Mech-Intro 13.0 AppA Buckling

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Appendix A A di Linear Buckling Analysis g y
Introduction to ANSYS Mechanical

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2010 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved. Release 13.0 November 2010
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Chapter Overview
In this chapter, performing linear buckling analyses in Mechanical will be covered. Contents:
A. Background On Buckling B. Buckling Analysis Procedure g y C. Workshop 7-1
The capabilities described in this section are generally applicable to ANSYS DesignSpace Entra licenses and above.
Some options discussed in this chapter may require more advanced licenses, but these are noted accordingly.
ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2010 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Release 13.0 November 2010
A. Background on Buckling
Many structures require an evaluation of their structural stability. Thin columns, compression members, and vacuum tanks are all examples of structures where stability considerations are important. At the onset of instability (buckling) a structure will have a very large change in displacement {x} under essentially no change in the load (beyond a small load perturbation).
F
Stable Unstable
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Background on Buckling
Eigenvalue or linear buckling analysis predicts the theoretical buckling strength of an ideal linear elastic structure. Thi method corresponds to the textbook approach of linear elastic This th d d t th t tb k h f li l ti buckling analysis.
The eigenvalue buckling solution of a Euler column will match the classical Euler solution.
Imperfections and nonlinear behaviors prevent most real world structures from achieving their theoretical elastic buckling strength strength. Linear buckling generally yields unconservative results by not accounting for these effects. Although unconservative linear buckling has the advantage of being unconservative, computationally cheap compared to nonlinear buckling solutions.
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Basics of Linear Buckling
For a linear buckling analysis, the eigenvalue problem below is solved to get the buckling load multiplier i and buckling modes i:
([K ] + i [S ]){ i } = 0
Assumptions:
[K] and [S] are constant:
Linear elastic material behavior is assumed Small deflection theory is used, and no nonlinearities included
It is important to remember these assumptions related to performing linear buckling analyses in Mechanical.
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B. Buckling Analysis Procedure
A Static Structural analysis will need to be performed prior to (or in conjunction with) a buckling analysis. The steps in italics are specific to buckling analyses. analyses
Attach Geometry Assign Material Properties Define Contact Regions (if applicable) D fi C t t R i li bl ) Define Mesh Controls (optional) Include Loads and Supports Solve St ti St S l Static Structural Analysis t lA l i Link a Linear Buckling Analysis Set Initial Conditions Request R R t Results lt Solve the Model Review Results
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Geometry and Material Properties
Any type of geometry supported by Mechanical may be used in buckling analyses:

Solid bodies Surface bodies (with appropriate thickness defined) Line bodies (with appropriate cross-sections defined)
Only buckling modes and displacement results are available for line bodies.
Although Point Masses may be included in the model, only inertial loads affect point masses, so the applicability of this feature may be limited in buckling analyses
For material properties, Youngs Modulus and Poissons Ratio are required as a minimum q
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Contact Regions
Contact regions are available in free vibration analyses, however, contact behavior will differ for the nonlinear , contact types exactly as with modal analyses. Discussed earlier (see chapter 5).
Contact Type Bonded No Separation Rough Frictionless Linear Buckling Analysis Inside Pinball Region Outside Pinball Region Bonded Free No Separation Free Free Free Free Free
Initially Touching Bonded No Separation Bonded No Separation
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Loads and Supports
At least one structural load, which causes buckling, should be applied to the model:
All structural loads will be multiplied by the load multiplier () to determine the buckling load (see below). Compression-only supports are not recommended. The structure should be fully constrained to prevent rigid-body motion.
F x = Buckling Load In a buckling analysis all applied loads (F) are scaled by a multiplication factor () until the critical (buckling) load is reached
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Loads and Supports
Special considerations must be given if constant and proportional loads are present.
The user may iterate on the buckling solution adjusting the variable solution, loads until the load multiplier becomes 1.0 or nearly 1.0. Consider the example of a column with self weight WO and an externally applied force A. A solution can be reached by iterating while adjusting the value of A until = 1.0. This insures the self weight = actual weight or WO * = WO .
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Buckling Setup
Buckling analyses are always coupled to a structural analysis within the project schematic.
The Pre-Stress object in the tree contains the results from a structural analysis. The Details view of the Analysis Settings under the Linear Buckling branch allows the user to specify the number of buckling modes to find.
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Solving the Model
After setting up the model the buckling analysis can be solved along with the static structural analysis.
A linear buckling analysis is more computationally expensive than a static analysis on the same model. The Solution Information branch provides detailed solution output.
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Reviewing Results
After the solution is complete, the buckling modes can be reviewed:

