k]l/; l;4fGtsf] k[i7e"lddf /fli6o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u

w'|j g]kfn dfgj clwsf/sf cGt/f{li6o dfkb08x?sf] kl/kfngf b]zsf] zflGt / ljsf;sf] nflu ckl/xfo{ x'g] ub{5 . zflGt, ljsf; / dfgj clwsf/aLr cGof]Gofl>t ;DaGw /xg] s'/f ljleGg b]zsf pbfx/0faf6 b]lvPsf] 5 . dfgj clwsf/sf] If]qdf d'n'snfO{ pRr :yfgdf k'ofpg] Pj+ xs xggsf 36gfx?nfO{ qmdzM Go'gLs/0ftkm{ n}hfg] ;DaGwdf /fHon] ;+:yfut k|of; ug{' h?/L b]lvG5 . o:t} k|of;sf] ?kdf /fHosf]tkm{af6 /fli6o dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL ;+:yf u7g u/L ;+rfngdf Nofpg] k|of; ljZjsf s}of} d'n'sx?df x'g] u/]sf 5g\ . ljZjdf xfn ;+:yfx? :yfkgf eO{ sfo{/t 5g\ eg] b]zx?df :yfkgf ug]{ tof/L eO{/x]sf] 5 . ljZjdf dfgj clwsf/sf] If]qdf sfd ug]{ /fli6o ;+:yf cfjZos k5{ eGg] dx;'; u/L :yfkgf ug]{ sfo{sf] ;'? ;g\ !($^ b]lv ePsf] xf] . 1of] cleofg ;'? x'Fbf;Dd dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkq !($* ;Dd klg cfPsf] lyPg . of] 3f]if0ffkq cfpg'cl3 b]lv g} dflg;sf g};lu{s clwsf/sf] klxrfg ug]{ / ltgnfO{ /fHosf] tkm{af6 k|Tofe"t ul/g' k5{ eGg] r]tgfsf] ljsf; eg] e};s]sf] o;jf6 b]lvG5 . dfgj clwsf/sf ;DaGwdf Pp6f /fHon] h] ug{ dg nfU5 u/f];\, Tof] p;s} :jtGqtfsf] ljifoj:t'leqsf] s'/f xf] eGg] s'/f dfgj clwsf/ ljZjJofkL xf] eg] kl5 :jLsfg{ ldNb}g . o;nfO{ ljZjsf] g} rf;f]sf] ljifo /x]sf] :jLsf/ u/L k|To]s d'n'sleq dfgj clwsf/sf] ; +/If0f / k|j4{g k|efjsf/L 9+udf ug]{ bfloTj ePsf] /fli6o ; +:yfsf] u7g Pj+ To;sf] sfo{If]q tyf sfo{ k|lqmof af/] ljZj ;d'bfon] vfsf :jLsf/ ug'{ kg]{ cfjZostf dx;"; u/L ;g\ !((! cS6f]j/ &( df dfgj clwsf/;DaGwL /fli6o ;+:yfx? ;xefuL /x]sf] Ps sfo{zfnf uf]i7L k]l/;df ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] . ;f] uf]i7Lsf lg0f{ox?nfO{ dfgj clwsf/;DaGwL pRrfo'Qmsf]
1

. Lindsnaes , Birgit and Lindholt, Lone 1989 : National Human Rights Institutions Standard Setting and Achievements, Human Rights and Development Year Book 1998, The Danish Centre for Human Rights

sfof{non] ;g\ !((@ df ;+lxtfs/0f uof] / ;+o'Qm /fi6;+3sf] dxf;efsf] lg0f{o $*!#$ sf] ?kdf ;g\ !((# df o;nfO{ hf/L ul/of] . o;nfO{ k]l/; l;4fGtx? eGg] ul/G5 . of] l;4fGt g}] /fli6o dfgj clwsf/;DaGwL ;+:yfx?sf] u7g, k|s[lt, sfo{If]q / sfo{k4ltsf] ;DaGwdf d'Vo dfu{bz{s l;4fGt dflgb} cfOPsf] 5. k]l/; l;4fGtcGtu{t lgDg zLif{sx? /x]sf 5g\ M !