A)

SULPHURIC ACID ( H2SO4 )

USES OF SULPHURIC ACID ( H2SO4)

1. Sulphuric acid is used to produce chemical fertilizer such as ammonium sulphate and potassium sulphate, which are highly soluble in water and can be easily absorbed by plant. 2. Car batteries contain sulphuric acid which is used as the electrolyte. 3. Sulphuric acid also used in the making of artificial silk-like fibres and rayon. component material. 4. Chemical like paints, dyes and drug use sulphuric acid as one of their component materials.

MANUFACTURE OF SULPHURIC ACID

The manufacture of sulphuric acid, H2SO4 through the Contact Process

Sulphuric acid,H2S04 is manufactured in industry through Contact Process.

This process consists of three stages :

Stage 1 : Combustion of sulphur

In the furnace, molten sulphur is burnt in dry air to produce sulphur dioxide, SO2. The gas produced is purified and cooled. S(l) + O2(g) SO2(g)

Stage 2:
In the converter, sulphur dioxide, SO2 and excess oxygen gas, O2 are passed over a few plates of vanadium (V) oxide, V2O5 catalyst at 4500C to produce sulphur trioxide, SO3. 2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g) About 99.5% of the sulphur dioxide, SO2 is converted into sulphur trioxide, SO3 through this reversible reaction.
.

Stage 3 :

In the absorber, the sulphur trioxide, SO3 is first reacted with concentrated sulphuric acid, H2SO4 to form a product called ileum, H2S2O7. SO3(g) + H2SO4(l) H2S2O7 The ileum, H2S2O7 is then diluted with water to produced concentrated sulphuric acid,H2SO4 in large quantities. H2S2O7(l) + H2O(l) 2H2SO4(l) The two reactions in the third stage are equivalent to adding sulphur trioxide, SO3 directly to water. SO3(g) + H2O(l) H2SO4(l)

SULPHUR DIOXIDE AND ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION

1. Sulphur dioxide is one of the by-product of contact process. It is a colourless and poisonous gas with a vary pungent smell.
2. Sulphur dioxide which escape into the air causes air pollution. 3. Sulphur dioxide is an acidic which dissolves in water to form sulphurous acidic,

H2SO3.In the atmosphere, sulphur dioxide dissolve in water droplets to form sulphurous acidic. SO2(g) + H2O(l) H2SO3(aq)
4

Oxidation of sulphur acid by oxygen produce sulphuric acid, H2SO4, which falls to the earth as acid rain. Sulphur trioxide is also easily oxidised in the air to form sulphur trioxide. Sulphur trioxide dissolve in rainwater to produce sulphuric acid. SO3(g) + H2O(l) H2SO4(aq)

Acid rain and environmental pollution

B ) AMMONIA AND ITS SALTS

USES OF AMMONIA
1 2

Ammonia that is produce commercially has many uses. It uses: i) In the manufacture of chemical fertilizers such a s a m m o n i u m s u l p h a t e , a m m o n i a nitric, ammonia phosphate and urea. ii) To manufacture nitric acid and explosive. iii) In the making of synthetic fibre and nylon. iv) As a degreasing agent in aqueous form to remove greasy stains in the kitchen.

PROPERTIES OF AMMONIA GAS

1)The physical properties of ammonia gas include the following:
i) It colourless and has a pungent odour. ii) It is vary soluble in water and form a weak alkaline solution. iii) It less dense then water. iv) It easily liquid field (at about 35.5C) when cool.

2) The chemical properties of ammonia gas. a) Ammonia gas dissolves in water to form a weak alkali. NH3(g) + H2O(l) NH4+(aq) + OH-(aq)

b)The presence of hydroxide icon causes the aqueous solution to become alkaline. Thus aqueous ammonia solution :i. Turns red litmus paper blue. ii. Reacts with acid to form only salt and watering neutralization reaction. NH3(aq) + HCI(aq)NH4CI(aq) 2NH3+ H2SO4(aq) (NH4)2SO4(aq) Iii Reacts with solution of metallic cations to produce precipitates.

Fe+(aq) + 2OH(aq) Fe (OH)2(s)

MANUFACTURE OF AMMONIA IN INDUSTRY

1) Ammonia is manufacture on a large scale in industry through the haber

process. In this process, ammonia is formed form direct combination of nitrogen and hydrogen gas in the volume ratio 1:3.

2) The gas nitrogen obtain form the fractional distillation of liquefied air. The

hydrogen gas is obtained form the cracking of petroleum or from the catalysed reaction of natural gas, CH4, with steam. CH4(g) + H2O(g) CO(g) + 3H2(g)

3) The mixture of nitrogen and hydrogen gases is passed over an iron catalyst under controlled optimum condition as below to form ammonia gas. Temperature : 450-500C Pressure: 200-500 atmospheres Catalyst used: Iron fillings N 2 (g) + 3H 2 (g) 2NH 3 (g)

4) Under these control optimum condition, only 15% of the gas mixture turn into ammonia

gas. The nitrogen and hydrogen that have not reacted are then flow back over the catalyst again in the reactor chamber.
5) The ammonia product is then cooled at a low temperature so that it condenses into a

liquid in a cooling chamber.

AMMONIUM FERTILIZERS
1) Nitrogen is required in large amount by plant to make proteins which are necessary for growth and cell repair. 2) Most plant are not able to get a nitrogen supply directly from the air although it is abundant in the air (78%). Plants can only absorb soluble nitrogen compounds from soil through their roots. 3) The nitrogen compounds are usually soluble nitric salt, ammonia and ammonia salt which are manufacture as chemical fertilizer. 4) Reactions of ammonia with acids produce ammonium fertilizers. NH3(aq) + HNO3(aq) NH4 NO3(aq) 3NH3(aq) + H3PO4(aq) (NH4)3PO4(aq) 2NH3(aq) +H2SO4(aq) (NH4)2SO4(aq)

SEKOLAH MENENGAH KEBANGSAAN DATUK HAJI ABDUL KADIR 13200 KEPALA BATAS, SEBERANG PERAI UTARA, PULAU PINANG.

CHEMISTRY FORM 4 MANUFACTURED SUBSTANCES IN INDUSTRY

NAME : Nur Khairul Musairah Binti Norshadrul zam FORM : 4 Kaliber / 2012 TEACHER : Puan Aziah Binti Zakaria

THE END