AVS ENGINEERING COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELCTRONICS ENGINEERING

QUESTION BANK

Prepared by

VASANTHAKUMAR.M B.E Lecturer/ECE

Prepared by: Mr. M.Vasanthakumar Lect/ECE

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UNIT I ELECTRIC CIRCUITS AND MEASUREMENTS PART A (2 MARKS) 1. Define charge. The total deficiency or addition of excess electrons in an atom is called its charge. Unit of charge: Coulomb Constant charge is denoted by letter Q and charge varying with time is denoted by q or q (t). 2. Define current. Movement of electrons is called current. It is also defined as flow of charges. Current I= dQ Q = dt t

Movement of electrons always flow from negative to positive. Unit of current is Ampere. DC current: The current does not vary with time is called direct current. It is denoted by I. AC current: The current varies with time is called alternating current. It is denoted by i (or)i(t). 3. Define potential difference. It is also called as voltage (or) electric potential. It is defined as the energy required to move the unit of charge from one point to other. It is also defined as the difference of electric potential between the two points of the conductor. Electric potential= Unit of voltage is volt (or) It is denoted by letter V. workdone W dW = = ch arg e Q dQ J C

4. Define Power. The rate of doing work is called power. Prepared by: Mr. M.Vasanthakumar Lect/ECE Page 2

Power P=VI P= dW dQ dW = dQ dt dt J .It is denoted by letter P. S

Unit of power is Watts (or) 5. Define Energy.

The rate of doing work with time is called power. It is also called as the capacity to do the work. Unit of Energy is Watt-hour (or) Joules .It is denoted by letter E (or) W. 6. Define Independent source. It is defined as the source voltage independent of current flowing through it and source current independent of voltage across it. It is indicated by circle with polarity of voltage and direction of current. It is also called as uncontrolled sources. Types of independent of sources. (i)Voltage source (ii)Current source 7. Define Dependent sources. It is defined as the voltage source or current source depends on voltage or current elsewhere in the given circuit. It is indicated by diamond shape. It is also called as controlled sources. Types of Dependent of sources. (i)Voltage controlled voltage source (VCVS). (ii) Voltage controlled current source (VCCS). (iii) Current controlled current source (CCCS). (iv) Current controlled voltage source (CCVS). 8. Define ideal voltage source. The energy source which gives constant voltage across its terminals irrespective of the current flowing through its terminal is called ideal voltage source. At any time the value of voltage at load terminals remains same. 9. Define practical voltage source. Practical voltage source gas small amount of resistance (Rse) in series with voltage source. Prepared by: Mr. M.Vasanthakumar Lect/ECE Page 3

VL = VS I L Rse Due to Rse, the voltage across load terminals decreases slightly with increase in current. 10. Define time invariant voltage source. The source in which voltage or current is not varying with time is called time invariant sources. It is also called as DC sources. It is denoted by capital letters. 11. Define time variant voltage source. The source in which voltage or current is varying with time is called time variant sources. It is also called as AC sources. It is denoted by small letters. 12. Define resistance. The property of opposition of flow of current is called resistance. Unit of resistance: ohm It is denoted by letter R. Power dissipated in resistor P=I2R 13. Define inductance. The property of opposition of flow of change in current is called inductance. Unit of resistance: Henry It is denoted by letter L. Energy stored in the inductor E= Li 2 2

It stores the energy in the form of magnetic field. 14. Define capacitance. The property of opposition of flow of change in voltage is called capacitance. Unit of resistance: Farad It is denoted by letter C. Energy stored in the inductor E= CV 2 2

It stores the energy in the form of electrostatic field. 15. Define branch and node. Branch: It is a portion of a circuit with two terminal connected to it. A branch may contain one or more elements. Prepared by: Mr. M.Vasanthakumar Lect/ECE Page 4

Node: It is a junction of two or more branches. 16. Define mesh or loop. It is defined as a set of branches forming a closed path in a network. 17. Define active and passive elements. Active element: Active elements are the elements which supply power or energy to the network. Ex. Voltage source, current source Passive element: Passive elements are the elements which either store energy or dissipate energy in the form of heat. Ex. Capacitor and inductor=store the energy Resistor=dissipate the energy 18. Define lumped and distributed network. Lumped network: A network consisting of physically separable elements such as resistor, capacitor and inductor is known as lumped network. Ex.RLC network Distributed network: A network consisting of elements that are not separable for analytical purpose is known as distributed network. Ex. Transmission lines(R, L ad C is distributed along its length) 19. Define bilateral and unilateral network. Bilateral network: The voltage-currant relationship is same for current flowing in either direction is called bilateral network. Ex. R, L and C Unilateral network: The network has different relationships between voltage and current for the two possible directions of current. Ex: Diodes, vaccum tubes 20. Define linear and non-linear network. Linear network: The relationship between voltage and current is linear, then the network is called linear network. Prepared by: Mr. M.Vasanthakumar Lect/ECE Page 5

Ex:Resistance Non-Linear network: The network which do not satisfy the linear voltage-current relationship is called non-linear network. Ex: Diodes, Zener Diodes 21. State Ohms law. At constant temperature. the current flowing through the resistor is directly proportional to voltage across the resistor. V I , V=IR R= V = cons tan t I V2 R

Power dissipated in resistor P= I 2 R = VI = 22. Write the limitations of ohms law.