=sfo{If]q / lhDd]jf/L, @=:jtGqtf / ax'ntf k|Tofe"t x'g] u/L u7g Joj:yf, #+ sfo{;+rfngsf] tl/sf, / $= cw{ Goflos sfo{ ;DaGwL cltl/Qm Joj:yf . /fli6o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf] ;+lIfKt kl/ro ljZjsf cg]sf} d'n'sx?df dfgj clwsf/;DaGwL /fli6o ;+:yfsf] u7g / ;+rfng e};s]sf] ;Gbe{df g]kfndf klg o; lsl;dsf] r]tgfsf] ljsf; ePsf] b]lvG5 . dfgj clwsf/;DaGwL /fli6o ;+:yfsf] cfjZostfaf/] @)$( ;fndf /fli6o ;efsf ;f+;bx?n] dfu p7fPsf lyP . @)%! ;fndf ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 sfg'g ;'wf/ cfof]un] dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u ljw]ossf] d:of}bf tof/ u/]sf] lyof] t/ @)%@ ;fnsf] ;+;bdf u}/ ;/sf/L ljw]ossf] ?kdf o; ;DaGwL d:of}bf /fli6o ;efdf k]z ul/of] / ;+;bsf] b'j} ;bgaf6 kfl/t u/L /fhf ;dIf nfndf]x/sf] nflu k]z ul/Psf] lyof] . ;f] ljw]osdf @) %#(@$$ df nfndf]x/ nfu]sf] lyof] . @)%# ;fndf dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u P]g cfO;s] klg ;/sf/n] nfdf] ;do;Dd cfof]u u7g ug]{ s'/fdf kxn u/]g . t;y{ ljleGg dfgj clwsf/jfbL ;+3;+:yfx? Pj+ k|a'4ju{n] ;/sf/dfly bjfj lbg] p2]Zon] k|bz{g, wgf{ tyf cg;g h:tf bjfjd"ns sfo{qmdx? ; +rfng u/] . oltn] klg gk'u]/ cfof]u u7g ug{ k/dfb]z hf/L ul/of];\ egL ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf hglxt ;+/If0f d~rsf tkm{af6 ef]h/fh P]/n] /L6 lgj]bg btf{ u/fpg' ePsf] lyof] . ;f] lgj]bgpk/ ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf dfggLo ;b:o >L e}/jk|;fb nD;fn tyf dfggLo ;b:o >L uf]kfnk|;fb vqLsf] ;+o'Qm Ohnfzaf6 ldlt @) %^ ;fn c;f/ @( ut] d+unaf/ /fli6o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u u7g u/fpg' egL ljkIfLx?sf] gfddf k/dfb]z hf/L ul/Psf] lyof] . k/dfb]z hf/L e};s]kl5 klg cfof]u u7g x'g sl/a Ps jif{ nfUof] . o;af6 s] b]lvG5 eg] To;a]nfsf] k|hftflGqs ;/sf/;d]t dfgj clwsf/
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cfof]u u7g ug{df clgR5's b]lvPsf] lyof] / cGoqaf6 y]Ug g;Sg] bafj l;h{gf ePkl5 dfq cfof]u u7g ug{ afWo ePsf] lyof] . o;af6 k|i6 s] b]lvG5 eg] dfgj clwsf/;DaGwL /fli6o ;+:yfn] sfo{kflnsfsf] sfdnfO{ dfgj clwsf/sf] kIfdf lgu/fgL, vj/bf/L ug] {, ;'emfj ;Nnfx lbg] Pj+ pQ/bfloTj lgjf{x ug{ nufpg], c+s'z nufpg] x'Fbf o:tf] ;+:yfdf ;+/rgfTds / Jofjxfl/s ?kdf s]xL ljz]iftfx? x'g'k5{ . oL s'/fx? g} k]l/; l;4fGtx?df ;dfj]z ul/Psf 5g\ . ltg} l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t eO{ xfd|f] kl/k|]Iodf s:tf] cEof; 7Ls xf]nf egL 5nkmn rnfpg] p2]Zo /flvPsf] 5 . != ax'ntf ;DaGwL Joj:yf M k]l/; l;4fGt M o;n] /fi6leq /x]sf] ljljwtf /fli6o dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL ;+:yfdf klg k|blz{t x'g' kg]{ l;kmfl/z ub{5 . o;sf cfo'Qmkbflwsf/L tyf sd{rf/Lx/df /fi6sf] ljljwtfsf] k| ltlglwTj x'g' k5{ . k|ltlglwTj x'g' kg]{ If]qx?dWo] dfgj clwsf/sf] If]qdf sfd ug]{ u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf, hfltut lje]b x6fpg sfd ug]{ ;+:yf, 6]8 o'lgog, ;fdflhs tyf Jofj;flos ;+:yfx? h:t} jsLn, 8fS6/, kqsf/sf ;+:yf cflb x'g ;S5g\ . To;} u/L bz{g tyf wfld{s If]qdf cfPsf] kl/jt{g jf/]sf] hflgkmsf/, ljZjljBfnosf k| fWofks, ;+;b k|ltlglw klg x'g ;S5g\ . ;/sf/L lgsfoaf6 s;}n] k| ltlglwTj