The Load Multiplier for each buckling mode is shown in the Details view as well as the graph and chart areas. The load multiplier times the applied loads represent the predicted b kli load. li d l d t th di t d buckling l d
Fbuckle = (Fapplied x )
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Reviewing Results
Interpreting the Load Multiplier ():
The tower model below has been solved twice. In the first case a unit load is applied. In the second an expected load applied (see next page)
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Reviewing Results
Interpreting the Load Multiplier ():
BucklingLo ad = *Unit _ Load BucklingLoad =
BucklingLo ad = * Actual _ Load

BucklingLoad = = Safety _ Factor Actual _ Load
ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2010 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved. Release 13.0 November 2010
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Reviewing Results
The buckling load multipliers can be reviewed in the Timeline section of the results under the Linear Buckling analysis branch
It is good practice to request more than one buckling mode to see if the g p q g structure may be able to buckle in more than one way under a given applied load.
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C. Workshop AA.1 Linear Buckling

Workshop WSAA.1 Linear Buckling Goal:
Verify linear buckling results in Mechanical for the pipe model shown below. Results will be compared to closed form calculations from a handbook.
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Goals
The goal in this workshop is to verify linear buckling results in ANSYS Mechanical. Results will be compared to closed form calculations from a handbook. Next we will apply an expected load of 10,000 lbf to the model and determine its factor of safety. Finally we will verify that the structures material will not fail before buckling occurs.
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Assumptions
The model is a steel pipe that is assumed to be fixed at one end and free at the other with a purely compressive load applied to the free end. Dimensions and properties of the pipe are: OD = 4.5 in ID = 3.5 in. E = 30e6 psi, I = 12.7 in^4, L = 120 in. In this case we assume the pipe conforms to the following pp g handbook formula where P is the critical load:
EI P' = K 2 L
2
For the case of a fixed / free beam the parameter K = 0.25.
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Assumptions
Using the formula and data from the previous page we can predict the buckling load will be:
2 30e6 12.771 P' = 0.25 = 65648.3lbf 2 (120)
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Project Schematic
1. Double click Static Structural in the Toolbox to create a new system.
1.
2. Drag/drop a Linear Buckling system onto the Solution cell of the static structural system.
2.
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Project Schematic
When the schematic is correctly set up it should appear as shown here.
Drop Target
The drop target from the previous page indicates the outcome of the drag and drop operation. Cells A2 thru A4 from system (A) are shared by system (B). Similarly the solution cell A6 is transferred to the system B setup. In fact, the structural solution drives the buckling analysis. b kli l i
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Project Schematic
Verify that the Project units are set to US Customary (lbm, in, s, F, A, lbf, V). Verify units are set to Display Values in Project Units.
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. . . Project Schematic
3. From the static structural system (A), double click the Engineering Data cell. 4. To match the hand calculations referenced earlier, change the Youngs modulus of the structural steel.
a. Highlight Structural Steel. a. b. Expand Isotropic Elasticity and modify Youngs Modulus to 3.0E7 psi. dif Y M d l t 3 0E7 i
Note : changing this property here does not affect the stored value for Structural Steel in the General Material library. To save a material for library future use we would Export the properties as a new material to the material library.
3.
b.
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. . . Project Schematic
5. From the static structural system (A), RMB the Geometry cell and Import Geometry. Browse to the f Pipe.stp. file 5.
6. 6 Double click the Model cell to start Mechanical. 6.
When the Mechanical application opens the tree will reflect the setup from the project schematic.
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Preprocessing
7. Set the working unit system to the U.S. customary system:
a. U.S. Customary (in, lbm, psi, F, s, V, A).
8. Apply constraints to the pipe:

