ASSIGNMENT ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT (EVT 450) Title: Pollution and the Control Method

Name Norhidayah Bt Alimon Matric Number 2010169631 Group AT 220 5B Submission Date 2nd May 2012 Lecturers Name Nor Syafiqa Binti Tukiran

1.0 AGRICULTURAL WASTE TREATMENT As an agro businessman that had a small land to do the agricultural activity. In this land area it was cultivated with oil palm crop and combining with the production of livestock. Most of the areas are used as the animal feeding operation (AFO). Where animals are kept and raised in confined situations. In the long term duration some physical change has been detected. The unbalance agriculture activity was result to the pollution. This pollution is increased significantly through accretion number of planted and the livestock. The pollution resulting from agricultural activities is: 1.1 Air pollution Source AFOs can affect air quality through emissions of gases (ammonia and hydrogen sulfide), particulate matter (PM), volatile organic compounds (VOC), hazardous air pollutants, microorganisms, and odor. AFOs also produce gases (carbon dioxide and methane) that are associated with climate change. The generation rates of odor, manure, gases, particulates, and other constituents vary with weather, time, animal species, type of housing, manure handling system, feed type, and management system (storage, handling, and stabilization). Emission sources include barns, feedlot surfaces, manure storage and treatment units, silage piles, animal composting structures, and other smaller sources, but air emissions come mostly from the microbial breakdown of manure stored in pits or lagoons and spread on fields. Each emission source will have a different profile of substances emitted, with rates that fluctuate through the day and the year. Methane and nitrous oxide are greenhouse gases that are known to contribute to global warming. An estimated one-half of global methane comes from manmade sources, of which agriculture is the largest source, with livestock production being a major component within the sector. Methane emissions come from livestock. Agricultural methane is produced by ruminant animals, but also is emitted during microbial degradation of organic matter under anaerobic conditions. Nitrous oxide forms via the microbial processes of nitrification and denitrification.

1.2

Surface water pollution Sources The primary pollutants associated with animal wastes are nutrients (particularly nitrogen and phosphorus), organic matter, solids, pathogens, and odorous/volatile compounds.

Animal waste also contains salts and trace elements, and to a lesser extent, antibiotics, pesticides, and hormones. Pollutants in animal waste can impact waters through several possible pathways, including surface runoff and erosion, direct discharges to surface waters, spills and other dry weather discharges, leaching into soil and groundwater, and releases to air (including subsequent deposition back to land and surface waters). Pollutants associated with animal waste can also originate from a variety of other sources, such as cropland, municipal and industrial discharges, and urban runoff. The most dramatic ecological impacts associated with manure pollutants in surface waters are massive fish kills. Manure pollutants can seriously disrupt aquatic systems by over-enriching water (in the case of nutrients) or by increasing turbidity (in the case of solids), processes that can disrupt aquatic ecosystems in lake or pond that exist in the cropland area. Excess nutrients cause fast-growing algae blooms that reduce the penetration of sunlight in the water column and reduce the amount of available oxygen in the water, thus reducing fish and shellfish habitat and affecting fish and invertebrates.

1.3

Ground water pollution Sources

Pesticides, fertilizers, herbicides and animal waste are agricultural main sources of groundwater contamination in the cropland. These pollution sources detected in varied and numerous in the land such as spillage of fertilizers and pesticides during handling, runoff from the loading and washing of pesticide sprayers or other application equipment, using chemicals uphill from or within a few hundred feet of a well. Agricultural land that lacks sufficient drainage is considered by many farmers to be lost income land. So they may install drain tiles or drainage wells to make the land more productive. The drainage well then serves as a direct conduit to groundwater for agricultural wastes which are washed down with the runoff. Besides that, storage of agricultural chemicals (fertilizer, herbicide and pesticide) near conduits to groundwater, such as open and abandoned wells, sink holes or surface depressions where pond water is likely to accumulate. Contamination may also occur when chemicals are stored in uncovered areas, unprotected from wind and rain, or are stored in locations where the groundwater flows from the direction of the chemical storage to the well. 1.4 Land contamination Sources Agricultural wastes including the waste matters produced by crop, animal manure and residues of the farm land are one of the major causes of land pollution. The pesticides and fertilizers used by farmers to increase the crop yield, leaches into the nearby land areas