u5{ eg] Tof] ;Nnfxsf/sf] ?kdf dfq x'g'k5{, sfo{sf/L ? ksf] x'g' x'b}g . cfof]u P]g @)%#M o; P]gsf] bkmf # df cfof]usf] :yfkgf / u7gaf/] pNn]v 5 . cfof]usf kbflwsf/L % hgf x'g] / ltgsf] k| ltlglwTj lgDgcg';f/ x'g' kg]{ Joj:yf 5 . -s_ ;]jf lgj[Q ePsf ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf k|wfg GofofwLz jf GofofwLzx?dWo]af6 Ps hgf cWoIf -v_ sfg'g, dfgj clwsf/, ;fdflhs jf ;+rf/ tyf kqsfl/tfsf] If]qdf dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg k'ofPsf JolQmx?, oyf;So ;a} If]qaf6 k|ltlglwTj x'g] u/L tLg hgf ;b:o -u_ ;+j}wflgs c+usf] s'g} kbdf jf >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] ljlzi6 >]0fLsf] kbdf sfo{ u/L ;]jf lgj[Q ePsf dWo]af6 Ps hgf ;b:o
3

cEof; / l6Kk0fL M lj=; @)%& ;fnsf] h]7df klxnf] sfo{sfnsf] nflu / @)^@ ;fnsf] h]7df bf]>f] sfo{sfnsf] nflu cfof]u kbflwsf/Lx?sf] lgo'lQm ePsf] lyof] . b'j} k6sdf cWoIfdf ;jf] {Rr cbfntsf k"j{ k|wfg GofofwLz Ps hgf JolQm lgo'lQm ePsf / cGo ;b:ox?df klxnf] k6sdf nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf k"j{ ;b:o Ps, lq=lj=lj= k|f]km];/ Ps, dfgj clwsf/ ;+u7gsf k|ltlglw Ps / dlxnfaf6 Ps hgfsf] k|ltlglwTj ePsf] lyof] . bf];|f] k6sdf dfgj clwsf/;DaGwL ;+:yfsf k|ltlglw Ps, kqsf/ Ps, dlxnf Ps / ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] If]qjf6 Ps hgfsf] k|ltlglwTj u/fOPsf] lyof] . b'j} k6ssf] lgo'lQmdf dfgj clwsf/sf] If]qdf ljz]if Wofg k'ofOg' kg]{ If]q blnt, hghflt, ckf h:tf If]qsf] k|ltlglwTj x'g g;s]sf] b]lvG5 eg] b'j} k6sdf dlxnfsf] k|ltlglwTj eP klg dlxnf clwsf/sf] ;jfndf tL ;b:ox?af6 k|efjsf/L of]ubfg k'Ug uPsf] b]lvb}g . ljsNk M dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf lqmofsnfkx?nfO{ clwsf/sf] ;DaGwdf ljz]if hf]8 lbOg' kg]{ If]qx? h:t} blnt, ckf, hghflt tyf lk5l8Psf If]qsf] k|ltlglwTj x'g] u/L cfof]usf kbflwsf/Lx?sf] lgo'lQm ePsf] 5}g . b]zdf /x]sf] ljljwtfsf ;j} If]qsf] k|ltlglwTj cfof]usf] :yfoL kbflwsf/Lsf] ?kdf ;dfj]z u/fO{bf cfsf/ 7"nf] x'g uO{ k|zf;lgs ;d:of l;h{gf x'g hfg] ;+efjgf b]lvG5 . of] ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ug{ clxn] h:t} % hgf g} :yfoL ;+/rgfdf /xg] t/ dxTjk"0f{ ?kdf ;/f]sf/ /fVg] blnt, ckf, hghflt, dlxnf h:tf /fli6o cfof]u tyf dxf;+3sf k|ltlglwnfO{ cfof]usf] a}7sdf kb]g ;b:o jf ;Nnfxsf/sf] ?kdf ?kdf efu lng] Joj:yf ug'{ pko'Qm x'g ;Sb5 . @= lgo'lQm k|lqmof M k]l/; l;4fGt M of] l;4fGtdf lgo'lQm s;n] ug]{ / s] k| lqmof ckgfP/ ug]{ af/] pNn]v ul/Psf] 5}g . vfln ax'ntfsf] ;'lglZrttf ul/g' kg]{ / lgo'Qm x'g] JolQmx? cfgf] If]qdf ljlzi6 of]ubfg k'ofPsf x'g' kg]{ eGg];Dd pNn]v 5 . cfof]u d'VotM sfo{kflnsfaf6 :jtGq /xg' kg]{ xF'bf lgo'lQm ckgfpFbf klg o; af/] ;r]t x'gkg]{ s'/f pNn]v ub}{ lgo'lQm lgjf{rg jf cGo k|lqmof ckgfP/ x'g ;Sb5 .

