Groundwater Chemistry of Post (2011) and Pre-Monsoon (2012) Season

In order to study the quality of groundwater (n=33) groundwater samples were collected in post-monsoon season, 2011 from hand pump wells at shallow depth (1850ft) from Shah Bandar, KharoChann, K.T.Bandar, Ghora Bari and Mirpur Sakro. The collected samples have been analyzed for different geochemical constituents using standard method of analysis. The detail of the ionic constituents (Ca+2, Mg+2, Na+, K+, Cl-, SO4-2) and non-ionic constituents (EC, pH,TDS) of the groundwater is mentionin (Annex VII).

Classification of Groundwater Types in the Study Area

The quality of groundwater at any point below the surface reflects the combined effects of many processes along the groundwater flow path. Chemical reactions such as weathering, dissolution, precipitation, ion exchange and various biological processes commonly take place below the surface. Hydrogeochemical study is a useful tool to identify these processes that responsible for groundwater chemistry (Jeevanadam et.al. 2007). Several authors have reported about the presence of contaminants in soil (Muir & Baker, 1998; Wu, 1980) and water (Kolpin, Barbash& Gillian, 1998) in various parts of the globe. In the management of the water resources, quality of water is just as important as its quantity. In order to know the quality and suitability of groundwater for domestic and irrigation purposes several parameters based standard classification are available. Groundwater samples of the study area have been discussed separately area wise according to the following classification. Classification of Groundwater Based on TDS The total dissolved solids (TDS) estimated by residue on evaporation method. Davis and De Wiest (2007) classified groundwater on the basis of TDS, If groundwater have TDS value upto 500mg/l, it is considered desirable for drinking, 500-1000mg/l permissible for drinking and upto 3,000mg/l maximum permissible limit and only useful for agriculture purpose (Table 21). While, according to WHO (1984) TDS classification upto 500mg/l is highest and upto 1000 mg/l is permissible desirable for drinking purpose (Table 21).
Table 21. Classification of groundwater based on TDS (Davis and De Wiest ,2007)
S.No 1 2 TDS mg/l 500 500-1000 Categories desirable for drinking permissible for drinking

Upto 3,000

useful for agriculture

According to classification of groundwater based on TDS values, out of thirty three water samples collected from Shah Bandar, Keti Bandar, Ghora Bari, Mirpur Sakro and KharoChann Tehsil three groundwater samples found having TDS values upto 500mg/l, forteen samples shows TDS values within 500-1000mg/l and 16 water samples found in the category of having TDS values more than 1000mg/l useful for agriculture but not suitable for human consumption. The detail of water samples Tehsil wise fall in different categories shown in (Table 22).
Table 22. Classification of groundwater based on TDS (Davis and De Wiest ,2007)
Categories Post-monsoon Shah Bandar desirable for drinking permissible for drinking useful for agriculture
Two samples (No. 1,4)

Pre-monsoon Keti Bandar One sample (No.3)

Two samples (No. 1,2)

Ghora Bari Three samples (No.2,4 6) Three samples (No.1,3, 5)

Mirpur Sakro
Two samples (No. 2,10)

Kharo Chan -

Shah Bandar

Keti Ban

Three samples (No. 2,3,5)

Eight samples (No. 1,4,7, 8,9,12,14,17 ) Seven Samples (No. 3,4,6,11,13,16,17)

One sample (No.1)

Table.4 (a) Groundwater type in the study area based on TDS (post monsoon season, 2011)
S.No Categories

Post-monsoon-2011
Shah Bandar

Total
Keti Bandar

1 2 3

desirable for drinking permissible for drinking useful for agriculture

2 3

1 2

Table.4 (b) Groundwater type in the study area based on TDS (pre-monsoon, 2012)
S.No Categories

Pre-monsoon-2012

Total

Shah Bandar

Keti Bandar

Gho Bar

1 2 3

desirable for drinking permissible for drinking useful for agriculture

1 1

2 5

Classification of Groundwater Based on EC and SAR The quality of irrigation water in relation to the alkalinity hazard is expressed by Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) . The agricultural yields are observed to be generally low inlands irrigated with waters belonging to permissible to doubtful category. This is probably due to the presence of sodium salts, which cause osmoticeffects in soil plant system. While a high salt content (highEC) inwaterleadstoformation ofsaline soil,highsodiumcontent (SAR) leadstodevelopm ent of analkaline soil (N.JanardhanaRaju, 2007). Thesodiumoralkalihazard inthe useofwater forirrigation isexpressed bydeterm ining the

sodium adsorption ration (SAR) and it can be estimated bytheformula The groundwater facies classification based on EC and SAR (salinity categories) by Gupta (1990) has been adopted in the present study to determine its suitability in term of domestic agricultural purposes.The water from handpumpwells is of following type in the study area (Table 22).
Ec dS/m <2 >2 >4 Variable Salinity Categories Good water Saline water High saline water Alkali water

Table.4 (a) Groundwater type in the study area based on EC and SAR (post monsoon, 2011)
S.No Categories

Post-monsoon2011
Shah Bandar

Total
Keti Bandar Ghora Bari Mirpur Sakro

1 2 3

Good water Saline water High saline water

2 2

1 -

3 2

13 1 3

Alkali water

Table.4 (b) Groundwater type in the study area based on EC and SAR (pre-monsoon, 2012)

S.No

Categories

Post-monsoon-2011
Shah Bandar

Total
Keti Bandar

1 2 3 4

Good water Saline water High saline water Alkali water

1 -

Classification of Groundwater Based on RSC Residual sodium carbonate (RSC) has been calcu- latedto determine the hazardous effect ofcarbonat e andbicarbonate onthequalityofwaterforagricultu ral purpose(Eaton 1950)andhasbeen determined bythe formu la:RSC=(CO3+HCO3)_(Ca+Mg). The US Salinity Laboratory Diagram (1954) pro- posedthat waters containing more than 2.5 meq/l of RSC are not suited forirrigation, whilethose having 1.252.5meq/l are marginally suitable and those with less than 1.25meq/l are probably safe for irrigation. Following table is the RSC based classification of the groundwater of the study (Table 24).
Table. RSC based Classification (The USSalinityLaboratory, 1954)
S.No 1 2 3 RSC < 1.25 1.25-2.5 > 2.5 Categories Probably safe Marginal Suitable Un-suitable

Table.4 (a) Groundwater type in the study area based on RSC (post monsoon season, 2011)
S.No Categories

Post-monsoon-2011
Shah Bandar

Total
Keti Bandar

1 2 3

Probably safe Marginal Suitable Un-suitable

1 2 2

2 1

Table.4 (b) Groundwater type in the study area based on RSC (pre-monsoon, 2012)
S.No Categories

Pre-monsoon-2012
Shah Bandar

1 2 3

Probably safe Marginal Suitable Un-suitable

2 -

Classification of Groundwater Based on Na Content Sodium concentration plays an important role in evaluating the groundwater quality for irrigation because sodium causes an increase in the hardness of the soil as well as reduction in its permeability (Tijani, 1994).Sodium content is usually expressed in terms of percent sodium or soluble-sodium percentage (%Na). As per the Indian standards, maximum of 60% sodium is permissible for irrigation water (N.JanardhanaRaju 2007). (Wilcox 1955) classify groundwater on the basis of Na % (Table 25).

Table 24. sodium percentage based Classification (Wilcox, 1955)

S.No 1 2 3 4

Na% 20 21-40 40-55 50-70

Categories Excellent Good Poor Very poor

Table 24. Classification of groundwater based on sodium percentage(Wilcox, 1955)

S.No Na% Categories Post-monsoon Shah Bandar 1 2 3 4 20 21-40 40-55 50-70 Excellent Good Poor Very poor 4 1,5 2,3 Keti Bandar 1,3 2 Ghora Bari 2,5 3,4,6 1 -

Mirpur

1,2,5,

7,

9,10,11,1

Table.4 (a) Groundwater type in the study area based on Na% (post monsoon season, 2011)
S.No Categories

Post-monsoon-2011
Shah Bandar

Total
Keti Bandar

1 2 3 4

Excellent Good Poor

1 2 2 -

2 1 -

Very poor

Table.4 (b) Groundwater type in the study area based on Na% (pre-monsoon, 2012)
S.No Categories

