20th December, 2009 V.J.T.I.

, Mumbai

National Seminar on Sustainable Environment

Analysis of Rainfall Intensities and Tides for Storm Water Management in Mumbai

BRIMSTOWAD
(Brihan Mumbai St (B ih M b i Storm Water Drainage Master Plan) W t D i M t Pl )
Carried out during 1990 93 by Watson Hawksley 1990-93 (now MWH) in association with AIC India Private Limited Investigated i d th various aspects of storm water d i I ti t d in-depth, i t f t t drainage system in Mumbai Formulated proposals f d l F l t d l for development and maintenance of th t d i t f the system Provided P id d a programme of capital works (1993 2005) (600 f i l k (1993-2005) crores at 1993 level to alleviate chronic flooding problems in Mumbai Due to limitations of funds, very few of the recommendations were i l implemented. t d
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Unprecedented flooding in Mumbai on 26/27 July 2005. Total rainfall manually measured at Santacruz 005. ota a a a ua y easu ed Sa tac u was 944.2mm
200 190.3 Rainfall(m mm) 150 100.4 100 4

100

100.2

50

60.2

42.5

48.2

0 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 8:00 9:00 0:00 1:00 2:00 3:00 4:00 5:00 6:00 7:00 8:00

Time (hrs)

Plot of Rainfall Event on 26/27 July 2005

Government of M h G t f Maharashtra appointed a F t Fi di ht i t d Fact Finding Committee (FFC) to investigate causes and suggest recommendations. d ti
3

The Municipal Corporation of Mumbai (MCGM) requests MWH

To update original BRIMSTOWAD study to include Updated hydraulic modeling Flooding l ti Fl di solutions Engineering designs g g g Economic analysis

Greater

Hydraulic Design of Storm Water Drainage System

Rational Method
Applicable for smaller Catchments upto 65 Ha

Rational Method

Q=CIA Where, Q = Runoff; C = Runoff Coefficient; I = Intensity of Rainfall A = Catchment Area

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Intensity Duration Frequency (IDF) Relationships

i = a f b / (t+d)c f i = a/(t+b)c i = a/tn
Where, i = I Wh Intensity of Rainfall, mm/hr i f R i f ll /h t = Duration, minutes f=R t Return period in years i di a, b, c, d and n are Constants

Typical R i f ll Ch t f T i l Rainfall Chart from Automatic Rainfall Gauge

IDF Relationships for Colaba and Santacruz

Frequency Range Intensity (mm / hour) Colaba 458.98 FREQ0.2423 (DUR + 18.16)0.7182 113.53 FREQ0.1914 (DUR +1.57)0.3819
0.1201 134.69 134 69 FREQ0 1201 (DUR -0.22)0.3739

6 months to 1 year 1.25 to 2 years 2.25 to 3 years 3.25 t 3 25 to 4 years 5 to 10 years y Where,

Santacruz 264.12 FREQ0.2272 (DUR +4.50)0.5609 338.06 FREQ0.2149 (DUR +10.75-)0.6011

0.3209 335.24 335 24 FREQ0 3209 (DUR +16.99)0.6754

80.99 FREQ0.2041 Q (DUR 1.93)0.3246 105.44 FREQ0.0898 (DUR 3.21)0 2793 3 21)0.2793

165.39 FREQ0.4697 Q (DUR +19.44)0.6433 7606.12 FREQ0.5680 (DUR +101.97)1 4273 +101 97)1.4273

FREQ is Frequency in months; DUR is Duration in minutes * Chawathe et. al., Journal Institute of Engineers (India), Vol. 58, October 1977

Rainfall Measuring Gauge Stations

Thane District

No Development Zone

Western Suburb Catchments

National Park

Data Available (19692008) Sanacruz

Thane Creek No Development Zone

Eastern Suburb Catchments C h

Arabian Sea City

Data Available (19692008) Colaba

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IDF Curves for Colaba

200.00

ReturnPeriod
1 in 1 year 1 in 2 year 1 in 5 year 1 in 10 year 1 in 15 year 1 i 30 year in 2 in 1 year

150.00

100.00 Intensity (m mm/hr) 50.00 0.00 0 5 10 Duration (hours) 15 20 25

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IDF Curves for Santacruz

200.00

ReturnPeriod
1 in 1 year 1 in 2 year 1 in 5 year 1 in 10 year 1 in 15 year 1 in 30 year 2 in 1 year

150.00

100.00 Intensity in mm/hr m 50.00 50 00 0.00 0 5 10 Duration in hours 15 20 25

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Conversion of IDF Curves to Chicago Curves