cfof]u P]g @)%# M klxnf] sfo{sfnsf] nflu cfof]usf kbflwsf/Lx?sf] lgo'lQm ubf{ P]gsf] bkmf $ cg';f/sf] l;kmfl/z ;ldltsf] l;kmfl/zdf /fhfaf6 ePsf] lyof] . ;f] ;ldltdf k| wfgd+qL, k|wfgGofofwLz tyf k|ltlglw;efsf ljkIfL bnsf g]tf ;dfj]z x'g'x'GYof] . klxnf] sfo{sfnsf nflu lgo'Qm kbflwsf/Lx? sf] sfo{sfn ;dfKt @)^@ ;fn h]7df xF'bf b]zdf /fhfsf] k|ToIf zf;g /x]sf] / ;+;b e+u ePsf] cj:yf /x]sfn] l;kmfl/z ;ldltdf ;dfj]z b'O{ hgfsf] cl:tTj g} lyPg . tTsfnLg kl/l:yltdf lgo'lQm k| lqmof cl3 a9f];\ egL l;kmfl/z ;ldltsf] ;+/rgf cWofb]zdfkm{t kl/jt{g ul/of], h;df k|wfg GofofwLz, k|ltlglw;efsf ;efd'v tyf k//fi6 d+qL /xg] Joj:yf eof] . cEof; / l6Kk0fL M b'O{ sfo{sfnsf] nflu g} kbflwsf/Lx?sf] lgo'lQm l;kmfl/z ;ldltdf /fhfaf6 ePsf] lyof] . l;kmfl/z ;ldltn] l;kmfl/z ug]{ cfwf/ s] agfPsf] lyof] eGg] af/] hgtfn] yfxf kfpg ;s]gg\\ . ;ldltsf kbflwsf/Lsf] efua08fdf ag]sf] lyof] ls egL ;xh} cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 . dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / k|j4{gsf] nflu 7"nf] lhDd]jf/L lgjf{x ug'{ kg]{ ;+:yfk|lt cfd hgljZjf; / ;dy{g x'g'kg]{ x'G5 . o;sf] dtnj cfof]unfO{ ;xof]u ub}{ cfPsf] Ifdtf ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] d"No+fsg ug{ cfPsf] 6f]nLn] lbPsf] l;kml/zdf cfof]u kbflwsf/L lgo'lQmsf] nflu l;kmfl/z ug]{ cfwf/ gful/s txdf rnfOPsf] 5nkmn x'g' k5{ eGg] pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . t;y{ xfnsf] k|lqmofdf ;'wf/ x'g' kg]{ k|i6 b]lvG5 . ljsNk M hgcfGbf]ng @ sf] kmn:j?k /fhfsf clwsf/nfO{ Jofks ?kdf ;+s'rg ug]{ lg0f{o ePsf] kl/k|]Iodf cfof]usf kbflwsf/Lx?sf] lgo'lQm /fhfaf6 x'g]] k|fjwfgdf kl/jt{g x'g' kg]{ b]lvG5 . /fhfdf /x]sf ljle clwsf/x? ;fj{ef}d hgtfsf k|ltlglw k|wfgd+qL jf ;+;baf6 ;'? e};s]sf] ;Gbe{df lgDg ljsNkx? k|:t't ul/G5g\ . klxnf] ljsNksf] ?kdf k|wfgd+qLn] cfof]usf ;Dk"0f{ kbflwsf/Lx?sf] lgo'lQm ug]{ / ;f] lgo'lQmsf] ;dy{g k|ltlglw ;efjf6 x'g' kg]{ Joj:yf x'g ;S5 . bf]>f] ljsNksf] ?kdf k|wfgGofofwLz, ;efd'v tyf k|ltlglw;efdf ljkIfL bnsf g]tf ;dfj]z ePsf] l;kmfl/z ;ldltsf] Joj:yf ug]{ /