Pre-monsoon-2012
Shah Bandar

1 2 3 4

Excellent Good Poor Very poor

In the light of the above classification, the chemical quality of groundwater (shallow aquifers) has been discussed separately area wise and the groundwater facies has been derived from piper triangular diagram. Shah Bandar Tehsil Post Monsoon (2011) Five groundwater samples were collected from Shah Bandar Tehsil in post monsoon season, 2011. The pH of groundwater samples ranges from 7.05-7.78 (Table .) with an average of 7.48. All samples have pH value more than 7 indicating alkaline nature of the samples. According to WHO (1984) TDS specification, 40% and 60% of groundwater samples belongs to highest desirable and maximum permissible limits respectively. While, Davis and De Weist (2007) TDS based classification, indicate that out of five groundwater samples one (no. 4) is desirable, one (no. 1) is permissible and remaining three (no. 2, 3, 5) are only suitable for agricultural purpose. According to EC and SAR based classification by Gupta (1990), two of these samples (1, 4) belong to good water category as their EC and SAR values are <2 (0.69, 0.86 dS/m) and <10 (2.0, 2.39) respectively. The Ca and Mg contents are more than Na and Cl in these two samples, suggesting their fresh water facies. While, two samples (3, 5) are in high saline water category as their EC and SAR values are 4.01, 4.06dS/m and 23.3, 30.38 respectively. In these two samples increased EC also leads to increased concentration of Na and Cl, which indicates the impact of sea water intrusion in the area. On the other hand remaining one sample (2) belongs to high saline water category as its SAR and calcium plus magnesium values are same (18.19). It indicates that fresh water is being replaced by salt water (Table 26).
Table 25.Physico-chemical analyses of groundwater samples (post monsoon, 2011) from Shah Bandar
S. No EC dS/ m TD S pH Ani ons Me q/l CO 3 Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Cati ons Me q/l HC O3 3.2 11 6.6 4.8 7.4 Na/ Cl rati o Cl 2.1 20.1 30.0 1.78 28.6 Ca/ Mg rati o SO4 1.62 4.17 4.58 0.94 6.04 Cl/ HC O3 Rati o Ca+ Mg 4.80 5 18.1 9 9.87 5.62 5.50 2 SA R RSC

Na 3.69 30 51.7 3 3.39 50.4 3

K 0.81 0.512 0.512 0.10 1.282 10.8 6 0.41 0.57 2.97 0.62 0.65 1.8 4.5 0.37 3.8 2.39 18.1 9 23.3 2.02 30.3 8 -1.61 -7.19 -3.27 -0.82 2.38 CaHC O3 NaCl NaCl CaHC O3 NaCl

1 2 3 4 5

0.85 7 3.63 0 4.01 0.69 6 4.06

548 232 256 6 445 259 8

7.51 7.78 7.63 7.43 7.05

According to U.S salinity laboratory (1954) RSC based classification it is observed that one sample (no. 4) is probably safe, two samples (no. 1, 5) are marginal suitable while remaining two sample (no. 2, 3) have RSC value greater than 2.5 are not suitable even for agriculture (Table classification wala). According to Wilcox (1955) sodium content based classification, one sample (no. 4) belongs to excellent water category indicate that it is probably safe for irrigation, two samples (no. 1, 5) and two (no. 2, 3) belongs to good and poor water category respectively. Good water category is safe for irrigation but poor is hazardous and indicating the saline water intrusion. On the same content base Raju (2007), sodium content value of all samples is less than 60% indicate the suitability of groundwater for irrigation. Cat ion chemistry of Shah Bandar groundwater samples indicating the increasing of parameters like Na>Ca>Mg>K. Sodium is showing good co-relation with chloride (r = 1.0) indicating that these have been derived from same source. If halite dissolution is responsible for sodium, Na/Cl ratio should be approximately equal to 1, whereas ratio greater than 1 is typically interpreted as Na released from silicate weathering reaction (Meyback, 1987). In present study, Na/Cl ratio of groundwater samples generally varying from 1.49 - 1.1.98 (Fig. 3) suggesting silicate weathering. Calcium and magnesium concentration of Shah Bandar groundwater have low co-relation and coefficient (0.023) indicating the absence of carbonatic source. Further, Ca/Mg ratios of the most of the groundwater samples range from 0. 41 to 10.8 indicating the dolomite contribute solutes to the groundwater.

Fig.3 Na/Cl ratio suggests silicate weathering .

The concentration of chloride indicates that salt water intrusion and irrigation return flow might be responsible ( Luscynski and Swarzenski 1996). This is also supported by the Cl/HCO3. Generally a ratio more than 2.8 indicates severe contamination with sea water (Ragunath, 1982). Ggroundwater samples collected from Shah Bandar area reveal Cl/HCO3ratio of 0.37 4.5 indicating that some groundwater samples are safe from sea water intrusion but some are affected. Piper trilinear diagram (Fig.4) of Shah Bandar for geochemical classification and hydrochemical processes of groundwater for post monsoon season indicates that most of the waters are Na-Cl type. It suggesting the influence of sea water, ancient saline groundwaters, or dissolution of halite (NaCl). Such water type create salinity both in irrigation and domestic uses (Raju, 2007) For irrigation purpose it is very high in salinity hazard and free from RSC but Mg hazard is 72.5 mg/l which is another indicator of saline water intrusion. In this area most serious threat to the groundwater is intrusion of saline water to fresh water. While, remaining samples are Ca-HCO3type typical occurrence of this facie in aquifer is shallow, fresh groundwater in recharge area. It is suggesting irrigation return flow and anthropogenic activities (Jeevanandamet.al., 2007). Such water type have temporary hardness (Raju,2007).

Cations

Anions

Fig. 4: Piper diagram for hydrochemicalfacies of groundwater (post monsoon, 2011)of Shah Bandar

Keti Bandar Tehsil Post Monsoon (2011) Three groundwater samples were collected from Keti BandarTehsil in post monsoon season, 2011. The pH of groundwater samples ranges from 6.01 - 7.58 (Table .) with an average of 6.78. Almost samples have pH value 7 indicating alkaline nature of the samples. According to WHO (1984) TDS specification, 33% and 66% of groundwater samples belongs to highest desirable and maximum permissible limits respectively. While, Davis and De Weist (2007) TDS based classification, indicate that out of three groundwater samples one (no. 3) is desirable and remaining two (no. 1, 2) have high TDS value and only suitable for agricultural purpose. According to EC and SAR based classification by Gupta (1990), two of these groundwater samples (1, 2) are within alkali water category as their EC (3.55, 3.74dS/m and SAR (27.9, 15.48)values are variable. In these samples Na contents are higher than the total contents of Ca plus Mg, which shows the impact of sea water intrusion. The loss of Na and gain of Ca and Mg suggests a direct cation exchange usually observed in similar situations when the seawater is replacing fresh water (Appelo and Postma, 2005; Cardona et al., 2004; De Montety et al., 2008; Yaouti et al., 2009). While, the remaining sample (3) belongs to good water category, as its EC and SAR values are <2 (1.009dS/m) and <10 (2.41) respectively. Further, its calcium plus magnesium contents are also higher than Na and Cl (Table27). The good water quality water of this hand pump well may be due to its location near canal or fresh water pond in the area.
Table 26Physico-chemical analyses of groundwater samples (post monsoon, 2011)from K.T.Bandar
S. No. EC dS/ m TD S pH Ani ons Me q/l CO 3 Nil Nil Nil Cati ons Me q/l HC O3 6.8 9.4 5.5 Na/ Cl rati o Cl 26.8 24.4 3.6 Ca/ Mg rati o SO4 2.92 4.16 1.54 Cl/ HC O3 Rati o Ca+ Mg 6.05 15.4 9 6.02 SA R RS C Wat er Typ e

Na 48.6 9 43.0 4 4.17

K 1.03 0.51 2 0.15 1.8 1.8 1.2 2.0 1.1 2.7 3.9 2.5 0.6 27.9 15.4 8 2.41 0.75 -6.09 -0.42 NaCl NaCl CaCl

1 2 3

3.55 3.74 1.00 9

227 2 239 4 646

7.58 6.75 6.01

According to U.S salinity laboratory (1954) RSC based classification it is observed that two samples (no. 1,3) are probably safe and only one sample (no. 2) have RSC value greater than 2.5 and not suitable even for agricultural purpose (Table

classification wala). According to Wilcox (1955) sodium content based classification, two samples (no. 1,3) belongs to excellent water category indicate that it is probably safe for irrigation. While, remaining one sample (no. 2) belong to poor water category and it is hazardous and indicating the saline water intrusion. On the same content base classification Raju (2007), sodium content value of all samples is less than 60% indicate the suitability of groundwater for irrigation. Cat ion chemistry of Keti Bandargroundwater samples indicating the increasing of parameters like Na>Ca>Mg>K. Sodium is showing good co-relation with chloride (r = 1.0) indicating that these have been derived from same source. If halite dissolution is responsible for sodium, Na/Cl ratio should be approximately equal to 1, whereas ratio greater than 1 is typically interpreted as Na released from silicate weathering reaction (Meyback, 1987). In present study, Na/Cl ratio of groundwater samples generally varying from 1.49 - 1.1.98 (Fig.5) suggesting silicate weathering.

Fig.5 Na/Cl ratio suggests silicate weathering .

Calcium and magnesium concentration in groundwater of Keti Bandarvary from 4.4 8.0 and 1.6 7.5 with an average of concentrations of 6.3 and 4.1 (Table 27). They have low co-relation and coefficient (0.55) among the major ions indicating the absence of carbonatic source. Further, Ca/Mg ratios of the groundwater samples range from 0. 6 to 3.9 indicating the dolomite contribute solutes to the groundwater (Kannanet.al., 2007). Potassium concentarion in groundwater varies from 0.15 1.03 meq/l with an average of 0.56 meq/l (Table 26). Potassium present in the water might have come from irrigation return flow.