Fit i = a / (t + b)c

Consider IDF curve for a given frequency g q y Use INFOWORKS Software Input a, b, c for the given frequency INFOWORKS outputs Chicago Curve

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General Form of Chicago Curve

i = F(t) = a [(1-c)t + b] (t + b)1 + c Where, i is the Intensity mm/hr; t is the Duration in minutes and a, b and c are constants; For a specific frequency

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Design Hyetographs
500

ReturnPeriod
400 2in1 1in1 1in2

Intensity (m mm/hr)

300

200

100

0 0 1 2 Duration(hours) 3 4

Chicago Curves for Colaba for 4 hour duration

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Design Hyetographs
800 700

ReturnPeriod Return Period

1in5 1in10

600

1in15 1in30

500 Intensity (m mm/hr)

400

300

200

100

0 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 Duration (hours) 2.5 3 3.5 4

Chicago Curves for Colaba for 4 hour duration

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Design Hyetographs
500

ReturnPeriod
400 2in1 1in1 1in2

Intensity(mm/hr)

300

200

100

0 0 1 2 Duration (hours) 3 4

Chicago Curves for Santacruz for 4 hour duration

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Design Hyetographs
1200 1000

ReturnPeriod
1in5 1in10 1in15 1in30

800 Intensity (m mm/hr)

600

400

200

0 0 1 2 Duration (hours) 3 4

Chicago Curves for Santacruz for 4 hour duration

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Tides
Rise and fall of sea levels caused by y combined effects of rotation of earth and gravitational forces exerted by moon and sun Most coastal areas experience two daily high and two daily low tides. Tide levels are influenced by wind, precipitation, currents of water and global temperature variation. g p The two high waters HH and HL are not of the same height. Similar is the case for two low water LL and LH Around new and full moon, the tidal range (difference between high and low waters) is maximum (Spring Tide) and when the moon is at first quarter or third quarter the tidal range is 19 minimum (Neap Tide)

Tidal Analysis y
Daily Tide Levels; High high (HH), High low (HL), Low high (LH) and Low low (LL) were collected. *Apollo Bunder: 1986-2008 (Predicted) *Trombay: Trombay: 2004 2008 2004-2008 (Predicted) * *Apollo Bunder: 2005 and 2006 (Actual observed) p ( ) *Source: * *Source: Maharashtra Maritime Board, Mumbai Survey of India, Dehradun

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Tide Levels Measuring Gauge Stations

Thane District

No Development Zone Eastern Suburb Catchments

National Park

Data Available (20032008) Bandra

Thane Creek

Arabian Sea

Western Suburb Catchments

No Development Zone

City City NorthEast Catchments Data Available (1986-2008) Apollo Bunder

Data Available (2004-2008) (2004 2008) Trombay

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Typical Average Predicted Tide Levels from Apollo Bunder

Years 1986 Months June July August September June July August September June July August September b June July August September HH HL LH LL (m above THD) (m above THD) (m above THD) (m above THD) 26.101 26 101 25.542 25 542 23.785 23 785 22.817 22 817 26.005 25.504 23.812 22.907 25.917 25.494 23.689 22.917 25.907 25.533 23.563 22.928 26.079 25.483 23.816 22.867 26.048 25.509 23.725 22.894 25.946 25.555 23.620 22.882 25.916 25 916 25.544 25 544 23.543 23 543 22.859 22 859 26.096 25.480 23.837 22.832 26.095 25.554 23.708 22.811 26.025 25.646 23.515 22.818 25.956 25.591 23.488 22.810 26.070 25.417 23.777 22.811 26.053 25.471 23.755 22.812 25.982 25.564 23.568 22.865 25.910 25.516 23.448 22.878
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1987

1988

1989

Typical Average Predicted Tide Levels from Trombay

Years 2004 Months June July August September June July August September June July August September b June July August September HH HL LH LL (m above THD) (m above THD) (m above THD) (m above THD) 26.267 26 267 25.567 25 567 23.608 23 608 22.517 22 517 26.262 25.596 23.585 22.495 26.223 25.677 23.410 22.594 26.122 25.781 23.300 22.736 26.261 25.546 23.609 22.642 26.200 25.562 23.631 22.655 26.142 25.609 23.507 22.724 26.104 26 104 25.718 25 718 23.354 23 354 22.769 22 769 26.202 25.454 23.662 22.607 26.199 25.523 23.591 22.667 26.135 25.637 23.466 22.697 26.113 25.735 23.383 22.715 26.214 25.464 23.674 22.568 26.227 25.535 23.619 22.582 26.214 25.734 23.385 22.641 26.152 25.829 23.313 22.629
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2005