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To;}sf] l;kmfl/zdf k|wfgd+qLjf6 kbflwsf/Lsf] lgo'lQm x'g] k| fjwfg /flvg' k5{ . of] l;kmfl/z ;ldltsf] sfo{nfO{ kf/bzL{ agfpg s'g} :jtGq ;+:yfnfO{ hg:t/df pko'Qm pDd]bjf/ af/] 5nkmn rnfpg] lhDd]jf/L lbg' clgjfo{ x'g cfpF5 . j}wflgs clgjfo{tf k"/f ug{ geO{ cfkm" v';L ?kdf hglxt ;+/If0f d~rn] @)^@ ;fn h]7df dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf kbflwsf/Lx?df sf] JolQm lgo'Qm x'g pko'Qm x'G5 egL rnfPsf] 5nkmnnfO{ o;sf] Ps pbfx/0fsf] ?kdf lng ;lsG5 . o:tf] 5nkmn rnfpg] ;+:yfn] kq, Od]njf6 !% lbgsf] Dofb lbO{ cfkm"nfO{ dgkg]{ pDd]bjf/ -sf/0f;lxt_ dgf]gog ug]{ cj;/ lbg] / ;f] Dofb leq ul/Psf dgf]gog dWo] cToflws c+s Nofpg] ! kbsf nflu # pDd]bjf/sf] gfddfly ;fj{hlgs 5nkmn u/fpg] / tL pDd]bjf/sf af/]df ul/Psf] l6Kk0fL ;lxt l;kmfl/z ;ldlt;dIf gfd k]z ug]{ ul/Pdf of]Uo dfG5] 5flgg] / kf/blz{tfsf] lgjf{x x'g] b]lvG5 . t];|f] ljsNksf] ?kdf dfly pNn]v ePsf] l;kmfl/z ;ldltn] Ps kbsf] nfuL sDtLdf # hgfsf] gfd l;kmfl/z ug]{ / ;f] gfd pk/ ;+;bdf 5nkmn x'g] / ; +;bn] Ps kb Ps gfd l;kmfl/z u/]kl5 k|wfgd+qLn] kbflwsf/Lsf] lgo'lQm x'g] Joj:yf ug{ ;lsG5 . klxnf] ljsNk ckgfpFbf k| wfgd+qLsf] xft dfly b]lvg] / olb ;+;bn] k|wfgd+qLn] u/]sf] lgo'lQm ;dy{g gu/]df ;+3if{do jftfj/0f aGg hfg] ;+efjgf /xG5 . t;y{, b'O{ ljsNkx? a9L pko'Qm x'g] b]lvG5g\ . #=k|zf;lgs tyf cfly{s :jfoQtf M k]l/; l;4fGt M cfgf] sfo{;+rfng k"0f{ ?kdf :jfoQ / :jtGq eO{ ug{ ;Sg] x'gsf nflu dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL ;+:yf k|zf;lgs tyf ljQLo ?kdf sfo{sfl/0fLn] lgoGq0fjf6 d'Qm x'g' k5{ . o;f] ePdf g} cfkm"nfO{ rflxg] sd{rf/L egf{ ug]{ / sfo{qmd ; +rfng ug]{ ;DaGwdf sfo{sfl/0fLk|lt lge{/ x'g' kg]{ / s'g} a]nf cjfl~5t ?kdf k|efljt x'g'kg]{ cj:yf cfpb}g . cfof]u P]g @)%# M /fli6o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf k|zf;lgs k| d'vsf] ?kdf sfd ug{' kg]{ kbflwsf/L ;lrj /fhfaf6 lgo'Qm ul/g] Joj:yf 5 . To;} u/L sfo{sfl/0fLn] cfly{s ?kdf cfof]unfO{ clgjfo{ ;xof]u k'ofpg' kg]{ s'/f P]gdf k/]sf] 5}g . P]gsf] bkmf !% df pNn]v 5 /fhfdf /x]sf ljle clwsf/x? ;fj{ef}d hgtfsf k|ltlglw k|wfgd+qL jf ;+;baf6 x'g ;? Ef};s]sf] ;Gbe{df lgDg ljsNkx? k|:t't ul/G5g\ . klxnf] ljsNksf] ?kdf k| wfgd+qLn] cfof]usf ;Dk"0f{ kbflwsf/Lx?sf] lgo'lQm ug]{ /