(i)It is not applicable to non-linear devices such as diodes, zener diodes and voltage regulators. (ii)It is not applicable for non metallic conductors. Ex. silicon carbide (iii)It is not applicable for arc lamps, electronic valves and electrolytes.

23. State Kirchoffs current law. It is also called as point law (or) Kirchoffs first law. It is defined as algebraic sum of currents meeting at any node is equal to zero. (Or) At any node, sum of incoming current is equal to sum of outgoing current Sign convention: Positive: current flowing towards junction. Negative: current flowing away from junction. 24. State Kirchoffs voltage law. It is also called as mesh law (or) loop law (or) Kirchoffs second law. It is defined as algebraic sum of voltages around any closed path is equal to zero. Prepared by: Mr. M.Vasanthakumar Lect/ECE Page 6

(Or) At any closed path, sum of voltage rise is equal to sum of voltage drop Sign convention: Voltage rise: current flowing from ve to +ve terminal of battery. It must be taken as positive. Voltage drop: current flowing from +ve to -ve terminal of battery. It must be taken as negative.

25. Write the characteristics of series connection of resistances. (i)Same current flows through each resistance. (ii)Supply voltage V is the sum of individual voltage drops across each resistance. V = V1 + V2 + V3 (iii)Equivalent resistance is equal to sum of individual resistance. R eq = R 1 + R 2 + R 3 (iv)Equivalent resistance is the largest of all individual resistance. R eq R 1 , R 2 , R 3 Ex. Decoration lamps. 26. Write the drawbacks of series connection of resistances. (i)Any break in the one part of the circuit will break the current flow through the rest of the circuit. (ii)Current ratings of all electrical appliances are not same. So they are not connected in series. (iii)Voltages are additive. So it is not suitable for practical lighting loads. 27. Write the characteristics of parallel connection of resistances. (i)Same voltage appears across each resistance. (ii)Total current I is the sum of currents through each resistance.

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I = I1 + I 2 + I 3 (iii)Reciprocal of equivalent resistance is equal to sum of reciprocal of individual resistance. 1 1 1 1 = + + R eq R 1 R 2 R 3

(iv)Equivalent resistance is the largest of all individual resistance. R eq R 1 , R 2 , R 3 Ex. Residential wiring. ADDITIONAL ANNA UNIV QUESTIONS 2 MARKS 1. State Ohms law and its limitations. 2. State Kirchhoffs law. 3. Derive the equation for equivalent resistance of number of resistors connected in parallel. 4. What is meant by electric energy? 5. Distinguish between power and energy. 6. What are lumped circuits? 7. What is meant by electric power? Give different forms of expression for electric power. 8. Draw power triangle. 9. Define time period and frequency of an alternating quantity. 10. Explain the terms (a) instantaneous value and (b) average value for an ac signal. 11. Draw sinusoidal, saw tooth and half- rectified sinusoidal waveforms. 12. Define form factor and peak factor. 13. Define power factor. 14. Give the advantages of phase system. 15. Distinguish between apparent power and true power. 16. Mention the 2 types of wattmeter. 17. Name the coils in the wattmeter. 18. What are the advantages and disadvantages of MI instruments?

Prepared by: Mr. M.Vasanthakumar Lect/ECE

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PART B
1. (i) State and explain Kirchoffs law. (8) (ii)Explain the working of a Dynamometer wattmeter with a diagram(8) 2. Define (i) RMS Value (16) (ii)Average Value (iii)Instantaneous Value (iv)Real power (v)Apparent power (vi)Reactive power (vii)Frequency (viii)Balanced three phase circuit 3. Name the instrument used for measuring the electrical power consumed during a specific period. Discuss its principle of operation with suitable diagram. (16) 4. (i)A series circuit has R=10, L=50mH, and C=100F and is supplied with 200V, 50Hz. Find (i) Impedance (ii) current (iii) power (iv) power factor (v) voltage drop across the each element. (8) 5. (ii)Derive the equation for equivalent resistance of number of resistors connected in parallel. (8) 6. Illustrate with a neat diagram, the construction and operation of a permanent magnet moving coil. How could it be modified for use as (i) ammeter (ii) voltmeter (16) 7. 400V is applied to three star connected identical impedances each consisting of a 40 resistance in series with 3 inductance reactance. Find (i) line current (ii) Total power supplied (16) 8. Find the current through each branch by network reduction technique. (16) 9. Calculate a) the equivalent resistances across the terminals of the supply, b) total current supplied by the source and c) power delivered to 16 ohm resistor in the circuit shown in figure. (16) 10. In the circuit shown, determine the current through the 2 ohm resistor and the total current delivered by the battery. Use Kirchhoffs laws. (16) 11. (i) In the network shown below, find the current delivered by the battery. (10) (ii) Discuss about voltage and current division principles. (6) Prepared by: Mr. M.Vasanthakumar Lect/ECE Page 9

