BALAJI

INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCES

LINGAPURAM(VI), PRODDATUR,

KADAPA (DIST)-516360.

Department Of Electrical And Electronics Engineering

RECENT TRENDS IN POWER SYSTEMS PROTECTION WAVELET APPLICATIONS BY
AUTHOR1: AUTHOR2: K.SEKHAR ROLL NO: 098R1A0208 098R1A0219 M.MADU BABU ROLL NO:

III B.Tech (EEE)

K.SEKHARYADAV@gmail.com

III B.Tech (EEE)

Abstract:
This paper presents a descriptive overview of the wavelet transform applications in power systems. Wavelet transform has received great attention in power community in the last years, because are better suited for the analysis of certain types of transient waveforms than the other transforms approach. Wavelets can be used to model a variety of power system transients using a fraction of the total number of coefficients. This modeling technique paves the way for fault classification and improved protection. Several works have addressed its application in the power area. A dyadic-ortho normal wavelet transform analysis is used to detect and localize various types of power quality disturbances, distortions. The wavelet transform is used to detect and quantify non sinusoidal power transients, especially voltage. In a new wavelet transform based procedure for power quality analysis is presented, which is based on the multi solution including harmonic

signal decomposition and reconstruction by means of the Time Discrete Wavelet Transform. The optimized decomposition of signals in frequency sub bands allows the most relevant disturbances in electrical power systems to be not only detected, localized, and classified but also estimated. In the ability of wavelets to reconstruct transients was demonstrated. This paper shows how wavelets can be used to accurately reconstruct non-stationary power system disturbances and the contribution of individual coefficients to the reconstruction process. In addition, it should be possible for the wavelet coefficients to be used to categorize different types of disturbances. With the combinations of wavelet and signal processing tools, wavelets have been extensively used in a variety of power fields. The aim of this paper is to provide a descriptive overview application of in wavelet power transformation this subject.

system to those who are novel in study of

Introduction:

to, among other, the interest in analyzing Power quality disturbances include problems caused by voltage notches, sags, and voltage supply swells, and capacitor switching transients, voltage discontinuities Their approach could in theory be extended towards the use for more general power definitions. The main focus in the literature has been on identification and classification methods Tradition ally, the Identification of the transients has been based on the visual inspection of the disturbance in the time domain. This is time-consuming and also has its limitation transient in data practical is to applications, be analyzed. especially when a large amount of Additional complications arise when several kinds of transients occur at the same time. A reliable way of classifying different faults is becoming a major concern in this field, particularly with deregulation and the use of power quality based rates. Several works have been developed in many areas with the aim of this tools, specially, in the last ten years have been met the potential benefits of applying wavelet to power system due 1. Power system protection 2. Power quality from the analysis of measured signals, however, few works use wavelet transform as an analysis technique for the solution of voltage and currents which propagate throughout the system due to transient disturbance. caused by auto re close protection. All these faults are generally transitory, i.e., of a short-term duration. and processing the voltage-current signals in order to make a real time identification of transients in a fast and accurate way.

Advantages of wavelets in power systems:

In the mainstream literature, wavelets were first applied to power system in 1994 by Robertson and Ribeiro. The most popular wavelet transform applications in over system are the following:

3. Power system transients 4. Load forecasting linear

As electrical load at any particular time is usually assumed to be a combination of different components, from the signal analysis point of view, load can be also considered as a linear combination of different frequencies

Power system protection:

The potential benefits of applying WT for improving

Power quality:
In the area of power quality, several studies have been carried out to detect and locate disturbances using the wavelet transform as useful tool to analyze interferences, glitches, impulses, notches, interruptions,

the performance of protection relays have been recognized in years. The applications of WT to auto re closure schemes is develop to accelerate trip of power transmission lines, WT is adopted to analyze the fault transients generated by the secondary arc and permanent faults

harmonics, flicker etc of non stationary signals. There are two main approaches.

Power system transients:

The application of wavelets to introduce new identification, classification and analysis methods such as those presented previously, at the moment is also studied the application of wavelets to develop new components models. A different approach to the simulation of frequency dependence, untransposed transmission line transients is introduced.