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;f] lgo'lQmsf] ;dy{g k|ltlglw ;efjf6 x'g' kg]{ Joj:yf x'g ;S5 . cfof]usf] sfo{ ;+kfbg ug{ cfjZos kg]{ ;fwg / ;|f]tx? cfof]un] ljleGg lgsfoaf6 cg'bfgsf] ?kdf k|fKt ug{ ;Sg]5 . o;af6 cfof]u;+u cfly{s ;fwg k|fKt ug]{ :yfoL ;|f]t /x]sf] b]lvb}g . cEof; / l6Kk0fL M ;lrjsf] lgo'lQm /fi6k|d'vaf6 x'g] Joj:yf ;dfj]z u/fpbf kbnfO{ ul/dfdo agfpg] dfgl;stf /x]sf] x'g;S5 t/ ljutsf] cg'ejdf cfof]un] lgo'lQmsf] nflu l;kml/z u/]sf] pDd]bjf/nfO{ /fhfaf6 lgo'lQm ePg / kb vfln g} /Xof] . sfo{sfl/0fLn] cfjZos ;fwg pknAw u/fpg g;Sbf j}b]lzs ;xfotfdfly cTolws ?kdf e/ kg'{ k/]sf] 5 . cfof]usf nflu geOgx'g] kbx? ;d]t a}b]lzs ;fwg dfly e/kg]{ u/L /flvPsf 5g\ . ef]ln j}b]lzs ;fwg k|fKt gx'g] ljlQs} s}of} cTofjZos kbx? vf/]h ug'{ kg]{ cj:yf 5 . o;} u/L cfof]u P]g @)%#, bkmf !%, pkbkmf # df bftfaf6 cg'bfg k|fKt u/sf] 5 eg] ;xfotfsf] vr{ bftf / cfof]usf] jLrdf ePsf] zt{ adf]lhd x'g]5 egL pNn]v ul/+bf ul/b} klg dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] ljefujf6 n]vf k/LIf0f ubf{ ;/sf/;+u cg'dlt k|fKt lgodfg';f/ vr{gePsf] egL a]?h' hgfpg] ul/Psf] 5 . of] P]gsf] k|fjwfgljk/Lt eof] e] cfof]usf] egfO{ /xFb} cfPsf] 5 . ljsNk M cfof]usf ;lrjsf] lgo'lQm cfkm} ug{ ;Sg] clwsf/ lbOg' k5{, c? s;}n] ug'{ x'b}g . o;} ul/ cfof]unfO{ ; +j}wflgs c+usf] :yflkt ul/of] eg] klg o;sf sd{rf/Lx? dflysf] lgoGq0f sfo{kflnsfsf] lgoGq0fdf /xg x'b}g, 5'} x'g' k5{ . o;} u/L cfly{s ;fwg pknAw u/fpg] ;DaGwdf ;/sf/sf] bfloTj tf]lsg' k5{, P]lR5s agfOg' x'b}g . cfof]usf] nflu geO{ gx'g] kbx?sf] tna eQf e'QmfgL ug{ / ;fdfGo sfo{;+rfngsf nflu k'Ug] ;fwg ;d]t ;/sf/n] pknAw u/fpg ;s]sf] 5}g . P]gsf] k| fjwfgnfO{ pNn]v ub}{ ;/sf/sf] cg'bfg P]lR5s xf] e] ts{ cy{ d+qfnon] /fv]sf] tfhf cg'ej 5 . t;y{ cfof]u ;DaGwL sfg'gL b:tfj]hdf g} of] k|fjwfg ;dfj]z xg' clgjfo{ ePsf] dx;'; ul/Psf] 5 . $=cfof]usf] sfo{If]q M
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k]l/; l;4fGt M dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL /fli6o ;+:yfsf] sfo{If]q dfgj clwsf/ sf] ;+/If0f / k|j4{gsf] If]qdf hlt;Sbf] lj:yfl/t x'g'k5{ / cw{Goflos lgsfonfO{ x'g] clwsf/;Dd klg lbg ;lsG5 e] pNn]v 5 . cw{ Goflossf] ?kdf sfd ug]{ dfgj clwsf/ ;+:yfn] cfk;L d]nldnfkjf6 ;d:of ;'NemfO{ lbg], csf]{ ;Ifd lgsfo ;Ifd cfkm"n] u/]sf] ;'g'jfO{sf] cfwf/df l;kmfl/z k7fpg], plrt