a. Highlight the Static Structural branch (A5). b. Select the surface on one end of the pipe. c. RMB > Insert > Fixed Support.
a.
b. a. c.
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Environment
9. Add buckling loads: a. a. Select the surface on the opposite end of the pipe from the fixed support. b. RMB > Insert > Force. c. In the force detail change the Define by field to Components. d. In h f d I the force detail enter 1 i the Magnitude field d il in h M i d fi ld for the Z Component.
b.
c. d.
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. . . Environment
10. Solve the model:
a. Highlight the Solution branch for the Linear Buckling analysis (B6) and Solve.
Note, this will automatically trigger a solve for the static structural analysis above it.
11. When the solution completes:

a. Hi hli ht the buckling Solution branch (B6). Highlight th b kli S l ti b h (B6)
The Timeline graph and the Tabular Data will display the 1st buckling mode (more modes can be requested).
a.
b. RMB in the Timeline and choose Select All. c. RMB > Create Mode Shape Results (this will add a Total Deformation branch to the tree).
c. a. b.
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Results Click Solve to view the first mode
Recall that we applied a unit (1) force thus the result compares well with our closed form calculation of 65648 lbf.
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. . . Results
12. Change the force value to the expected load (10000 lbf):
a. Highlight the Force under the Static Structural (A5) branch b. In the details, change the Z Component of the force to 10000.
11a.
13. Solve: 13 S l
a. Highlight the Linear Buckling Solution branch (B6), RMB and Solve.
12a.
11b. 11b
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. . . Results
When the solution completes note the Load Multiplier field now shows a value of 6.56. Since we now have a real world load applied, the load multiplier is interpreted as the buckling factor of safety f the applied load. f for
Gi Given that we have already calculated a buckling l d of 65600 lbf, th t h l d l l t d b kli load f lbf the result is obviously trivial (65600 / 10000). It is shown here only for completeness.
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Verification
A final step in the buckling analysis is added here as a best practices exercise. We have already predicted the expected buckling load and calculated the factor of safety for our expected load. The results so far ONLY indicate results as they relate to buckling failure. To this point we can say nothing about how our expected load will affect the stresses and deflections in the structure. As a final check we will verify that the expected load (10000 lbf) will not cause excessive stresses or deflections before it is reached.
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. . . Verification
14. Review Stresses for 10,000lbf load:
a. Highlight the Solution branch under the Static Structural environment (A6). b. RMB > Insert > Stress > Equivalent Von Mises Stress. c. RMB > Insert > Deformation > Total. d. Solve. d S l
a.
b.
c.
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. . . Verification
A quick check of the stress results shows the model as loaded is well within the mechanical limits of the material being used (Engineering Data shows compressive yield = 36,259 psi). As stated, this is not a required step in a buckling analysis but should be regarded as good engineering practice.
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Customer Training Material

Appendix A A di Linear Buckling Analysis g y

Introduction to ANSYS Mechanical

Introduction to ANSYS Mechanical

Customer Training Material

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2010 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.

Release 13.0 November 2010

Introduction to ANSYS Mechanical

Customer Training Material

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2010 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.

Release 13.0 November 2010

Introduction to ANSYS Mechanical

Customer Training Material

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2010 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.

Release 13.0 November 2010

Introduction to ANSYS Mechanical

Basics of Linear Buckling

Customer Training Material

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2010 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.

Release 13.0 November 2010

Introduction to ANSYS Mechanical

B. Buckling Analysis Procedure

Customer Training Material

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2010 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.

Release 13.0 November 2010

Introduction to ANSYS Mechanical

Geometry and Material Properties

Customer Training Material

Any type of geometry supported by Mechanical may be used in buckling analyses:

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2010 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.

Release 13.0 November 2010

Introduction to ANSYS Mechanical

Customer Training Material

Initially Touching Bonded No Separation Bonded No Separation

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2010 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.

Release 13.0 November 2010

Introduction to ANSYS Mechanical

Loads and Supports

Customer Training Material

Release 13.0 November 2010

Introduction to ANSYS Mechanical

Loads and Supports

Customer Training Material

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2010 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.

Release 13.0 November 2010

Introduction to ANSYS Mechanical

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ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2010 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.

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Introduction to ANSYS Mechanical

Solving the Model

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Introduction to ANSYS Mechanical

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After the solution is complete, the buckling modes can be reviewed:

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2010 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.

Release 13.0 November 2010

Introduction to ANSYS Mechanical

Customer Training Material

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2010 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.

Release 13.0 November 2010