The choloride- bicarbonate ratio is a good factor to identify saltwater intrusion. Chloride is the dominant ion of sea water it is only available in small quantities in groundwater (Ragunath, 1990). On the other hand, bicarbonate eis the dominant ion in groundwater whereas, its concentration in saltwater is very small. According to (Ragunath, 1990) Cl/HCO3ratio = 2.8 is a threshold value for saltwater intrusion. So, one sample (no. 1) value exceeding from 2.8 indicating it is contaminated by saltwater intrusion. While remaining two (no. 2,3) have low value and safe from intrusion impact. Piper trilinear diagram (Fig.6) of Shah Bandar for geochemical classification and hydrochemical processes of groundwater for post monsoon season indicates that most of the waters are Na-Cl type. It suggesting the influence of sea water, ancient saline groundwaters, or dissolution of halite (NaCl). Such water type create salinity both in irrigation and domestic uses (Raju, 2007) For irrigation purpose it is very high in salinity hazard and free from RSC but Mg hazard is 72.5 mg/l which is another indicator of saline water intrusion. In this area most serious threat to the groundwater is intrusion of saline water to fresh water. While, remaining samples are Ca-HCO3type typical occurrence of this facie in aquifer is shallow, fresh groundwater in recharge area. It is suggesting irrigation return flow and anthropogenic activities (Jeevanandamet.al., 2007). Such water type have temporary hardness (Raju,2007).

Cations

Anions

Fig. 6: Piper diagram for hydrochemicalfacies of groundwater(post monsoon, 2011)of Keti Bandar

4.2.4Ghora Bari Tehsil Post Monsoon (2011) Six groundwater samples were collected from Ghora Bari Tehsil in post monsoon season, 2011. The pH of groundwater samples ranges from 6.69 - 7.66 (Table 28) with an average of 7.15. Almost samples have pH value 7 indicating alkaline nature of the samples. According to WHO (1984) TDS specification, half of groundwater samples belong to highest desirable and half to maximum permissible limits. While, Davis and De Weist (2007) TDS based classification, indicate that out of six groundwater samples three samples (no. 2,4,6) are desirable and remaining three (no. 1, 3,5) are only suitable for agricultural purpose. According to EC and SAR based classification by Gupta (1990), two groundwater samples (2, 4,) from this area belong to good water category, as their EC and SAR values are<2 (1.531, 1.063 dS/m) and <10 (5.76 to 2.05) respectively. While one sample (3) belongs to saline water category (EC : 1.921 dS/m, SAR: 5.16). On the other hand, two samples (1, 5) are highly saline, as their EC are >4 (10.05, 3.92 dS/m) and SAR >10 (39.7, 25.17 ) respectively. In these samples, sodium, chloride and sulphate contents are higher than total calcium plus magnesium contents. Only one sample (6) belongs to alkali water type (EC 1.30 and SAR 34.0), which indicates sever impact of sea water intrusion (Table 27).
Table 27.Physico-chemical analyses of groundwater samples (post monsoon, 2011)from Ghora Bari and Kharo Chan
S. No EC dS/ m TD S pH Ani ons Me q/l CO 3 Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Cat ion sM eq/l
HC O3

Na/ Cl rati o

Ca/ Mg rati o

Cl/ HC O3 rati o
Ca+ Mg

Na %

SA R

RS C

Wa ter Typ e

Cl 9.1 93 6.7 9 10. 18 3.7 8 28. 39 3.5 8 26. 99

1 2 3 4 5 6 1

10. 05 1.5 31 1.9 21 1.0 63 3.9 20 1.3 0 3.7 6

643 2 980 122 9 680 250 9 832 240 6

6.8 81 7.6 6 6.9 1 6.6 9 7.4 8 7.6 5 6.8 1

11. 6 8.6 8 5.6 7.2 7.8 7.2

SO 4 10 1.6 6 2.2 1.9 8 2.9 2 2.7 1 3.3 3

Na 106 .08 11. 130 11. 47 4.1 50. 86 56. 08 37. 39

K 1.0 25 1.1 79 0.3 58 0.2 05 1.0 3 6.1 5 0.7 6 11. 5 1.6 3 1.1 2 1.0 1.7 9 15. 6 1.3 2.2 0.4 6 2.0 2.1 0.7 0 0.6 7 0.7 9 0.7 8 1.2 7 0.6 75 3.9 0.4 5 3.7 88 62 55 35 86 92 39. 7 5.7 6 5.1 6 2.0 5 25. 2 34. 0 13. 2 -2.92 1.15 -1.85 -2.43 -0.99 2.36 -8.8 NaH-SO4 NaH-CO3 NaCl CaH-CO3 NaCl NaH-CO3

14. 5 7.4 5 9.8 5 8.0 3 8.1 9 5.4 4 16. 1

Only one groundwater sample was collected from KharoChann Tehsil. Its EC and SAR values are 3.76 dS/m and 13.21 respectively. It belongs to alkali water facies of the groundwater indicating the salt water intrusion in the area (Table 27). According to U.S salinity laboratory (1954) RSC based classification, it is observed that two samples (no. 2,5) are probably safe, three sample (no. 3,4,6) have

RSC value in limit (1.25 - 2.5) are marginal suitable and only one sample (no. 1) have RSC value greater than 2.5 not suitable for agricultural purpose (Table classification wala). According to Wilcox (1955) sodium content based classification, one samples (no. 4) belongs to good water category indicate that it is safe for irrigation, one sample (no. 3) belong to poor water category, While remaining samples (no. 1,2,5,6) belong to very poor water category and it is hazardous and indicating the saline water intrusion. On the same content base classification Raju (2007), sodium content value of two samples (no. 2, 3) is less than 60% indicate the suitability of groundwater for irrigation and remaining all have higher value. Cat ion chemistry of Keti Bandargroundwater samples indicating the increasing of parameters like Na>Ca>Mg>K. Sodium is showing good co-relation with chloride (r = 0.195) indicating that these have been derived from different source. In present study, Na/Cl ratio of groundwater samples generally varying from 1.0 15.6 (Fig.7) suggesting silicate weathering.

Fig. 7 Na/Cl ratio suggests silicate weathering .

Calcium and magnesium concentration in groundwater of Keti Bandarvary from 2.2 6.6 and 2.43 9.92 with an average of concentrations of 4.7 and 4.6 (Table 28). They have low co-relation and coefficient (0.019) among the major ions indicating the absence of carbonatic source. Further, Ca/Mg ratios of the groundwater samples range

from 0.46 2.2indicating the dolomite contribute solutes to the groundwater (Kannanet.al., 2007). Potassium concentarion in groundwater varies from 0.15 1.03 meq/l with an average of 0.56 meq/l (Table 28). Potassium present in the water might have come from irrigation return flow. The choloride- bicarbonate ratio is a good factor to identify saltwater intrusion. Chloride is the dominant ion of sea water it is only available in small quantities in groundwater (Ragunath, 1990). On the other hand, bicarbonate is the dominant ion in groundwater whereas, its concentration in saltwater is very small. According to (Ragunath, 1990) Cl/HCO3ratio = 2.8 is a threshold value for saltwater intrusion. So, no sample have Cl/HCO3ratio greater than 2.8 indicating safe groundwater from saline water intrusion. Piper trilinear diagram (Fig.8) of Ghora Bari for geochemical classification and hydrochemical processes of groundwater for post monsoon season indicates two groundwater samples (no. 3, 5) are Na-Cl type. It suggesting the influence of sea water, ancient saline groundwaters, or dissolution of halite (NaCl). Such water type create salinity both in irrigation and domestic uses (Raju, 2007) For irrigation purpose it is very high in salinity hazard . Two (no. 2, 6) are Na-HCO3 type have high hazardous impact for irrigation, one sample is Ca-HCO3type typical occurrence of this facie in aquifer is shallow, fresh groundwater in recharge area. It is suggesting irrigation return flow and anthropogenic activities (Jeevanandamet.al., 2007). Such water type has temporary hardness (Raju, 2007). While, remaining one (no. 1) is Na-SO4this is rare type, can result from mixing of ancient Na-rich groundwaters with pyritr oxidation waters, also formed by intensive evaporation of waters which havepreviously lost their Ca and HCO3.

