest 0 410,728 7,154,309 2,934,617 327,228 491,642 0 0 248,200 185,986 0 0 79,929 73,040 50,143 13,371 277,846 14,380 158,769 8,182 0 5,014 0 0 20,838 0 0 5,210 0 0 177,582 680,325 0 0 0 48,841 Mean sales 0.0 562.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 15.6 0.0 0.0 31.3 62.5 0.0 0.0 31.3 0.8 0.0 0.0 250.0 9.4 62.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 31.3 0.0 0.0 7.8 0.0 0.0 250.3 864.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 9.4 Weighted sales 0 358,451 0 0 0 9,923 0 0 25,429 44,000 0 0 38,000 557 0 0 158,769 5,954 39,692 0 0 0 0 0 19,846 0 0 4,962 0 0 164,149 680,325 0 0 0 7,629 Mean consumption 0.0 78.4 7,324.7 3,912.3 450.8 643.8 0.0 0.0 284.4 184.4 0.0 0.0 48.4 103.9 70.3 18.8 187.5 12.5 187.5 12.5 0.0 7.0 0.0 0.0 1.6 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 20.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 60.9 Weighted consumption 0 52,278 7,154,309 2,934,617 327,228 481,719 0 0 222,771 141,986 0 0 41,929 72,483 50,143 13,371 119,077 8,426 119,077 8,182 0 5,014 0 0 992 0 0 248 0 0 13,433 0 0 0 0 41,212

90

Passion fruit Tangerines Papaw TOTAL

Short rains Long rains Short rains Long rains Short rains Long rains

Area (acres) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Weighted area 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Mean harvest 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 15,800

Weighted harvest 0 0 0 0 0 0 13,366,181

Mean sales 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2,189

Weighted sales 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,557,685

Mean consumption 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 13,611

Weighted consumption 0 0 0 0 0 0 11,808,497

Table 60: Annual Crop Production and Disposal, 2000: Mkondoni Sub-location (Shs)
Coconut Maize Cassava Onions Cowpeas Pigeon peas Green grams Tomatoes Mchicha Mnavu Kale Capsicum Brinjals Okra Short rains Long rains Short rains Long rains Short rains Long rains Short rains Long rains Short rains Long rains Short rains Long rains Short rains Long rains Short rains Long rains Short rains Long rains Short rains Long rains Short rains Long rains Short rains Long rains Short rains Long rains Short rains Area (acres) 0.08 0.08 3.17 3.78 0.16 0.18 0.03 0.00 0.62 1.02 0.00 0.00 0.09 0.20 0.00 0.00 0.08 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.03 0.00 Weighted area 24.6 24.6 1,101.4 1,307.5 53.5 58.8 11.1 0.0 219.4 350.2 0.0 0.0 29.5 67.9 0.0 0.0 25.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 8.4 8.4 0.0 Mean harvest 26.3 26.3 6,495.9 6,604.3 98.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 344.6 533.9 0.0 0.0 134.2 326.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.3 3.9 0.0 Weighted harvest 8,200 8,200 2,384,363 2,269,371 39,381 0 0 0 134,614 186,061 0 0 46,998 109,612 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 420 1,260 0 Mean sales 0.0 0.0 59.2 98.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 110.5 123.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Weighted sales 0 0 18,450 30,750 0 0 0 0 43,311 51,486 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Mean consumption 26.3 26.3 6,436.7 6,505.6 98.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 234.1 410.3 0.0 0.0 134.2 326.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.3 3.9 0.0 Weighted consumption 8,200 8,200 2,365,913 2,238,621 39,381 0 0 0 91,304 134,575 0 0 46,998 109,612 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 420 1,260 0

91

Bananas Cashew nuts Oranges Mangoes Passion fruit Tangerines Papaw TOTAL

Long rains Short rains Long rains Short rains Long rains Short rains Long rains Short rains Long rains Short rains Long rains Short rains Long rains Short rains Long rains

Area (acres) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.41 0.21 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Weighted area 0.0 0.0 0.0 145.8 67.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Mean harvest 0.0 0.0 0.0 268.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 14,865

Weighted harvest 0 0 0 100,038 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5,288,518

Mean sales 0.0 0.0 0.0 268.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 661

Weighted sales 0 0 0 100,038 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 244,035

Mean consumption 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 14,204

Weighted consumption 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5,044,483

Table 61: Annual Crop Production and Disposal, 2000: Makobeni Sub-location (Shs)
Coconut Maize Cassava Onions Cowpeas Pigeon peas Green grams Tomatoes Mchicha Short rains Long rains Short rains Long rains Short rains Long rains Short rains Long rains Short rains Long rains Short rains Long rains Short rains Long rains Short rains Long rains Short rains Long rains Area (acres) 0.34 0.43 1.52 2.28 0.51 0.53 0.00 0.00 0.16 0.27 0.00 0.00 0.09 0.14 0.01 0.04 0.00 0.00 Weighted area 115.5 141.9 510.9 770.2 170.9 176.3 0.0 0.0 55.9 90.5 0.0 0.0 33.0 44.0 4.4 13.2 0.0 0.0 Mean harvest 0.0 45.1 2,148.0 3,819.7 240.1 945.7 0.0 0.0 140.5 205.4 0.0 0.0 252.4 137.8 37.8 50.0 0.0 0.0 Weighted harvest 0 14,677 718,160 1,292,475 78,752 318,491 0 0 49,475 67,036 0 0 89,720 44,911 12,289 16,264 0 0 Mean sales 0.0 25.2 35.1 270.3 0.0 135.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 73.0 2.2 37.8 37.8 0.0 0.0 Weighted sales 0 8,183 11,411 91,925 0 51,250 0 0 0 0 0 0 23,700 702 12,289 12,289 0 0 Mean consumption 0.0 19.9 2,112.8 3,549.4 240.1 810.5 0.0 0.0 140.5 205.4 0.0 0.0 179.5 135.7 0.0 12.2 0.0 0.0 Weighted consumption 0 6,494 706,749 1,200,550 78,752 267,241 0 0 49,475 67,036 0 0 66,020 44,209 0 3,975 0 0

92

Mnavu Kale Capsicum Brinjals Okra Bananas Cashew nuts Oranges Mangoes Passion fruit Tangerines Papaw TOTAL

Short rains Long rains Short rains Long rains Short rains Long rains Short rains Long rains Short rains Long rains Short rains Long rains Short rains Long rains Short rains Long rains Short rains Long rains Short rains Long rains Short rains Long rains Short rains Long rains

Area (acres) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.06 0.32 0.24 0.00 0.00 0.07 0.07 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.18 0.20

Weighted area 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 17.6 19.8 103.6 75.5 0.0 0.0 23.5 23.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 65.1 69.4

Mean harvest 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 47.3 33.6 0.0 70.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 47.3 130.5 8,352

Weighted harvest 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15,361 10,939 0 23,104 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15,729 42,809 2,810,191

Mean sales 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 70.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 27.0 27.0 742

Weighted sales 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 23,104 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8,778 8,778 252,408

Mean consumption 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 47.3 33.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 20.3 103.5 7,611

Weighted consumption 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15,361 10,939 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6,951 34,031 2,557,783

Table 62: Annual Crop Production and Disposal, 2000: Malanga Sub-location (Shs)
Coconut Maize Cassava Onions Cowpeas Short rains Long rains Short rains Long rains Short rains Long rains Short rains Long rains Short rains Area (acres) 2.96 2.96 3.40 3.85 2.40 2.66 0.13 0.00 1.94 Weighted area 2,804.8 2,804.8 3,664.1 4,067.6 2,227.2 2,568.9 91.4 0.0 1,977.9 Mean harvest 557.6 537.0 3,096.4 5,550.6 846.5 365.0 0.0 0.0 405.1 Weighted harvest 518,326 519,172 3,042,532 5,596,475 794,210 375,815 0 0 406,537 Mean sales 285.0 244.4 31.9 436.2 36.1 6.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 Weighted sales 254,587 238,285 28,848 346,497 40,495 9,007 0 0 0 Mean consumption 272.6 292.7 3,064.5 5,114.4 810.4 358.1 0.0 0.0 405.1 Weighted consumption 263,739 280,887 3,013,684 5,249,978 753,715 366,807 0 0 406,537

93

Pigeon peas Green grams Tomatoes Mchicha Mnavu Kale Capsicum Brinjals Okra Bananas Cashew nuts Oranges Mangoes Passion fruit Tangerines Papaw TOTAL

Long rains Short rains Long rains Short rains Long rains Short rains Long rains Short rains Long rains Short rains Long rains Short rains Long rains Short rains Long rains Short rains Long rains Short rains Long rains Short rains Long rains Short rains Long rains Short rains Long rains Short rains Long rains Short rains Long rains Short rains Long rains Short rains Long rains

Area (acres) 2.20 0.13 0.00 0.76 0.97 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.09 0.00 0.18 0.13 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.02 0.11 0.11 0.98 1.32 2.22 2.28 0.01 0.01 1.32 1.32 0.45 0.55 0.11 0.09 0.36 0.49

Weighted area 2,180.5 110.0 0.0 842.6 1,068.6 0.0 38.1 0.0 60.9 0.0 204.4 121.5 3.1 0.0 0.0 15.2 17.7 94.5 94.5 928.2 1,224.5 2,150.1 2,261.8 9.9 9.9 1,351.9 1,295.6 455.6 558.0 101.3 85.3 337.3 541.3

Mean harvest 510.9 2.1 0.0 272.3 356.8 0.0 53.2 0.0 6.9 0.0 10.1 26.6 3.2 0.0 0.0 5.3 9.6 41.5 50.5 194.1 199.9 939.1 743.1 14.9 14.9 106.4 136.2 445.6 580.3 0.0 16.0 25.2 48.9 16,172

Weighted harvest 491,589 1,833 0 311,397 359,737 0 38,077 0 4,950 0 10,355 25,313 3,729 0 0 3,808 6,854 32,751 40,445 183,448 172,844 1,032,339 755,740 13,825 13,825 115,420 136,494 420,438 478,557 0 16,000 21,813 44,326 15,988,973

Mean sales 0.0 0.0 0.0 17.0 34.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 13.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.2 8.5 0.0 0.0 23.4 23.4 939.1 743.1 0.0 0.0 13.8 25.5 408.0 535.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3,828

Weighted sales 0 0 0 18,880 37,760 0 0 0 0 0 0 12,656 0 0 0 2,285 6,092 0 0 17,356 17,356 1,032,339 755,740 0 0 17,871 33,257 384,961 437,717 0 0 0 0 3,691,991

Mean consumption 510.9 2.1 0.0 255.3 322.7 0.0 53.2 0.0 6.9 0.0 10.1 13.3 3.2 0.0 0.0 2.1 1.1 41.5 50.5 170.7 176.5 0.0 0.0 14.9 14.9 92.6 110.6 37.7 45.2 0.0 16.0 25.2 48.9 12,344

Weighted consumption 491,589 1,833 0 292,517 321,977 0 38,077 0 4,950 0 10,355 12,656 3,729 0 0 1,523 762 32,751 40,445 166,092 155,489 0 0 13,825 13,825 97,549 103,237 35,476 40,840 0 16,000 21,813 44,326 12,296,982

94

Table 63: Annual Crop Production and Disposal, 2000: Total (Shs)
Coconut Maize Cassava Onions Cowpeas Pigeon peas Green grams Tomatoes Mchicha Mnavu Kale Capsicum Brinjals Okra Bananas Cashew nuts Oranges Mangoes Short rains Long rains Short rains Long rains Short rains Long rains Short rains Long rains Short rains Long rains Short rains Long rains Short rains Long rains Short rains Long rains Short rains Long rains Short rains Long rains Short rains Long rains Short rains Long rains Short rains Long rains Short rains Long rains Short rains Long rains Short rains Long rains Short rains Long rains Short rains Long rains Area (acres) 1.31 1.37 3.02 3.52 1.16 1.45 0.06 0.00 0.98 1.16 0.05 0.00 0.34 0.54 0.00 0.03 0.04 0.07 0.00 0.08 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.40 0.54 1.04 1.07 0.00 0.00 0.54 0.55 Weighted area 3,078.0 3,225.8 7,665.6 8,808.1 2,693.0 3,554.9 102.5 0.0 2,449.9 2,817.8 110.0 0.0 949.5 1,457.3 7.2 54.1 87.2 155.1 5.0 214.6 121.5 5.9 0.0 0.0 61.7 66.6 94.5 96.9 945.8 1,244.3 2,452.2 2,621.2 9.9 9.9 1,375.3 1,330.4 Mean harvest 229.2 404.2 4,661.6 4,997.6 519.5 478.5 0.0 0.0 328.6 393.6 0.9 0.0 193.7 247.9 25.3 34.5 120.2 8.8 68.7 7.5 10.7 3.2 0.0 0.0 11.4 4.5 16.7 22.6 85.8 86.0 497.1 548.6 6.0 6.0 42.9 74.2 Weighted harvest 526,526 952,777 13,299,363 12,092,937 1,239,571 1,185,948 0 0 838,826 930,672 1,833 0 528,044 587,300 62,432 67,712 277,846 19,330 158,769 18,538 25,313 8,743 0 0 25,066 8,114 32,751 45,654 198,809 183,784 1,309,960 1,459,169 13,825 13,825 115,420 185,335 Mean sales 115.0 257.1 28.1 235.0 14.5 28.5 0.0 0.0 26.6 37.3 0.0 0.0 27.0 14.3 6.0 6.0 68.7 2.6 17.2 0.0 5.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 9.9 3.4 0.0 2.1 9.4 9.4 491.4 548.6 0.0 0.0 5.6 12.9 Weighted sales 254,587 604,918 58,709 469,172 40,495 70,180 0 0 68,739 95,486 0 0 80,580 39,019 12,289 12,289 158,769 5,954 39,692 0 12,656 0 0 0 22,131 6,092 0 4,962 17,356 17,356 1,296,526 1,459,169 0 0 17,871 40,886 Mean consumption 114.2 147.1 4,633.5 4,762.6 505.0 450.0 0.0 0.0 302.0 356.3 0.9 0.0 166.7 233.6 19.3 28.5 51.5 6.2 51.5 7.5 5.4 3.2 0.0 0.0 1.5 1.1 16.7 20.5 76.4 76.5 5.7 0.0 6.0 6.0 37.3 61.4 Weighted consumption 271,939 347,859 13,240,654 11,623,766 1,199,075 1,115,767 0 0 770,087 835,185 1,833 0 447,464 548,281 50,143 55,423 119,077 13,376 119,077 18,538 12,656 8,743 0 0 2,935 2,022 32,751 40,693 181,453 166,428 13,433 0 13,825 13,825 97,549 144,449

95

Passion fruit Tangerines Papaw TOTAL

Short rains Long rains Short rains Long rains Short rains Long rains

Area (acres) 0.18 0.22 0.04 0.03 0.17 0.23

Weighted area 455.6 558.0 101.3 85.3 402.5 610.8

Mean harvest 179.8 234.1 0.0 6.4 17.7 40.5 14,615

Weighted harvest 420,438 478,557 0 16,000 37,542 87,135 37,453,864

Mean sales 164.6 215.9 0.0 0.0 4.3 4.3 2,371

Weighted sales 384,961 437,717 0 0 8,778 8,778 5,746,119

Mean consumption 15.2 18.2 0.0 6.4 13.4 36.2 12,244

Weighted consumption 35,476 40,840 0 16,000 28,764 78,357 31,707,745

96

Table 64: Annual Livestock and Livestock Products, 2000: Lango Baya Sub-location Cattle Goats Sheep Chicken Number, Dec 1999 1.98 7.83 0.77 21.20 Number Dec 1999: Weighted 1,385 5,902 617 15,315 Number dead 0.23 1.39 0.05 13.91 Number dead: Weighted 159 1,053 35 9,936 Sales income (Shs) 492.2 623.4 65.6 161.3 Sales income: Weighted 352,714 474,083 44,238 113,582 Consumption (Shs) 0.00 292.19 0.00 226.56 Consumption: Weighted 0 243,864 0 174,587 Number, Dec 2000 2.31 7.33 1.13 11.73 Number Dec 2000: Weighted 1,631 5,542 890 8,650 Milk production (litres) 99.31 0.00 Milk production: Weighted 69,017 0 Milk consumption (litres) 41.42 0.00 Milk consumption: Weighted 30,102 0 Milk sales (litres) 57.89 0.00 Milk sales: Weighted 38,915 0 Egg production (#) 10.16 Egg production: Weighted 8,321 Egg consumption (#) 0.00 Egg consumption: Weighted 0 Table 65: Annual Livestock and Livestock Products, 2000: Mkondoni Sub-location Cattle Goats Sheep Chicken Number, Dec 1999 0.26 5.92 1.24 7.92 Number Dec 1999: Weighted 83 2,021 386 2,915 Number dead 0.05 0.74 0.05 7.71 Number dead: Weighted 16 291 16 2,642 Sales income (Shs) 0.0 713.2 97.4 213.4 Sales income: Weighted 0 240,760 30,600 81,267 Consumption (Shs) 0.00 481.58 0.00 174.21 Consumption: Weighted 0 157,214 0 61,609 Number, Dec 2000 0.24 7.13 1.61 17.71 Number Dec 2000: Weighted 75 2,410 500 6,221 Milk production (litres) 32.11 0.00 Milk production: Weighted 10,248 0 Milk consumption (litres) 32.11 0.00 Milk consumption: Weighted 10,248 0 Milk sales (litres) 0.00 0.00 Milk sales: Weighted 0 0 Egg production (#) 49.37 Egg production: Weighted 16,974 Egg consumption (#) 3.16 Egg consumption: Weighted 1,074

Ducks 0.89 639 0.47 313 0.0 0 0.00 0 1.48 1,168

0.00 0 0.00 0

Ducks 0.24 74 0.18 57 10.5 3,280 7.89 2,460 0.34 107

0.34 107 0.00 0

97

Table 66: Annual Livestock and Livestock Products, 2000: Makobeni Sub-location Cattle Goats Sheep Chicken Number, Dec 1999 0.30 5.22 1.03 6.35 Number Dec 1999: Weighted 97 1,727 339 2,109 Number dead 0.08 0.86 0.00 4.11 Number dead: Weighted 26 285 0 1,368 Sales income (Shs) 0.0 1,159.5 175.7 242.7 Sales income: Weighted 0 378,471 57,548 79,967 Consumption (Shs) 0.00 721.62 0.00 243.51 Consumption: Weighted 0 238,962 0 80,345 Number, Dec 2000 0.27 7.16 1.38 15.76 Number Dec 2000: Weighted 88 2,381 452 5,287 Milk production (litres) 0.00 0.00 Milk production: Weighted 0 0 Milk consumption (litres) 0.00 0.00 Milk consumption: Weighted 0 0 Milk sales (litres) 0.00 0.00 Milk sales: Weighted 0 0 Egg production (#) 6.54 Egg production: Weighted 2,215 Egg consumption (#) 0.00 Egg consumption: Weighted 0 Table 67: Annual Livestock and Livestock Products, 2000: Malanga Sub-location Cattle Goats Sheep Number, Dec 1999 1.27 5.04 0.27 Number Dec 1999: Weighted 1,040 5,536 312 Number dead 0.15 0.87 0.02 Number dead: Weighted 129 864 34 Sales income (Shs) 329.8 772.3 10.6 Sales income: Weighted 262,444 1,396,777 7,889 Consumption (Shs) 74.47 119.15 0.00 Consumption: Weighted 70,875 112,940 0 Number, Dec 2000 1.48 5.61 0.39 Number Dec 2000: Weighted 1,234 5,947 426 Milk production (litres) 103.19 1.76 Milk production: Weighted 93,469 2,051 Milk consumption (litres) 33.62 1.76 Milk consumption: Weighted 33,632 2,051 Milk sales (litres) 69.47 0.00 Milk sales: Weighted 59,698 0 Egg production (#) Egg production: Weighted Egg consumption (#) Egg consumption: Weighted