12.Find the current through branch a-b using mesh analysis shown in figure below. (8) 13.Find the nodal voltages in the circuit of figure. (16) 14.Using Mesh analysis, find current through 4 ohm resistor. (16) UNIT II ELECTRICAL MACHINES PART A (2 MARKS) 1. In what respect does a 1-phase Induction motor differ from a 3-phase Induction motor? Construction wise a plain 1-phase Induction motor is more or less similar to a 3-phase squirrel-cage Induction motor except that its stator is provided with only 1-phase winding. 2. What are the inherent characteristics of plain 1-phase Induction motor ? A plain 1-phase Induction motor is not used in practice due to the following inherent characteristics A plain 1-phase Induction motor does not have any starting torque However, if the rotor is initially given a starting torque, by some means, the motor can pick up its speed in a direction at which the initial torque is given and deliver the required output. 3. Name the two different theories with which principle of 1-phase induction motors are explained. The two different theories are Double revolving field theory Cross field theory 4. State double revolving field theory. Double revolving theory, formulated by Ferrari, states that a single pulsating synchronous speed proportional to the frequency of the pulsating field. 5. Name any four types of 1-phase induction motors. Based on the method of starting arrangement provided, the 1-phase Induction motors are classified as follows (i) Split-phase motor Prepared by: Mr. M.Vasanthakumar Lect/ECE Page 10

(ii) Capacitor start motor (iii) Capacitor start and run motor (iv) Shaded pole motor (v) Repulsion start Induction run motor 6. Why are centrifugal switches provided on many 1-phase Induction motors? Centrifugal switches are provided on many 1-phase Induction motors to disconnect the starting / auxiliary winding from the supply when the motor reaches about 70% of its synchronous speed. 7. How is the direction of a capacitor start Induction motor be reversed? The direction of rotation can be reversed by interchanging the terminals of either the main winding or the starting winding. 8. State the principle of 3 phase IM? While starting, rotor conductors are stationary and they cut the revolving magnetic field and so an emf is induced in them by electromagnetic induction. This induced emf produces a current if the circuit is closed. This current opposes the cause by Lenzs law and hence the rotor starts revolving in the same direction as that of the magnetic field. 9. Induction motor can run at synchronous speed ? True or false? Explain . No, if the speed of induction motor is Ns then the relative speed between the rotating flux and the rotor will be zero and so no torque is produced. 10. An induction motor is generally analogous to ? It is analogous to a winding rotating transformer with its secondary circuit closed. 11. Can the starting torque of of a slip ring induction motor being increased? Yes. It can be increased by adding resistances to the rotor. 12. What would happen if a 3 phase induction motor is switched on with one phase Disconnected? The motor is likely to burn . 13. What happens if the air gap flux density in an induction motor increases? The increase in air gap flux increases iron loss and hence efficiency decreases. 14. State the advantages of skewing? It reduces humming and hence quite running of motor is achieved. Prepared by: Mr. M.Vasanthakumar Lect/ECE Page 11

It reduces magnetic locking of the stator and rotor. 15. State the condition at which the starting torque developed in a slip-ring induction motor is maximum. When R2=X2 16 .What are the effects of increasing rotor resistance on starting current and starting torque? The additional external resistance reduces the rotor current and hence the current drawn from the supply. It improves the starting torque developed by improving the power factor in high proportion to the decrease in rotor current. 17. What is slip of an induction motor? The slip speed expressed as the ratio of synchronous speed is defined as slip. Percentage slip S=Ns-N/Ns*100 18. How the magnitude of rotor emf is related to the slip in an I M? Rotor circuit emf per phase E2r=SE2 19. How the frequency of rotor emf is related to the slip in an I M? Frequency of rotor emf/current fr=Sfs 20. What is the normal value of slip of an I M operating at full load? 3 - 5% 21. Why is not possible for the rotor speed of an I M to be equal to the speed of its rotating magnetic field? The machine will not be able to develop any mechanical torque to run as a motor. 22. State the condition at which the torque developed in a 3 phase induction motor is maximum. When R2=SX2 23. What are the advantages of slip-ring I M over cage I M? (i) Rotor circuit is accessible for external connection. (ii) By adding external resistance to the rotor circuit the starting current is reduced with the added advantage of improving starting torque. Prepared by: Mr. M.Vasanthakumar Lect/ECE Page 12

(iii) Additional speed control methods can be employed with the accessibility in the rotor circuit. 24. What are the losses occurring in an I M and on what factors do they depend? Magnetic losses Wi Electrical losses Wcu Mechanical losses Wm For I M operating in normal condition (with constant voltage and frequency) magnetic and mechanical losses remain constant whereas electrical losses vary in square proportion to the current. 25. What care should be taken at the time of construction to reduce eddy current losses in I M? Make the resistance of the core body as large as possible.This is achieved by laminating the stator core,stacked and revetted at right angles to the path of eddy current.The laminations are insulated from each other by thin coat of varnish. 26. Why is there not appreciable magnetic losses in the rotor core of Induction motors? Although the rotor core is also subjected to magnetic flux reversals and since the frequency of flux reversals in the rotor, fr = Sfs, is very small, the iron loss incurred in the rotor core is negligibly small. 27.How does the shaft torque differ from the torque developed in 3-phase Induction motor? The mechanical power developed Pd causes the rotor to rotate at a speed Nr due to the torque Td developed in the rotor . Therefore, equation for Pr can be written as Pd __ 1rTd / 60 The remaining power, after the mechanical losses Wm are met with, available in the shaft as mechanical power output Po Po = Pd Wm The mechanical power output Po, which is less than Pd is available in the shaft Prepared by: Mr. M.Vasanthakumar Lect/ECE Page 13