Cations

Anions

Fig. 8: Piper diagram for hydrochemicalfacies of groundwater (post monsoon, 2011)of Ghora Bari

4.2.5MirpurSakro Tehsil Post Monsoon (2011) Eighteen groundwater samples were collected from Mirpur SakroTehsil in post monsoon season, 2011. The pH of groundwater samples ranges from 6.77 - 7.58 (Table 29) with an average of 7.18. Mostly samples have pH value more than 7 indicating alkaline nature of the samples. According to WHO (1984) TDS specification, 61% and 38% of groundwater samples belongs to highest desirable and maximum permissible limits respectively. While, Davis and De Weist (2007) TDS based classification, indicate that out of eighteen groundwater samples two (no. 2, 15) are desirable, eight (no. 1, 5, 7, 8, 9, 12, 14, 18) are permissible and remaining are not suitable for agricultural purpose. SAR based classification by Gupta (1990), twelve

(1,2,3,5,7,8,9,10,11,12,14,15) samples belong to good water category, as their EC and SAR values are <2 dS/m and <10 respectively. While, four samples (6, 13, 17, 18) having variable EC and SAR fall in alkali water category. On the other hand, sample (16) is saline water, as its EC is >2 ( 2.17dS/m) and SAR is <10 (8.0 ) and the remaining sample (4) is high saline water with its EC (>4) 4.19 dS/m and SAR (>10) 21.36 respectively. Most of the groundwater samples from this area are non saline, only four water samples are moderately to severe saline, as their EC and SAR are relatively higher as compared to other samples. In all these samples sodium, chloride and sulphate ions show positive correlation. It indicates the presence of sodium chloride salt along with sodium sulphate salt in these four samples. High concentration of sodium and chloride in these samples indicates saltwater intrusion. The increased concentration and positive correlation of chloride and sulphate also suggests sea water intrusion in the area (Table 29). According to U.S salinity laboratory (1954) RSC based classification it is observed that six samples (no. 1,2,5,6,8,14) are probably safe, two samples (no. 7,16) are marginal suitable while, remaining sample (no. 9,10,11,12,13,17,18) have RSC value greater than 2.5and they are not suitable even for agriculture (Table classification wala). According to Wilcox (1955) sodium content based classification, six samples (no. 1,2,5,6,8,14) belongs to excellent water category indicate that it is probably safe for irrigation, two samples (no. 7,16)) ) belongs to good and remaining (no. 9,10,11,12,13,17,18) belongs to poor water category. Good water category is safe for irrigation but poor is hazardous and indicating the saline water intrusion. On

the same content base Raju (2007), sodium content value of all samples is less than 60% indicate the suitability of groundwater for irrigation. Cat ion chemistry of Mirpur Sakrogroundwater samples indicating the increasing trend of parameters like Na>Ca>Mg>K. The sodium concentration in the area ranges from 2.13 67.82 meq/l with an average concentration of 15.18 meq/l (Table 29). Sodium is not showing good co-relation with chloride (r = 0.097) indicating that these have been derived from different source. In present study, Na/Cl ratio of groundwater samples generally varying from 0.13 10.8, while only one sample have very high Na/Cl ratio (374.6) (Fig.9). Na/Cl ratio of five groundwater samples is equal to 1, indicating the dissolution of halite, While remaining all samples have ratio greater than 1 indicating sililcateweathering suggesting silicate weathering (Meyback, 1987). It is also well supported by high values of HCO3than sodium (Kannana, 2007). In some samples HCO3have low value than sodium so, sodium might have come from irrigation return flow and anthropogenic activity.

Fig.9 Na/Cl ratio suggests silicate weathering .

Calcium and magnesium concentration of Mirpur Sakrogroundwater vary from 2.4 9.6 and 1.0 8.3 meq/l with an average concentration of 4.45 and 2.9 meq/l respectively(Table 29).They have low co-relation and coefficient (0.115) among the major ions indicating the absence of ubiquitous source of Ca and Mg (Kannana,2007). Further, Ca/Mg ratios of the most of the groundwater samples range from 0. 7 to 4.15 indicating the dolomite contribute solutes to the groundwater. Potassium concentration in groundwater varies from 0.15 1.03 meq/l with an average of 0.56 meq/l (Table 29).

According to (Ragunath, 1990), Cl/HCO3ratio of all groundwater samplea is less than threshold value (2.8) indiv=cating this area is safe from seawater intrusion. Only two samples (no. 4, 7) have high Cl/HCO3ratio indicating saline water intrusion and in same both samples Cl value is also high. The concentration of Clinidicate that saltwater iintrusion and irrigation return flow might be responsible (Luscznski&Swarzenski, 1996).
Table 28Physico-chemical analyses of groundwater samples(post monsoon, 2011)from Mirpur Sakro
SE T pA . C D Hn C O 10 5 7N . 9 . i 20 4 7N . 3 . i 31 1 6N . 0 . i 44 . 50 . 2 6 5 8 7 . 7 . N i N i CationsMeq/l Na/Cl ratio Cl 1.19 1.58 8.35 26.98 2.48 0.18 35.46 2.40 3.89 2.68 7.78 0.39 12.4 4.88 1.9 8.48 17.39 4.88 Ca/ Mg rati o SO 4 2.5 14 1.0 41 3.5 8 8.5 4 1.8 12 4.0 8 1.4 16 1.7 5 1.6 04 1.9 16 0.6 66 2.2 29 5.9 37 3.1 66 1.2 3.5 8 5.8 3 2
Cl/H CO3 ratio Ca+ Mg

SA R Na 3.8 6 3.5 2 8.8 69 58. 69 3.7 8 67. 82 4.9 5 3.3 47 3.8 69 3.4 3 12. 34 4.2 6 35. 69 9.3 0 2.1 3 15. 91 37. 82 5.1 3

RS C K 0.1 02 0.2 0 0.2 0 1.2 82 0.1 79 0.1 53 0.1 02 0.1 02 0.1 28 0.1 02 0.7 0.1 28 0.3 84 0.1 53 0.1 02 0.3 0 1.0 3 0.1 5

Wat er Typ e 3.2 3 2.2 1.0 2.1 1.5 374 6 0.1 3 1.3 0.9 9 1.2 1.5 10. 8 2.8 1.9 1.1 2 1.8 2.1 1.0 0.9 4 1.9 8 3.1 6 0.8 19 2.3 0 0.7 2 2.8 8 4.1 5 1.6 7 2.4 1.2 3 3.0 5 1.2 5 1.9 0 2.8 2.2 0.6 6 0.9 8 0.1 9 0.3 4 1.4 9 3.2 0.4 2 0.0 2 5.9 1 0.5 7 0.9 2 0.6 6 0.9 0 0.0 7 1.2 9 0.7 3 0.4 7 0.9 2 2.0 0.9 7 2.1 9 2.6 3 3.5 3 21. 36 2.1 8 37. 26 3.4 9 1.2 8 2.0 6 1.0 7.5 2 2 22. 56 4.7 7 1.2 9 8 15. 18 10. 05 0.2 3 0.9 86 7.0 3 -6.9 0.2 2 0.9 6 1.9 9 1.0 1 2.8 2 19. 44 3.1 7 3.4 27 4.5 8 1.0 3 1.4 2 1.3 7 4.0 7 2.6 5
NaH CO3 NaH CO3 CaC l NaC l CaH CO3 NaH CO3 NaC l CaH CO3 CaC l CaH CO3 NaH CO3 NaC l NaC l NaH CO3 CaH CO3 NaH CO3 NaC l NaC l

HCO3

6 4.6 5.6 8.2 5.8 7.6 6 4.2 4.2 4 8.6 5.6 9.6 6.6 4 9.2 8.4 5

6.2 3 3.6 14 12. 63 15. 1 6.0 2 6.6 4 4.0 1 5.2 12 7.0 3 23. 44 5.4 3 9.0 27 5.0 2 7.6 3 5.4 2 7.8 3 12. 47 7.6 5

61 1 7N . 1 . i 70 . 80 . 5 8 5 2 7 . 7 . N i N i

90 6 6N . 0 . i 10 5 7N 0. 4 . i 11 1 7N 1. 0 . i 11 7 7N 2. 2 . i 12 3. 11 4. 1 7 8 9 7 . 6 . N i N i

10 4 7N 5. 3 . i 12 1 7N 6. 3 . i 13 2 7N 7. 0 . i 11 7 7N 8. 9 . i

Piper trilinear diagram (Fig.10) of Mirpur Sakrofor geochemical classification and hydrochemical processes of groundwater for post monsoon season indicates that six groundwater samples are waters are Na-HCO3 type. It is hazardous for irrigation. Five groundwater samples are Na-Cl type. It suggesting the influence of sea water, ancient saline groundwaters, or dissolution of halite (NaCl). Such water type creates salinity both in irrigation and domestic uses (Raju, 2007). For irrigation purpose it is very high in salinity hazard. In this area most serious threat to the groundwater is intrusion of saline water to fresh water. While, four samples are Ca-HCO3type typical occurrence of this facie in aquifer is shallow, fresh groundwater in recharge area. It is suggesting irrigation return flow and anthropogenic activities (Jeevanandamet.al.,2007). Such water type have temporary hardness (Raju,2007) and three samples are Ca-Cl type. It is associated with the invasion of shallow, fresh aquifers by sea water, less commonly form by dissolution of the very rare evaporate mineral tachydrite (Cacl2). Its also have high salinity hazardous for irrigation.