Ducks 0.62 193 0.30 86 90.5 29,022 40.54 12,900 0.95 301

1.41 478 0.00 0

Chicken 28.76 29,912 13.17 14,281 287.9 248,052 573.65 547,351 35.24 36,126

Ducks 0.19 179 0.46 417 0.0 0 0.00 0 0.34 297

7.59 7,767 0.60 580

0.00 0 0.00 0

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Table 68: Annual Livestock and Livestock Products, 2000: Total Cattle Goats Number, Dec 1999 1.15 5.98 Number Dec 1999: Weighted 2,604 15,186 Number dead 0.15 0.99 Number dead: Weighted 330 2,493 Sales income (Shs) 268.2 783.3 Sales income: Weighted 615,159 2,490,092 Consumption (Shs) 30.04 321.46 Consumption: Weighted 70,875 752,980 Number, Dec 2000 1.31 6.58 Number Dec 2000: Weighted 3,027 16,280 Milk production (litres) 74.15 0.71 Milk production: Weighted 172,733 2,051 Milk consumption (litres) 30.18 0.71 Milk consumption: Weighted 73,982 2,051 Milk sales (litres) 43.93 0.00 Milk sales: Weighted 98,613 0 Egg production (#) Egg production: Weighted Egg consumption (#) Egg consumption: Weighted Table 69A: Mean Household Income by Sub-location (Shs) Lango Baya Mkondoni Wage employment 1,217 1,474 Self employment 937 2,229 Rental 25 24 Transfers in 102 115 Transfers out 6 23 Net transfers 96 92 Crops 1,317 1,239 Livestock 329 236 Total 3,920 5,294 Household size 7.78 8.24 Wage employment Lango Baya location Outside Total 670 547 1,217 105 1,368 1,474

Sheep 0.68 1,654 0.03 85 66.1 140,275 0.00 0 0.95 2,268

Chicken 19.73 50,251 11.04 28,226 233.8 522,868 360.74 863,892 22.83 56,284

Ducks 0.46 1,085 0.39 873 16.1 32,302 7.73 15,360 0.75 1,873

14.94 35,277 0.76 1,654 Makobeni 1,176 1,440 8 7 44 (37) 696 229 3,512 7.24 243 932 1,176 Malanga 2,680 1,279 78 99 16 83 1,348 362 5,830 6.73 629 2,051 2,680

0.28 584 0.00 0 Total 1,843 1,365 43 88 19 69 1,218 311 4,850 7.35 494 1,349 1,843

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Table 69B: Mean Household Income by Sub-location (%) Wage employment Self employment Rental Transfers in Transfers out Net transfers Crops Livestock Total Wage employment Lango Baya location Outside Total Lango Baya 31.0 23.9 0.6 2.6 0.2 2.4 33.6 8.4 100.0 55.1 44.9 100.0 Mkondoni 27.8 42.1 0.5 2.2 0.4 1.7 23.4 4.5 100.0 7.1 92.9 100.0 Makobeni 33.5 41.0 0.2 0.2 1.3 (1.1) 19.8 6.5 100.0 20.7 79.3 100.0 Malanga 46.0 21.9 1.3 1.7 0.3 1.4 23.1 6.2 100.0 23.5 76.5 100.0 Total 38.0 28.2 0.9 1.8 0.4 1.4 25.1 6.4 100.0 26.8 73.2 100.0

Table 70A: Mean Household Income by Sub-location, excluding non-response on income (Shs) Lango Baya Mkondoni Makobeni Malanga Wage employment 1,236 1,474 1,176 2,739 Self employment 952 2,229 1,440 1,306 Rental 25 24 8 80 Transfers in 103 115 7 101 Transfers out 6 23 44 16 Net transfers 97 92 (37) 85 Crops 1,338 1,239 696 1,377 Livestock 334 236 229 370 Total 3,982 5,294 3,512 5,957 Household size 7.89 8.24 7.24 6.70 Wage employment Lango Baya location Outside Total 681 556 1,236 105 1,368 1,474 243 932 1,176 643 2,096 2,739

Total 1,867 1,383 44 89 19 70 1,234 315 4,913 7.37 500 1,367 1,867

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Table 70B: Mean Household Income by Sub-location, excluding non-response on income (%) Lango Baya Mkondoni Makobeni Malanga Wage employment 31.0 27.8 33.5 46.0 Self employment 23.9 42.1 41.0 21.9 Rental 0.6 0.5 0.2 1.3 Transfers in 2.6 2.2 0.2 1.7 Transfers out 0.2 0.4 1.3 0.3 Net transfers 2.4 1.7 (1.1) 1.4 Crops 33.6 23.4 19.8 23.1 Livestock 8.4 4.5 6.5 6.2 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Wage employment Lango Baya location Outside Total 55.1 44.9 100.0 7.1 92.9 100.0 20.7 79.3 100.0 Makobeni 165 213 1 1 6 (5) 127 41 542 30.4 39.3 0.2 0.2 1.0 (0.9) 23.4 7.5 100.0 23.5 76.5 100.0 Malanga 486 192 14 13 2 11 253 58 1,013 48.0 18.9 1.3 1.3 0.2 1.1 25.0 5.7 100.0

Total 38.0 28.2 0.9 1.8 0.4 1.4 25.1 6.4 100.0 26.8 73.2 100.0 Total 291 206 7 12 3 9 199 49 761 38.2 27.0 0.9 1.6 0.3 1.2 26.2 6.5 100.0

Table 71: Per Capita Income by Sub-location (Shs) Lango Baya Mkondoni Wage employment 164 145 Self employment 182 273 Rental 2 2 Transfers in 15 15 Transfers out 1 3 Net transfers 14 12 Crops 171 186 Livestock 52 30 Total 585 648 PERCENT Wage employment 28.0 22.4 Self employment 31.0 42.2 Rental 0.4 0.3 Transfers in 2.6 2.3 Transfers out 0.2 0.5 Net transfers 2.4 1.8 Crops 29.2 28.6 Livestock 9.0 4.6 Total 100.0 100.0

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Table 72: Per Capita Income by Sub-location excluding non-response on income (Shs) Lango Baya Mkondoni Makobeni Malanga Wage employment 166 145 165 497 Self employment 184 273 213 196 Rental 2 2 1 14 Transfers in 15 15 1 13 Transfers out 1 3 6 3 Net transfers 14 12 (5) 11 Crops 174 186 127 258 Livestock 53 30 41 59 Total 594 648 542 1,035 PERCENT Wage employment 28.0 22.4 30.4 48.0 Self employment 31.0 42.2 39.3 18.9 Rental 0.4 0.3 0.2 1.3 Transfers in 2.6 2.3 0.2 1.3 Transfers out 0.2 0.5 1.0 0.2 Net transfers 2.4 1.8 (0.9) 1.1 Crops 29.2 28.6 23.4 25.0 Livestock 9.0 4.6 7.5 5.7 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Table 73: Mean Household Income per Month by Sex and Age of Household Head (Shs) Male Female <=35 Years 36-50 Wage employment 2,018 504 2,350 1,365 Self employment 1,519 193 920 2,445 Rental 35 111 16 23 Transfers in 88 84 36 107 Transfers out 21 6 8 41 Net transfers 68 78 28 66 Crops 1,276 775 1,169 1,198 Livestock 335 132 213 427 Total 5,250 1,793 4,697 5,523 Household size 7.65 5.04 5.43 8.19 PERCENT Wage employment Self employment Rental Transfers in Transfers out Net transfers Crops Livestock Total 38.4 28.9 0.7 1.7 0.4 1.3 24.3 6.4 100.0 28.1 10.7 6.2 4.7 0.3 4.3 43.2 7.4 100.0 50.0 19.6 0.3 0.8 0.2 0.6 24.9 4.5 100.0 24.7 44.3 0.4 1.9 0.7 1.2 21.7 7.7 100.0

Total 295 208 7 12 3 10 202 50 771 38.2 27.0 0.9 1.6 0.3 1.2 26.2 6.5 100.0 >50 1,812 833 84 116 10 107 1,277 298 4,410 8.28 41.1 18.9 1.9 2.6 0.2 2.4 29.0 6.7 100.0

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Table 74: Per Capita Income per Month by Sex and Age of Household Head (Shs) Male Female <=35 Years Wage employment 315 103 474 Self employment 226 51 209 Rental 4 28 3 Transfers in 11 19 8 Transfers out 3 1 2 Net transfers 8 18 6 Crops 202 182 283 Livestock 51 38 49 Total 806 420 1,024 PERCENT Wage employment 39.1 24.5 46.3 Self employment 28.0 12.3 20.4 Rental 0.5 6.6 0.3 Transfers in 1.4 4.4 0.8 Transfers out 0.4 0.3 0.2 Net transfers 1.0 4.2 0.6 Crops 25.0 43.3 27.7 Livestock 6.3 9.1 4.8 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0

36-50 182 299 2 12 5 7 171 59 719 25.3 41.6 0.3 1.7 0.7 0.9 23.7 8.2 100.0

>50 226 124 13 16 1 14 152 41 571 39.6 21.7 2.3 2.7 0.2 2.5 26.6 7.2 100.0

Table 75: Discrepancies between Mean Monthly Household Consumption and Income (Shs) Expenditure Income Ratio (%) Lango Baya 4,662 3,920 Mkondoni 2,809 5,294 Makobeni 4,028 3,512 Malanga 4,091 5,830 Total 4,029 4,850

118.9 53.1 114.7 70.2 83.1

Table 76: Discrepancies between Mean Monthly Household Consumption and Income excluding income non-response (Shs) Expenditure Lango Baya Mkondoni Makobeni Malanga Total 4,723 2,809 4,028 4,120 4,054 Income 3,982 5,294 3,512 5,957 4,913 Ratio 118.6 53.1 114.7 69.2 82.5 Grand Total 61 29 40 99 229

Table 77: Distribution of the Responding Population in Gainful Employment Paid Employment Self Employment Regular Casual Total Owner Unpaid Lango Baya 10 20 30 28 Mkondoni 4 15 19 8 Makobeni 5 10 15 23 Malanga 23 34 57 42 Total 42 79 121 101

3 2 2 0 7

Total 31 10 25 42 108

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Table 78: Persons Engaged in Household Self-Employment Enterprises Paid Unpaid Total Paid (%) Lango Baya 0 31 31 0.0 Mkondoni 1 10 11 9.1 Makobeni 5 25 30 16.7 Malanga 2 42 44 4.5 Total 8 108 116 6.9

Unpaid (%) 100.0 90.9 83.3 95.5 93.1

Table 79: Distribution of Households by Land Ownership Anywhere in the Country Households owning Total Mean parcel size Landless Within Outside Within Outside location location location location Lango 4 57 4 64 6.30 1.03 Baya Mkondoni 0 38 4 38 12.22 1.03 Makobeni 0 36 7 37 11.80 1.19 Malanga 0 93 4 94 9.38 0.29 Total 4 224 19 233 9.38 0.76 PERCENT Lango 6.3 89.1 6.3 100.0 85.9 14.1 Baya Mkondoni 0.0 100.0 10.5 100.0 92.3 7.7 Makobeni 0.0 97.3 18.9 100.0 90.8 9.2 Malanga 0.0 98.9 4.3 100.0 97.0 3.0 Total 1.7 96.1 8.2 100.0 92.5 7.5

Total 7.33 13.25 12.99 9.66 10.13 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

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Table 80: Mean Parcel Size by Sex, Education and Age of Household Head Within location Outside location Lango Baya Male 6.29 1.25 Female 6.31 0.15 Mkondoni Male 12.30 1.11 Female 11.33 0.00 Makobeni Male 12.68 1.33 Female 4.50 0.00 Malanga Male 9.76 0.31 Female 4.61 0.00 Total Male 9.80 0.84 Female 6.16 0.07 Lango Baya None 6.67 0.14 Primary 4.98 2.57 Secondary 9.70 0.40 Mkondoni None 13.54 1.25 Primary 11.14 0.82 Secondary 5.67 0.00 Makobeni None 8.44 1.41 Primary 15.12 1.06 Secondary 12.00 0.67 Malanga None 8.73 0.12 Primary 8.81 0.47 Secondary 13.50 0.00 Total None 9.06 0.57 Primary 9.26 1.09 Secondary 11.46 0.17 Lango Baya <=35 3.95 0.11 36-50 9.28 0.09 >50 5.20 2.82 Mkondoni <=35 9.00 0.00 36-50 7.73 0.82 >50 16.58 1.67 Makobeni <=35 15.91 0.36 36-50 11.14 1.45 >50 9.27 1.60 Malanga <=35 7.72 0.17 36-50 10.20 0.18 >50 10.51 0.52 Total <=35 8.13 0.16 36-50 9.68 0.44 >50 10.21 1.53 Table 81: Measures of Concentration: the Gini Coefficient Total Expenditure Per capita Expenditure Lango Baya 0.3656 0.3739 Mkondoni 0.3587 0.3672 Makobeni 0.3527 0.4348 Malanga 0.3367 0.3165 Total 0.3633 0.3775

Total 7.55 6.46 13.41 11.33 14.02 4.50 10.07 4.61 10.65 6.23 6.81 7.54 10.10 14.79 11.95 5.67 9.85 16.18 12.67 8.85 9.28 13.50 9.63 10.35 11.63 4.05 9.37 8.02 9.00 8.55 18.25 16.27 12.59 10.87 7.89 10.38 11.02 8.29 10.12 11.74

Adult equivalent Expenditure 0.3657 0.3574 0.4136 0.3168 0.3700

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Table 82: Distribution of Adult Equivalent Expenditure by Decile, Year 2000 (%) DECILE % Cumulative (%) 1 Poorest 2.27 2 3.54 3 4.85 4 5.99 5 7.57 6 9.54 7 10.58 8 13.23 9 16.00 10 Richest 26.43 Bottom 40% Top 20% Bottom 50% Top 50%

2.27 5.81 10.66 16.65 24.23 33.76 44.34 57.57 73.57 100.00 16.65 42.43 24.23 75.77

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ACTIONAID-KENYA
MALINDI RURAL DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE

LANGO BAYA BASELINE SURVEY

SURVEY INSTRUMENTS AND ENUMERATORS REFERENCE MANUAL

28 November 2000

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ENUMERATORS REFERENCE MANUAL

INTRODUCTION Background Information 1. Apart from the report on identification of DIs for Coast region conducted in 1996, the initial report on the DI appears to be the Malindi DI Appraisal document. This was followed by the PRA report of June-July 1997. According to the PRA report, the inhabitants are mainly Giriama (75%) of the larger Mijikenda ethnic cluster, while the remainder are mainly Rabai, Chonyi and Kamba. The nine Mijikenda ethnic clusters are Giriama, Jibana, Chonyi, Ribe, Rabai, Kambe, Kauma, Duruma and Digo. The kinship pattern of the Giriama is mainly paternal extended families. The PRA report stated that poverty manifested itself in low skills and knowledge, distance to water points, poor leadership and low community participation, and lack of income-generating activities. Based on an average household size of 6 persons, the DI population was estimated at 14,970. 2. Women are more often than not expected to provide for the family, including the costs of the husbands entertainment. The definition of female-headship appear to follow the special case of a household with no male support, rather than the textbook case which recognizes the possibility of onefamily two-households e.g. where the husband lives away from home for work (Weisner, 1970). 3. The indicators of wealth are mainly asset-based (e.g. wives and daughters, land cleared for cultivation, number of granaries, livestock) rather than income-based (e.g. meals per day and school expenses). The descriptions of socioeconomic groups of the poor include some demographic variables (factors) e.g. not married and old without support. Poverty is visually manifest through child vital statistics (anthropometry), otherwise called protein-energy malnutrition. Some of the factors that generate and sustain mass poverty include retrogressive traditional practices and high illiteracy. The report goes in detail on the characteristics of poverty e.g. inadequate skills and knowledge, distance to water points, few income opportunities, and lack of entrepreneurial culture. The report noted that there was poor leadership and management skills and lack of communal activities, which may be a threat to community organization in the project. The study recommended a livelihoods study (which was conducted in August 1997). 4. The household livelihoods survey administered (a) checklists of questions to the district agricultural officer, district development officer and district education officer, and (b) schedules to primary schools to fill in data on enrolment, repetition and dropout for the years 1990 to 1997. A household survey was conducted on 832 households. Some of the sources of income include farming and livestock rearing (over 90% of the households), paid employment in the form of casual labour, while there was little by way of remittances and dividends. Some of the crops grown include maize, cassava and pulses; while millet and sorghum are hardly grown. Livestock include zebu cattle, goats and sheep. Cash crops include coconut palms, but cashew nuts are hardly grown. Some of the potential crops include citrus, mangoes, guava, papaw, passion fruit, pineapple, sugarcane, pepper, bixa, and tobacco. 5. The main expenditure items are maize flour, cooking oil, kerosene and medicine/treatment. Selfemployment (off-farm) income opportunities included brewing of traditional liquor, sand and firewood harvesting, and charcoal burning. Data on primary schools showed that there were fewer girls enrolled, and more girls repeated and dropped out of school. It was reported that early marriage for girls was still in vogue, while child labour and inability to pay school levies due to widespread poverty also affected enrolment. The report recommended a detailed baseline study on education. The report noted that the community incurs heavy expenses on rites of passage e.g. funerals. Child malnutrition is moderated by maternal buffering, i.e. the practice of a mother deliberately limiting her own intake in order to ensure that children usually recently-weaned toddlers get enough to eat (Maxwell, 1996).

