The draft tube is a pipe of gradually increasing area which connects the outlet of the runner with the

tailrace. One end of the draft tube is connected to the outlet of the runner while the other end is submerged below the level of water in the tail race. It creates a negative head at the outlet of the runner thereby increasing the net head on the turbine. It converts a large proportion of rejected kinetic energy into useful pressure energy
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Bhaskar

Digitally signed by Bhaskar DN: CN = Bhaskar, C = IN, OU = VIT Reason: I have reviewed this document Date: 2012.09.11 18:51:36 +05'30'

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Turbine

Specific Speed (rpm) 10 30 20 70 20 200 30 400 200 - 1000

Pelton Turgo Cross flow Francis Propeller and Kaplan

Generally, the turbine manufacturer specifies the specific speed of its turbine.

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Specific Speed (rpm) Turbine MKS

10 to 35 35 to 60 60 to 300 300 to 1000

SI
8.5 to 30 30 to 51 51 to 225 255 to 860 Pelton wheel with single jet Pelton wheel with 2 or more jets Francis turbine Kaplan or Propeller

Note: Generally, the turbine manufacturer specifies the specific speed of its turbine.
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MORE ADAPTED TYPE OF TURBINE AS FUNCTION OF THE SPECIFIC SPEED.

Specific Speed in r.p.m. Until 18 From 18 to 25 From 26 to 35 From 26 to 35 From 36 to 50 From 51 to 72 From 55 to 70 From 70 to 120 From 120 to 200 From 200 to 300 From 300 to 450 From 400 to 500 From 270 to 500
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Turbine type Pelton of an injector Pelton of an injector Pelton of an injector Pelton of two injectors Pelton of two injectors Pelton of four injectors Very slow Francis Slow Francis Normal Francis Quick Francis Extra-quick Francis Extra-quick helix Slow Kaplan Quick Kaplan
Dr. L. Bhaskar

Jump height in m 800 800 to 400 400 to 100 800 to 400 400 to 100 400 to 100 400 to 200 200 to 100 100 to 50 50 to 25 25 to 15 15 50 to 15 15 to 5 Less than 5
5

From 500 to 800

From 800 to 1100

Extra-quick Kaplan

Head of Hydraulic Turbines

1) Gross Head Difference Between the Head race level and Tail race level Static (No water flow) / Total Head H1 2) Net or Effective Head Head available at the entrance of the turbine: H = H1 - hf a) Net Head for a Reaction Turbine H = {(P1/w) + (V12/2g) + Z1} {Z2 + V22/2g)} b) Net Head for Impulse Turbine H = {(P1/w) + (V12/2g) + Z1} Z2
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Efficiencies of hydraulic Turbines Hydraulic efficiency Mechanical efficiency Volumetric efficiency Overall efficiency
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Efficiencies of Hydraulic Turbines

1) Hydraulic Efficiency due to hydraulic losses Power developed by the runner Net power supplied at the turbine entrance SI Unit: kW Metric Unit : Horse Power/Water Horse Power (W.H.P) 2) Mechanical Efficiency Due to mechanical losses ( bearing friction) Power available at the turbine shaft (P) Power developed by the runner
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3) Volumetric

Efficiency due to amt of water slips directly to the tail race Amount of water striking the runner Amount of water supplied to the turbine

4) Overall Efficiency Power available at the turbine shaft (P) Net power supplied at the turbine entrance

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Hydraulic efficiency
Hydraulic efficiency = Power delivered to runner/power supplied at inlet = R.P/W.P

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Efficiencies of a Turbine R.P = W [Vw1 Vw2 ] u kw For Pelton Turbine

g 1000

= W [Vw1u1 Vw2u2 ] kw For a radial flow Turbine

g 1000

W.P = Power supplied at inlet of turbine and also called water power W. P = W H kw = w Q H kw 1000 1000 Where W is weight of water striking the vanes of the turbine per second= g Q Vw1 = Velocity of whirl at inlet Vw1 = Velocity of whirl at outlet
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Efficiencies of a Turbine
Mechanical efficiency Power at the shaft of the turbine/power delivered by water to the runner = S.P/R.P Volumetric efficiency Volume of water actually striking the runner/Volume of water supplied to the turbine Overall efficiency Power available at the shaft of the turbine/Power supplied at the inlet of the turbine=Shaft power/water power Overall Eff. = Mechanical eff. x Hydraulic eff.
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R.P W. P S.P Hydraulic efficiency= h = W.P/R.P Mechanical efficiency= m = S.P/R.P Overall efficiency= o = S.P/W.P R.P = Power delivered by water to runner W.P = Power supplied at inlet of turbine also called as water power S.P = Power available at the shaft of the turbine
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 It is the operation by which the speed of the turbine is kept constant under all conditions of working load. This is done automatically by a governor which regulates the rate flow through the turbines according to the changing load conditions on the turbine. Governing of a turbine is absolutely necessary if the turbine is coupled to an electric generator which is required to run at constant speed under all fluctuating load conditions.
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Problems based on Specific speed

Q1. An hydraulic turbine develops 8.5 MW power under a head of 30 meters at 142 rpm. Determine the specific speed of the turbine and state the type of the turbine for this application. Given: P = 8.5 MW = 8.5 x 10 6 W. h = 30 m. N = 142 rpm. To Find: Specific speed of turbine, NS and type of turbine Solution:
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Problems based on Specific speed