Cations

Anions

Fig. 9: Piper diagram for hydrochemicalfacies of groundwater (post monsoon, 2011) of Mirpur Sakro

Ground Water Chemistry of Pre-Monsoon Season

The quality of 28 groundwater samples collected from hand pump wells at shallow depth (18- 50ft) from Shah Bandar, KharoChann, K.T.Bandar, Ghora Bari and Mirpur Sakro have been analysed for various physico-chemical parameters (Table 13). Classified as above based on EC and SAR (Gupta, 1994). Shah Bandar and Keti Bandar Tehsil Pre Monsoon (2012) Two groundwater samples were collected from Shah Bandar Tehsil in pre monsoon season of 2011. The EC, TDS and pH values of groundwater samples are

(2.79 and 0.671), (1786 and 427) and (7.12 and 7.13) respectively (Table 30). According to WHO (1984), TDS specification one sample belong to poor water category while one is excellent. On the basis of EC and SAR classification, one sample belong to alkali water category, while remaining one fall in good water category.
Table 30.Physico-chemical analyses of groundwater samples from Shah Bandar and Keti Bandar
S. No EC dS/ m TDS pH Ani ons Me q/l CO 3 Cati ons Meq /l HC O3 7.2 4.2 7.8 Na/ Cl rati o Cl 26.0 2.2 20.5 8 Ca/ Mg rati o SO4 2.5 1.52 1.77 0 Cl/ HC O3 Rati o Ca+ Mg 3.3 2.12 5 6.73 SA R RS C

Wat er Typ e

Na 42.1 3.69 19.0

K 0.35 0.16 4 0.38 1.61 9 1.68 0.92 0.65 2.4 0.75 3.61 0.52 2.6 23.1 7 2.53 7.32 0.6 0.5 5.66 NaC l NaH CO3

1 2 1

2.79 0.67 1 2.5

178 6 427 160 0

7.12 7.13 6.96

Ghora Bari Tehsil Pre Monsoon (2012) Seven groundwater samples were collected from Ghora Bari Tehsil in premonsoon season, 2011. The pH of groundwater samples ranges from 6.63 - 7.79 (Table 31) with an average of 7.38. Almost samples have pH value 7 indicating alkaline nature of the samples. According to WHO (1984) TDS specification, three groundwater samples (no. 2,4,6) belong to highest desirable and remaining all belong to maximum permissible limits. While, Davis and De Weist (2007) TDS based classification, indicate that out of six groundwater samples three samples (no. 2,4,6) are desirable and remaining four (no. 1, 3,5) are only suitable for agricultural purpose. According to EC and SAR based classification by Gupta (1990), two groundwater samples (2, 4,) from this area belong to good water category, as their EC and SAR values are<2 (1.531, 1.063 dS/m) and <10 (5.76 to 2.05) respectively. While one sample (3) belongs to saline water category (EC : 1.921 dS/m, SAR: 5.16). On the other hand, two samples (1, 5) are highly saline, as their EC are >4 (10.05, 3.92 dS/m) and SAR >10 (39.7, 25.17) respectively. In these samples, sodium, chloride and sulphate contents are higher than total calcium plus magnesium contents. Only one sample (6) belongs to alkali water type (EC 1.30 and SAR 34.0), which indicates sever impact of sea water intrusion (Table 31).
Table 31Physico-chemical analyses of groundwater samples (pre monsoon, 2012)from Ghora Bari
S. No EC dS/ m TD S pH Ani ons Me q/l
CO3

Cat ion sM eq/l

HC O3

Na/ Cl rati o

Ca/ Mg rati o

Cl/ HC O3 rati o
Ca+ Mg

Na %

SA R

RS C

Wa ter Ty pe 0. 87 0.
6.4 2 0.6

Cl

SO 4

Na

1 2

5.1 4 1.1

329 0 737

7.6 3 7.4

12. 0 8.4

76. 98 5.6

4.0 8 0.9

5.1 5 2.7

94 95

1.2 4 0.6

1. 22 16

95 75

40. 8 4.6

3.12 2.99

Nacl
NaH-

52
3 4

0 102 2 564 174 7 756 107 3 7.0 3 7.0 7.7 9 7.7 0 7.1 5 9.4 4.6 7.0 8.6 6.8

9 9.3 9 3.1 8 49. 2 3.4 9 10. 88

58 1.1 6 1.4 5 1.6 8 1.5 4 2.1 25

05 4.9 3 2.9 05 3.0 1.6 3.5 05 64 61 93 85 78

3 0.3 12 0.2 12 0.5 3 0.5 7 0.5 2

1.5 98 0.8 82 2.7 3 1.1 82 1.6 77

5 6

.7 0 6. 82 19 .1 8 1. 89 24 .3 5 7. 16 9

59 1. 12 1. 41 0. 5 0. 6 0. 59 0

8 1.0 0.6 9 7.0 2 0.4 1 1.6

5 64 61 93 85 78 3.9 1 7.0 7.7 9 7.7 0 7.1 5 0.46 1.21 1 5.4 0.21

CO3

Nacl
NaHCO3

Nacl
NaHCO3

H-Cl

According to U.S salinity laboratory (1954) RSC based classification, it is observed that two samples (no. 2,5) are probably safe, three sample (no. 3,4,6) have RSC value in limit (1.25 - 2.5) are marginal suitable and only one sample (no. 1) have RSC value greater than 2.5 not suitable for agricultural purpose (Table classification wala). According to Wilcox (1955) sodium content based classification, one samples (no. 4) belongs to good water category indicate that it is safe for irrigation, one sample (no. 3) belong to poor water category, While remaining samples (no. 1,2,5,6) belong to very poor water category and it is hazardous and indicating the saline water intrusion. On the same content base classification Raju (2007), sodium content value of two samples (no. 2, 3) is less than 60% indicate the suitability of groundwater for irrigation and remaining all have higher value. Cat ion chemistry of Keti Bandargroundwater samples indicating the increasing of parameters like Na>Ca>Mg>K. Sodium is showing good co-relation with chloride (r = 0.195) indicating that these have been derived from different source. In present study, Na/Cl ratio of groundwater samples generally varying from 1.0 15.6 (Fig .) suggesting silicate weathering.

Fig. 10 Na/Cl ratio suggests silicate weathering

Calcium and magnesium concentration in groundwater of Keti Bandarvary from 2.2 6.6 and 2.43 9.92 with an average of concentrations of 4.7 and 4.6 (Table ). They have low co-relation and coefficient (0.019) among the major ions indicating the absence of carbonaticsource. Further, Ca/Mg ratios of the groundwater samples range from 0.46 2.2indicating the dolomite contribute solutes to the groundwater (Kannanet.al., 2007). Potassium concentarion in groundwater varies from 0.15 1.03 meq/l with an average of 0.56 meq/l (Table ). Potassium present in the water might have come from irrigation return flow. The choloride- bicarbonate ratio is a good factor to identify saltwater intrusion. Chloride is the dominant ion of sea water it is only available in small quantities in groundwater (Ragunath, 1990). On the other hand, bicarbonate is the dominant ion in groundwater whereas, its concentration in saltwater is very small. According to (Ragunath, 1990) Cl/HCO3ratio = 2.8 is a threshold value for saltwater intrusion. So, no sample have Cl/HCO3ratio greater than 2.8 indicating safe groundwater from saline water intrusion. Piper trilinear diagram (Fig.1) of Ghora Bari for geochemical classification and hydrochemical processes of groundwater for post monsoon season indicates two groundwater samples (no. 3, 5) are Na-Cl type. It suggesting the influence of sea water, ancient saline groundwaters, or dissolution of halite (NaCl). Such water type create salinity both in irrigation and domestic uses (Raju, 2007) For irrigation purpose it is very high in salinity hazard . Two (no. 2, 6) are Na-HCO3 type have high hazardous impact for irrigation, one sample is Ca-HCO3type typical occurrence of this facie in

aquifer is shallow, fresh groundwater in recharge area. It is suggesting irrigation return flow and anthropogenic activities (Jeevanandamet.al., 2007). Such water type have temporary hardness (Raju,2007). While, remaining one (no. 1) is Na-SO4this is rare type, can result from mixing of ancient Na-rich groundwaters with pyritr oxidation waters, also formed by intensive evaporation of waters which havepreviously lost their Ca and HCO3.