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6. The SPRED report on education noted that low participation in primary education was a concert of several factors, including high costs of education in comparison with incomes (poverty), negative cultural beliefs, long distance to schools, and poor school environment. The report also goes into detail on issues of school curriculum, governance, resource mobilization and planning, and teachers. Some of the negative cultural beliefs listed include expensive funerals, polygamy, witchcraft, and exorbitant fines for adultery (malu). Girls are married off early (10-15 years) for a going rate of Shs 10,000-15,000. The wealth ranking developed tallies closely with that used in the PRA but dropped numbers of wives and daughters as symbols of wealth. 7. The report on poverty and livelihoods lists the three main sources of income as farming, mnazi brewing/selling, and charcoal burning and selling. Other activities include fishing, mat weaving (using makuti), and making herbal medication. The main expenditure items were food, clothing, education, funeral expenses, traditional liquor, transport, medical, penalty for adultery, and dowry. A preference ranking of expenditures showed that mnazi has a higher rank than education. Analysis of division of labour between men and women showed that women do most of the economic activities. 8. Efforts to improve the wellbeing of the poor can only be effective if seen in the context of the community, particularly at the household level. However, given the absence of benchmark information on which interventions could be based, it was difficult to identify the real problems facing the community. Although the PRA generated a lot of useful data, there is still need for deeper analysis of the root causes of poverty and the coping mechanisms adopted by households and the community using a detailed household income and expenditure survey. It was also necessary to go beyond the usual collocations (e.g. sustainable development, scaling up, strategic partnerships, community organization, good governance, wealth creation, international best practice, etc) so that AAK programme managers have access to detailed and area-specific information during the design and implementation of programmes in the new Development Initiatives18. The survey findings are expected to lead to a better understanding of poverty and its concomitant effects on household food security, education, health, and environmental sanitation. Objectives of the Survey 9. (a) (b) The main objectives of the study are: To provide baseline information required for targeting interventions on critical development issues in the operational area; To collect and analyze existing data from households/ community/ institutions which would form a benchmark for subsequent monitoring and evaluation of the impact of the DI on the population, especially on the vulnerable groups; To inquire into the methods adopted by the population so as to cope with the constraints arising from poverty and social exclusion; and To draw conclusions and make recommendations on possible areas of intervention and strategic objectives AAK should pursue to make an impact in the area. In order to meet the above objectives, the study was supposed to focus on the following areas: Household and Demographic Analysis Household size and composition, age and sex distribution, marital status, and headship

(c) (d) 10.

18 A collocation is a familiar grouping of words, especially words that habitually appear together and

thereby convey meaning by association. The term was first used by Firth (1957), who famously observed, You shall know a word by the company it keeps.

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Occupational status by gender Literacy

Sources and Systems of Livelihoods Household living conditions and available material resources Resource availability, access, distribution and control by gender Sources of household income by season and gender Household expenditure on food and non-food items Nutritional status Land use patterns

Community Organization and Institutions Community institutions Community participation in self-help projects Types of community organizations and their use in socioeconomic development

Education Literacy levels School access, enrolment, dropout and completion rates by gender and age-group Reasons for dropping out by gender and age group Home and school variables/factors that inhibit access and retention in schools Perception of pupils and parents on the benefits and cost of staying in school Magnitude and effect of early marriages and pregnancies on girls education Recommend strategies to raise educational standards in the area

Health, Water and Environmental Sanitation Morbidity by type and age Immunization coverage and prevalence of disabilities Household coping mechanisms and options for treatment Sources of water including safe water coverage Water collection, storage, quality and reliability Knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) on environmental sanitation Waste disposal methods including latrine coverage

Development and Advocacy Issues Identification and categorization of resources needed to support basic human goals Resource potential of the DI area Problems facing women with respect to access to land, labour and capital, control over resources and access to benefits of development Socioeconomic development problems affecting the participation of the DI households in ownership, management and control of resources as well as self-help and income generating initiatives Recommend realistic DI interventions, strategies and resources required to promote household welfare and sustainable development

11. This manual is designed to guide enumerators and supervisors during the data collection phase of the survey. The manual defines main concepts used in the survey and presents procedures to be followed in completing each section of the questionnaire. Geographical codes are presented in the appendix. 12. The following questionnaires will be administered in this survey:

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(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i)

Household Composition (Forms M/L/B/1A and M/L/B/1B) Child Welfare, Child Immunization and Maternal Health (Form M/L/B/2) Labour Force Particulars (Form M/L/B/3) Housing, Assets and Amenities (Form M/L/B/4) Household Regular Purchases for one Month (Forms M/L/B/5 and M/L/B/6) Household Non-regular Purchases for one Year (Form M/L/B/7) Crop Production and Disposal (Forms M/L/B/8A and M/L/B/8B) Livestock and Livestock Products (Form M/L/B/9) Household Non-Agricultural Income (Forms M/L/B/10 and M/L/B/11) SURVEY DESCRIPTION AND ORGANIZATION

Survey Coverage and Methodology 13. The survey is to be carried out in the four sub-locations of Lango Baya location, namely, Lango Baya (with 738 households), Mkondoni (352 households), Makobeni (332 households) and Malanga (982 households). The four sub-locations in the study area formed the basis of the sample frame, with each sub-location structured as a unit on its own. Numbers were sequentially assigned to all the households in the study area and a sample of 13% of the households selected through systematic selection with a random start. Based on the 13% sampling fraction, the survey covered 312 households out of 2,404 households. 14. It is possible to fail to locate a selected household during the enumeration. The rules to guide in replacing a selected household are: (a) (b) If a household moved within the same sub-location and can be located, tag/follow and interview it. If the household moved out of the sub-location or cannot be located after moving from the sampled dwelling unit, then REPLACE with the household currently occupying the selected dwelling unit, and indicate the replacement in the identification particulars section of Form M/L/B/1.

Sample Design 15. The administrative decisions that dictated the Lango Baya sample design included: a) b) That the survey should include all sub-locations in the area; That the spatial unit of analysis would be the sub-location;

16. The total number of households included in the household listing was 2,404. Upon receipt of the lists, the first step was to assign numbers to households beginning with 1 so that each sub-location became a stratum. The use of the term strata therefore refers to classification of households by sublocation. The second step was to select the total sample proportionate to the size of each stratum. The required sample was generated by use of systematic selection with a random start, using the procedure in Sampling Manual of Macro International Inc (1996).

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17. In each sample, each element had an equal chance of selection. Therefore each element has the weight of 1 in the sample total, and F=1/f in the population total, where f is the selection fraction. Since the sampling fraction in each stratum was equal to the sampling fraction for the universe, the procedure ensured a self-weighting sample19. 18. The basic weights, before adjustment for non-response, are the reciprocals of the probabilities of selection, i.e. w = m/n Where: w is the weight in the stratum; m is the total number of households in the stratum; and n is the sample size in the stratum. 19. In producing survey estimates, the basic weights will be adjusted for non-response to arrive at final adjusted weight, which is the product of the basic weight and a non-response adjustment factor. The procedure of calculating the non-response (nr) factor for each stratum was as follows: nr = Where: nr = n= i= n/i the non-response adjustment factor; the total number of originally selected households; the number of households which responded

The adjusted weights are wa = w * nr = (m/n)*(n/i) = m/i, i.e. the total number of households divided by the number of households which responded. ESTIMATION PROCEDURES Blanks and Non-Response 20. There are various sources of errors/ bias in a sample survey or census. Errors could be introduced by misreporting, lack of data, enumerator or respondent bias, non-response, and in data entry. This section deals with non-response and its effects on sample weights. In a household survey, nonresponse could be introduced through refusals and failure to locate a household. Although it is difficult to rule out inclusion in the frame (N) of some households which did not exist or to exclude some which existed before the frame was constructed, i.e. out-of-scope, it was decided to treat the sample frame (N) as a true report of the number of households in May 1999. Therefore refusals and failure to locate were summed as non-response. 21. Completed survey and census questionnaires may contain blanks or missing values attributable to lack of data or a question that was not asked. Blanks and non-response splits the original population (N) into two subclasses: M non-blank members and B blanks and non-response, i.e. N=M+B. The presence of blanks and non-response introduces variation in the size of the sample. This variation is a function of the proportion M=M/N. However, the selection interval (k) and selection fraction (f) do not change since the blanks and non-response are identified after the original sample had been selected.

. Rounding of the strata sample to the nearest integer introduces slight departures in the values of actual sampling fractions. However, this trivial departure is usually ignored (Kish, 1965).

19

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PRE-TEST 22. A two-day training of enumerators was conducted during November 29-30, 2000. The training was conducted using the draft questionnaire and the enumerators reference manual. On the third day of training, the 8 enumerators formed three groups of three persons each to conduct mock interviews on each other: one as enumerator, the other as respondent, while the third took notes about the interview process. This was followed by a debriefing meeting to consolidate the experiences gained during training and mock interviews, and to make the necessary alterations to the survey instruments. On the fourth day, the enumerators conducted pre-tests in the study area in groups of two (enumerator and observer) and traded places such that each enumerator had a chance of conducting an interview. Finally, a meeting was held with the enumerators and AAK personnel to reach a consensus on the proposed revisions to the survey instruments. The total interview time was about three hours. Although some enumerators reported a few cases of respondent fatigue, it was decided to retain the whole questionnaire. 23. The enumerators were informed that a post-enumeration survey of a small sample of responding households will be conducted to gauge the quality of the information collected during the survey as a rough indicator of the confidence that should be placed on the survey findings. 24. a) b) Additional issues of concern on the pre-test included: Need for neat handwriting; Enumerators expressed potential difficulties in soliciting for information on age at first marriage especially for a partner who might have been married to another spouse. It was agreed that the enumerator should accept the answer given without any probing; In all cases, all observations coded under Other should be specified; In the case of Koranic schools (madrassa), there is no need to collect information on class/ form since they do not teach a full standard school curriculum; The enumerators should use blue ball-pens to fill the questionnaire; Although food relief (maize) was reportedly a small proportion of an average households food requirements, there is need to collect data on maize given in November 2000 as the role of such food relief in entire consumption largely depends on the economic status of the household. Food relief will replace green maize in the questionnaire since the latter was not available in the area during the reference period (November 2000); Mono-eye should be recorded as having difficulties in seeing, and should be recorded in the notebook provided; Proper arithmetic for enterprise operating accounts of a household enterprise is essential; There may be difficulties in recording unit codes for non-food expenditure. The enumerators were however informed of the need to have accurate data on costs. Data on units of measurement is compulsory for food purchases and own-consumption from business or household production; The enumerators expressed the need to collect data on child brides (14 years and below) if the responding household is willing to provide the information; Although vocational/ professional certificates normally refer to postsecondary training, the enumerators expressed the need to collect data even on those who did not complete secondary education;

c) d) e) f)

g) h) i)

j) k)

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l)

There are instances where two or more married brothers who constitute separate households have a common feeding arrangement. The enumerators were requested to exercise utmost professionalism in collecting data on consumption and incomes for a responding household within such feeding arrangements; The education costs should include the actual amounts paid by the household, and should not therefore include bursaries; Dowry and malu (penalty for adultery) are normally classified under non-consumption expenditure. Although they are transfers (payments for services not rendered), the enumerators should not collect information on them; It was emphasised that Forms M/L/B/5, M/L/B/6 and M/L/B/7 includes purchases and withdrawals from business; while information on food consumption from own produce will be collected using Forms M/L/B/8A, M/L/B/8B and M/L/B/9. PRINCIPLES OF INTERVIEWING

m) n)

o)

25. This section of the manual gives a summary of some important points to be kept in mind when conducting personal interviews during the survey. Interviewing is a Specialized Art 26. Interviewing involves two people -- interviewer and the respondent. Interviewing facilitates obtaining of information from someone by asking an organized set of questions designed for a purpose. Interviewing differs from ordinary conversation in several respects: (a) The interviewer and the respondent are strangers to each other. One of the main tasks is therefore to gain the confidence of the respondent so that he/she is at ease and willing to answer the questions asked. Unlike normal conversation, one person is asking all the questions and the other person answering them all. You must refrain from giving your opinion until you have completed the interview. You must not react in any way to what the respondent tells you. Never show disapproval but probe in a manner that should not offend the respondent. At all times throughout the interview you must remain neutral. However, you should show interest in the answers by nodding your head or saying something like I see or Yes. There is a strict sequence of questions that must be asked. You must always be in control of the situation. This means you must maintain the interest of the respondent throughout the interview. The enumerator should prepare (head-tune) the respondent when starting to ask questions on a particular Form (record type), i.e. state the type of information being solicited, so as to ease communication with the respondent. The record type (RT) is used in data entry to identify the Form.

(b)

(c)

Role of the Enumerator 27. The interviewer or enumerator plays a central role in this survey, and the ultimate outcome of the survey depends on how (s)he conducts the interviews. In general, the responsibility of the enumerator will include: (a) (b) Locating the sampled respondents within the survey area assigned to him/her; Conducting the interviews;

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(c) (d) (e) (f) Training

Checking the completed questionnaires to ensure that all questions were asked and the responses were neatly and legibly recorded; Returning to the respondents for appointments, or to finish uncompleted interviews; Preparing debriefing notes for the supervisor on the problems encountered; and Forwarding to the supervisor all questionnaires (completed, spoilt, uncompleted).

28. Your training as an enumerator is crucial to the success of the survey field operations. The training will be conducted by John T. Mukui and the AAK contact person for the survey (Mr Munga Mwambura). The training will be conducted beginning Wednesday, November 29, 2000. This manual will be a useful guide to the enumerators during the survey period. 29. The list of respondents that you will interview will be given to you in advance. You will be required to deliver the letters of introduction to respondents personally. When you deliver the letters, you are required to make appointments and note the physical address of the respondent, the person you will interview, the date of the appointment, or the date and time you are supposed to call back to confirm an appointment. This information must be passed on to your supervisor at the end of each working day. Gaining Access to the Respondent 30. Although you and the respondent are strangers to each other, you must approach the respondent and in a very short time, gain his/her confidence and cooperation so that he/she will answer all the questions. First impressions of your appearance and the things you say and do are of vital importance in gaining the respondents cooperation. Therefore, you must be sure that your appearance and behaviour are acceptable to the respondent and also to other people in the area in which you will be interviewing. On meeting the respondent (preferably the head of the household) the first thing you should do is introduce yourself stating your name, the agency you are working for, and what you want of the respondent. A good introduction may be something like: Good morning Sir/Madam. I am Kazungu Ngala and I am here on behalf of ACTIONAIDKenya. My visit this morning is part of the Lango Baya Baseline Survey. Your household is one of the many chosen in the area for this study. The information I get from you will be confidential. The information will be pooled together and be used to obtain knowledge on livelihoods systems in the area. This information will then be used in formulating policy for planning purposes and socioeconomic development. The baseline study is intended to define the starting point for the AAK programme and will be used to (a) identify community development priorities, and (b) assess achievements of the programme when subsequent surveys are conducted to see if there are changes as compared to the baseline. Confidentiality 31. All information collected from the households is strictly confidential. No individual report is to be released to anyone other than the survey personnel. Because some of the questions to be asked are personal, the interview should not be conducted in the presence of visitors unless the respondent, having first learnt the nature of the survey, has no objection. Also, you should never mention other interviews or show completed questionnaires to other enumerators or supervisors in front of a respondent or any other persons. Neutrality 32. Apart from confidentiality, most people are polite, especially to strangers, and they tend to give answers that they think will please the interviewer. It is therefore extremely important that you remain

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absolutely neutral towards the subject matter of the interview. Do not show surprise, approval, or disapproval of the respondents answer by your tone of voice or facial expression. Probing 33. It is possible that the respondents answer to a question is not satisfactory. From what is required, his/her answer may be incomplete or irrelevant, or sometimes he/she may be unable to answer the question as put to him/her. If this happens, asking some additional questions is required to obtain a complete answer to the original question. Asking additional questions to obtain a complete answer is called probing. The probes must be worded so that they are neutral and do not lead the respondent in a particular direction. Remember that the quality of data to be collected depends very much on the enumerators ability to probe correctly. In probing you should ensure that the meaning of the question is not changed. Recording Answers 34. Each answer must be recorded in the correct cell in the questionnaire. Before leaving the respondent you should check to see that all required questions have been answered. If the question requires a numerical answer, be sure to enter the appropriate number or zero if the answer is None. If a column is left blank for questions requiring numerical answers or numerical codes, it is impossible to tell whether or not the question was asked or answered. Blanks and 0 have very different meanings when the survey is analyzed. All numerical answers must be right-justified in the space provided. Leading zeros can be inserted to avoid recording errors. Always visit the respondent with the correct Forms. Never rely on taking answers in a notebook for transfer later. This is a bad habit and only complicates your work. Record what the respondent says, not your own interpretation/ summary. Nonetheless, if a respondent gives an answer that contradicts an earlier response, confirm the true position by probing. 35. All interviewers will use pens with blue ink or blue ball-pens to complete all questionnaires. Supervisors will do their work using pens with red ink or red ball-pens. Enumerators should not use pencils in filling the questionnaires. Any data edit during data entry will be recorded using pens with green ink or green ball-pens. Making Appointments 36. You should always try to arrange beforehand for a suitable time for interviewing the respondent. You should never try to force the respondent to attend at a time that would obviously be inconvenient to him/her. Once a time has been set for an interview it is important that you keep the appointment. Being late for appointments inconvenience respondents and results in unpleasant situations. Handling Reluctant Respondents 37. Actual refusals are rare and for most enumerators there will be no refusals. If refusals come often, then there is something wrong with the way you are introducing yourself or explaining the purpose of the survey. If the enumerator continues to have problems, he/she should contact his/her supervisor at once. The person who says he does not have time for the interview is usually trying to put you off. Ordinarily a statement such as this wont take very long or I can ask you some questions while you are working will start the ball rolling and soon he/she will give you his entire attention. Always be honest. Never tell a respondent that the interview will take only ten minutes if you believe forty minutes will be needed. If he really does not have the time, make an appointment for a return visit. A good enumerator is proud of his ability to meet people with ease and friendliness and to secure their cooperation. Call-Back Procedures 38. It is important that you attempt to interview the head of the household, but occasionally you may need to make a second visit if the head of the household (or other members) is not present. Most of the questions that are contained in the questionnaire can only be answered by the head of the household or

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another person next in line in taking the responsibility of the head of the household. Do not try to complete the questionnaire by interviewing children or other persons who are not familiar with the household. Enumerator Review of Questionnaires 39. As soon as possible after leaving the respondent, the enumerator must check over the questionnaire carefully to see that all the answers are complete. In some cases it may be necessary to revisit the respondent for more complete information and this is the time to do it. Under the pressure to complete an interview, some enumerators become lazy in checking over each questionnaire while the interview is fresh in their minds. This part of the job should never be overlooked. Experience has shown that most of the problems involving completed questionnaires could have been eliminated by the enumerator if he/she had made a check of the questionnaire before handing it over to the supervisor. The enumerator should therefore plan his workload to include some time for checking the questionnaire. Supervisors Review 40. On the first day of fieldwork, it will be necessary for supervisors to edit the completed questionnaires the same day to ensure that training was properly understood and remedial action taken. A supervisor should go through the filled questionnaire with the enumerator during fieldwork so that revisits can be arranged to fill gaps and clarify any issues. Language 41. Interview the respondent in the language in which he/she feels most comfortable. If he/she prefers English, do the interview in English. If the respondent is most comfortable in Kiswahili, then speak Kiswahili. If he/she speaks only another language you understand, then you can do the interview in that language. If the respondent speaks only a language you do not understand, then you must raise this problem with your supervisor. In translating and probing, be sure you do not give the answer you expect. Translating Difficult Concepts 42. When translating certain words, it is essential that the question be framed in such a way that it would mean the same as in the English phrasing of the questionnaire. There may be particular difficulty with the word work. In many languages, when a person is asked Do you work? it means Are you employed by someone else for pay? Try to avoid this type of misunderstanding when you are asking questions in other languages. Ending the Interview 43. Once all the information has been obtained the interview should be brought to a close without undue extension. Even if the respondent is very friendly, you should always avoid overstaying your welcome. You should always acknowledge and thank the respondent for his/her time and willingness to provide you with the data. After completing the interview, thank the respondent for his/her time and cooperation. A respondent that you have favourably impressed will be willing to give information when his/her household is selected for another survey. CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS 44. For the survey to serve its intended purpose and avoid data misinterpretation, it is important that information collected refer to the same items or universe. To this end, this section attempts to explain concepts and unfamiliar terms used in the questionnaire so that they are understood uniformly and used consistently during the training, data collection, and analysis. Below are common concepts and definitions used in the survey.