running at a speed of Nr and with a shaft torque T. Therefore the shaft torque (T) is slightly less than the torque developed Td, Pd_ __ 1rT / 60 Wm = Pd Po_ _>_ 1r(Td T)] / 60 28. Name the tests to be conducted for predetermining the performance of 3-phase induction machine. (a) No load test (b) Blocked rotor test 29. What are the informations obtained from no-load test in a 3-phase I M? (i) No load input current per phase,Io (ii) No load powerfactor and hence no load phase angle (iii) Iron and mechanical losses together (iv) elements of equivalent circuit shunt branch 30. What are the informations obtained from blocked rotor test in a 3-phase I M? (i)Blocked rotor input current per phase at normal voltage (ii) Blocked rotor power factor and hence phase angle (iii) Total resistance and leakage reactance per phase of the motor as refered to the stator 31. What is circle diagram of an I M? When an I M operates on constant voltage and constant frequency source,the loci of stator current phasor is found to fall on a circle.This circle diagram is used to predict the performance of the machine at different loading conditions as well as mode of operation.

ADDITIONAL UNIV QUESTION 2 MARKS 1. What is the basic principle of a dc generator? 2. What are the basic parts of a dc generator? 3. What is the purpose of yoke in a dc machine? Prepared by: Mr. M.Vasanthakumar Lect/ECE Page 14

4. Mention the 2 types of armature winding in a dc machine. 5. What is the function of commutator in a dc generator? 6. Write down the emf equation of a dc generator. 7. What are the different types of dc generators? 8. Draw the circuit diagram of any two types of DC generators. 9. What is the material used for armature core, field winding, commutator amd brushes? 10. List out the different types of DC motor. 11. Why is a shunt motor called constant speed drive? 12. Define the term speed regulation of a DC motor. 13. Write down the torque equation of a DC motor. 14. Give the significance of back emf in a dc motor. 15. Define transformation ratio. 16. Define voltage regulation of a transformer. 17. What are the types of transformers based on construction? 18. What are the different types of single phase induction motor? 19. What are the applications and characteristics of capacitor-start capacitor run motor? 20. What are the classifications of single phase induction motor based on the method of starting?

PART B
1. Explain the principle of operation of a DC generator and derive the emf equation. Discuss in detail about the construction of DC generator with the neat sketch. (16) 2. Derive the equation for induced emf of a DC machine. (16) 3. Give the significance of back emf in a DC motor. (16) 4. Derive the torque equation of DC motor. (16) 5. Describe the construction details of transformer and also explain the principle of operation. (16) 6. Explain the principle of operation of single phase 2-winding transformer. (16) 7. Derive the emf equation of a transformer. (16) 8. Explain the principle of operation of single phase induction motor. (16) Prepared by: Mr. M.Vasanthakumar Lect/ECE Page 15

9. Explain double field revolving theory. (16) 10.What are the classifications of single phase induction motor based on the method of starting? (16) 11. A transformer with 40 turns on the high voltage winding is used to step down the voltage from 240V to 120V. Find the number of turns in the low voltage winding. (16) 12.A 4 pole, wave wound generator having 40 slots and 10 conductors placed per slot. The flux per pole is 0.02 wb. Calculate the generated emf when the generator is drive at 1200 rpm. (16) 13.A 25kw, 250V, dc shunt generator has armature and field resistances of 0.06ohm and 100ohm respectively. Determine the total armature power developed when working (1) as a generator delivering 25 kw output and (2) as a motor taking 25kw. (16)

UNIT III SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES AND APPLICATIONS PART A (2 MARKS) 1. Define Electronics. The branch of engineering which deals with conduction of current through Prepared by: Mr. M.Vasanthakumar Lect/ECE Page 16

vacuum or gas or a semiconductor. 2. Define Semiconductor . Semiconductor is a substance has its resistivity in between conductors and insulators. E.g. silicon, Germanium. 3. Define Conductor The substances, which allow electric current to pass through them, are called conductors. E.g. Copper. 4. Define Insulator. Material, which does not allow the passage of electric current through them.E.g. Glass, wood, etc. 5. Define Energy band diagram. It is diagram drawn between inter atomic spacing along the X-axis and the band energy along the Y-axis. 6. What are free electrons? The valence electrons, which are very loosely attached to the nucleus, are known as free electrons. 7. Define doping. The process of adding impurities to an intrinsic semiconductor is called doping. 8. Define Intrinsic semiconductor Semiconductor in an extremely pure form is called intrinsic semiconductor. Its valence shell must be tetravalent in nature. 9. Define Extrinsic semiconductor Semiconductor in an impure form is called extrinsic semiconductor. They are two types (i), P-type (ii), N-type. 10. Define valence band. The range of energy possessed by valence electron in an atom is called Valence band. 11. Define Conduction band. Prepared by: Mr. M.Vasanthakumar Lect/ECE Page 17