and pollutes them. The high chemical contains in the pesticide and herbicide makes the land expose to the acidic soil. The contamination land will give the lower quality of yield. An excessive use of chemicals leads to a decrease in the fertility of soil. Certain herbicides and insecticides lead to toxicity of soil. Fungicides contain copper and mercury, which are extremely harmful to the soil as well as the plant and animal life that thrives in it. Inefficient and unhealthy methods of soil management and harmful irrigation practices lead to soil pollution.

2.0

Controlling pollution in the cropland area

While agricultural wastes are known sources of water, air and land pollution, much of the organic waste can be converted into environmentally and economically profitable products. The following sections describe successful efforts in treating agricultural waste. 2.1 Regional Solutions to Agricultural Wastes The centralized collection and transport of manure and agricultural sewage to regional treatment facilities are being promoted. New technologies are being implemented to treat livestock wastes, utilizing lime in surface disposal facilities. Rendering plants have been enlarged and upgraded allowing them to treat a significant portion of the countrys carcasses and slaughterhouse waste and a new incinerator for bovine carcasses has also come into operation. Establishment a centralized site for the treatment of agricultural wastes and the production of compost from plant and cowshed wastes.

2.2

Expanding the Use of Organic Waste in Agriculture Recycling sludge for agricultural purposes is proposed instead of incineration and its accompanying pollution. The Ministry encourages the use of organic compound wastes as part of soil improvement and fertilization policies. This solution is also applicable to farm animal (cowshed) manure, which after approved treatment techniques, can be applied to agricultural fields and integrated in the fertilization programs of various crops.

3.0

technology device used

Some technology were use to minimized the pollution that occur in the cropland. Which these technologies it can be accommodate some waste that can be potential to contaminate the cropland that can interfered the ecosystem in the land. These technologies were choosing

because the pollution that occurs in the cropland area mostly comes from water and sludge. Where the device can be allocate at the water source at the land. 3.1 Stream Circulation Stream circulation is a method to supply oxygen, dissolved in water through the water surface in natural environment, from surface layer to bottom layer. It revitalizes water's natural purification functions without using any mechanical processes for the supply of external air or oxygen. Damages by blue-green algae or red tide to fishery and tourism industries have been increasing in closed water bodies such as dams, lakes, ponds and inner bays. Energyefficient hydrodynamic devices have been developed and commercialized to revitalize water's natural purification functions and to prevent green-blue algae or others from growing. It can replace expensive aeration systems. 3.2 Anaerobic Treatment and Anaerobic Sludge Digestion In anaerobic treatment, anaerobic microorganisms are used to decompose highly concentrated organic materials contained in industrial wastewater, human excreta and sewage sludge. Despite the requirement for heating, it eliminates the need for the air supply. So, it can save energy consumption compared with aerobic biological treatment. A typical technology is a method for methane fermentation that decomposes organic materials into methane gas and carbon dioxide. Methane gas can be used as fuel for heating of digestion tanks, power generation and other purposes. Anaerobic sludge digestion technologies include non-heating, mid-temperature and high temperature digestion methods. The most popular among them is the mid-temperature digestion method that maintains temperature within tank at the level between 30 0C and 35 0C. Two methods are being used to heat sludge. One is a steaming method to inject steam from a boiler directly into a tank. Another is external heating method that moves sludge out of a tank into a heat exchanger where hot water is used for heating. For external heating, two types of heat exchangers are used. One is double pipe type and another is spiral type. i. UASB Wastewater Treatment Device Up-flow Anaerobic Sludge Bed (UASB) is a typical technology for the anaerobic treatment of wastewater. There is a technology that uses a special fungus body as an anaerobic microorganism.

ii.

Sludge Heat Exchanger

In spiral method for sludge digestion, spirally shaped heat transfer panel is used in a cylinder. Sludge flows through a single channel, so there is no need for the concern about clogging to be caused by impurities.