pkrf/sf] nflu s'g pkfo pko'Qm x'G5 egL lkl8t kIfnfO{ hfgsf/L lbg] tyf s'g} ph'/L cWoog ubf{ sfg'gL u'6L jf k|zf;lgs k|lqmofsf] sf/0faf6 xs xgg ePsf] b]lvof] eg] ltgdf ;'wf/ Nofpg l;kmfl/z ug{ ;lsg] ;d]t klg clwsf/ lbg x'g] pNn]v 5 . cfof]u P]g @)%# M dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / ;+j4{g ug] { d'Vo clwsf/ If]q to u/L xs xggsf ph'/L pk/ cfkm} jf c? nfO{ ;d]t nufO{ 5fgjLg tyf cg';Gwfg ug{ ;Sg] clwsf/ cfof]unfO{ lbOPsf] 5 . cg';Gwfgsf] l;nl;nfdf cbfntnfO{ eP ;/xsf] clwsf/ o;nfO{ x'g] Joj:yf 5 . o;} u/L cfof]un] ;/sf/nfO{ u/]sf] l;kml/z pk/ # dlxgfleq sfof{Gjog u/]sf] hfgsf/L tyf sf/jfxL ug{ g;s]sf] eP To;sf] ;d]t hfgsf/L cfof]udf k7fpg' kg]{ k|fjwfg /x]sf] 5 . cEof; / l6Kk0fL M cfof]udf dfgj clwsf/ xgg ePsf ph'/Lx? lgs} 7"nf] ;+Vofdf kg]{ u/]sf 5g\ . cfof]un] tL ph'/Lpk/ cg';Gwfg u/L ;/sf/ ;dIf l;kmfl/z ug]{ u/]sf] 5 t/ ltgsf] sfof{Gjog u/sf] jf sfof{Gjog ug{ g;s]sf] eP hfgsf/L lbg] k| fjwfgsf] cj:yf cToGt gfh's 5 . - pbfx/0fo1jf6 lng] _, o;df ;'wf/ gePdf cfof]udflysf] hgljZjf; IfL0f x'Fb} hfg] b]lvG5 . ljsNk M cfof]un] u/]sf] l;kmfl/z jfWosf/L u/fpg cbfntjf6 ;d]t sfof{Gjog u/fpg ;lsg] Joj:yf x'g' h?/L b]lvPsf] 5 . olb cfof]usf] l;kmfl/z ;/sf/n] sfof{Gjog u/]g eg] cfof]u cbfnt hfg ;Sg] / olb cfof]usf] l;kmfl/z lrQa'em\bf] ePg eg] klg ;/sf/ cbfnt hfg ;Sg] Joj:yf /flvg' j]z x'g]5 . %= kbfjlw tyf k'Mg lgo'lQm ;DaGwL Joj:yf M k]l/; l;4fGt M o; af/]df vf;} pNn]v ePsf] 5}g .

cfof]u P]g @)%#M cfof]usf kbflwsf/Lx?sf] kbfjlw % jif{ /xg] Joj:yf 5 eg] lgo'Qm x'g] kbflwsf/Lsf] Go'gtd pd]/ $) jif{ x'g k5{ . cfof]usf kbflwsf/Lx? k'gM lgo'lQm x'g ;Sg] k|fjwfg klg /x]sf] 5 . cEof; / l6Kk0fL M cfof]usf ;a} kbflwsf/Lsf] kbfjlw Ps} k6s ;dfKt x'Fbf cufl8 b]lv x'Fb} cfPsf] sfdnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg d'lZsn x'g], lgo'lQm x'g l9nfO{ ePdf cfof]usf d'Vo sfo{ ; +rfngdf g} Jojwfg k'Ug uPsf] cg'e"lt ePsf] 5 . ljsNk M cfof]usf kbflwsf/Lx?sf] sfo{sfn Ps}k6s ;dfKt x'Fbf kg]{ ;d:of ;'Nemfpg cWoIf / ;b:ox?sf] sfo{sfn cnucnu ;dodf ;dfKt x'g] ljsNk ckgfpg pQd x'g ;Sg] b]lvG5 . o;sf] nflu klxnf] k6s cWoIf sf] sfo{sfn ^ jif{ / ;b:ox?sf] sfo{sfn % jif{ agfpg], clg To;kl5 %% jif{sf] sfo{sfn u/]df o; ;d:of x6\g hfg]5 .