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An Interview 45. An interview is a structured conversation with the specific objective of obtaining and recording information. Household 46. A household is defined as a person or a group of persons, whether related or not, residing in the same home or compound, and are answerable to the same head and share a common source of food. There are three important ways of identifying whether you are dealing with the same household: (a) (b) (c) Whether the people reside in the same compound; Whether they are answerable to the same head; and Whether they pool and share their resources.

If the answer to each of the above criteria is Yes, then you are sure that you are dealing with one household. If any of them is No, then you may be dealing with more than one household. 47. The survey is mainly interested in the de jure (usual resident) household members, i.e. persons who normally live in the household. Under this definition, polygamous wives living within a single compound are included in the same household regardless of the cooking arrangements. Domestic servants who have meals with the household should be included as household members. If the servants cook and eat separately, they should be listed as separate households. Head of Household 48. The head of a household is a person who is regarded by the other members of the household as its head, and may be a man or a woman. The head of household is the key decision maker within the household, and his authority is acknowledged by the other members of the household. As such, the fact of being the main economic provider is not necessarily the most important criterion. Respondent 49. Any member of the household who provides information to the interviewer. In this survey, the respondent must be an adult member of the household competent to answer questions on the household. Holding 50. A holding is the land associated with a household, being used wholly or partially for agricultural purposes and being managed as a single economic unit under the overall control of a holder. A holder is the person with overall control over the management of the holding. Dwelling Unit 51. A place of residence for a family, an individual or a group of persons eating together and sharing the same budget for common provisions. Household Income 52. The sum of money income and income in-kind and consists of receipts which, as a rule, are of a recurring nature and accrue to the household or to individual members of the household regularly at annual or more frequent intervals.

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Enterprise 53. For the purpose of this survey, an enterprise is an entity which exclusively or principally carries out a single type of economic activity at a single physical location. In the case of commercial banks, an enterprise would be a branch at a specific location. Likewise in the hotel industry, a chain of hotels with different locations and names, but under the same management would be considered as separate enterprises. There are, however, some complications in this definition because some units are hard to locate physically due to the nature of their activities. Thus construction workers such as masons may carry out daily activities at different worksites which are far away from each other, while self-employed taxi drivers and peddlers/ hawkers/ tinkerers (travelling menders of metal household utensils) have unlimited worksites. Main Economic Activity 54. Economic activities are essentially related to the supply of labour for the production and distribution of goods and services, thereby earning incomes, during the reference period chosen for the investigation. Therefore, if a person reports working in a factory producing suitcases and handbags, the detailed activity would be Tanning and dressing of leather, manufacture of luggage, handbags, saddler and harness falling under the major group labelled Manufacturing. Non-economic activities include learning, housekeeping, raising children, care of the old, voluntary community services, social, religious or political activities, etc., which do not normally involve any income -- monetary or non-monetary. Occupation 55. An occupation is the smallest segment of work which is specifically identified in the occupational classification system. It refers to the type of work one was doing during the reference period regardless of the economic activity in which one may be employed or the type of training received. For example, a stenographer may work in a school, voluntary organization, Government office, etc. Occupationally, she remains a stenographer as long as she performs the same kind of work. However, if her main duties change to those of general office clerk, then she can no longer be classified as stenographer. A mere change of employers doesnt change the occupation as long as the principal tasks remain the same. It is also important to distinguish between occupation (duties performed) and education/ training received. Gross Income 56. For the purpose of this survey, gross entrepreneurial income consists of profits i.e. operating surplus before allowance for depreciation and direct taxes. It includes goods and services removed for household use (imputed value of what would have been received if the goods or services were actually sold) e.g. retail-shop owners may remove household goods for household consumption. Consumption 57. Indicates all goods and services (or items) that are used, acquired or purchased not for business purposes and not for accumulation of wealth. Household Consumption Expenditure 58. Refers to all money expenditure by the household and individual members on goods intended for consumption and expenditure on services, plus the value of goods and services received as income in kind and consumed by the household or individual members of the household. Thus the value of items produced by the household and utilized in its own consumption, the net rental value of owner-occupied housing, and the gross rental value of free housing occupied by the household represent part of household consumption expenditure.

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Household Non-consumption Expenditure 59. Includes income tax and other direct taxes, service charges, deductions for health services e.g. National Hospital Insurance Fund, pension and social security contributions remittances, gifts given out and similar transfers by the household as a whole and its individual members. Land Tenure 60. Land tenure in Kenya can broadly be classified under the following categories: freehold, leasehold and trust land. Freehold land is a parcel of land held in perpetuity through absolute title. There is no time limit in ownership and land use is only subject to relevant existing laws, i.e. Land Planning Act, Land Acquisition Act, and the building codes. There are no restrictions on transfer. Leasehold land is a parcel of land held for a fixed term given by either a local authority or the Commissioner of Lands, normally for periods ranging from 30 to 99 years. Trust land is land held by indigenous communities under tribal arrangements (normally communal ownership), and has not been demarcated and registered. Such land is normally held in trust on behalf of the communities by Country Councils, hence the term trust land. Rent 61. land. Rent or rental is money paid for use over a period of time of anything such as house, truck, and

Urban area 62. These consist of all towns which, according to the Kenya 1989 Population and Housing Census, had 2,000 residents or more. INSTRUCTIONS FOR COMPLETING THE QUESTIONNAIRE GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS 63. To keep the respondents mind focused, introduce each section of the questionnaire before asking specific questions listed below the section heading. For example, the section on household composition could be introduced by drawing the respondents attention with, say: I want to ask you a few questions concerning your household. FILLING THE IDENTIFICATION PARTICULARS 64. All the schedules have a common identification section at the top. You will be provided with a list of households. For this section: i) Enter your name, your supervisors name, and name and tribe of household head in the upper left hand corner of the Form. In case the household head is reported to be a Mijikenda by tribe, ask for specific sub-tribe e.g. Giriama. Do not ask for the tribe of the household head but record it using your own knowledge of the respondent or by asking other enumerators of this survey. Write the name of the sub-location and village in which the household is located in the space provided, and enter the sub-location and village codes given below. You will be supplied with a list of selected households to interview for the survey. Enter the household number in columns 4-6. If the household is number 3 in the list provided, enter 003. If you write 3 in column 5, this will be taken as household 030. Avoid this problem by filling columns with leading zeros e.g. 003 or 014 for household numbers 3 and 14, respectively.

ii) iii)

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iv) v) vi) 65.

Indicate in the space provided at the top right hand corner of the Form whether the household interviewed was a replacement from the list provided to you. Enter the final interview status at the top right hand corner of the Form using the codes given below. Enter the date of interview at the top right hand corner of the Form. The sub-location codes are: 1= 2= 3= 4= Lango Baya Mkondoni Makobeni Malanga

66.

The village codes are:

Lango Baya sub-location 01= 02= 03= 04= 05= 06= 07= 08= 09= Silaloni Ngamani Lango Baya centre Mambosasa Bengoni Kenya Loma Mugandini Mirorini Kavilani

Mkondoni sub-location 10= Kombeni 11= Mkondoni 12= Timboni Makobeni sub-location 13= Baolala 14= Pishi Mwenga 15= Tsagwa 16= Sosoni 17= Viriko Malanga sub-location 18= Sosobora 19= Kibaoni 20= Kisimani 21= Malanga 22= Soyosoyo 23= Majengo 24= Yembe 25= Chembe 26= Kabiranduni 27= Muungano 28= Bahati 29= Kadzitsoni 30= Ngamani 31= Ziani

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Final Interview Status 67. Indicate final interview status in column 9. Final interview status can fall under the following categories: Code 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Interview Status Completed Partial Vacant - housing unit not occupied. No people live there Unable to contact on vacation, or unable to get an appointment (but household is cooperative, i.e. not refusing) Refusal -- household refused to be interviewed. Household shows resistance after repeated attempts Unable to interview due to age, illness or impairment Unable to interview due to language Out-of-scope - dignitaries, foreigners intending to leave Kenya before survey ends, etc. Other (specify)

HOUSEHOLD COMPOSITION: FORM M/L/B/1 68. All household forms should be administered to any knowledgeable adult member of the household who is present because they are household specific. The Form labelled M/L/B/1 is to be used to record information on the usual household members. For a household having 12 or fewer members, only one copy of the Form is necessary. If there are more than 12 members, then you will fill two Forms, starting the first row of the second Form with serial number 13. Serial Number 69. This is the number used to identify each person listed. You must obtain a complete list of all persons who usually live in the household. Start with the household head if living in the household, followed by first spouse and her children, then second spouse and her children and so on, including relatives, maids and other servants if they usually reside in the household. If you continue to another Form, the first person on the second Form will be serial number 13, and all identification particulars should be the same as those given in the first Form as they refer to the same household. Name of household member 70. The list of respondents given to you gives the name of the household head selected for the survey. You must locate this person and enter his/her particulars on the first line of the Form, provided he/she is still a usual member of the household. The name of each person is entered under column headed Name. Enter at least two names in full in the space provided to allow identification of the person in case of call-backs or re-interview. Then check that you have included everybody by asking: Are there any other members who usually live here but are away now (including people at work, children in

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day-schools, and house-help who reside with the household)? The concept of usual members of the household excludes children in boarding schools. If the answer is Yes, add those names to the list. Relationship to head 71. For each listed member write his/her relationship to the household head by blood or marriage. Be particularly careful if the respondent is not the household head; make sure that you record the relationship to the household head, and not the relationship to the respondent. Enter the relevant relationship code. Parent includes parent-in-law. If a salaried domestic employee is also a relative to the household head, he/she should be taken as domestic employee. In cases where several persons who are not related by blood or marriage constitute a household as common in urban areas, code one of them as Head and the rest Unrelated. A grandchild is a direct descendant of the respondents children, regardless of whether the childs parent(s) is/are members of the household or not. Sex 72. Record 1 for male and 2 for female. The enumerator must ask the sex of small children when in doubt. In Coast province, it might be difficult to guess the sex of household members from names derived from Kiswahili language e.g. Furaha (happiness), Bahati (luck), Mapenzi (love), Taabu (difficulties), Shida (problems), Zawadi (gift) and Riziki (reward/blessings). Age 73. How old is...? Enter the age of the person in completed years in the two boxes provided20. A child under one year of age should be coded as 00. Anyone aged 99 or over should be coded as 99. Do not round the age to end in 0, 5 or other preferred digit. Age is one of the most important information to be obtained. The enumerator must therefore try as much as possible to record the correct age of the respondent. Under no circumstances should this column be left blank. You must probe to make sure that you get even a rough estimate. However, the enumerator should not guess the age of a household member by looking at the physical appearance. 74. In probing, it is sometimes possible to estimate a persons age by relating his/her birth to a notable event if they can indicate how old he/she was when the event occurred or how many years elapsed before his/her birth. The calendar of events for Malindi/ Kaloleni (based on the 1999 Population and Housing Census) include: 1901: 1904: 1907: 1909: 1914: 1917: 1918: 1928: 1930: 1937: 1939: 1942: 1943: Famine of Kodi ya Kwanza Famine of Rupia mbili mbili Famine of Rupia Tatu Famine of Mwahera Famine of Mzungu (the Giriama Rebellion) Kilifi station established Famine of Rupia pia ni mwenga District Headquarters at Kilifi Flood in Malindi Establishment of Kilifi Primary School Italian Bomb at Malindi Famine of Ngano (Nzala ya Ngano) Chanjo

20 In census and survey work, there are hardly any guidelines on how to compute age in completed years

using the date of birth (day, month and year). However, according to the Age of Majority Act, Cap 33, in computing the age of any person the day on which he was born shall be included as a whole day and he shall be deemed not to have attained such age as may be specified until the beginning of the relevant anniversary of the day of his birth.

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1946: 1948: 1948: 1949: 1958: 1959: 1960: 1961: 1963: 1967: 1969: 1972: 1972: 1973: 1973: 1974: 1974: 1975: 1980: 1985: 1991: 1992: 1997: 1997: 1998: 1999: Marital Status

Mwaka wa Tsawe Konde Establishment of Kilifi District hospital Kubwiriwa kwa Dzuwa Sood Bin Alis death Kabwere ana Zikiha Official opening of Kilifi district hospital Vasco da Gama memorial unveiled Kubandika kwa Dhalaja ya Sabaki Kenya kupata uhuru Mwisho wa vita vya mashifta Start of metric system Kubwirwa pwa Dzuwa (eclipse of the sun) Death of R.G. Ngala Arrest/ detention of Kajiwe Kubwiriwa kwa Dzuwa (Eclipse of the sun) Mwisho wa kodi (end of GPT payment) Tamacking of Mazeras-Kaloleni Road Nzala ya Harambee (Famine relief referred to as Harambee) Nzala ya Changilo (Famine Changilo) Kufa kwa Kabwere Construction of Kilifi Bridge Multiparty elections El-Nino rains Kuanza kwa Wilaya ya Malindi (creation of Malindi district) Nairobi bomb blast Kuhesabu kwa watu

75. Marital status refers to the marriage arrangement of the members of the household. Throughout this questionnaire marriage refers to both formal and informal unions, such as living together. People who regard themselves as husband and wife should be coded as married regardless of whether or not they have been through any civil, religious or customary ceremonies. 76. For all persons 14 years and above, ask if they are/or have ever been married. Select the appropriate respondents current marital status and record it in the space provided. Accept what people tell you about their marital status and do not embarrass them by asking unnecessary questions about their marriage. Fill marital status even for children below 14 years. The threshold of 14 years in the question is used since the Children and Young Persons Act, cap 141, defines a child as under 14 years; while the Penal Code, cap 63, define unlawful carnal knowledge of a girl under the age of 14 as defilement. Please note that: Never married include those with children but have never married Divorced means that all legal formalities have been completed and there is no chance of reunion. Separated means the couple is no longer living together and is in the process of either reconciliation or divorce. Separated does not include persons living separately in two households for purposes of work or other convenience. Age in Completed Years When First Got Married 77. For those household members (male and female) who are reported as married, ask the age in completed years at which they got married for the first time. We are interested in, say, a womans starting date of the first union (marriage or living together arrangement) and not the date of first sex or first birth. If a woman has gone through five successive marriages and the current marriage is the fifth, the question

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refers to the first marriage. Also, if a man has three living wives and had no other wife before, the question refers to marriage with the first wife. However, a man may have first married and divorced or married a wife who later passed away; the question refers to the first marriage irrespective of whether the spouse to the first marriage is living with him or not. Leave the space blank if the household member was reported as never married. Absence/ presence 78. Indicate whether the household member listed usually resides in the holding and his/her regularity of residency using the codes given. Children household members in boarding schools should be coded 2 and members of the nuclear family within a marriage union but living in separate households should be coded 3. A household head who lives away will be coded 3. Religion 79. In column 20, indicate the religion of each household member using the codes provided. Catholics are those who profess the Catholic faith and recognize the Pope as the head of the Church. Protestants are the group of churches which broke away from the Roman Catholic Church e.g. Anglican Church of Kenya (ACK), Presbyterian Church of East Africa (PCEA), African Inland Church (AIC), Lutheran, Quakers, Methodists, Seventh Day Adventists (SDA) and Baptists. Other Christians caters for Christians who are neither Protestants nor Catholics e.g. Legio Maria, Israel, Jehovah Witness, and evangelists (e.g. Redeemed, Full Gospel). Muslims are those who profess the Muslim faith and recognize Muhammad as the prophet of God. Traditionalists are those who believe in divine powers e.g. Dini ya Msambwa and the Tent of the Living God. Others include people with religious affiliations other than the above-mentioned e.g. Buddhists, Bahais and Hindus. No religion is those people who do not believe in the existence of supernatural powers and neither do they follow any particular religion. Accept the answer given. Education 80. Under column 21, code 1 if the respondent was attending school or college fulltime in the course of the year 2000; and 2 if the respondent was not attending school or college fulltime. 81. Under column 22 state the highest education cycle attained for each member of the household, and class/ form completed in education cycle in column 23. This should be the highest grade completed at the end of the previous schooling year. Information on highest educational cycle and class/ form completed in the education cycle should be solicited on all household members, including those reported in column 21 as not attending school or college fulltime. A child who is currently in the third year of primary school would be level 4 and class 2 as he/she has not completed third year. However, this problem is not likely to arise in this survey since it will be conducted in December (the end of the normal school year). Enter in four digits the year the household member completed class/ form in the education cycle e.g. 1949. 82. The completed class/form in any type of educational institution should range between 1 and 8 years. Thus for a member of the household whose highest grade in formal education was Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education/Cambridge Overseas School Certificate or London General Certificate of Education (GCE) - Ordinary Level, you should code 5 in column 22 and 4 in column 23; 5 standing for the Secondary Education code and 4 standing for the four years spent at this educational cycle. 83. A preschool is a place where a group of children aged under 6 years are under the care of an adult. The centre could be a classroom attached to a primary school, a church, a social or special hall, someones house or under a tree. Some of the common labels used to define preschools include nursery schools, kindergartens, preprimary units, and duksi/madrasa. In a rural setting, nursery schools normally refer to programmes for children under six years while in urban centres, the normal rational age is below four years. Kindergarten is a German term which refers to education programmes for young