The range of energy possessed by conduction electron in an atom is called conduction band. 12. Explain forbidden energy gap. The separation between the conduction band and the valence band on the energy band diagram. 13. Define P-N junction. When P-type and N-type are suitably joined together by the conducting surfaces of these two semiconductors is called P-N junction. 14. Define forward biasing. When a diode is forward biased the current is produced because the holes in the P-region and electron from N-region moves towards the junction. The depletion region formed will be very small hence recombination occurs and current will be produced. 15. Define reverse biasing. When a reverse biased voltage is given an electron from N-region and holes from P-region moves away from the junction,hence the depletion region formed is very high and hence a small current will be produced due to minority carriers. 16. Define reverse resistance. The resistance offered by the diode in its reversed biased condition is called reverse resistance. 17. Define forward resistance The resistance offered by the diode in its forward biased condition when a voltage is given is called forward resistance. 18. Define transition capacitance. The P-N region on either of the dielectric media act as the plates hence we have components for making a plate capacitor the junction capacitance is called transition capacitance. 19. Define power rating. The power rating of a diode is defined as the maximum value of power that can be dissipated without failure if Vf is the forward biased voltage and If is Prepared by: Mr. M.Vasanthakumar Lect/ECE Page 18

the forward biased current. Pd= Vf x If. 20. Define diffusion capacitance. This capacitance effect is present when the junction is forward biased it is called diffusion capacitance. 21. Define drift velocity and drift current. When an electric field is applied the charge carriers moves in the opposite direction and produce current this result is drift current and net average velocity is called drift velocity. 22. Define transition time. Only after the minority carriers are swept of the junction the diode voltage begins to reverse and the diode current decreases exponentially the time which elapses between and when the diode normally recovered is the called transition time. 23. Define storage time. When the conduction diode is reverse biased the voltage doesnt become zero. Immediately up to time t1 the diode is conducting in the forward direction. The time interval t = t2 t1 during which the stored minority carriers reduces to zero is called storage time (ts). 24. What is a FET? a. A field effect transistor is a three terminal semiconductor device in which current conduction is by one type of carriers (either electrons or holes) and is controlled by an electric field.

25. Which device is called as unipolar device? Why? i. Since the operation of FET depends upon the flow of majority carriers (either the electrons or holes) only, the FET is said to be unipolar device.

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26. What are the main drawbacks in BJT? i. The main two drawbacks in BJT are ii. Low input impedance iii. Considerable noise level. 27. What is pinch off voltage? i. Drain source voltage above which the drain current become constant is known as pinch off voltage. The point N is called as pinch off point. Above the pinch off voltage the channel width becomes narrow and drain current remains constant. 28. What are advantages of FET? i. It is a voltage control, constant current driven device that is the variation in input voltage controls the output current. ii. The input impedance is very high so it allows a high degree of isolation between the input and the output circuit. iii. The carriers are not crossing the junction hence the noise is highly reduced. iv. It has a negative temperature co-efficient of resistance. This can avoid thermal runaway. 29. What are the two types of small signal model? i. The small signal model is of two types ii. Low frequency small signal model. iii. High frequency small signal model. 30. Define transconductance? a. It is the ratio of change in drain current to the change in gate source voltage at constant drain source voltage. 31. Define amplification factor? Prepared by: Mr. M.Vasanthakumar Lect/ECE Page 20

i. It is the product of drain resistance and transconductance 32. State the two types of MOSFET. State also the modes in which they operate. i. Types: (a) N- channel MOSFET, (b) P-channel MOSFET ii. Depletion mode: In this mode the gate is maintained at positive potential with respect to source. iii. Enhancement mode: In this mode both the gate and drain are maintained at positive potential with respect to source. 33. Why the input impedance of FET is more than that of a BJT? i. The input impedance of FET is more than that of BJT because the input circuit of FET is reverse biased whereas the input circuit of BJT is forward biased. 34. What is MOSFET? i. The MOSFET is an abbreviation for Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor. It is a three terminal semiconductor device similar to FET with gate insulated from the channel. 35. Difference between FET and BJT FET BJT 1. It is a unipolar device. 1. It is a biopolar device 2. It is a voltage controlled device 2. It is a current driven device 3. Its input resistance is very high. 3. Its input resistance is very low. 4. It is less noisy. 4. It is comparatively more noisy. 5. No thermal runaway 5. There is thermal runaway 6. High switching speed 6. Lower switching speed. 36. Difference between MOSFET and FET a. FET MOSFET 1. Input impedance is of the order of 10 1. Input impedance is of the order or 2. It is operated only in depletion mode. 2. The depletion MOSFET can be operated in both depletion mode and enhancement mode. Prepared by: Mr. M.Vasanthakumar Lect/ECE Page 21

3. Gate current is high. 3. Gate current is low. 4. High drain resistance. 4. Higher drain resistance. 37. Difference between UJT and BJT? a. UJT BJT 1. It has only one PN junction. 1. It has two PN junctions 2. The three terminals are labeled as Emitter(E), Base1 (B1) and Base2 (B2) 2. The three terminals are labeled as Emitter (E), Base (B) and Collector(C). 3. It has no ability to amplify signals. 3. It can amplify signals. 38. What is meant by negative resistance region of UJT? i. In a UJT when the emitter voltage reaches the peak point voltage (Vp), emitter current starts flowing. After the peak point any effort to increase in emitter voltage (VE) further leads to sudden increase in the emitter current with corresponding decrease in VE, exhibiting negative resistance. This takes place until the valley point is reached. The region between the peak point and valley point is called negative resistance region. 39. Name the special features of a FET? High input resistance Low noise Better thermal stability High power gain High frequency repose. 40. Define voltage variable resistance i. FET can also be used in the region before pinch off. FET can also be used as a voltage control resistor. For this operation the drain to source resistance is controlled by the voltage VGS. Hence it is called as voltage variable resistor VBR. Prepared by: Mr. M.Vasanthakumar Lect/ECE Page 22