2006

2007

Scatter Diagram of Predicted Data and Observed Data at Apollo bunder

27 26 Observed Tid Level above (THD) de

25

24

23

22 22 23 24 25 Predicted Tide Level above (THD) 26 27

Correlation Coefficient = 0.965; ; Regression Equation: Actual Level = 0.965 Predicted level + 0.901

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Base Tidal Sine Curves for present day conditions

Apollo Bunder Predicted Average Tid L l A ll B d P di t d A Tide Levels HH, HL, LH, LL
Adjusted using regression equation dj d i i i 150mm added to take account of storm surges Base curve to be used for City (Except North East Catchments) Northand Western Suburbs

Trombay Predicted Average Tide Levels HH, HL, LH, LL

Adjusted as above Base curve to be used for City (North- East Catchments) and Eastern Suburbs
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Base Curves
27.0 26.155 26.0 25.0 24.0 23.831 23.0 23.111 22.0 0 100 200 300 400 25.721 25.721 25 721

HH HL

HL

LH LL
500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500

City (except north-east catchments) and Western Suburbs (Apollo Bunder data)
28.0 27.0 26.0 25.0 25 0 24.0 27.232 27 232 26.737 26.737

HH HL

HL

LH LL
23.782

24.623

23.0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500

City (north-east catchments only) and Eastern Suburbs (Trombay data)

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Long term Tidal Sine Curve

Base Curves were adjusted by adding Long term rise in sea level of 225mm in 25 years Long term rise in sea level of 900mm in 100 years

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Long Term Tidal Curves for City (except north-east north east catchments) and Western Suburbs
28.0 27.0 26.0 25.0 25 0 24.0 23.0 0 100 200 300 25.946

HL

HH

26.380

25.946

HL

LL
23.336 400 500 600 700 800 900

LH
1000

24.056

1100

1200

1300

1400

1500

Curve for deflection point after 25 years

28.0 27.055 27 055 27.0 26.0 25.0 25 0 26.621

HL

HH

26.621

HL

LH
24.0 23.0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

LL

24.011

24.731

1100

1200

1300

1400

1500

Curve for deflection point after 100 years

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Long Term Tidal Curves for City (north-east catchments only) and Eastern Suburbs
27.0 26.0 26 0 25.0 24.0 23.0 22.0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 26.062 26 062

HH

26.557

26.062

HL

HL

LH 23.948 LL
23.107

Curve for deflection point after 25years

28.0 27.0 26.0 25.0 25 0 24.0 23.0 0 100 200 300 26.737

HL

HH

27.232 27 232

HL
26.737

LH 24.623 LL
23.782

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1100

1200

1300

1400

1500

Curve for deflection point after 100years

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Updating of Original Brimstowad Master Plan Data Collection D t C ll ti

Collection of details of Chronic flooding spots Geotechnical aspects at various locations City drains conditions by CCTV survey and photography Condition assessment of Bench marks established in 1993 Nullah Survey to obtain latest information on Nullah Alignments, y g L-sections, Cross-sections Condition Assessment of Outfalls Flying Survey using LiDAR instrument to obtain a digital terrain model, contour maps (0.25m interval), digital photographs with topographic information Socio-economic aspects of flooding by conducting a 1000 samples study l d Financial losses due to flooding on 26/27 July 2005 30

Updating of Original Brimstowad Master Plan Modelling/ E M d lli / Economic Analysis i A l i

Modelling of Storm Water Drainage System will be carried out using INFOWORKS software to identify alternate Engineering proposals and; based on consideration of Economic Analysis, technically and financially feasible solutions with maximum cost benefit ratio will be evolved.

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References
1. Rainfall Analysis for the Design of Storm Sewers in Bombay S.D.Chawathe et. al., Journal Institute of Engineers, Volume 58, October,1977. O t b 1977 2. Water Supply and Waste Water Disposal G.M. G M Fair et al et. al. 3. Report of the Fact Finding Committee, on Mumbai Floods Government of Maharashtra Publication,2006 4. Rainfall Intensities and 26/7 Floods in Mumbai S.D.Chawathe, JIWWA, July-Sept. 2005 5. Sea level h 5 S l l changes along th I di C t l the Indian Coast A.S. Unnikrishnan, N.I.O, Dona Paula, Goa, 2006 6. Atmospheric forcing on the seasonal variability of sea level at Atmospheric Cochin Shriniwas K. et. al., continental shelf research, 26, (10), 11B 32

Thank Th k you