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children similar to those offered in nursery schools. Preprimary units provide education to children aged 5-6 years, are normally attached to a primary school, and such children may or may not have attended nursery school previously. Reasons for Not Completing the Cycle 84. In ordinary usage, someone who has completed an education cycle e.g. after doing KCPE and does not continue to Form One has not dropped from school. If, however, someone stops schooling at Form Three, then he has dropped from school. However, for the purpose of this survey, those who completed the primary education cycle and did not proceed to secondary school will be counted as dropouts. 85. The question is only applicable to primary and secondary levels and excludes those who have completed secondary education. The question will only be asked if the household member was not in school in the year 2000, the highest education level completed was either primary or secondary, left without completing the education cycle, and left school during the period 1997-1999. If a member of the household dropped out of school before completing an education cycle, find out the reason why and put the appropriate code in column 25. Education Costs in Year 2000 86. Education expenses should be reported for those household members who were reported in Column 21 to be in school or college in year 2000. Education expenses include school fees and other related charges (nursery, primary, secondary, training and technical colleges, university), school books and stationery (writing, textbooks, schoolbags, school uniform), transport/travel to school (e.g. day students spend daily fares and boarders spend on bus, matatu and rail fares to boarding school), feeding (day students) and boarding (boarding students) if not part of the fees, individual tutoring carried out within the school compound and outside the school, and compulsory school development levies. The PTA School Development Fund only includes compulsory and fixed development fund decided by ParentsTeachers Associations, whose collection is enforced in the same manner as other regular school charges. If a respondent has more than one child in a particular school, PTA funds charged per parent should be apportioned among the respondents children attending the school. Literacy 87. These questions should be asked to all household members aged 15 years and above who were not in school/college in the year 2000, and have not reached Form I of the secondary level of education. Ask whether the member can read or write a simple statement in any language, and record the responses in columns 31 and 32, respectively. Literacy in Arabic is also included. Vocational/ Professional Training 88. According to the annual World Banks World Development Report, tertiary education includes all postsecondary schools and universities. Those who have attended vocational schools, adult education programmes, two-year community colleges, and distance-education centres (primarily correspondence courses) are included. 89. Solicit information on the training the respondent has had. Respondents may have had some of each or possibly none at all; but this column seeks particulars of non-formal or tertiary education, as opposed to formal education particulars sought in columns 22, 23, 24 and 25. Enter the appropriate code in column 33 for each member of the household as given at the bottom of Form M/L/B/1B. Main Occupation 90. This question applies to all members of the household aged 8 years and above. Main economic activity/occupation means the dominant activity where the household member spends most of his/her

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time. If a member regularly works in, for example, trading/business, for over 50 percent of his/her time, then the work he/she is engaged in is the main occupation. The categories of the occupation codes for Columns 34-35 are given at the bottom of the Form. Note that: Unemployed household members are more likely to be found in urban situations. Rural residents whose primary or sole occupation is working on the family farm fall into the family worker category. Own-account workers are people who operate their own economic enterprises or engage independently in a profession or trade. In normal usage, the term excludes those who hire employees. Unpaid family worker is a person who works without pay in an economic enterprise operated by a related person living in the same household. Not applicable applies to children below 8 years. Membership in Self-help Groups 91. Ask the respondent whether there are any household members aged 15 and over who are members of community-support groups and code 1 for Yes and 2 for No in Column 36. In columns 37-38, code the type of group to which the person belongs from the list given on the Form. If he/she belongs to more than one group, record the one that he/she considers most important to him/her. Sickness 92. Indicate whether the household member has been sick in the last two weeks in column 39, type of sickness in columns 40-41 only for those who responded Yes in column 39, and actions taken to restore health in columns 42 and 43. The first action is to be coded on column 42 and the second action on column 43. Responses to a sickness episode need to be interpreted within a model of sickness experience i.e. the sequence of actions people take when they fall sick. For example, the first health restoration action may not have led to health restoration, and the sick person may have shopped for another health restoration point. OTC drugs in the Form means over-the-counter non-prescribed drugs. 93. For first action taken to restore health, N/A refers to those who were reported as not sick in the two weeks preceding the interview, while N/A for second action taken refers to those who were not sick and those who recovered after the first health restoration action. Disability 94. A disability is a limitation in an individuals ability to perform an activity in a manner that is considered to be normal. Impairment is an abnormality in the structure or function of a part of the body or mind. Disabilities are caused by impairments, which are in turn caused by diseases, injuries or congenital (inborn) or peri-natal conditions. Disabilities reported in the survey should have had duration of at least six months. Disabilities can be:

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Difficulties in Includes all people who have difficulty in seeing and the completely blind. The mere seeing (visual possession of a functional pair of squint eyes does not constitute a disability. A squint (strabismus), often called crossed-eyes, is a condition in which the eyes are not defects) properly aligned with each other. One eye is either constantly or intermittently turned in (esotropia) or out (exotropia). Difficulties in Includes all people who have difficulty in hearing and the completely deaf. hearing Difficulties in Includes all people who have difficulty in speaking and those who have complete loss speaking of speech, excluding stammerers/ stutterers (with difficulties in pronouncing words beginning with certain letters such as B, D, G, K and V) e.g. those who skip letter K. Lisping is a common form of stammer and consists in the substitution of th sounds for those of s and z (Barnard, 1930; Fletcher, 1914). Upper limbs A person with (a) one arm or both too short or too long or deformed in such a way as to prevent normal functioning; or (b) armless. Lower limbs A person with (a) one leg or both too short or too long or deformed in such a way as to prevent normal functioning; or (b) legless. Hunch A person with a deformity of the spine or sternum with visible protruding (heaped) muscles either on the back or the chest may be referred to as a hunch. Mental Includes conditions which affect a persons ability to learn, to acquire knowledge and retardation to adapt to environment which other people of the same age and within the same environment are able to cope with. 95. Some respondents may be reluctant or shy to talk about disabled household members. Your duty is to make sure that you collect the information on disability using the best diplomacy you can bring to bear. Remind the respondents that the information will be kept confidential. If a member has multiple disabilities, for example difficulties in seeing, upper limbs and hunch, the responses should be entered sequentially separated by a , as follows 1, 4, 6 in column 44. Skip Sequence 96. (a) (b) (c) The skip sequences for Form M/L/B/1 are as follows: If the response to column 21 is Yes, skip columns 25, 31, 32, 33 and 34-35. If the response to column 36 is No, skip columns 37-38. If the response to column 39 is No, skip columns 40-41, 42 and 43.

CHILD WELFARE CHILD IMMUNIZATION AND MATERNAL HEALTH (FORM M/L/B/2) 97. Questions on immunization, tetanus toxoid, and maternal and newborn healthcare should be administered to women who reside in the household. If an eligible woman is not at home or not available for the interview, ask a family member or neighbor when she will return. Note this in your notebook and return to interview her at any time, if possible. If this is not possible, follow your supervisors instructions to return to the household at another time. Do not take responses from anyone other than the eligible woman. 98. The objectives of the Kenya Expanded Programme on Immunization (KEPI) is to ensure that, by the first birthday, all children are vaccinated against measles, polio, tuberculosis, tetanus, diphtheria and pertussis. Primary healthcare facilities are widespread in all the districts to ensure delivery of quality immunization services throughout the country. At the age of one, a fully-immunized child should have received BCG against tuberculosis and polio B at birth; polio I, II and III and DPT I, II and III (against diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus) at 6, 10 and 14 weeks, respectively; and measles at nine months. A

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booster immunization of Polio and DPT is given after 5 years. KEPI provides immunization cards for each child which gives a record of the immunizations. Serial Numbers 99. This Form solicits information on child immunization for all children in the household aged under 60 months. Children eligible for inclusion in Form M/L/B/2 are those whose recorded age in Form M/L/B/1 is 04 years since 04 completed years translates to a maximum of 59 months. On columns 8-9 record the serial number of the index child within the household as given on the first Form (Form M/L/B/1). For each child recorded, ask for the name of its mother and transfer the serial number of the mother from the first Form (Form M/L/B/1) to Columns 10-11. It would be advisable to enumerate children in the order in which they are listed in Form M/L/B/1. 100. NOTE THAT if the biological mother of a child eligible for inclusion in Form M/L/B/2 (i.e. 0-4 completed years) is not a member of the household, allocate serial number of mother 99 and explain in your notebook why the mother is not a household member (death, in school, parents divorced, etc.). The information might be useful in understanding outcomes e.g. child brides and orphanhood. Name/Date of Birth of Index Child 101. Record the names of the children in the space provided. Give at least two names. Record the month and year of birth in columns 12-13 and 14-15, respectively. For example, a child who was born in July 1996 will be recorded as 0796. This must be entered for every child, and if not known, probe and estimate. If the child has a health card, use the card as the source of information on the date of birth. Person visited for antenatal care 102. Ask the mother the person she saw for antenatal care for each pregnancy. If the respondent saw more than one person for antenatal care, record the one who attended her most of the time. Antenatal care checkups help to detect problems associated with pregnancy and delivery. All pregnant women should have routine checkups. This question refers to any antenatal care given by a health provider during the pregnancy a check specifically for the pregnancy and not for other reasons. This is a two-part question because if the woman answers yes, you must ask whom she saw for the checkup. 103. Doctors, nurses, midwives, and auxiliary nurse/midwives are skilled health personnel who have midwifery skills to manage normal deliveries and diagnose or refer obstetric complications. Traditional birth attendants may be trained or untrained. Auxiliary midwife is one undergoing midwifery training and is still under supervision. An auxiliary midwife should be included under the category of nurse/midwife. Place of Delivery and Assisting Personnel 104. Record place of delivery and the personnel who attended the mother in columns 17 and 18, respectively. A traditional birth attendant (TBA) is recognized as such by the community. Other community personnel who assisted in delivery should be recorded under other. A child delivered in a health centre/ dispensary is expected to have been assisted by nurse/ midwife, while those born in hospitals should be recorded as having their delivery assisted by doctors whether or not a doctor or nurse assisted. At home/ outside health facility includes all births outside a health facility e.g. at home, outside homes, and on the way to a health facility. Immunization Received 105. Ask the mother if the child has a health card (any written document should be taken as a card). Code 1 for Yes if the card is available for your perusal, and 2 for No in column 19. Check if the child has the BCG scar and record the response in column 20. Check the vaccines administered from the health card and complete columns 21-29. If the health card is not traceable, ask the mother for details of immunization history. For those without cards, you are supposed to specify how each is given so the

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mother will know which vaccine we are talking about. It is also important to remember that a child can receive a vaccine but no record is made on the card. 106. A BCG vaccination against tuberculosis is an injection in the left forearm that leaves a scar; polio vaccine is drops in the mouth; and an injection against measles is given in the top part of the right arm. Diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus (DPT) is an injection in the thigh to prevent child from getting tetanus, whooping cough and diphtheria (a disease caused by coughing and characterized by difficulties in breathing and swallowing, and enlarged neck). Measles is a killer disease caused by infectious virus and is characterized by rash, fever, and cough. Remember that the vaccines may be listed on the card in a different order than the one that appears on the questionnaire. 107. For children without vaccination cards, ask the principal caretaker whether they can remember the children receiving vaccinations to prevent them from getting diseases, including vaccinations received during national or local immunization campaign days. If yes, ask the mother or caretaker whether he/she remembers the child ever receiving a BCG vaccination against tuberculosis. Ask the mother or caretaker whether he/she remembers the child ever receiving any polio vaccination (drops in the mouth) to protect him/her from getting polio - and the number of times the jabs were given. Ask the respondent whether [Name] has ever been given vaccination injections that is, an injection in the thigh to prevent him/her from getting diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus - and the number of times the jabs were given. It is sometimes given at the same time as polio. Ask the respondent whether the child was ever been given vaccination injections that is, a shot in the arm at the age of 9 months or older to prevent him/her from getting measles. If the child is overdue for his/her measles shot, refer to a health facility. Age at which first dose of immunization was given 108. Ask the mother or caretaker how old in weeks the child was when he/she was given the first dose of immunization. Do not ask (code N/A) if the child has not received any immunization. Breastfeeding 109. Breastfeeding is defined as suckling of the child for at least once a day. It includes any breastfeeding experience of the child not necessarily by the biological mother but includes breast milk from any other woman (wet nursing). 110. Ask the respondent if the child is still breastfeeding. Enter 1 for Yes and 2 for No in column 32. Ask mother the length of time in months she exclusively breastfed the child without giving any other supplements. Supplementary feeding includes sweetened water or juice, milk other than breast-milk, other fluids, commercial infant formula, porridge, and semi-solid foods (e.g. mashed potatoes and bananas). If exclusively breastfed for less than one month, code 00. If breastfeeding is still continuing, then the number of months breastfed is EQUAL TO THE AGE OF THE CHILD. If breastfeeding has stopped, ask the respondent how old the child was when he/she stopped breastfeeding completely. Enquire from the mother as to what type of supplement the child was first fed on and enter the response in column 37. Tetanus Toxoid 111. This question is to be posed to women who have children aged 0-4 completed years. The purpose of this question is to obtain information about protection of neonatal tetanus through vaccination of their mothers. For full protection, a pregnant woman needs two doses of the toxoid; but may only need one dose if she was vaccinated during a previous pregnancy. 112. Ask the mother whether she received any injection during the latest pregnancy for a surviving child to prevent the unborn baby from getting convulsions after birth. Convulsions are characterized by the involuntary contraction of muscles and may also include stiffness. An anti-tetanus shot is an injection at the top of the arm.

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Use of Contraceptives 113. Ask the mother whether she has used any form of family planning during the last 12 months and if yes, the family planning method used e.g. pill, intrauterine device (IUD), injections, condom, and female sterilization. An intrauterine device is an object placed in the uterus to prevent pregnancy. Coitusrelated methods such as condoms are used with each act of intercourse, so current users of these methods will have used them during the most recent acts of intercourse. Current users of the pill should be taking pills daily. Other methods provide ongoing protection without daily or regular action by women e.g. contraceptive injections (3-6 months) and IUD (until removed or expelled). Do not be embarrassed to talk about family planning as this will only increase the embarrassment of the respondent. If the mother has more than one child included in the Form, record the answer against the youngest child. Skip Sequence 114. The only skip sequence for Form M/L/B/2 is: If the response to column 32 is Yes, skip columns 35-36 on months breastfed since it will be identical to the age of the child. LABOR FORCE PARTICULARS (FORM M/L/B/3) 115. This Form is to be administered to the head of the household or any competent adult member of the household about each member of the household who is 5 years and over. The original intention was to capture child labor particulars (5-17 years), but it was felt that there would be serious underreporting if a respondent was to know that the purpose of the Form was to capture particulars of child labor in the responding household. Therefore, the Form was administered to all members of the household aged 5 years and above, i.e. excluding all children aged 0-4 years who were captured in Form M/L/B/2. 116. Make sure the respondent understands what you mean by last 7 days. For instance the phrase may be clarified by asking since last Friday, if you visit the household on a Friday. Labor force refers to persons who worked and persons who did not work but were actively looking for work during the reference period. Work is defined as an activity undertaken for pay/wages (e.g. paid or wage employment), profit (e.g. business or farming undertakings) or family gain (e.g. subsistence farming, housekeeping chores). Pay is any compensation for the work performed, including cash and in-kind (goods or services provided to the worker or his/her family). Paid employment is normally compensated in wages, salaries, commissions, tips, contracts, and in-kind (e.g. food and clothing). Own/family business comprises self-employed persons who worked on own or family business for family gain. Name and Serial number 117. Copy the name and unique serial numbers of all persons aged 5 and above from Form M/L/B/1. Labor Allocation in the Last Seven Days 118. Ask the respondent (or the household member if available) hours worked in crop farming during the last seven days. For each eligible household member, continue to ask hours worked in livestock rearing, charcoal burning, water fetching, collecting firewood, fishing, hunting, tapping/ selling mnazi, other own/family business and hawking, paid employment, housekeeping chores, and attending school or college during the last seven days. Record the responses in the appropriate columns. In this survey, housekeeping chores refers to household activities such as cooking and looking after the siblings/babies, among other activities. Own or family farm refers to an agricultural holding where activities such as crop or animal production are undertaken, and where the holding belongs either to the household member or a family member (closely related person). Own or family business enterprise refers to commercial undertakings such as selling and buying goods and services that belong either to the household member or a family member (closely related person). Paid employment refers to wage employment.

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HOUSING, ASSETS AND AMENITIES: FORM M/L/B/4 119. This Form solicits information on housing, assets and amenities of the household. The Form should be administered to any knowledgeable adult member of the household who is present because the questions are household specific. Tenure of Main Residential Structure 120. A dwelling unit is a place of residence for a household, an individual or a group of persons eating together and sharing the budget for common provisions. The unit in which the household is residing could be either rented, rent free, employer provided or owner-occupied. Put the appropriate code. Rent free includes staying in relatives houses. Construction Materials of the Main Residential Structure 121. Pick the main material used for the wall, floor and roof and code appropriately in columns 9, 10 and 11, respectively. The information should be collected regardless of the tenurial status. Plastered mud/earth wall should be reported as mud/earth, while asbestos roofing should be included under tiles. Main Source of Drinking Water 122. Ask What is the main source of water? This is the source from which the household draws its water for most part of the year. Pick the main source of water out of the listed options and put down the corresponding code. If the main source of water is not among the sources listed in columns 12 and 13, specify it under other and code 5. In case of source of water supplied by a vendor, the respondent should be asked where the vendor collects the water from. Some of the main sources of water include: Piped: Borehole: Indicate whether piped water is provided inside or outside the dwelling unit. Same as the well, but deeper than a well and has pump for drawing the water into a tank, buckets, etc. A private borehole is one that is exclusively used by occupants of the dwelling unit; whereas a common borehole is communally used. A small area of still water. Usually this water collects after rain or through an underground drainage. This is a man-made shaft dug in the ground from which water is obtained. Water is drawn using buckets. Refers to water purchased by households from mobile sellers or distributors. Examples of ferrying include cart, bicycle, individuals, truck, etc. The source of the water may be known or not, by the household.

Pond: Well: Vendor:

123. Distance to water source one-way should be recorded in kilometres to one decimal place. On who is mainly responsible for water collection, worker/vendor includes paid workers who are not members of the household. The amount of water collected is supposed to be the average rather than what was collected on the day prior to the interview. Water cost should include water purchased from vendors and water-point owners. If the household does not purchase water, record zeros in the appropriate columns. Column 24 is on whether the household treats water before drinking. The question should be posed: Does your household do anything to the water before drinking?

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Toilet Facilities 124. The purpose of this question is to obtain a measure of quality of the sanitary facility used by the household members. A flush toilet to sewerage is one in which water carries the waste down pipes to a septic tank connected to the local sewers, whether the water is piped into the toilet or poured in by buckets. A pour flush latrine is one with a water seal, or any similar device that creates a seal to prevent fumes and bacteria from escaping. A Ventilated Improved Pit latrine (VIP) is a pit latrine that has a route for fumes to escape (usually a pipe), other than the hole itself. A Traditional Pit latrine is not ventilated but enclosed by a wall irrespective of the type of wall. An Open Pit latrine is a pit latrine not ventilated nor enclosed by a wall but it is just a hole. In this survey, all pit latrines are lumped together as pit latrines. Ask Where do members of this household go for toilet? Pick the relevant option and write its corresponding code in column 25. Main Cooking Fuel 125. Ask What is the main cooking fuel used in this household? Note that some households may use electricity, paraffin, gas, firewood, charcoal, all at the same time. The answer required here is the fuel used most of the time. Put down the appropriate code. Cooking Arrangements 126. The definition of the household includes a common cooking arrangement. However, in some cases, this rule may be violated e.g. where the nuclear families of two married brothers who by definition are supposed to be two separate households have a common cooking arrangement. Household cooking arrangement is the one where all members of a household have a common cooking arrangement by pooling their resources together. Extended family cooking arrangement is the one where more than one household usually tied by kinship has a common cooking arrangement. Main Type of Lighting 127. Enter the appropriate code. Note that paraffin lamps include lanterns, pressure lamps and karabai (one made out of tin), etc. Assets Owned 128. The answers to these questions on ownership of certain items will provide a rough measure of the socioeconomic status of the household. Read out each item to the respondent. In the case of assets owned by the household, record the number of each respective asset owned. Enter 0 in the appropriate column if the household does not own the asset. For example, if the household has two bicycles, record 2 under column 34. Only operational or serviceable assets should be recorded. An operational radio without batteries should be recorded as an asset. An item acquired through hire purchase should be recorded as owned even if repayment has not been completed, while assets held by the household as pawns for loan(s) given out should not be included in household assets. The listed household durables are known by those who own them; and the enumerator is supposed to read out the listed assets (columns 33-46) to the respondent. Also most of these household durables are familiar. HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE 129. Complete the identification particulars in the section provided at the top of the Form. If there are two or more spenders in the household, record combined information for all spenders. Forms M/L/B/5 and M/L/B/6 cover regular purchases for the month of November 2000, while Form M/L/B/7 covers non-regular purchases for the year 2000. i) Under each item, indicate the quantity purchased for each of the specified units, e.g. 10 debes of maize grain.