41. The noise level in FET is very small. Why? i. In FET, for current conduction no junction is involved . The conduction is either through an N- type or P-type semiconductor. Therefore, the noise level is very small. ADDITIONAL ANNA UNIV 2 MARKS 1. Define electron volt. 2. Define (a) intrinsic semiconductor and (b) extrinsic semiconductor. 3. What is meant by doping in a semiconductor? 4. What are majority and minority carriers in a semiconductor? 5. What are the types of solids based on energy band theory? Give examples for each. 6. Give the energy band description of conductors, semiconductors and insulators. 7. Draw the energy band diagram for an insulating material. 8. What is a zener diode? 9. Define break down voltage in zener diode. 10. How does a PN junction behave under forward and reverse biased condition? 11. Differentiate Avalanche breakdown and zener breakdown. 12. What do you mean by ripple factor? 13. Define peak inverse voltage. 14. What is the peak inverse voltage of centre tapped full wave rectifier? 15. What are the advantages and disadvantages of full wave rectifier? 16. Draw the symbol of npn and pnp transistor. 17. Compare the three transistor configuration with regard to input and output resistance, current and voltage gain. 18. Calculate IE in a transistor for which =50 and IB=20A.

PART B
1. Explain intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors with neat diagrams. (16) 2. Describe the working of a PN junction diode with neat diagrams. Also explain its V-I Characteristics. (16) Prepared by: Mr. M.Vasanthakumar Lect/ECE Page 23

3. Explain how a PN junction is formed and state its properties under no bias, forward bias and reverse bias condition. (16) 4. What is a Zener diode? Explain the operation of Zener diode and draw its characteristics. (16) 5. Explain the operation of halfwave rectifier with neat sketch. (16) 6. Explain the operation of centre tapped fullwave rectifier with neat diagram. (16) 7. Derive an expression for efficiency of a half-wave rectifier. (16) 8. Explain with a neat diagram how the input and output characteristics of a CE configuration can be obtained. (16) 9. Compare the input resistance, output resistance and voltage gain of CB, CC and CE configuration. (16) 10.Explain the working of the CB configuration of a BJT. (16) 11.Explain in detail about small signal CE amplifier. (16)

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UNIT IV DIGITALS ELECTRONICS PART A (2 MARKS) 1. Define binary logic? Binary logic consists of binary variables and logical operations. The variables are designated by the alphabets such as A, B, C, x, y, z, etc., with each variable having only two distinct values: 1 and 0. There are three basic logic operations: AND, OR, and NOT. 2. What are the basic digital logic gates? The three basic logic gates are AND gate OR gate NOT gate 3. What is a Logic gate? Logic gates are the basic elements that make up a digital system. The electronic gate is a circuit that is able to operate on a number of binary inputs in order to perform a particular logical function. 4.Give the classification of logic families Bipolar Unipolar Saturated Non Saturated PMOS NMOS CMOS RTL Schottky TTL ECL DTL IIL TTL 5. Which gates are called as the universal gates? What are its advantages? The NAND and NOR gates are called as the universal gates. These gates are used to perform any type of logic application. 6.Classify the logic family by operation? Prepared by: Mr. M.Vasanthakumar Lect/ECE Page 25

The Bipolar logic family is classified into Saturated logic Unsaturated logic. The RTL, DTL, TTL, I2L, HTL logic comes under the saturated logic family. The Schottky TTL, and ECL logic comes under the unsaturated logic family. 7.State the classifications of FET devices. FET is classified as 1. Junction Field Effect Transistor (JFET) 2. Metal oxide semiconductor family (MOS). 8.Mention the classification of saturated bipolar logic families. The bipolar logic family is classified as follows: RTL- Resistor Transistor Logic DTL- Diode Transistor logic I2L- Integrated Injection Logic TTL- Transistor Transistor Logic ECL- Emitter Coupled Logic 9. Mention the important characteristics of digital ICs? Fan out Power dissipation Propagation Delay Noise Margin Fan In Operating temperature Power supply requirements 10. Define Fan-out? Fan out specifies the number of standard loads that the output of the gate can drive with out impairment of its normal operation. 11. Define power dissipation? Power dissipation is measure of power consumed by the gate when fully driven by all its inputs. 12. What is propagation delay? Prepared by: Mr. M.Vasanthakumar Lect/ECE Page 26