Cations

Anions

Fig. 11: Piper diagram for hydrochemicalfacies of groundwater of Ghora Bari (premonsoon)

MirpurSakro Tehsil Pre Monsoon (2012) Eighteen groundwater samples were collected from Mirpur SakroTehsil in post monsoon season, 2011. The pH of groundwater samples ranges from 6.77 - 7.58 (Table .) with an average of 7.18. Mostly samples have pH value more than 7 indicating alkaline nature of the samples. According to WHO (1984) TDS specification, 61% and 38% of groundwater samples belongs to highest desirable and maximum permissible limits respectively. While, Davis and De Weist (2007) TDS based classification, indicate that out of eighteen groundwater samples two (no. 2, 15) are desirable, eight (no. 1, 5, 7, 8, 9, 12, 14, 18) are permissible and remaining are not suitable for agricultural purpose. SAR based classification by Gupta (1990), twelve (1,2,3,5,7,8,9,10,11,12,14,15) samples belong to good water category, as their EC and SAR values are <2 dS/m and <10 respectively. While, four samples (6, 13, 17, 18)

having variable EC and SAR fall in alkali water category. On the other hand, sample (16) is saline water, as its EC is >2 ( 2.17dS/m) and SAR is <10 (8.0 ) and the remaining sample (4) is high saline water with its EC (>4) 4.19 dS/m and SAR (>10) 21.36 respectively. Most of the groundwater samples from this area are non saline, only four water samples are moderately to severe saline, as their EC and SAR are relatively higher as compared to other samples. In all these samples sodium, chloride and sulphate ions show positive correlation. It indicates the presence of sodium chloride salt along with sodium sulphate salt in these four samples. High concentration of sodium and chloride in these samples indicates saltwater intrusion. The increased concentration and positive correlation of chloride and sulphate also suggests sea water intrusion in the area (Table 18). According to U.S salinity laboratory (1954) RSC based classification it is observed that six samples (no. 1,2,5,6,8,14) are probably safe, two samples (no. 7,16) are marginal suitable while, remaining sample (no. 9,10,11,12,13,17,18) have RSC value greater than 2.5and they are not suitable even for agriculture (Table classification wala). According to Wilcox (1955) sodium content based classification, six samples (no. 1,2,5,6,8,14) belongs to excellent water category indicate that it is probably safe for irrigation, two samples (no. 7,16)) ) belongs to good and remaining (no. 9,10,11,12,13,17,18) belongs to poor water category. Good water category is safe for irrigation but poor is hazardous and indicating the saline water intrusion. On the same content base Raju (2007), sodium content value of all samples is less than 60% indicate the suitability of groundwater for irrigation. Cat ion chemistry of Mirpur Sakrogroundwater samples indicating the increasing trend of parameters like Na>Ca>Mg>K. The sodium concentration in the area ranges from 2.13 67.82 meq/l with an average concentration of 15.18 meq/l (Table). Sodium is not showing good co-relation with chloride (r = 0.097) indicating that these have been derived from different source. In present study, Na/Cl ratio of groundwater samples generally varying from 0.13 10.8, while only one sample have very high Na/Cl ratio (374.6) (Fig .). Na/Cl ratio of five groundwater samples is equal to 1, indicating the dissolution of halite, While remaining all samples have ratio greater than 1 indicating sililcateweathering suggesting silicate weathering (Meyback, 1987). It is also well supported by high values of HCO3than sodium (Kannana, 2007). In some samples HCO3have low value than sodium so, sodium might have come from irrigation return flow and anthropogenic activity.

Fig. 12 Na/Cl ratio suggests silicate weathering .

Calcium and magnesium concentration of Mirpur Sakrogroundwater vary from 2.4 9.6 and 1.0 8.3 meq/l with an average concentration of 4.45 and 2.9 meq/l respectively(Table 32).They have low co-relation and coefficient (0.115) among the major ions indicating the absence of ubiquitous source of Ca and Mg (Kannana,2007). Further, Ca/Mg ratios of the most of the groundwater samples range from 0. 7 to 4.15 indicating the dolomite contribute solutes to the groundwater. Potassium concentration in groundwater varies from 0.15 1.03 meq/l with an average of 0.56 meq/l (Table 32). Potassium present in the water might have come from irrigation return flow. According to (Ragunath, 1990), Cl/HCO3ratio of all groundwater samplea is less than threshold value (2.8) indiv=cating this area is safe from seawater intrusion. Only two samples (no. 4, 7) have high Cl/HCO3ratio indicating saline water intrusion and in same both samples Cl value is also high. The concentration of Clinidicate that saltwater iintrusion and irrigation return flow might be responsible (Luscznski&Swarzenski, 1996).
Table32Physico-chemical analyses of groundwater samples from Mirpur Sakro (pre monsoon, 2012)
S. No EC TDS dS/ m pH Ani ons Me q/l Cat ions Me q/l Na/ Cl rati o Ca/ Mg rati o Cl/ HC O3 rati o SA R RS C Wat er Typ e

CO 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 0.9 23 0.6 81 1.7 0 4.1 9 0.91 1 1.7 45 0.9 07 0.8 14 0.9 46 0.8 44 1.6 07 1.1 32 2.6 70 1.4 0.6 86 2.1 7 3.1 30 1.2 42 485 74 0 102 6 176 6 570 97 2 4 9 7 4 5 1 5 7 1 205 4 8 8 8 146 5 138 8 7 0 8 4 4 0 115 5 154 2 102 7 6.6 9 7.1 0 6.8 1 7.1 6 7.2 4 7.5 8 7.1 9 7.3 0 7.1 0 6.9 5 7.3 2 7.11 7.3 1 6.9 7 7.1 6 7.1 4 6.9 2 6.9 2 Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil

HC O3 6.2 6.6 7.2 8.0 7.8 9.8 6.4 4.0 8.8 7.0 9.0 5.6 10. 8 7.6 5.4 11.0 10. 0 11.8

Cl 1.4 1 4.5 9 8.6 8 1.8 0 3.1 86 5.3 8 2.11 2.1 9 2.0 26. 0 18. 61 18. 61 11.1 9 3.6 0 18. 8 0.9 9 16. 18 8.0

SO 4 0.1 04 1.9 1 2.1 6 3.7 5 1.4 3 2.1 3 0.9 1 1.1 6 0.7 9 6.1 4 2.3 3 2.3 3.2 0 1.5 8 0.6 6 1.9 58 3.2 5 1.1 8

Ca +M g 3.9 8 6.8 12. 2 11.2 5.8 3 5.0 3 4.1 8 4.8 3 6.6 10. 7 9.8 9.8 4.4 1 6.4 1 5.3 8 5.8 10. 85 8.5 1

Na 3.5 2 6.3 9 6.8 6 32. 6 4.3 4 14. 6 4.6 9 3.6 0 4.1 3 60. 4 18. 86 18. 8 5.8 6 5.8 6 2.9 1 16. 17 19. 0 9.4 7

K 0.2 0 0.1 5 0.2 0.5 2 0.2 3 0.1 48 0.1 33 0.1 2 0.1 3 0.2 7 0.2 8 0.2 8 0.1 0 0.1 0 0.1 35 0.2 66 0.5 1 0.2 46 2.5 1.4 0.7 9 18. 1 1.3 6 2.7 1 2.2 2 1.6 4 2.0 7 2.3 2 1.0 1 1.0 1 0.5 2 1.6 3 0.1 6 16. 33 1.1 7 1.1 8 1.5 2 1.4 3 1.4 4 0.6 1.7 5 1.6 5 1.6 4 0.9 4 1.0 1.0 1.0 4 1.0 4 0.8 3 1.6 6 2.4 1 0.9 3 0.7 4 1.1 8 0.2 3 0.7 0 1.2 1 0.2 3 0.4 1 0.5 5 0.3 3 0.5 5 0.2 27 3.7 1 2.0 7 3.3 2 1.0 4 0.4 7 3.4 8 0.0 9 1.6 2 0.6 8 2.4 9 1.8 7 2.7 7 13. 7 1.0 9.2 0 3.2 2.3 1 2.2 7 26.1 1 8.5 2 8.4 3.2 7 3.2 7 1.7 7 9.4 9 8.1 5 4.5 9 2.2 2 -0.2 -5 -3.2 1.9 7 4.7 7 2.2 2 0.8 3 2.2 -3.7 -0.8 -4.2 1.1 9 1.1 9 0.0 2 5.2 0.8 5 3.2 9
NaH CO3 NaH CO3

CaCl
NaH CO3 NaH CO3 NaH CO3 NaH CO3 NaH CO3 NaH CO3

NaCl NaCl NaCl NaCl

NaH CO3

CaCl
NaH CO3

NaCl
NaH CO3

Piper trilinear diagram (Fig.1) of Mirpur Sakrofor geochemical classification and hydrochemical processes of groundwater for post monsoon season indicates that six groundwater samples are waters are Na-HCO3 type. It is hazardous for irrigation. Five groundwater samples are Na-Cl type. It suggesting the influence of sea water, ancient saline groundwaters, or dissolution of halite (NaCl). Such water type creates salinity both in irrigation and domestic uses (Raju, 2007). For irrigation purpose it is very high in salinity hazard. In this area most serious threat to the groundwater is intrusion of saline water to fresh water. While, four samples are Ca-HCO3type typical occurrence of this facie in aquifer is shallow, fresh groundwater in recharge area. It is suggesting irrigation return flow and anthropogenic activities (Jeevanandamet.al., 2007). Such

water type have temporary hardness (Raju,2007) and three samples are Ca-Cl type. It is associated with the invasion of shallow, fresh aquifers by sea water, less commonly form by dissolution of the very rare evaporate mineral tachydrite (Cacl2). Its also have high salinity hazardous for irrigation.