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ii)

Indicate the unit of measurement of the item, e.g. kilogram, bottle, metre, bag, litre, etc. Whenever possible all item quantities should be converted to standard units, e.g. kilograms, litre, metre, numbers, etc. If the item quantities are given in non-standard units, the enumerator, with the help of respondent, should convert them into standard units. If and only if the enumerator is unable to identify the correct code, then enter code 6 for other and specify the unit reported as used in the transaction of the item. Enter the price per unit and full value in Shillings, irrespective of whether it was bought in cash or on credit. Forms M/L/B/5 and 6 solicit information on purchases and own consumption (goods and services that have been produced within the household and withdrawals from business for household use) which will be valued as if they were bought i.e. at prevailing market prices.

iii) iv)

130. The enumerator should make sure that the total costs per food item are actual rather than imputed. To countercheck information on prices, a retail price survey will be conducted alongside the household survey to determine the prevailing market prices which will be used to convert food costs to weight for the purpose of estimating calorie supply by the use of food-to-energy conversion tables. The retail market survey will entail purchasing the food items in representative markets in Lango Baya, and then weighing them later. There may be slight errors in using the prices of perishable commodities (e.g. fruits and vegetables) to convert food costs (in money-metric measures) to food weight since the retail market survey will be conducted in December 2000 while the reference period for food purchases is November 2000. 131. The use of data on retail prices prevailing during the survey period to convert money food expenditures into quantity for use in food-energy conversion invokes leap of faith (drastic assumptions). These include (a) that food prices during the survey period are typical of the survey area, (b) quantities purchased remain roughly the same regardless of the prevailing prices, and (c) changes in prices do not lead to substitution in the household commodity space and their quantities. If the leap of faith does not hold, then the imputed calorie/protein supply can only be interpreted to refer to the survey month. HOUSEHOLD REGULAR EXPENDITURES FOR A MONTH: FORMS M/L/B/5 AND 6 132. The regular expenditure categories include food items, cooking and lighting fuels, water, household operations, alcoholic beverages and tobacco, transport operating costs (e.g. fuel and repair, and use of public transportation), personal care, medical, and other items and services that are purchased regularly in a month. This excludes durable and semi-durable items. The item transactions (Forms M/L/B/5 and M/L/B/6) cover purchases, gifts and consumption of own produce, while Form M/L/B/7 cover only purchases and withdrawal from business reported in Form M/L/B/10. Bread, Cereals and Pulses 133. Bread refers to all types of bread including biscuits, cakes, chapattis, mandazi, buns, scones, and so on. The cereals to be covered in the survey are maize (grain, flour, and food relief), rice (grain), wheat (flour), and millet (grain and flour). Pulses include all varieties excluding French beans. 134. Bread only refers to ready-made products and does not include bread prepared in the household as the ingredients (wheat flour, cooking fat/oils) are already included in the Form; while baby foods (cereals) refer to purchased baby foods (e.g. Cerelac) rather than food prepared in the household for consumption by children.

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Meat and Products 135. Beef should include all forms of cattle meat i.e. beef with bones, beef without bones, bones, beef sausages and offal (matumbo). Game meat includes kadzora (defined in Taylor, 1891, as a mole), maungu (worms), crickets, and meat from any non-domesticated animal. Dairy Products/Oils and Fats 136. Milk refers to any form of milk e.g. cow, goat, sheep and camel, whether packeted or unpacketed. Examples of cooking fats are Kimbo, Joma, Kasuku and Cowboy. Cooking oils refer to liquid oils such as corn and salad oils. Others refer to oils such as lard from butcheries. Fruits, Vegetables, Roots and Tubers 137. Expenditures on fruits include ripe and green bananas, although green bananas are normally classified under vegetables. The list of commonly used vegetables and roots are indicated in the questionnaire. All other types of vegetables such as pumpkins, coriander (dania), spinach, amaranthus (terere), and so on should be coded under other vegetables. Madzungu is a small poisonous plant that only becomes important during hard times such as drought. It has a big tuber which looks like a pot. After peeling and putting it in a flowing stream overnight, the toxins reduce, thus making it edible. Sugar, Beverages and Flavors 138. Sugar includes white, brown and jaggery (nguru). Common beverages and flavors are given on the Form. Meals Eaten Out 139. This refers to total cost of all meals and snacks eaten out by the members of the household, individually or collectively. Sodas, juices and fruits are listed separately. Water 140. Note that where a household pays a porter to deliver water or purchase water from neighbors, the expenses should be added when calculating water expenses incurred by the household last month. Water expenses should only include expenses on water for domestic use. Batteries 141. Batteries include the cost of dry cells and for charging a car battery solely for domestic use i.e. not for use in a mode of transport. Tobacco and Alcoholic Beverages 142. Tobacco and alcoholic beverages include tobacco, khat (miraa) and cigarettes.

Transport and Communication 143. Transport and communication expenditures include car/motorcycle service/repair, bicycle repair, petrol, diesel and engine oil expenses, and other costs e.g. bus and matatu fares. Domestic Workers 144. Ask respondent whether the household spent any money in the last month on cooks, housemaids (ayahs), or watchmen and enter the responses in Form M/L/B/6, columns 69-71. Any amount spent on these workers should be recorded even if the service rendered was for a shorter duration.

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Other personal care 145. Other personal care includes powder, soap, toothpaste, lotions, deodorants, perfumes, aftershave, body oil, ladies toiletries, other. Other Medical Costs 146. Other medical care includes over-the-counter drugs and medicinal herbs.

HOUSEHOLD NON-REGULAR EXPENDITURES FOR ONE YEAR: FORM M/L/B/7 147. The enumerator should probe the respondents to recall all the possible transactions of such goods and services which the household made in the last one year. This category includes clothing and footwear, furniture, utensils, etc. The treatment of the items should be the same as for regular expenditures only that the reference period has changed from one month to one year. 148. A survey design which involves consecutive visits to the same household is said to be bounded if the recall is based on the period since my last visit. Under this definition, a reference period (last 12 months, last month) used in this survey is not bounded. Unbounded recall over a long period can lead to telescoping (mis-dating) errors, with consequent over-reporting or underreporting. The responses are likely to be affected by recall loss (forgetting an event that occurred during the reference period) and telescoping errors (forgetting when an event occurred). The reference period for non-regular expenditures is calendar year 2000. Clothing and Footwear 149. Other clothing includes blankets, bed-sheets, towels, clothing materials, handkerchiefs and so on. School uniforms should be recorded under education expenses rather than clothing and footwear. Other footwear costs include repair, polish, other maintenance, and so on. Furniture and Utensils 150. Furniture include the purchase and repair of sofas; dining, dressing, working tables; chairs, beds, stools, cupboards, bookshelves, wardrobes, etc. Utensils include glassware, tableware and household utensils (cutlery, glasses, cups, saucers, bowls, teapot, plates, spoons, knives, sufurias, forks, frying pans, basins, bucket, brooms, etc). Farm Implements 151. Farm implements include hoes, machetes, shovels and ploughs.

CROP PRODUCTION AND DISPOSAL (FORMS M/L/B/8A AND 8B) 152. In the local context, the peak of the short rains is September-December and that of the long rains is March-July. Since the year 2000 short-rains crops have not been harvested, the short rains will refer to September-December 1999, while long rains will refer to March-July 2000. 153. Enter the area in acres to one decimal place under each crop for the short rains and long rains separately. Area planted should include all land accessed by the household, whether owned or not. In case of inter-cropping, enter the acreage under each crop. Enter the crop harvest for each season in kilograms. The crop harvest may not balance with disposal (sales, home consumption, quantity in store) due to omission of amounts given to labor, retention as seeds, gifts given out, and postharvest losses (e.g. theft,

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and destruction by animals and pests). If such situations arise during the survey, you should give details in the questionnaire and the notebook provided. LIVESTOCK AND LIVESTOCK PRODUCTS (FORM M/L/B/9) 154. The Form solicits information on changes in livestock in the last 12 months, i.e. December 1999 to December 2000. Enquire the number of the different categories of livestock that were owned by the household 12 months ago, i.e. December 1999. The current stock of livestock is supposed to equal the stock one year ago plus acquisitions in year 2000 (births, gifts received, and purchases) minus disposals (deaths, gifts given out, sales, and home consumption). Note that it is possible for a household that did not own a particular species of livestock in December 1999 to own it in December 2000. The changes in stock between the two reference dates may not balance due to illegal activities e.g. thefts and restocking through rustling. If such situations arise during the survey, you should give details in the questionnaire and the notebook provided. The shaded parts of the Form refer to inapplicable cases e.g. egg production from cattle or milk production from chicken. HOUSEHOLD NON-AGRICULTURAL INCOME (FORMS M/L/B/10 AND M/L/B/11) 155. Forms M/L/B/10 and M/L/B/11 have four sections: paid employee income, own-account worker, transfers and other sources of income, and land holding. PAID EMPLOYEE RECORD (FORM M/L/B/10) 156. This section seeks information on incomes of paid employees in the household. Paid employees are individuals who work for pay. The reference period is one month. Serial Number and Name 157. Begin a line for each individual. Fill in the serial number and name of the individual. Be sure the serial number of each individual is the same as that reported on Form M/L/B/1. Type of Industry 158. Try to determine the industry or economic activity in which the respondent is working. Economic activity is defined in terms of kinds of goods produced or services supplied by the unit or establishment in which the person works. Write down the main economic activity and its corresponding code. However, if you are unsure of the appropriate activity, enter any relevant information in the space provided to the right of columns 14-15. For example, you may wish to enter the main products of the company or institution employing the household member, or the services it provides. This information is important and the survey personnel will use it to assign the correct industry or activity. 159. Ask the respondent the location of the worksite where the employee works. For those in paid employment within Lango Baya location, the list of industries is as follows: National Water Conservation and Pipeline Corporation (NAWACO), teaching, medical, provincial administration, other government employees, herders, farm hands, restaurants and hotels, domestic workers, and other. For those whose worksites are outside Lango Baya location, the list of industries or activity codes include agriculture, forestry, fishing, mining and quarrying, manufacturing, construction, electricity and water, wholesale/ retail trade and personal/household services, hotels and restaurants, transport and communications, financial/ insurance services, public administration and security, education, health, and other not elsewhere classified. Monthly Cash Income 160. Monthly cash income refers to cash incomes from paid employment. Respondents may be hesitant to disclose their incomes, and you should be careful not to express any interest in their answers.

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Do not offer any figure to the respondent. Some respondents may wish to have their names removed from the Form before they answer this question. If they wish to use initials only, that is sufficient. However, be sure to enter the proper serial number of the respondent. Also, some respondents may wish to keep this information from their spouses. One possibility is to have them write their earnings on a slip of paper and hand it to you or show you their pay slips. To help you fill particulars pertaining to monthly cash incomes, it is necessary to note that in normal circumstances, gross salary is equal to basic gross salary plus housing allowance plus other allowances and benefits, commissions and gratuities. 161. Monthly deductions are essentially compulsory. They are regular deductions like income tax, NSSF, NHIF, local authority service charge, pension dues, union dues, etc. If the respondent has other deductions like loan repayment, life policy premiums, etc, these are not compulsory deductions although they might appear in his pay slip, and should not be netted out. Total gross income less all the above deductions will give the net income of the respondent or the take-home-pay plus non-compulsory deductions e.g. voluntary savings and servicing of cooperative/ bank loans. In-kind Income per Month 162. Income-in-kind received refers to employer provided goods and services such as food, housing, clothing, transport, etc. The respondent should estimate the value received per month, and enter this amount in the appropriate columns. Note that there is no monetary transaction involved in income-inkind. Clothing received in kind includes working uniforms. The value of in-kind income should be apportioned to arrive at a monthly figure. Monthly Pension 163. This refers to amounts given to pensioners on a regular basis, and normally received on a monthly basis. The question solicits information on the pension received or accruing for November 2000. INCOME OF BUSINESS OWNERS AND THE SELF-EMPLOYED (FORM M/L/B/10) 164. This Form seeks particulars on incomes of business owners who are essentially self-employed persons. Self-employed persons are those individuals who operate an unincorporated enterprise or business. The business may be an office, shop, factory, roadside stand, matatu, and may be located at the home (e.g. home-brewed beer and wine for sale) or have no fixed location. The reference period is one month. Serial Number and Name 165. Begin a line for each individual. Fill in the serial number and name of the individual. Be sure the serial number of each individual is the same as that reported on M/L/B/1 for that particular individual. Type of Industry 166. For all household members 12 years and above and who are business owners or self-employed, fill in the appropriate industry or activity code as described in the paid employee record. If a household member operates businesses in more than one activity or operates a business which encompasses more than one activity, for each activity repeat the serial number of the household member and fill the details of the activity on a separate line. However, if you are unsure of the appropriate activity, enter any relevant information in the space provided to the right of columns 33-34. 167. There is normally slight confusion on sector/industrial classification between production, trade and services. For example, a tailor is a tailor (to use a tautology), while one who buys ready-made clothes for resale is included in trade.

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Status 168. The respondent may be either owner of the enterprise he operates or an unpaid family worker. An unpaid family worker is usually a person who works without pay in an economic enterprise operated by a related person living in the same household. Thus, the person who works in his/her own enterprise and the unpaid family worker are both self-employed persons. Enter the appropriate status code in column 35. Unpaid family workers should not answer questions relating to employment and incomes from the enterprise (columns 36-37 to 67-68). Employment 169. The persons engaged (employment) comprises all those reported to have worked fulltime, parttime or occasionally in the establishment during the reference period. Included are wage employees (both regular and occasional), self-employed proprietors and unpaid family workers. 170. The purpose of the question is to get the total number of employees who normally worked in the enterprise during the reference period, rather than the diverse individuals who worked in the enterprise. For example, if there was only one position but different individuals took up the position on different days, the total number of workers will be recorded as 1. NOTE THAT the total number of employees reported should not exceed the number of persons who worked in the enterprise in a normal working day during the reference period. Numbers of Persons Employed 171. If the member of the household owns a business, put the number of paid employees in his business in columns 36-37, the number of unpaid employees in columns 38-39, and the total in columns 40-41. Monthly Gross Income 172. Gross entrepreneurial income consists of profits i.e. operating surplus before allowance for depreciation. If more than one member of the household are engaged in a particular family enterprise, all the profit should be recorded against the household head. The revenue may arise from sales, fees, commissions, interest earned (e.g. for deposit-taking institutions) or other services rendered. 173. The basis for calculating monthly sales and outlays are commonly determined by the needs of a particular survey. Options include the previous month, the latest month with complete records, or the monthly average over a particular period of time (especially for enterprises with widely fluctuating sales and outlays). This survey seeks information on monthly average sales, outlays and profits. 174. If certain goods and services are not physically sold but removed for household use, impute a value which would have been received if the goods were actually sold and enter this amount as in-kind income. For instance, retail-shop owners may take household goods for home use e.g. sugar or maize flour. The net profit made by the business is the net income. Monthly costs 175. All monthly costs incurred in running the business should be entered in the appropriate columns, i.e. wages/salaries paid in cash, cost of goods or inputs and operating costs like electricity, telephone, rent, indirect taxes, insurance, loan interest, transport, equipment, water, security, etc. Impute a value for wages/salaries paid in kind e.g. food, clothing, housing, etc. 176. Gross wages and salaries are cash and in-kind payments relating to a given period including remuneration for time worked, overtime, piecework, bonuses, remuneration according to the law for hours not worked (e.g. holidays, sick leave and maternity), and supplements for night work.

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Own-Consumption from Business 177. The respondent should estimate the value of goods/services withdrawn from the business for household consumption. Note that there is no physical monetary transaction involved. Net Income/profit 178. A minus sign should precede a negative net income (loss), while a positive sign must precede a profit. Is Business Co-owned with Other Households? 179. If business is co-owned with member(s) of other households, code 1 in column 66, otherwise code 2. Respondents Share of Net Income 180. If the business is co-owned give the respondents share of net income from the business in columns 67-68. OTHER SOURCES OF INCOME (FORM M/L/B/11) 181. These include income from investment (interest/dividends), rental income and lease of land, with a reference period of one year. Rental income is for letting out property he/she owns, excluding land which will be recorded separately. You should exclude very temporary dwellings e.g. those built of cartons. Interest income includes earnings from bank savings, and investments in stocks and bonds. Rental Income 182. Record in columns 13-17 the amount the household received for year 2000 from rent for letting out property he/she owns under actual rent. You should exclude very temporary dwellings e.g. those built of cartons. Interest Income 183. The respondent may save money in banks, invest in stocks and bonds or give loans. Such interest, if received in the year 2000, should be recorded in columns 18-22. Dividends 184. All dividends received in year 2000 by the respondent from owning stocks and shares in corporate enterprises should be recorded in columns 18-22. HOUSEHOLD TRANSFERS (FORM M/L/B/11) 185. The Form seeks particulars on all cash and in-kind transfers into and out of the household during the year. Transfers are non-refundable receipts or payments which could be in the form of gifts or grants. One should also look at transfers as receipts or payments for services not rendered. 186. For respondents with homes in different locations as a result of labor migration or marriage to more than one current spouse, remittances (cash or in-kind) to family members not listed in the household composition particulars are likely to be substantial.

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187. Goods stolen from a responding household during the reference period should not be reported as a transfer since it was involuntary and particulars of the beneficiary may not be known. Transfers/Gifts Received 188. Indicate in columns 28-32 (cash) and 33-37 (imputed value of in-kind gifts) the amounts received.