Propagation delay is the average transition delay time for the signal to propagate from input to output when the signals change in value. It is expressed in ns. 13. Define noise margin? It is the maximum noise voltage added to an input signal of a digital circuit that does not cause an undesirable change in the circuit output. It is expressed in volts. 14. Define fan in? Fan in is the number of inputs connected to the gate without any degradation in the voltage level. 15. What is Operating temperature? All the gates or semiconductor devices are temperature sensitive in nature. The temperature in which the performance of the IC is effective is called as operating temperature. Operating temperature of the IC vary from 00 C to 700 c. 16.What is High Threshold Logic? Some digital circuits operate in environments, which produce very high noise signals.For operation in such surroundings there is available a type of DTL gate which possesses a high threshold to noise immunity. This type of gate is called HTL logic or High Threshold Logic. 17. What are the types of TTL logic? 1. Open collector output 2. Totem-Pole Output 3. Tri-state output. 18. What is depletion mode operation MOS? If the channel is initially doped lightly with p-type impurity a conducting channel exists at zero gate voltage and the device is said to operate in depletion mode. 19. What is enhancement mode operation of MOS? If the region beneath the gate is left initially uncharged the gate field must induce a channel before current can flow. Thus the gate voltage enhances the channel current and such a device is said to operate in the enhancement mode. 20. Mention the characteristics of MOS transistor? 1. The n- channel MOS conducts when its gate- to- source voltage is positive. 2. The p- channel MOS conducts when its gate- to- source voltage is negative Prepared by: Mr. M.Vasanthakumar Lect/ECE Page 27

3. Either type of device is turned of if its gate- to- source voltage is zero. 21. How schottky transistors are formed and state its use? A schottky diode is formed by the combination of metal and semiconductor. The presence of schottky diode between the base and the collector prevents the transistor from going into saturation. The resulting transistor is called as schottky transistor.The use of schottky transistor in TTL decreases the propagation delay without a sacrifice of power dissipation. 22. List the different versions of TTL 1.TTL (Std.TTL) 2.LTTL (Low Power TTL) 3.HTTL (High Speed TTL) 4.STTL (Schottky TTL) 5.LSTTL (Low power Schottky TTL) 23. Why totem pole outputs cannot be connected together. Totem pole outputs cannot be connected together because such a connection might produce excessive current and may result in damage to the devices. 24. State advantages and disadvantages of TTL Adv: Easily compatible with other ICs Low output impedance Disadv: Wired output capability is possible only with tristate and open collector types Special circuits in Circuit layout and system design are required. 25. When does the noise margin allow digital circuits to function properly. When noise voltages are within the limits of VNA(High State Noise Margin) and VNK for a particular logic family. 26. What happens to output when a tristate circuit is selected for high impedance. Output is disconnected from rest of the circuits by internal circuitry. 27. What is 14000 series. It is the oldest and standard CMOS family. The devices are not pin compatible or electrically compatible with any TTL Series. 28. Define combinational logic Prepared by: Mr. M.Vasanthakumar Lect/ECE Page 28

When logic gates are connected together to produce a specified output for certain specified combinations of input variables, with no storage involved, the resulting circuit iscalled combinational logic. 29. Explain the design procedure for combinational circuits The problem definition determine the number of available input variables & required O/P variables.Assigning letter symbols to I/O variables Obtain simplified Boolean expression for each O/P.Obtain the logic diagram. 30. Define Half adder and full adder The logic circuit that performs the addition of two bits is a half adder. The circuit that performs the addition of three bits is a full adder. 31. Define Decoder? A decoder is a multiple - input multiple output logic circuit that converts coded inputs into coded outputs where the input and output codes are different. 32. What is binary decoder? A decoder is a combinational circuit that converts binary information from n input lines to a maximum of 2n out puts lines. 33. Define Encoder? An encoder has 2n input lines and n output lines. In encoder the output lines generate the binary code corresponding to the input value. 34. What is priority Encoder? A priority encoder is an encoder circuit that includes the priority function. In priority encoder, if 2 or more inputs are equal to 1 at the same time, the input having the highest priority will take precedence. 35. Define multiplexer? Multiplexer is a digital switch. If allows digital information from several sources to be routed onto a single output line. 36. What do you mean by comparator A comparator is a special combinational circuit designed primarily to compare the relative magnitude of two binary numbers. ADDITIONAL ANNA UNIV 2 MARKS Prepared by: Mr. M.Vasanthakumar Lect/ECE Page 29

1. Represent the decimal number 13910 into a binary number. 2. State Demorgans theorem 3. Draw the logic symbol and truth table of EX-OR gate. 4. What are universal gates? Why? 5. What is a filp-flop? Where it is used? 6. What are the different types of flip-flops? 7. What is meant by racing in the operation of a flip-flop? 8. State a method to avoid racing problem in JK flip-flop. 9. Mention the types of digital to analog converters. 10. Give the logic diagram and truth table of D flip-flop. 11. What are the different types of counters? 12. What are shift registers? 13. Draw the symbol and truth table of NAND gate. 14. Draw the symbol and truth table of AND gate. 15. Draw the symbol and truth table of NOR gate. 16. Draw the equivalent circuit of NOT gate. 17. Add binary number 1011 and 1110, and write the answer. 18. Convert 1610 into a binary number. 19. Convert the following numbers to decimals. (a) 2378 (b) 23F16 20. Explain the radix of a number system.