Load forecasting:
Demand forecasting is key to the efficient management of electrical power system. The works have been developed for short term electrical load forecasting by combining the WT and neural networks. As electrical load at any particular time is usually assumed to be a linear combination of different components, from the signal

Applications of wavelets:

Wavelet transformations provides various applications regarding the field of efficient analyzing faults in the power systems

Parallel-Plate Waveguides:
Parallel-plate waveguides trap propagating energy The electric fields associated with the two waves will reinforce at certain points and cancel at others, as suggested in the figure. For example, along the null line the electric fields associated with the two waves are always equal and 180 degrees out of phase so they cancel everywhere on the line. It is along this line that the dashed and solid lines cross, and the same cancellation occurs along a family of such parallel planes, as indicated by dotted lines. We can place perfectly conducting metal sheets at any null plane and the boundary conditions would be satisfied The distance between field maxima in the z (or propagating) direction is called the waveguide wavelength g. It equals 2/kz, where kz = ko sini and ko = /c. The distance between null planes .a. (measured in the x direction) is an integral multiple of x/2, where x = 2/kx = 2/kocosi; i.e., a = between two perfectly conducting parallel plates. The electromagnetic waves inside bounce back and forth between these plates as the waves propagate down the waveguide so as to satisfy the plate boundary conditions. Consider the two equal uniform plane waves illustrated in Figure 19-1 that are traveling at angles i with respect to the vertical x axis; both waves have wavelength nd a a component ofk in the +z direction. In the figure the wave fronts of the two waves are indicated by solid lines and those wave fronts where the fields are reversed are located l/2 away and are indicated by dashed lines. Although these waves could be either TE or TM waves, we shall focus here on the TE example, for which the electric field E is in the y direction (into the paper).

mx/2.

Electromagnetic field in the

Waveguide-Based Aperture Antennas:

We have seen that aperture antennas radiate an antenna pattern related to the square of the Fourier transform of their aperture electric field distribution. Many simple small aperture antennas consist simply of a flared rectangular waveguide, often called a horn antenna that preserves the

TE2 parallel plate waveguide mode

As the two intersecting waves propagate, their combined field maxima and minima move steadily in the z direction at the phase velocity vp of this waveguide mode. This velocity is readily calculated by noting that as the waves propagate a distance in direction i, the maxima move g in the z direction. Thus vp = cg/ = c/sini. On the other hand, a packet of electromagnetic energy bouncing down a waveguide would progress more slowly than c. The group velocity of this TEm mode is vg = c sini. Although vpvg = c2 for TEm and TMm parallel-plate modes, this is not universally true for other wave systems.

sinusoidal modal field distribution of the waveguide. The far field pattern of such a horn antenna is the Fourier transform of a field distribution that has a boxcar shape in one dimension and the positive half of a single-cycle sinusoid in the other, as suggested by the horn and antenna pattern illustrated in following Figure.

The electric field distribution in the x direction is uniform across the waveguide and the horn aperture, but it drops abruptly to zero beyond the aperture edges where the field lines terminate on surface charges. In the y direction the

fields vary sinusoidal, dropping to zero at the aperture edges, as suggested in the figure. As a result the antenna patterns in the two dimensions are different. The shape of most horns is chosen to equalize the widths of the main lobes in the two planes, x and y. However, the abrupt amplitude changes in the x direction relative to the sinusoidal variations in the y direction lead to higher sidlobes in the x direction, as illustrated in Figure b.

2. One of the most promising developments in this area is the system relaying for high speed fault detection and location. 3. The field of wavelet application to power system is moving to build new model analyze power system transients.

Bibliography:
1. Robertson, D.C., Wavelet power and electromagnetic system

transients, IEEERES 1995 Summer

Conclusion:
This work carries out an approach on the wavelet application in power systems in order to facilitate the search of information I this area. So, it has been revised the last literature that different fields of power system

Meeting, 95 SM391-3 PWRD. [4] Santoso, S., Power quality assessment via wavelet transform analysis, IEEEYPES 1995 Summer Meeting. 2. Tunaboylu,N.S.,Collins,E.RT.h, e wavelet Transform Approach to Detect and Quantify Voltage Sags, Proc. ICHQP, October 1996, pp619-624. 3. Angrisani, L., Daponte, P., A New Wavelet Transform Based Procedure for Electrical Power Quality Analysis, Proc. ICHQP, October 1996, pp608.

applications. A brief description is include for each area to show the way as wavelet has been applied to solve some typical problems of power system protections, power quality criterion. Since the analysis of the literature in wavelet application to power system it could be concluded the following: 1. The most of the application developments in this area use signal data obtained from a transient analysis program.