Transfers/Gifts Given Out 189. For gifts and grants during the year, enter the cash value of the transfer in columns 38-42 (cash gifts given out) and 43-48 (imputed value of in-kind gifts given out). LAND HOLDING (FORM M/L/B/11) 190. Solicit information on all land parcels owned by the household and record Yes or No in column 49 and the location of each parcel in column 50. Space is provided for three parcels. If the household owns more than three parcels, record the details at the bottom of the Form. Enquire the size (in acres) of the holding to the nearest one decimal place. If the holding size is 3.4 acres enter 003.4. Enquire also whether the holding has a title deed, and enter 1 for Yes and 2 for No in column 55. For a household that does not own land, enquire how it obtains access to land for crop and/or livestock purpose, and the size of land the household accesses and record accordingly. Land purchased should be included under land owned whether issuance of title deed has been completed or not. 191. Respondents can report sizes of land parcels in hectares, acres, or dimensions of rectangular/square measurements (e.g. 100 by 100 feet). The sizes of land should be recorded in the measurements given by the respondent and converted to acres later e.g. 1 hectare = 2.471 acres.

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PROCEDURE FOR ANALYZING INCOME AND EXPENDITURE DATA 192. Household Income 1.1 1.2 Income from paid employment Income from self-employment (working alone) and employer (business) enterprise 1.2.1 Cash income 1.2.2 In-kind income (domestic consumption of goods and services) 1.2.3 Net income (1.2.1 + 1.2.2) Income from rents, interest, pensions, etc 1.3.1 Lease/rent of land and other rental income 1.3.2 Interest/dividends received 1.3.3 Pensions Cash transfers (remittances) 1.4.1 Cash transfers in 1.4.2 Cash transfers out 1.4.3 Net cash transfers (1.4.1 less 1.4.2) 1.4.4 In-kind transfers in 1.4.5 In-kind transfers out 1.4.6 Net in-kind transfers (1.4.4 less 1.4.5)

1.3

1.4

193.

Household Consumption Expenditure 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.10 1.11. Food: Purchases and own consumption Fuel and power Water Household operations (soaps and detergents, batteries, matches, domestic workers) Alcoholic beverages and tobacco Transport and communications Personal and medical care Clothing and footwear Education Furniture, furnishings, household equipment and operation Miscellaneous goods and services

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CLASSIFICATION OF EXPENDITURE CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURE 1. Food 1.0 Cereals and cereal products 1.0.1 Cereals (rice, maize grain, green grams, kidney beans, millet, chick peas, dry peas, other grains, wheat flour, maize flour, uji flour, corn flour) 1.0.2 Bread and cereal products (bread, cakes, biscuits, mandazi, buns, spaghetti, macaroni, porridge oats, breakfast cereals) Meat, fish and eggs 1.1.1 Meat (beef, pork, chicken-live, goat meat, sheep meat, chicken-frozen, matumbo, turkey, bacon, ham, sausages, hot dog, tinned corned beef) 1.1.2 Fish (fresh, frozen, tinned fish, fish fillets, prawns, dried fish) 1.1.3 Eggs (fresh) Milk and milk products 1.2.1 Milk (fresh milk, powdered, tinned, cream, yoghurt, ice cream, mala, baby milk, UHT) 1.2.2 Butter (salted, unsalted, peanut) 1.2.3 Cheese and other milk products (processed, cooking) Oils and fats 1.3.1 oils (cooking, corn, salad, olive) 1.3.2 Fats other than butter (margarine, Kimbo, ghee, lard) Fruits, vegetables and tubers 1.4.1 Fruits (bananas, oranges, papaws, avocados, mangoes, pineapples, passion fruits, pears, peaches, plums, apples, lemons, grape fruit, strawberries, melons, tangerines, coconut) 1.4.2 Vegetables (onion, cabbage, carrots, tomatoes, spinach, sukuma wiki, capsicums, cucumber, French beans, lettuce, courgette, celery, mushrooms, cauliflower, aubergines, matoke, green maize, pumpkins, terere) 1.4.3 Potatoes and other tubers (English, sweet potatoes, arrowroots, cassava, yams) Sugar, salt and spices 1.5.1 Sugar (refined, brown, jaggery, icing, cubes) 1.5.2 Salt and spices (salt, curry powder, chilly powder, black pepper, ginger powder, mchuzi mix, garlic powder) Coffee, tea and cocoa 1.6.1 Coffee (instant, fresh) 1.6.2 Tea (leaves, bags) 1.6.3 Cocoa (Milo/Bournvita, drinking chocolate, cocoa) Prepared foods 1.7.1 Prepared foods (tinned foods, baby foods, tinned soup-packet, peanuts, crisp, prickles)

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5

1.6

1.7

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1.7.2 1.7.3 1.7.4 2.

Preserves (tomato sauce, honey, chilly sauce, salad dressings, soya sauce, jams, marmalades) Confectionery (sweets, chocolates, chewing gum, toffees) Miscellaneous (vinegar, baking powder, yeast, mustard, glucose)

Drinks and tobacco 2.1 Drinks 2.1.1 Alcoholic (beer, wine, whisky, brandy, spirits, liquor, cider) 2.1.2 Non-alcoholic (squashes, soda, mineral waters) Tobacco and tobacco products (cigarettes, tobacco, miraa, snuff)

2.2 3.

Clothing and footwear 3.1 Clothing other than footwear 3.1.1 Clothing materials (dress material, kanga, wool, sewing accessories - thread, needles, buttons, zips) 3.1.2 Ready-made clothing (mens clothing - shirt, trouser, underwear, suit, sweaters, other; womens clothing - dress, blouse, skirt, jacket, underwear, sweaters, other; childrens clothing - school uniform, shirt/blouse, shorts/skirt, underwear, sweaters, other) 3.1.3 Tailoring (dress) 3.1.4 Repairs to clothing other than footwear Footwear including repairs 3.2.1 Footwear (mens - leather, plastic, rubber, other; womens - leather, plastic, tennis, rubber, other; childrens - leather, plastic, tennis, rubber, other) 3.2.2 Repairs to footwear

3.2

Housing 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 House rent (cash) Rental value of rent-free housing Rental value of owner-occupied housing Repairs and maintenance (painting, roof, tiles)

5.

Fuel and power 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 Electricity Gas (including liquefied petroleum gases) Liquid fuels (heating and lighting oils) (Kerosene, paraffin) Other fuels (coal, firewood, charcoal, briquettes) Water charges and garbage/sewerage disposal

6.

Furniture, furnishings, household equipment and operation 6.1 Furniture, fixtures and floor coverings

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6.1.1 6.1.2 6.2

Furniture, fixtures and floor coverings (sofas; dining, dressing, working tables; chairs, beds, stools, cupboards, bookshelves, wardrobes, etc.) Repair of furniture, fixtures and floor coverings

Household textiles and other furnishings and repairs 6.2.1 Household textiles and other furnishings (curtains, bed sheets, bed covers, pillows, mattress, towels, blankets, table cloth, napkins, mosquito nets) 6.2.2 Repair of household textiles and other furnishings Heating, cooking appliances, refrigerators, washing machines, air conditioners, including fittings and repairs 6.3.1 Heating, cooking appliances, refrigerators, washing machines, air conditioners (refrigerator, washing machine, iron, heater, sewing machine, vacuum cleaner, electric juicer, toasters, pressure cooker, electric kettle, fans, lawn mower) 6.3.2 Repair of heating, cooking appliances, refrigerators, washing machines, air conditioners Glassware, tableware and household utensils 6.4.1 Glassware, tableware and household utensils (cutlery, glasses, cups, saucers, bowls, tea pot, plates, spoons, knives, sufurias, forks, frying pans, basins, bucket, brooms) 6.4.2 Repair of glassware, tableware and household utensils Nondurable household goods (washing soap, detergents, dish washing liquids, insecticides/disinfectants, matches, candles, shoe polish, air fresheners, lavatory cleaners, floor polish, toilet paper, Dettol, bulbs, brooms, torches, brushes) Household services 6.6.1 Domestic services (cooks, domestic servants, cleaners) 6.6.2 Other household services (gardener, watchman)

6.3

6.4

6.5

6.6

7.

Transport and communication 7.1 7.2 Personal transport equipment (motorcars - saloon, station wagon, pickup, other; bicycles, scooter) Operation of personal transport 7.2.1 Tires, tubes, parts, accessories, and repairs (tires, tubes, car batteries, spark plugs, clutch plates, brake lining, alarm, other) 7.2.2 Petrol, oils, greases (petrol, engine oil, brake fluid, battery, battery water) 7.2.3 Chauffeur and driver services (drivers) 7.2.4 Other expenditures (ferry and road tolls, car service, driving lessons) Purchased transport services 7.3.1 Road, rail and inland transport (country bus fares, train fares, local bus fares, matatus, car hire, taxi hire) 7.3.2 Air and ocean transport (local air fares, international, boat, ship fares)

7.3

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7.4

Communication services 7.4.1 Post (postage stamps) and telegraph (box rental, inland postage, air mail, express, telegraphs, telex) 7.4.2 Telephone (telephone rental, local calls, trunk, overseas calls)

8.

Medical care and health services 8.1 Medical and pharmaceutical products (medicines, vitamins, cough syrup, cod and halibut liver oils, cotton wool, antiseptic, first aid - bandages, tapes, other) Therapeutic appliances and equipment (eye glasses, hearing aids, orthopedic supports, wheelchairs, others) Medical, optical, paramedical and dental services (doctors, dentists, opticians, specialists, nurses, who are not employed by hospitals) Hospital and related care (room, operations, delivery, ambulance, X-ray, physiotherapy)

8.2 8.3

8.4 9.

Education, recreation, entertainment and cultural services 9.1 Education 9.1.1 School fees and other related charges (nursery, primary, secondary, training and technical colleges, university) 9.1.2 School books and stationery (writing, textbooks, schoolbags, school uniform) 9.1.3 School transport (bus, private) 9.1.4 Boarding and lodging expenses at school 9.1.5 Private tuition (academic) 9.1.6 PTA school development fund Books, newspapers and magazines (other than school) 9.2.1 Books (novels, dictionary, religious) 9.2.2 Newspapers (daily, overseas) 9.2.3 Magazines (weekly, monthly) Equipment and accessories for recreation and entertainment 9.3.1 Audio-visual equipment (TV, video, video cassettes) 9.3.2 Musical instruments (cassette, recorder+radio, radio, record player, record, piano) 9.3.3 Photographic equipment (camera, projector) 9.3.4 Other durable equipment 9.3.5 Nondurable goods 9.3.6 Accessories and repairs (films, developing) Recreational, entertainment and cultural services (cinemas, stadium, clubs, national parks, traditional dances, disco-nightclubs) Writing and drawing equipment and supplies (pens, pencils, envelopes, writing pads, rulers, markers, ink, other)

9.2

9.3

9.4 9.5

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10.

Miscellaneous 10.1 Personal care, personal effects and personal goods 10.1.1 Personal care services (hairdressing, barber, beautician, massage) 10.1.2 Personal care goods (powder, soap, toothpaste, lotions, deodorants, perfumes, aftershave, body oil, other) 10.1.3 Jewellery, watches, etc. (jewellery, watches, other) 10.1.4 Other personal goods (shavers, razors, clocks, sunglasses) Expenditure on hotels, restaurants, etc. 10.2.1 Hotels (full-board stay) 10.2.2 Restaurants, cafes, etc. (meals eaten out - lunch, dinner, breakfast) Expenditure on package tours 10.3.1 Transport 10.3.2 Accommodation 10.3.3 Food 10.3.4 Other elements (games, sports, entertainment, sight-seeing) Goods not elsewhere classified Services not elsewhere classified

10.2

10.3

10.4 10.5

NON-CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURE 1. Direct taxes 1.1 1.2 2. 3. Income tax Other direct taxes

Taxes, duties, fees, service charge and other compulsory charges Pension and social security contributions and insurance premium 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 Pension contributions (by household) Provident fund contributions (by household) Social security contributions (by household) Life insurance premium (by household) Health insurance premium (by household) Property insurance premium (by household) Other insurance premium (by household)

4. 5. 6.

Remittances, gifts, Harambee and other similar transfers Subscriptions, contributions Interest on consumer debt

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TRAINING OF ENUMERATORS Objectives (a) (b) (c) To explain the concepts and unfamiliar terms used in the survey questionnaires so that they are understood and used uniformly; To enhance skills in conducting interviews and recording answers; and To develop self-confidence and capabilities to work independently.

Training Process (a) (b) Active involvement through direct experience with mock interviews and practical fieldwork; and Learn through group discussions and by asking questions.

DAY ONE: Session One: The first session, which is expected to last one hour, is intended to give participants the opportunity to get acquainted with each other, and understand the importance of the task ahead.

Session Two: The second session, lasting about one hour, will cover background of the survey, objectives, and scope and coverage. Session Three: Principles of interviewing: One and a half hours. Session Four: Concepts and definitions, geographical and sector codes: Two hours. Session Five: DAY TWO: Session One: The first session, which is expected to last four hours, will focus on instructions for completing the survey questionnaires. Review of days work, questions, group discussions, evaluation of enumerators understanding of the issues already covered: One and a half hours.

Session Two: The second session, lasting about two hours, is intended for mock interviews. The enumerators will be divided into groups of three: interviewer, respondent and observer. The observer will record how questions are asked or translated, probe questions, time spent on each section, questions not easily understood by respondents/enumerators, etc. Session Three: Review of experience in mock interviews and retraining on aspects that appear difficult to the enumerators: One hour. DAY THREE: Pre-testing of survey instruments. The clients used in the pre-test should exclude those who have been sampled for the actual survey. Enumerators must record all problems encountered during the pre-tests. DAY FOUR: Debriefing meeting with enumerators on pre-tests, preparation of notes on pre-tests, and revision of the survey instruments.

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SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRES

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ACTIONAID-KENYA MALINDI RURAL DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE LANGO BAYA BASELINE SURVEY, DECEMBER 2000 HOUSEHOLD COMPOSITION FORM M/L/B/1A
Enumerator________________ Supervisor_____________________ Sub-location 1 Name Code Name of Household Head_____________ Village 2|3 Household 4|6 Tribe of Household Head ____________ RT 7 1 TO BE COMPLETED FOR ALL MEMBERS OF THE HOUSEHOLD
Serial No. Name of household member Relation to head See code 10|11 1 2 12 Sex Age in completed years Marital status See code 14|15 16 17|18 If married, age in years when first got married Absent/ Present See code 19 Religion At school/ college fulltime (Year 2000) 1 = Yes 2 = No 21 Highest education cycle See code 22 Class/ Form completed in education cycle see Manual 23 24|25 Year highest class/ form completed Reason for not completing education cycle See code 26 School fees 27|31 Education Costs in Year 2000 (Shs)

Date of interview (dd/mm/yyyy) ___________

Replacement 1=Yes 2= No 8

Final Interview Status (see Manual) 9

1 = Male 2= Female 13

See code 20

School uniform 32|36

Books/ stationery 36|40

Other educational costs 41|45

Total 46|51

12

Column 12: 1=Head, 2= Spouse, 3 = Son, 4=Daughter, 5=Grandchild, 6=Parent, 7=Other relative, 8=Domestic employee, 9=Non-relative Column 16: 1=Never married, 2=Married monogamous, 3=Married polygamous, 4=Separated, 5=Divorced, 6=Widowed, 7=Other (specify) Column 19: 1=Usually present, 2=Usually absent less than three months, 3=Longer absence Column 20: 1=None, 2=Tradionalist, 3=Muslim, 4=Catholic, 5=Protestant, 6=Other Christian, 7=Other (specify) Column 22: 1=None, 2=Madrassa, 3=Pre-primary, 4=Primary, 5=Secondary, 6=University, 7=Other (specify) Column 26: 1=Pregnancy, 2=Marriage, 3=Lack of fees, 4=Failed exam, 5=Illness, 6=Employment, 7=Family labor, 8=Not interested, 9=N/A, 10=Other (specify)

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ACTIONAID-KENYA MALINDI RURAL DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE LANGO BAYA BASELINE SURVEY, DECEMBER 2000 HOUSEHOLD COMPOSITION FORM M/L/B/1B
Enumerator________________ Supervisor_____________________ Sub-location 1 Name Code TO BE COMPLETED FOR ALL MEMBERS OF THE HOUSEHOLD Serial No. Name of household member If No in Column 21 Can read a simple statement in any language? 1=Yes 2=No 52 Can write a simple statement in any language? 1=Yes 2=No 53 Highest vocational/ professional certificate attained See code Main occupation See code Is .. Member of any self-help group? 1=Yes 2=No If Yes in column 57, type of group See code Sick last two weeks? 1=Yes 2=No Type of sickness See code 54 55|56 57 58|59 60 61|62 If Yes in column 60 First action taken See code 63 Second action taken See code 64 See code 65 Disabilities Village 2|3 Name of Household Head_____________ Household 4|6 Tribe of Household Head ____________ RT 7 1 Date of interview (dd/mm/yyyy) ___________ Replacement 1=Yes 2= No 8 Final Interview Status (see Manual) 9

10|11

Column 54: 1=None, 2=Teaching, 3=Medical, 4=Carpentry, 5= Masonry, 6=Tailoring/ Dressmaking, 7=Secretarial, 8=Accounts, 9=Other postsecondary (specify) Columns 55-56: 1=Public sector employee, 2= Farmer, 3=Family worker, 4=Own account worker (owner), 5=Own account (unpaid family worker), 6=Domestic employee elsewhere, 7=Other private sector employee, 8=Student, 9=Unemployed, 10=N/A, 11=Other (specify) Columns 58-59: 1= Farming, 2=Soap making, 3=Firewood/ Charcoal trade, 4=Bicycle repair, 5=Handwork (makuti, mats, baskets, winnowing trays, brooms), 6=Beekeeping, 7=Livestock rearing, 8=Selling grains/ flour, 9=Other (specify) Columns 61-62: 1=Vomit/ diarrhea, 2=Malaria, 3=Cough/ cold, 4=Upper respiratory tract infection, 5=Worm infestation, 6=Measles, 7=Bilharzias, 8=Urinary tract infection, 9=Injury & burns, 10=Skin diseases/ wounds, 11=Elephantiasis, 12=Hernia, 13=Other (specify) Columns 63 and 64: 1=N/A, 2=Nothing, 3=Traditional healer, 4=OTC drugs, 5=Dispensary/ Clinic, 6=Hospital, 7=Other (specify) Column 65: 1=Seeing, 2=Hearing, 3=Speaking, 4=Upper limbs, 5=Lower limbs, 6=Hunch, 7=Mental, 8=None

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ACTIONAID-KENYA MALINDI RURAL DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE LANGO BAYA BASELINE SURVEY, DECEMBER 2000 CHILD WELFARE, CHILD IMMUNIZATION AND MATERNAL HEALTH FORM M/L/B/2
Enumerator________________ Sub-location 1 Name Code
Serial number of child Name of child Serial number of mother Month/ year of birth Who did (name) mainly see for antenatal care during the last pregnancy? Place of delivery Who assisted in child delivery? Does child have a health card? Does the child have BCG scar? BCG POLIO B (given at birth) 1=Yes 2=No 22 Has the child received each of the following vaccinations? Age in weeks when child got first immunization Is child still breastfeeding? Months exclusively breastfed

Supervisor_____________________ Village 2|3

Date of interview (dd/mm/yyyy) ___________ Household 4|6 RT 7 2

Months breastfed Main type of first supplement Did mother receive TT injection during the latest pregnancy? Does mother use any form of family planning? If Yes in Col. 39, which method does she use?