Q2. A turbine is to operate under a head of 30 m at 250 rpm. The discharge is 10.5 cumec. The efficiency of the turbine is 89%. Determine the following. (i) Specific speed of the turbine. (ii) Power generated by the turbine and (iii) Type of turbine. Given: h = 30 m. N = 250 rpm. Q = 10.5 cumec = 10.5 m3/sec o = 89% = 0.89 To Find: (i). NS (ii). P and (iii). type of turbine
Solution:
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Unit quantities
The unit operating conditions for a turbine are those under which that particular turbine would run when working under a head of one ft. ( or unit head in any other system) assuming there to be no change in efficiency. This allows the performance of a given turbine to be compared when working under different heads and enables the characteristic curves to be drawn which show the efficiency at all running conditions.
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Unit Speed
It is defined as the speed of a turbine working under a head of 1 m. It is denoted by Nu . Unit speed =

N Nu = H

N1 N2 Nu = = H1 H2
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Unit Discharge
It is defined as the discharge passing through a turbine, which is working under a head of one metre. It is denoted by Qu . The expression for unit discharge is given by Unit discharge =

Q Qu = H Q1 Q2 Qu = = H1 H1
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Unit Power
It is defined as the power developed by a turbine working under a head of 1 m. It is denoted by Pu . Unit power =

P Pu = 3 / 2 H

P P2 1 Pu = 3 / 2 = 3 / 2 H1 H2
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Problems based on unit quantities

Q3. An hydraulic turbine develops 10,000 kW power under a head of 30 meters at 110 rpm. Determine the speed and power developed by the turbine when the head on the turbine is reduced to 20 m. Given: P1 = 10,000 kW h1 = 30 m N1 = 110 rpm h2 = 20 m To Find: Speed, N2 and power, P2 of the turbine Solution:
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Characteristic curves of a Turbine

These are curves which are characteristic of a particular turbine which helps in studying the performance of the turbine under various conditions. These curves pertaining to any turbine are supplied by its manufacturers based on actual tests. The data that must be obtained in testing a turbine are the following: The speed of the turbine N The discharge Q The net head H The power developed P The overall efficiency o Gate opening (this refers to the percentage of the inlet passages provided for water to enter the turbine)
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1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

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Characteristic curves of a Turbine

The characteristic curves obtained are the following: a) Constant head curves or main characteristic curves b) Constant speed curves or operating characteristic curves c) Constant efficiency curves or Muschel curves Constant head curves: Maintaining a constant head, the speed of the turbine is varied by admitting different rates of flow by adjusting the percentage of gate opening. The power P developed is measured mechanically. From each test the unit power Pu, the unit speed Nu, the unit discharge Qu and the overall efficiency o are determined. The characteristic curves drawn are a) Unit discharge vs unit speed b) Unit power vs unit speed c) Overall efficiency vs unit speed
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Constant speed curves: In this case tests are conducted at a constant speed varying the head H and suitably adjusting the discharge Q. The power developed P is measured mechanically. The overall efficiency is aimed at its maximum value. The curves drawn are P vs Q o vs Q o vs Pu o max vs % Full load Constant efficiency curves: These curves are plotted from data which can be obtained from the constant head and constant speed curves. The object of obtaining this curve is to determine the zone of constant efficiency so that we can always run the turbine with maximum efficiency. This curve also gives a good idea about the performance of the turbine at various efficiencies.
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Characteristic curves of a Turbine

Main Characteristic curves of a Pelton turbine

N is constant

100% GO

75% GO

Qu

50% GO

25% GO

Nu

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Main Characteristic curves of a Pelton turbine

N is constant

100% GO

o
50% GO 75% GO

25% GO

Nu

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Main Characteristic curves of a Pelton turbine

N is constant

100% GO Pu 75% GO 50% GO 25% GO

Nu Main Characteristic curves of a Pelton turbine

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Main Characteristic curves of a Kaplan turbine

N is constant

100% GO 75% GO 50% GO Qu 25% GO

Nu

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Main Characteristic curves of a Kaplan turbine

N is constant

100% GO 75% GO 50% GO 25% GO Nu

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Main Characteristic curves of a Kaplan turbine

N is constant

100% GO Pu 50% GO 25% GO 75% GO

Nu

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Main Characteristic curves of a Francis turbine

N is constant

100% GO Qu 75% GO 50% GO 25% GO

Nu

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Main Characteristic curves of a Francis turbine

N is constant

Pu

100% GO 75% GO 50% GO 25% GO Nu

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Main Characteristic curves of a Francis turbine

N is constant

100% GO

o
50% GO 25% GO 75% GO

Nu

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Operating Characteristic curves of a turbine

N is constant

o
P, o P

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Operating Characteristic curves of a turbine

N is constant

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Operating Characteristic curves of a turbine

N is constant

% Full load

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Constant Efficiency curves for Reaction turbine

N Constant Efficiency curves for Reaction turbine

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12,600 MW Year 1983

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HYDRO-POWER POTENTIAL IN INDIA

BASINS/RIVERS POWER POTENIAL IN MW AT 60% L.F. Indus Ganges Central India Rivers West flowing Rivers East flowing Rivers Brahamaputra TOTAL 19988 10715 2740 6149 9532 34920 84044

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Anatomy of A Hydroelectric Power Plant

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