Cations

Anions

Fig. 13: Piper diagram for hydrochemicalfacies of groundwater of Mirpur Sakro

PROBLEMS IDENTIFIED
Excessive amount of sodium were found in irrigation which promote soil dispersion and structural breakdown. Due to excessive sodium water supply to the crop is difficult and production is reducing. Excess soil salinity in the stud area causes poor and spotty stands of crops, uneven and stunted growth and poor yields, the extent depending on the degree of salinity. Same nalas were identified in the study area, mixed with flood water and somewhere with sea water which increasing soil salinity. Irrigation water is available only for four months due to which area is suffering from shortage of irrigation water. Land was affected by flood water because water was kept staying for four months, which lead caused waterlogging and leaching of subsurface salt to the surface. Because of poor drainage system flood water remains stagnant and precipitate both black and white salts on the soil surface by evaporation. Because of fuderal system canal water is being stolen by power full people. When they fulfill water requirement to their fields then leave it. In some fields water evaporated naturally, because owner of the adjacent agricultural fields did not allow water to drain same nala. Some areas were also affected by tidal waves. To mitigate the menace of rising groundwater and the associated problem of waterlogging and salinity, a network of drainage canal was constructed with in the Indus Basin to drain groundwater directly to the Arabian sea. The drainage system has been less effective dur to low gradient of flat topography and has in fact resulted in the intrusion of seawater to about 80 km upstream (Panhwar, 1999). The increase in salinity due to depleting of fresh water contribution by the Indus River has reduced the suitability of the delta for the cultivation of red rice, the production of the exoctic fruit, and raising of livestock (Inam.et.al., 2007). The mangrove ecosystem is being degraded, and the mangroves are now virtually monospecific and comparatively stunted with losses of about 2% year -1 (Inam.et.al. 2007). Comparison Between Post (2011) and Pre-Monsoon (2012) Groundwater Water Samples of Shah Bandar Tehsil

Five groundwater samples were collected from Shah Bandar Tehsil in post monsoon and two in pre-monsoon, Based on analytical results, the chemical indices derived from hydro geochemical parameters of post and pre monsoon groundwater samples of shah Bandar are presented in (Table 17). Piper rectangular diagram for geochemical classification and hydro chemical processes of groundwater for both seasons indicates that most of water is Na-Cl type. Total dissolved solids of Shah Bandar groundwater ranges from 445mg/l to 2598mg/l with a mean of 1576 mg/l and from 429 to 1786 mg/l with a mean of 1107 mg/l for post monsoon and pre monsoon respectively. From the analytical results, post monsoon groundwater has higher TDS value as compare to pre monsoon. The increase of TDS in post monsoon seasons is on the higher side than the pre monsoon season due to mixing of surface pollutants during the infiltration and percolation of rainwater (N. Janardhana 2007). Davis and De Wiest (1966) TDS based classification, it is observed that out of 5 groundwater samples of post monsoon 1 is desirable for drinking, 2 are permissible for drinking. While, remaining 2 samples and 2 samples of pre monsoon are not desirable and permissible for drinking but suitable for agricultural purpose. The salinity (with respect to total dissolved solids) of groundwater affects the growth of plants directly and also affects soil structure, permeability and aeration, which indirectly affect plant growth (Mohan, Singh, Tripathi and Choudhary, 2000). The Electrical Conductivity (EC) ranges from 0.696 to 4.06dS/m with a mean of 2.650 dS/m and 0.671 to 2.79 dS/m with a mean of 1.730 dS/m for post monsoon and pre monsoon respectively. Gupta (1990) classified ground waters on the basis of EC and SAR. According to this classification, sample no 1, 4 and 2 are belong to good water category, sample no. 2 and 1 are belong alkali water category, sample no 3 and 5 belong to high saline water category for post monsoon and pre monsoon respectively.
Table 33.Physico-chemical analyses of groundwater samples from Shah Bandar in post and pre monsoon
S N o. G ri d

1 2 3 4 5
S N o.

P o ( ( 5 5 ( 5 ( 5 ( 5
W at er

E l e P r ( 5 ( 5 H

P o
0. 3. 4. 0. 4.

T o t P r

p H P o 5 2 4 3 2 5 4 4 2 5
S O

P e r P r P o
7. 7. 7. 7. 7. C

S o d P r

2. 0.

7. 7.

R e s P o 4 6 8 3 8 4 3 8 9 0
K

P r

P o
2. 18 23 2. 30

P r

P o
2.

P r

93 64

23 2.

0. -

1 2

P o

P r -

P o
3. 11

P r

P o

P r

P o
1. 4.

P r

P o
4. 18

P r

P o
48 63

P r

P o
3. 30

P r

2. 20

3 4 5

6. 4. 7.

7. 4.

30 1. 28

26 2.

4. 0. 6.

2. 1.

9. 5. 5.

3. 2.

84 38 90

93 64

51 3. 50

0. 0.

Sodium concentration is important in classifying irrigation water because sodium reacts with soil to reduce its permeability. Sodium content is usually expressed in terms of percent sodium or soluble- sodium percent Na%. As per the Indian standards, max.of 60% sodium is permissible for irrigation water. Sample no 1 and 4 of post monsoon have sodium content less than 60% while, remaining all samples of post monsoon have high sodium content. Two groundwater samples from same grid (56, 55) have high sodium content in pre monsoon as compare to post monsoon season. As per the Richards (1954) SAR based classification, two samples (1,4) and 1(2) of post monsoon and pre monsoon respectively are in excellent category, because none of the sample exceed the value SAR=10 (Table ). While, three samples (2, 3, 5) and 1(1) of post and pre monsoon respectively are in poor condition. From the residual sodium carbonate (RSC) values of the Shah Bandar area, it is observed that out of 5 post-monsoon water samples, 1 is safe, 2 are marginal and 2 are not suitable for irrigation. But out of 2 pre-monsoon water samples, both are safe for irrigation. From these analyses, it is found that sample no 3 in post monsoon season was rich in carbonate and not suitable for irrigation but in pre-monsoon it is suitable irrigation. Comparison Between Post (2011) and Pre-Monsoon (2012) Groundwater Water Samples of K.T.Bandar Tehsil Three groundwater samples were collected from K.T Bandar Tehsil in post monsoon and only one in pre-monsoon from same grid 49, Based on analytical results, the chemical indices derived from hydro geochemical parameters of post and pre monsoon groundwater samples of K.T Bandarare presented in (Table 18). Piper rectangular diagram for geochemical classification and hydro chemical processes of groundwater for both seasons indicates that most of water is Na-Cl type. It is hazardous for irrigation purpose. While, one sample of 49 grid was Ca-SO4 type in post monsoon and in pre monsoon it is converted into Na-Cl water type. It indicates saline water intrusion. Total dissolved solids (TDS) of K.T Bandargroundwater ranges from 646mg/l to 2394mg/l with a mean of 1770 mg/l and 1600 for post and pre-mon soon respectively. From the analytical results, post monsoon groundwater has higher TDS value. Pre monsoonal groundwater has higher TDS values (1600 mg/l) as compare to its post monsoon samples value (646 mg/l). Davis and De Wiest (1966), TDS based groundwater classification it is observed that out of 3 groundwater samples of post

monsoon one (3) is permissible for drinking, while remaining two samples (1, 2 and one samples of pre-monsoon are suitable for agriculture purpose.
Table 34.Physico-chemical analyses of groundwater samples from K.T.Bandarin post and pre monsoon
S N o. G ri d

1 2 3

P o ( ( 5 5 ( 4
W at er

E l e P r ( 4 P o
0. 3. 4.

T o t P r

p H P o 5 2 4 3 2 5 P r

P e r P o
7. 7. 7.

S o d P r

2.

7.

R e s P o 4 6 8 3 8 4

P r

P o
2. 18 23

P r

P o
-

P r

93

23

0.

S N o.

S O

1 2 3

P o

N a N a C a

P r -

P o
3. 11 6.

P r

P o

P r

P o
1. 4. 4.

P r

P o
4. 18 9.

P r

P o
89 74 42

P r

P o
3. 30 51

P r

2. 7. 20 30 26

2.

3.

74

0.

The Electrical Conductivity (EC) ranges from 1.009 to 3.74 dS/m with a mean of 2.77 dS/m and only one sample having EC value 2.5 dS/m of post monsoon and premonsoon respectively. According to Gupta (1990) EC and SAR based classification, sample no 3 of post monsoon belong to good water category and sample no 1 and 2 belong to variable category it shows that it is alkali water. While, one sample of premoonsoon belong to saline water category.According to Wilcox (1955) sodium content
based classification, it is observed that only one sample of post monsoon groundwater is poor while remaining 2 sample and one of pre monsoon are very poor because their sodium content is higher than 60% and as well as higher than 50-70% limit range.