POLIO 1

POLIO 2

POLIO 3

DPT 1

DPT 2

DPT 3

Measles

MM/YY 8|9 10|11 12|15

See code 16

See code 17

See code 18

1=Yes 2=No 19

1=Yes 2=No 20

1=Yes 2=No 21

1=Yes 2=No 23

1=Yes 2=No 24

1=Yes 2=No 25

1=Yes 2=No 26

1=Yes 2=No 27

1=Yes 2=No 28

1=Yes 2=No 29

30|31

1=Yes 2=No 32

See code 33|34 35|36 37

1=Yes 2=No 38

1=Yes 2=No 39

See code 40

Column 16: 1=None, 2=Doctor, 3=Nurse/midwife, 4=TBA (wakunga), 5=Relative/ Friend, 6=Other (specify) Column 17: 1=Hospital/ health facility, 2=At home/ outside health facility, 3=Other (specify) Column 18: 1=Doctor, 2=Nurse/ midwife, 3=TBA (wakunga), 4=Self, 5= Relative/ Friend, 6=Other (Specify) Column 37: 1= Milk other than breast, 2=Commercial Infant Food/ Formula, 3=Plain Uji- Maize, 4=Semi-solids (e.g. mashed potatoes/ bananas), 5=Other (specify), 6=N/A (still exclusively breastfeeding) Column 40: 1= Pill, 2=IUD, 3=Injection, 4=Condom, 5=Female sterilization, 6=Other (specify)

152

ACTIONAID-KENYA MALINDI RURAL DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE LANGO BAYA BASELINE SURVEY, DECEMBER 2000 LABOR FORCE PARTICULARS, PREVIOUS WEEK FORM M/L/B/3
Enumerator________________ Sub-location 1 Name Code Supervisor_____________________ Village 2|3 Date of interview (dd/mm/yyyy) ___________ Household 4|6 RT 7 3

TO BE ADMINISTERED TO THOSE AGED 5 YEARS AND OVER

Name of household member Serial No. from M/L/B/1 8|9 Crop farming 10|11 Livestock rearing 12|13 Charcoal burning 14|15 LABOR ALLOCATION OF TIME IN THE LAST SEVEN DAYS (IN HOURS) Water Collecting Fishing Hunting Tapping/ Other own/ family fetching firewood selling mnazi business and hawking 16|17 18|19 20|21 22|23 24|25 26|27 Paid employment 28|29 Housekeeping chores e.g. cooking 30|31 School/ college attendance 32|33 Other (specify) 34|35 TOTAL 36|37

153

ACTIONAID-KENYA MALINDI RURAL DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE LANGO BAYA BASELINE SURVEY, DECEMBER 2000 HOUSING, ASSETS AND AMENITIES FORM M/L/B/4
Enumerator________________ Sub-location 1 Name Code Tenure of the main dwelling unit Construction materials of the main dwelling unit Type of wall See code 9 Type of floor See code 10 Type of roof See code 11 Main source of water Wet season See code 12 Dry season See code 13 Distance to water source one way (km) Wet season 14|15 Dry season See code 16|17 18 19 20|21 22|23 Who normally collects the water? Number of 20-litre containers currently collected per day Water cost in Shs of 20-litre container Wet season Dry season See code 24 See code 25 See code 26 See code 27 See code 28 Water treatment before drinking Supervisor_____________________ Village 2|3 Date of interview (dd/mm/yyyy) ___________ Household 4|6 RT 7 4 Disposal of human excreta Main type of cooking fuel Cooking arrangements Main type of lighting fuel

Distance in kilometers one way to the: Nearest health Nearest primary facility school 29|30 31|32

Kerosene stove 33

Bicycle 34

Radio/ cassette Player 35

Torch 36

Sewing machine 37

NUMBER OF ASSETS OWNED Motorcycle Iron Posho Plough box mill 38 39 40 41

Granary 42

TV/ Video 43

Wheelbarrow 44

Handcart 45

Car/ Pickup 46

Other (specify) 47

Column 8: 1=Rented, 2=Employer provided, 3=Rent-free, 4=Owner Occupied (own land), 5=Owner of unit (not own land), 6= Other (specify) Column 9: 1=Grass, 2=Mud, 3=Plastered mud, 4=Stone/ cement, 5=Other (specify) Column 10: 1=Earth, 2=Stone/ cement, 3=Timber, 4=Other (specify) Column 11: 1=Makuti, 2=Grass, 3=Iron sheet, 4=Tiles, 5=Other (specify) Columns 12 and 13: 1=Piped, 2=River, 3=Stagnant ponds/ wells, 4= Shallow wells, 5=Other (specify) Column 18: 1=Wife, 2=Husband, 3=Female children, 4=Male children, 5=Wife and female children, 6=Husband and male children, 7=Worker/ vendor, 8=Other (specify), 9=N/A (water in dwelling unit) Column 24: 1=Nothing, 2=Boil, 3=Other (specify) Column 25: 1=Own pit latrine, 2=Communal pit latrine, 3=Flush toilet, 4=Bush, 5=Other (specify) Column 26: 1=Firewood, 2=Charcoal, 3=Electricity, 4=Gas, 5=Paraffin Column 27: 1=Household, 2=Extended family, 3=Other (specify) Column 28: 1=Electricity: Mains, 2=Electricity: Solar, 3=Gas, 4=Paraffin, 5=Other (specify)

154

ACTIONAID-KENYA MALINDI RURAL DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE LANGO BAYA BASELINE SURVEY, DECEMBER 2000 HOUSEHOLD FOOD PURCHASES FOR ONE MONTH, NOVEMBER 2000 FORM M/L/B/5
Enumerator________________ Supervisor_____________________ Sub-location 1 Name Code Line item BREAD Mahamuri/ buns MAIZE Grain 8 QUANTITY UNIT PRICE/UNIT TOTAL COST 1 2 3 4 9|12 13|16 17|20 Flour 21|24 Food Relief 25|28 CEREALS Rice Grain 29|32 Wheat Flour 33|36 Millet Grain 37|40 Flour 41|44 45|48 49|52 53|56 57|60 61|64 65|68 69|72 73|76 BEANS Pigeon peas (mbaazi) Cowpeas (kunde) Village 2|3 Date of interview (dd/mm/yyyy) ___________ RT 7 5 Green grams (pojo) Beef Goat Sheep Chicken MEAT Fish Fresh 77|80 Dried 81|84 85|88 89|92 93|96 Prawns Game meat (e.g. kadzora &maungu) MILK

Household 4|6

Line item

EGGS Cooking Fat

OILS & FATS Cooking oils Samli (local ghee) Other oils & fats Bananas Ripe Cooking Oranges Papaws

FRUITS Pineapples Mangoes Passion Fruit Tangerines (machenza) Other fruits Sukuma wiki (kale) Mchicha Black nightshade (mnavu)

VEGETABLES Pumpkins Madzungu Ladyfinger /okra (mabenda) Brinjals (biriganya) Eggplant (mafa)

8
QUANTITY UNIT PRICE/UNIT TOTAL COST 1 2 3 4

9|12

13|16

17|20

21|24

25|28

29|32

33|36

37|40

41|44

45|48

49|52

53|56

57|60

61|64

65|68

69|72

73|76

77|80

81|84

85|88

89|92

93|96

155

Line item Tomatoes

VEGETABLES Cabbages Onions Other vegetables English potatoes

ROOTS & TUBERS Sweet potatoes Cassava Other roots/ tubers

SUGAR White/ Brown Tea leaves Coffee

BEVERAGES Cocoa and products Madafu Soda and juices

Salt

Coconut milk (huwi)

Other spices/ flavors

Meals eaten out

Other foodstuffs

8
QUANTITY UNIT PRICE/UNIT TOTAL COST 1 2 3 4

9|12

13|16

17|20

21|24

25|28

29|32

33|36

37|40

41|44

45|48

49|52

53|56

57|60

61|64

65|68

69|72

73|76

77|80

81|84

UNIT CODE: 1= Kilograms, 2 = Grams, 3 = Litres, 4 = Number, 5 = Bundle, 6 = Other (specify)

156

ACTIONAID-KENYA MALINDI RURAL DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE LANGO BAYA BASELINE SURVEY, DECEMBER 2000 HOUSEHOLD REGULAR PURCHASES FOR ONE MONTH: NOVEMBER 2000 FORM M/L/B/6
Enumerator________________ Supervisor_____________________ Sub-location 1 Name Code
Line item FUEL FOR COOKING AND LIGHTING Firewood Charcoal Paraffin Gas Electricity WATER Soaps and Detergents Batteries Beer

Date of interview (dd/mm/yyyy) ___________ RT 7 6

ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES AND TOBACCO Local Brew Other alcoholic beverages

Village 2|3

Household 4|6

Cigarettes

Snuff and other tobacco products

8
QUANTITY UNIT PRICE/UNIT TOTAL COST 1 2 3 4

9|12

13|16

17|20

21|24

25|28

29|32

33|36

37|40

41|44

45|48

49|52

53|56

57|60

Line item Bicycle Repair

TRANSPORT Other transport (matatu/ bus/ rail fares)

Domestic workers Haircut (men)

PERSONAL CARE Hairdressing (women) Other personal care

Hospital charges

MEDICAL Medicine/ injections

Other regular purchases (specify) Other medical costs

8
QUANTITY UNIT PRICE/UNIT TOTAL COST 1 2 3 4

61|64

65|68

69|71

72|75

76|79

80|83

84|87

88|91

92|95

96|99

UNIT CODE: 1= Kilograms, 2 = Grams, 3 = Litres, 4 = Metres, 5 = Number, 6 = Other (specify), 7 = N/A

157

ACTIONAID-KENYA MALINDI RURAL DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE LANGO BAYA BASELINE SURVEY, DECEMBER 2000 HOUSEHOLD NON-REGULAR PURCHASES FOR ONE YEAR, 2000 FORM M/L/B/7
Enumerator________________ Supervisor_____________________ Sub-location 1 Name Code
Line item Mens Clothing Womens Clothing CLOTHING Childrens Clothing Other Clothing Mens Footwear Womens Footwear FOOTWEAR Childrens Footwear Other Footwear

Date of interview (dd/mm/yyyy) ___________ RT 7 7

Farm Implements (hoes, machetes, shovels, ploughs, etc) Furniture and utensils Other non-regular goods and services (Specify)

Village 2|3

Household 4|6

8
QUANTITY UNIT PRICE/UNIT TOTAL COST 1 2 3 4

9|12

13|16

17|20

21|24

25|28

29|32

33|36

37|40

41|44

45|48

49|52

UNIT CODE: 1= Kilograms, 2 = Grams, 3 = Litres, 4 = Metres, 5 = Number, 6 = Other (specify), 7 = N/A

158

ACTIONAID-KENYA MALINDI RURAL DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE LANGO BAYA BASELINE SURVEY, DECEMBER 2000 CROP PRODUCTION AND DISPOSAL FORM M/L/B/8A
Enumerator________________ Supervisor_____________________ Sub-location 1 Name Code
Line item 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Area planted (acres) Quantity harvested (kgs) Quantity sold (kgs) Value of sales (Shs) Average price per unit (Shs) Quantity consumed (kgs) Value of consumption (Shs) Quantity in store now (kgs) Quantity consumed, November (kgs) Value consumed, Nov ember (Shs) Coconut Palms Short rains Long rains 9|13 14|18 Maize Short rains Long rains Short rains

Date of interview (dd/mm/yyyy) ___________ RT 7 8

Cassava Long rains Short rains Onions Long rains Short rains Cowpeas Long rains

Village 2|3

Household 4|6

19|23

24|28

29|33

34|38

39|43

44|48

49|53

54|58

Line item 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Area planted (acres) Quantity harvested (kgs) Quantity sold (kgs) Value of sales (Shs) Average price per unit (Shs) Quantity consumed (kgs) Value of consumption (Shs) Quantity in store now (kgs) Quantity consumed, November (kgs) Value consumed, Nov ember (Shs)

Pigeon peas Short rains Long rains 59|63 64|68

Green Grams (pojo) Short rains Long rains

Tomatoes Short rains Long rains Short rains

Mchicha Long rains Short rains

Mnavu Long rains

69|73

74|78

79|83

84|88

89|93

94|98

99|103

104|108

159

ACTIONAID-KENYA MALINDI RURAL DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE LANGO BAYA BASELINE SURVEY, DECEMBER 2000 CROP PRODUCTION AND DISPOSAL (continued) FORM M/L/B/8B
Enumerator________________ Supervisor_____________________ Sub-location 1 Name Code
Line item 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Area planted (acres) Quantity harvested (kgs) Quantity sold (kgs) Value of sales (Shs) Average price per unit (Shs) Quantity consumed (kgs) Value of consumption (Shs) Quantity in store now (kgs) Quantity consumed, November (kgs) Value consumed, Nov ember (Shs) Short rains 9|13 Kale Long rains Capsicum- sweet pepper Short rains Long rains Brinjals Short rains Long rains Short rains

Date of interview (dd/mm/yyyy) ___________ RT 7 8

Okra Long rains Bananas Short rains Long rains Cashew nuts Short rains Long rains

Village 2|3

Household 4|6

14|18

19|23

24|28

29|33

34|38

39|43

44|48

49|53

54|58

59|63

64|68

Line item 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Area planted (acres) Quantity harvested (kgs) Quantity sold (kgs) Value of sales (Shs) Average price per unit (Shs) Quantity consumed (kgs) Value of consumption (Shs) Quantity in store now (kgs) Quantity consumed, November (kgs) Value consumed, Nov ember (Shs)

Oranges Short rains Long rains 69|73 74|78

Mangoes Short rains Long rains

Passion fruit Short rains Long rains

Tangerines Short rains Long rains

Papaw Short rains Long rains

Other (specify) Short rains Long rains

79|83

84|88

89|93

94|98

99|103

104|108

109|113

114|118

119|123

124|128

160

ACTIONAID-KENYA MALINDI RURAL DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE LANGO BAYA BASELINE SURVEY, DECEMBER 2000 LIVESTOCK AND LIVESTOCK PRODUCTS FORM M/L/B/9
Enumerator________________ Supervisor_____________________ Sub-location 1 Name Code Line item 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Number in December 1999 Number born Gifts received including dowry Number purchased in year 2000 Number dead Gifts given out including dowry Number sold in year 2000 Average price per unit (Shs) Income from sales (Shs) Number consumed by the household Value consumed by the household (Shs) Number in December 2000 Milk production in litres in year 2000 Milk consumption in litres in year 2000 Milk sales in litres in year 2000 Price of milk per litre Egg production in year 2000 (number) Egg consumption in year 2000 (number) Egg sales in year 2000 (number) Price per egg Cattle 9|13 Goats 14|18 Village 2|3 Date of interview (dd/mm/yyyy) ___________ RT 7 9 Sheep 19|23 Chicken 24|28 Ducks 29|33 Fish Harvesting 34|38

Household 4|6

161

ACTIONAID-KENYA MALINDI RURAL DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE LANGO BAYA BASELINE SURVEY, DECEMBER 2000 HOUSEHOLD NON-AGRICULTURAL INCOME, NOVEMBER 2000 FORM M/L/B/10
Enumerator________________ Supervisor_____________________ Sub-location 1 Name Code Name of household member Serial No. from M/L/B/1 Type of worker 1=Regular 2=Casual 8|9 10 Location of worksite of paid employment 1. Lango Baya 2. Outside Lango Baya Cash 11 12|13 14|15 16|20 Inkind 21|25 26|30 PAID EMPLOYEE RECORD If 1 in Col. 11, what type of industry/ activity (see code) Village 2|3 Date of interview (dd/mm/yyyy) ___________ RT 7 10 If 2 in Col. 11, what type of industry/ activity (see code) Description of Activity Monthly wage Monthly pension

Household 4|6

Name of household member

Serial No. from M/L/B/1

Industry/ activity (see code)

Description of Activity

Status (see code)

SELF-EMPLOYED/ UNPAID FAMILY WORKER No. of persons employed Monthly Monthly own sales consumption from business Paid 36|37 Unpaid 38|39 Total 40|41 42|47 48|53

Monthly costs

Monthly profit

Is business co-owned with other households? 1=Yes 2=No 66

If co-owned, respondents share of profit (%)

31|32

33|34

35

54|59

60|65

67|68

Columns 12-13: 1= National Water Conservation and Pipeline Corporation (NAWACO), 2=Teaching, 3=Medical, 4=Provincial administration (chief, assistant chief, administration police), 5=Other government employee, 6=Herder, 7=Farm hand, 8=Trade, restaurants & hotels, 9= Domestic worker, 10= Other (Specify) Columns 14-15: 1=Agriculture, 2=Forestry, 3=Fishing, 4=Mining and quarrying, 5=Manufacturing, 6=Construction, 7=Electricity/ water, 8=Wholesale/ retail trade and personal/ household services, 9=Hotels and restaurants, 10=Transport and communications, 11=Finance, insurance services, 12= Public administration and security, 13=Education, 14=Health, 15=Other, specify Columns 33-34: 1=Firewood sale, 2=Charcoal burning/sale, 3=Construction poles, 4= Retail shop, 5=Sand harvesting, 6=Tailoring, 7=Masonry, 8=Carpentry, 9=Tapping mnazi, 10=Mnazi seller, 11=Fishing, 12=Hunting, 13=Posho mill, 14=Mat weaving, 15=Honey, 16=Herbal preparations, 17=Traditional healers, 18=Other (Specify) Column 35: 1=Owner, 2=Unpaid family worker [If owner, answer the remainder of the questions]

162

ACTIONAID-KENYA MALINDI RURAL DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE LANGO BAYA BASELINE SURVEY, DECEMBER 2000 HOUSEHOLD NON-AGRICULTURAL INCOME FOR ONE YEAR, YEAR 2000 FORM M/L/B/11
Enumerator________________ Supervisor_____________________ Sub-location 1 Name Code Village 2|3 Date of interview (dd/mm/yyyy) ___________ RT 7 11

Household 4|6

Lease/ rent of land (receipts) 8|12

Rental Income 13|17

TRANSFERS & OTHER SOURCES OF INCOME (ANNUAL), YEAR 2000 Interest/ Dividends Other, specify 18|22 23|27

Transfers/ gifts received Cash Kind 28|32 33|37

Transfers/ gifts given Out Cash Kind 38|42 43|48

Parcel owned? 1=Yes 2=No 49 This parcel Other parcel 1 Other parcel 2 Other parcel 3

Where is the parcel located? 1=Lango Baya location 2=Malindi Division/ outside Lango Baya 3=Outside Malindi Division 50

LAND TENURE Size in acres

Do you have a title deed? 1=Yes 2=No 55

51|54

Land Ownership of each parcel 1=Individual ownership 2=Communal land 3=Government land 4=Other (specify) 56

163