Principles relating to the Status of National Institutions (The Paris Principles)

Adopted by General Assembly resolution 48/134 of 20 December 1993 Competence and responsibilities 1. A national institution shall be vested with competence to promote and protect human rights. 2. A national institution shall be given as broad a mandate as possible, which shall be clearly set forth in a constitutional or legislative text, specifying its composition and its sphere of competence. 3. A national institution shall, inter alia, have the following responsibilities: ( a ) To submit to the Government, Parliament and any other competent body, on an advisory basis either at the request of the authorities concerned or through the exercise of its power to hear a matter without higher referral, opinions, recommendations, proposals and reports on any matters concerning the promotion and protection of human rights; the national institution may decide to publicize them; these opinions, recommendations, proposals and reports, as well as any prerogative of the national institution, shall relate to the following areas: (i) Any legislative or administrative provisions, as well as provisions relating to judicial organizations, intended to preserve and extend the protection of human rights; in that connection, the national institution shall examine the legislation and administrative provisions in force, as well as bills and proposals, and shall make such recommendations as it deems appropriate in order to ensure that these provisions conform to the fundamental principles of human rights; it shall, if necessary, recommend the adoption of new legislation, the amendment of legislation in force and the adoption or amendment of administrative measures; (ii) Any situation of violation of human rights which it decides to take up; (iii) The preparation of reports on the national situation with regard to human rights in general, and on more specific matters; (iv) Drawing the attention of the Government to situations in any part of the country where human rights are violated and making proposals to it for initiatives to put an end to such situations and, where necessary, expressing an opinion on the positions and reactions of the Government; ( b ) To promote and ensure the harmonization of national legislation, regulations and practices with the international human rights instruments to which the State is a party, and their effective implementation; ( c ) To encourage ratification of the above-mentioned instruments or accession to those instruments, and to ensure their implementation; ( d ) To contribute to the reports which States are required to submit to United Nations bodies and committees, and to regional institutions, pursuant to their treaty obligations and, where necessary, to express an opinion on the subject, with due respect for their independence; 10

( e ) To cooperate with the United Nations and any other orgnization in the United Nations system, the regional institutions and the national institutions of other countries that are competent in the areas of the protection and promotion of human rights; ( f ) To assist in the formulation of programmes for the teaching of, and research into, human rights and to take part in their execution in schools, universities and professional circles; ( g ) To publicize human rights and efforts to combat all forms of discrimination, in particular racial discrimination, by increasing public awareness, especially through information and education and by making use of all press organs. Composition and guarantees of independence and pluralism 1. The composition of the national institution and the appointment of its members, whether by means of an election or otherwise, shall be established in accordance with a procedure which affords all necessary guarantees to ensure the pluralist representation of the social forces (of civilian society) involved in the protection and promotion of human rights, particularly by powers which will enable effective cooperation to be established with, or through the presence of, representatives of: ( a ) Non-governmental organizations responsible for human rights and efforts to combat racial discrimination, trade unions, concerned social and professional organizations, for example, associations of lawyers, doctors, journalists and eminent scientists; ( b ) Trends in philosophical or religious thought; ( c ) Universities and qualified experts; ( d ) Parliament; ( e ) Government departments (if these are included, their representatives should participate in the deliberations only in an advisory capacity). 2. The national institution shall have an infrastructure which is suited to the smooth conduct of its activities, in particular adequate funding. The purpose of this funding should be to enable it to have its own staff and premises, in order to be independent of the Government and not be subject to financial control which might affect its independence. 3. In order to ensure a stable mandate for the members of the national institution, without which there can be no real independence, their appointment shall be effected by an official act which shall establish the specific duration of the mandate. This mandate may be renewable, provided that the pluralism of the institution's membership is ensured. Methods of operation Within the framework of its operation, the national institution shall: ( a ) Freely consider any questions falling within its competence, whether they are submitted by the Government or taken up by it without referral to a higher authority, on the proposal of its members or of any petitioner, 11

( b ) Hear any person and obtain any information and any documents necessary for assessing situations falling within its competence; ( c ) Address public opinion directly or through any press organ, particularly in order to publicize its opinions and recommendations; ( d ) Meet on a regular basis and whenever necessary in the presence of all its members after they have been duly concerned; ( e ) Establish working groups from among its members as necessary, and set up local or regional sections to assist it in discharging its functions; ( f ) Maintain consultation with the other bodies, whether jurisdictional or otherwise, responsible for the promotion and protection of human rights (in particular, ombudsmen, mediators and similar institutions); ( g ) In view of the fundamental role played by the non-governmental organizations in expanding the work of the national institutions, develop relations with the non-governmental organizations devoted to promoting and protecting human rights, to economic and social development, to combating racism, to protecting particularly vulnerable groups (especially children, migrant workers, refugees, physically and mentally disabled persons) or to specialized areas. Additional principles concerning the status of commissions with quasi-jurisdictional competence A national institution may be authorized to hear and consider complaints and petitions concerning individual situations. Cases may be brought before it by individuals, their representatives, third parties, non-governmental organizations, associations of trade unions or any other representative organizations. In such circumstances, and without prejudice to the principles stated above concerning the other powers of the commissions, the functions entrusted to them may be based on the following principles: ( a ) Seeking an amicable settlement through conciliation or, within the limits prescribed by the law, through binding decisions or, where necessary, on the basis of confidentiality; ( b ) Informing the party who filed the petition of his rights, in particular the remedies available to him, and promoting his access to them; ( c ) Hearing any complaints or petitions or transmitting them to any other competent authority within the limits prescribed by the law; ( d ) Making recommendations to the competent authorities, especially by proposing amendments or reforms of the laws, regulations and administrative practices, especially if they have created the difficulties encountered by the persons filing the petitions in order to assert their rights.

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