PART B
1. Draw and explain the operation of AND, OR, NOT, NAND and NOR gates with suitable truth table. (16) 2. How to get NOR from NOT and OR. Also give the truth table for NOR. (16) 3. What are universal gates? Explain their principle of working with necessary truth table. (16) 4. Design half adder and full adder. (16) 5. Design a full adder and implement it using logic gates. (16) 6. Write short notes on: (16) a. RS-flip flop b. D-flip flop c. JK -flip flop d. T-flip flop e. JK-master slave flip flop Page 30

Prepared by: Mr. M.Vasanthakumar Lect/ECE

7. Briefly explain the working of JK flip flop. (16) 8. Explain the operation of various types of shift register. (16) 9. Explain in details about Analog Digital and Digital to Analog conversion. (16) 10. Explain the operation of RS flip-flop with logic diagram and truth table. (16) 11. With necessary diagrams explain the functioning of any one type of the following: (16) a. Decade counter b. D/A converter 12. What is a counter? Discuss briefly about Mod-5 counter. (16) 13. With necessary diagrams explain the functioning of any one type of A/D converter. (16) 14. Show that NAND and NOR gates are universal building blocks. (16) 15. Describe the operation of a 4-bit binary, ripple counter. (16).

UNIT V FUNDAMENTALS OF COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING PART A (2 MARKS) Prepared by: Mr. M.Vasanthakumar Lect/ECE Page 31

1. D efin e co m m u n ica tio n . Communication is a process of transfer of information bearing signals from one place to another. 2. What do you meant by continuous time signal? It is also refereed as analog signal i.e., the signal is represented continuously in time.In simple words, a signal (t) is said to be a continuous time signal if it is defined for x time 3. Define digital signal. A signal define at discrete instants of time' is called a discrete time signal or digital signal. 4 .What is modulation? Modulation is the process of changing some parameter of a high frequency carrier signal accordance with the instantaneous variations of the message signal. 5. Define frequency modulation. T he instantaneous frequency of the caITier is varied linearly with the variations aofe the g signal while the amplitude of the modulated caITier remains constant. 6. What are the advantages of FM over AM? *The amplitude of the frequency modulated wave inis independent of the PM depth of modulation. *, In AM, when the modulation index increases, the total transmission power is increased. Inr" "'Mthe total transmitted power is always same but the bandwidth , IS increased with the increased modulation index. *, B y increasing frequency deviation, the noise can further be reduced in FM ,whereas AM doesnot have this feature. * As there is a guard band between stations, there is less adjacent channel PM interference in then in AM. FM 7 . Ware tthe disadvantages of FM over AM? ha *FM requires a much wider channel, perhaps 7 totimes as large as that needed 15 by A M *FM transmitting and receiving equipments are more complex and expensive. *Since reception is limited to line of sight, the area of reception for much PM is smaller than for AM. 8. What are the different types of radio receiver? Tuned Radio frequency receiver Super heterodyne receiver. 9. What is the radio transmitter? A radio transmitter is a device that transmits information by means of radio waves. 10. What is the radio receiver? A radio receiver is a device that picks up the desired signal from the numerous Prepared by: Mr. M.Vasanthakumar Lect/ECE Page 32

signals propagating at that time through the atmosphere, amplifies the desired signal to the requisite levels, recovers from it the original modulating signal eventually displays it in the desired manner. 11. What are the advantages of superhetrodyne receiver? 1. Improves selectivity interms of adjacent channels. 2. Improved receiver stability 3. Higher gain per stage 4. Uniform bandwidth 12. Define aspect ratio. It is the ratio of width to height of the television picture. 13. What is meant by FAX? A facsimile or FAX system is a document carrier, with the help of a FAX machine one can send an image on a sheet of paper to another FAX machine over regular telephone lines. 14. What are the application of FAX machine? I. Transmission of photographs 2. Transmission of languages text 3. Transmission of document, map etc. 15. What is microwave? Electromagnetic waves in the frequency range of 1 GHz to 30 GHz are referred to as microwaves. 16. What is satellite communication system? A satellite communication is a RF repeater station which has made broadband loin distance communication feasible and ensures a high quality service. 17. What are the sub systems of satellite systems? The subsystem of satellite communication systems are antenna, transponder, power generation and storage system, telemetry and telecommand sub-system, attitude and orbit control sub-system, propulsion sub system and thermal sub-system. 18. What is the use of optical fibers? Optical fibers are used for transmission of optical signals in the same manner of coaxial cables for radio wave transmission.

19. What are the application of optical fibre systems? 1. International communication 2. Inter-city communication 3. Inter-exchange communication 4. Data links 5. Domestic communication Prepared by: Mr. M.Vasanthakumar Lect/ECE Page 33

6. Plant and traffic control etc. 2 0. M en tio n th e b a n d w ith freq u en cy of D T H a n d C -b an d d ish . D th -106 00 M H z c -b and -5 051 M H z

PART B
1. Draw the basic diagram of a wireless communication system and explain. (16) 2. What is meant by modulation? Explain different types of modulation techniques with neat diagrams. (16) 3. What is meant by amplitude modulation? Explain. Give AM wave equation spectrum of AM wave. (16) 4. Explain pulse code modulation and show various coding techniques. (16) 5. Explain with neat block diagrams, the principle and working of AM and FM transmitter. (16) 6. What are the characteristics of a radio receiver? Explain any one radio receiver with a neat diagram. (16) 7. Explain the working of TV transmitter and receiver. (16) 8. Explain satellite communication system. (16) 9. Explain in details about FAX. (16) 10. Draw the block diagram of optical fibre communication system and explain it. (16) 11. Explain in detail about microwave communication system. (16)

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