As per the Richards (1954) SAR based classification, one each sample (3) of post monsoon and pre monsoon belong to excellent groundwater category because their SAR values are <10 and it is safe for agricultural. While sample no 1 and 2 of post monsoon have SAR >10 this limit is not suitable for agriculture. From the US salinity laboratory (1954) the residual sodium carbonate (RSC) based classification, it is observed that out 3 post-monsoon water samples, 2 samples (1,3) are probably safe and 1 sample (2) is unsuitable for irrigation. While remaining 1 sample (2) and one sample of pre-monsoon are unsuitable for irrigation. Comparison Between Post (2011) and Pre-Monsoon (2012) Groundwater Water Samples of Ghora Bari Tehsil Six and seven groundwater samples were collected from Ghora BariTehsil during post and pre-monsoon respectively.Based on analytical results, the chemical

indices derived from hydro geochemical parameters of post and pre monsoon groundwater samples of Ghora Bariare presented in (Table 35). Piper rectangular diagram for geochemical classification and hydro chemical processes of groundwater for both seasons indicates that most of water samples are NaH-CO3type. Total dissolved solids of Ghora Barigroundwater ranges from 680mg/l to 6432mg/l with a mean of 2110 mg/l and from 564 to 3290 mg/l with a mean of 1326mg/l for post monsoon and pre monsoon respectively. From the analytical results, post monsoon groundwater has higher TDS value as compare to pre monsoon. The increase of TDS in post monsoon seasons is on the higher side than the pre monsoon season due to mixing of surface pollutants during the infiltration and percolation of rainwater (N. Janardhana 2007). According to Davis and De Wiest (1966), it is observed that out of 6 groundwater samples of post monsoon 3 (2,4,6) are permissible for drinking and remaining 3 (1,3,5 ) are suitable for agriculture purpose. While, on the other hand out of 7 groundwater samples of pre-monsoon 3 (2,4,6) are permissible for drinking and remaining 4 (1,3,5,7) are suitable for agriculture. The Electrical Conductivity (EC) ranges from 1.063 to 10.05 dS/m with a mean of 3.3 dS/m and 0.882 to 5.14 dS/m with a mean of 2.05 dS/m for post monsoon and pre monsoon respectively. Gupta (1990) classified ground waters on the basis of EC and SAR. According to this classification, three samples (2,3,4) and five (2,3,4,6,7) belongs to good water category, two samples (1,5) and (1), while one each sample (6) and (5) belongs to alkali water category for post monsoon and pre monsoon respectively.
Table 35.Physico-chemical analyses of groundwater samples from Ghora Bariin post and pre monsoon
S N o. G ri d

1 2 3 4 5 6 7
S N o.

P o ( ( 3 3 ( 3 ( 4 ( 4 ( 4
W at er

E l e P r ( ( 3 3 ( 3 ( 4 ( 4 ( 4 ( 4
H

P o
10

T o t P r
5. 1. 1. 0. 2. 1. 1. C

p H P o 5 2 4 3 2 5 4 4 2 5 P r

P e r P o
6.

S o d P r
7. 7. 7. 7. 7. 7. 7.

R e s P o 4 6 8 3 8 4 3 8 9 0

P r

P o
39 4. 3. 7. 7. 7. 7.

P r
40

P o
3. 2. 1 5. -

P r

93 64

S O

1 2 3 4 5

P o

P r
N

P o
11

P r

P o

P r
76 5. 9. 3. 49

P o
10

P r

P o
14

P r
5. 2. 4. 2. 3.

P o
88

P r
94 95 64 61 93

P o
1. 1. 0. 0. 0. 0.

P r

Na

12 8. 9. 4. 7.

9.

4. 0. 1. 1. 1.

6 7

8. 6.

3. 10

1. 2.

1. 3.

85 78

0. 0.

On the basis of sodium content of the groundwater, one each sample (4) and (3) of post-monsoon belongs to good and poor water category respectively, While remaining all samples of both seasons are very poor because, their sodium content values are exceeding to 60% which is hazardous for agriculture. As per US salinity laboratory (1954), the residual sodium carbonate (RSC) based classification, it is observed that out 3 post-monsoon water samples, 2 samples (1,3) are probably safe and 1 sample (2) is unsuitable for irrigation. While remaining 1 sample (2) and one sample of pre-monsoon are unsuitable for irrigation. Comparison Between Post (2011) and Pre-Monsoon (2012) Groundwater Water Samples of MirpurSakro Tehsil

Eighteen of each groundwater samples were collected from Mirpur SakroTehsil in post monsoon and two in pre-monsoon season, Based on analytical results, the chemical indices derived from hydro geochemical parameters of post and pre monsoon groundwater samples of Mirpur Sakro are presented in (Table 20). Piper rectangular diagram for geochemical classification and hydro chemical processes of groundwater for both seasons indicates that most of water are of post monsoon are Na-HCO3 and Na-Cl type and few are Ca-HCO3 and Ca-Cl type. When we compare this water type to the pre monsoon groundwater sample type it indicate most of the groundwater sample (11) are Na-HCO3 in nature and same in quantity (5) are Na-Cl in nature while , two are Ca-Cl type. It indicates the replacement of Cl ions by HCO3 ions and Na ions by Ca ions. Total dissolved solids of Mirpur Sakrogroundwater ranges from 436mg/l to 2003mg/l with a mean of ----mg/l and from 451 to 1766 mg/l with a mean of for post monsoon and pre monsoon respectively. From the analytical results, post monsoon groundwater has higher TDS value as compare to pre monsoon. The increase of TDS in post monsoon seasons is on the higher side than the pre monsoon season due to mixing of surface pollutants during the infiltration and percolation of rainwater (N. Janardhana 2007). Davis and De Wiest (1966) TDS based classification, it is observed that out of 18 groundwater samples of post monsoon 2 (1,15) are desirable for drinking, 7 (1,4,7,8,9,14,18) are permissible for drinking. While, remaining are suitable for agriculture. On the other hand out of 18 groundwater sample of pre monsoon 4 (1,7,8,15) are desirable for drinking, 6 (2,5,6,9,11,14,) are permissible for drinking purpose while remaining are good for irrigation.

The Electrical Conductivity (EC) ranges from 0.696 to 4.06dS/m with a mean of 2.650 dS/m and 0.671 to 2.79 dS/m with a mean of 1.730 dS/m for post monsoon and pre monsoon respectively. Gupta (1990) classified ground waters on the basis of EC and SAR. According to this classification, sample no 1, 4 and 2 are belong to good water category, sample no. 2 and 1 are belong alkali water category, sample no 3 and 5 belong to high saline water category for post monsoon and pre monsoon respectively.
Table 36.Physico-chemical analyses of groundwater samples from MirpurSakroin post and pre monsoon
S N o. G ri d

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8
S. N o. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8

P o

E l e P r
14 13 11 3 4 20 19 17 24 26 27 35 34 33 39 28 38 40

P o
0.

T o t P r
0.6 1.1 1.6 2.7 0.8 1.5 0.7 0.7 0.8 3.2 1.3 2.2 2.1 1.1 0.6 1.8 2.4 1.6

p H P o 5 4 9 3 1 0 2 6 5 8 1 1 5 8 5 2 6 0 5 4 1 0 7 2 1 7 8 9 4 3 1 3 2 0 7 9 P r
4 8 7 4 1 0 1 7 5 7 9 7 4 9 4 5 7 2 0 8 8 1 4 1 3 7 0 4 4 1 1 5 10 27

P e r P o
7.

S o d P r
6.6 7.1 6.8 7.1 7.2 7.5 7.1 7.3 7.1 6.9 7.3 7.1 7.3 6.9 7.1 7.1 6.9 6.9

R e s P o
3 9 5 0 4 1 7 9 4 0 9 1 5 5 4 0 3 6 1 3 7 1 3 2 8 8 5 5 2 9 6 7 5 4 0

P r
4 8 4 9 36 604 4 7 5 4 3 9 8 5 6 6 6 5 7 4 8 3 6 7 4 6 4 5 3

P o 2.

P r
2.4 1.8 2.7 13. 1.0 9.2 3.2 2.3 2.2 26. 8.5 8.4 3.2 3.2 1.7 9.4 8.1 4.5

P o
-

P r
2.2 -5 1.9 4.7 2.2 2.2 1.1 1.1 0.0 5.2 3.2

14 13 11 3 4 20 19 17 24 26 27 35 34 33 39 28 38 40

W at er

S O

P o

P r
Na

P o
6

P r

P o

P r
1. 4. 8. 1. 3. 5. 2. 2. 2. 26 18 18 11 3. 18 0. 16 8.

P o
2.

P r

P o
6.

P r
3. 6. 12 11 5. 5. 4. 4. 6. 10 9. 9. 4. 6. 5. 5. 10 8.

P o
3. 3.

P r
6. 6. 32 4. 14 4. 3. 4. 60 18 18 5. 5. 2. 16 19 9.

P o
0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.

P r

Na

6.

1.

0. 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 0. 1. 0. 6. 2. 2. 3. 1. 0. 1. 3. 1.

Sodium concentration is important in classifying irrigation water because sodium reacts with soil to reduce its permeability. Sodium content is usually expressed

in terms of percent sodium or soluble- sodium percent Na%. As per the Indian standards, max.of 60% sodium is permissible for irrigation water. Sample no 1 and 4 of post monsoon have sodium content less than 60% while, remaining all samples of post monsoon have high sodium content. Two groundwater samples from same grid (56, 55) have high sodium content in pre monsoon as compare to post monsoon season.

Cations

Anions

Fig. 14: Piper diagram for hydrochemicalfacies of groundwater of Mir purSakro